Chapter IV: Introduction: 1 (4)

_Note._--This stamp is sometimes said to have belonged to Edward IV. The crown as shown here is that which appears on groats of Henry VII.; but the crown which appears on his great seal, a higher authority, has the crosses pattée and fleurs-de-lys alternately as now used. The crosses pattée were first used as the seal for foreign affairs of Henry VI.

[_Impressed in blind, upon a loose cover in the Library
of Westminster Abbey._ C., 1490.]

Henry Tudor (born 26th June 1456, died 1509) was the son of
Edmund Tudor, Earl of Richmond, and Margaret Beaufort. In
1486 the Earl of Richmond married Elizabeth of York, daughter
of Edward IV., the first King of the Yorkist line, and as
the Earl himself represented the Lancastrian line, by way of
Catherine Swinford, this marriage united the two houses of York
and Lancaster, and gave rise to the beautiful Tudor badge of
the Red and White Rose. The two colours are shown sometimes
per pale, sometimes quartered, or there may be simple rows
of alternate petals, or, as is most usual, the inner petals
are all white and the outer petals all red; the centre is
always gold, and the little leaves between the outer petals,
if showing at all, are green. The portcullis and gateway,
also commonly used as badges by our Sovereigns until the time
of Charles I., are both used as emblems of the De Beaufort
alliance. The portcullis is or, nailed az., chained and ringed
of the first.

The Earl of Richmond defeated Richard III. at the battle of
Bosworth Field in 1485, and the king was killed. Henry VII. was
crowned king on the battlefield. He possessed a considerable
number of manuscripts, and also a small library of printed
books, which, as far as is known, were bound in velvet. Judging
from the leather binding in Westminster Abbey Library, Henry
also had some commoner books stamped with his coat-of-arms.

Several bindings that were made for Henry VII. still exist;
they are either at the Record Office, the Library of
Westminster Abbey, or the British Museum, and are all bound in
the same way. The binding is of red velvet, beautifully bossed
with silver or other metal; the bosses are ornamented with
the Royal coat-of-arms, with the red dragon of Cadwallader as
a dexter supporter, and the white greyhound of the Nevills,
or, when used by Henry VII., of the De Beauforts, as sinister
supporter.

But before using the dragon and greyhound Henry VII. had used
two white lions. A white lion was the badge of the Earls of
March, who were distantly connected with the King.

The coat-of-arms used by Henry VII., _i.e._ France and England
quarterly, was the same as had been used by all the English
kings since Henry IV. in 1408, when the fleurs-de-lys semées,
which had been hitherto used, were reduced to three, in
accordance with the change made in the French coat by Charles
VI., King of France.

HENRY VIII., KING OF ENGLAND AND FRANCE, AND LORD OF IRELAND--AFTERWARDS KING OF ENGLAND, FRANCE, AND IRELAND.

_Arms._--Quarterly.

1st and 4th; az., 3 fleurs-de-lys, 2 and 1, or. _France._

2nd and 3rd; gu., 3 lions passant guardant, in pale or, langued
and unguled az. _England._

_Crown._--Royal.

_Supporters._--Dexter, a dragon gu. _Cadwallader._

Sinister, a greyhound arg., gorged or. _Nevill_ or _De
Beaufort._

_Badges._--Dependent from the shield 2 portcullises or, nailed az., chained of the first. _De Beaufort._

At the top, a fleur-de-lys or, _France_; and a double rose gu. and arg., centred or, and leaved vert, _Tudor._

_Motto._--DIEV ET MON DROIT.

_Legend._--REX HENRICVS VIII.

[_Opus eximium de vera differentia regiae potestatis et
ecclesiasticae._ London, 1534.]

_Variety._--Arms as before. Panel stamp with 2 angels bearing scrolls. At the top a Tudor rose, and 2 portcullises dependent from the base of the shield, which is ensigned with a Royal crown, and supported by a dragon and a greyhound.

[HOLKOT. _Opus revera insignissimum in librum Sapietie
Salomonis editum._ Parisiis, 1518.]

_Variety._--Arms as before. With two scrolls and a Tudor rose on the top, and "M. D.," probably the initials of the designer, below. A dragon and a greyhound support the shield, which is ensigned with a Royal crown and flanked by two portcullises chained.

On the border are lions passant guardant and fleurs-de-lys alternately.

[_Dialogues in English._ London, 1532.]

_Variety._--Arms as before. Within the Garter, ensigned with a Royal crown and flanked by the Tudor emblems of a Tudor rose, a fleur-de-lys, the gateway of the Castle of De Beaufort, and the cleft pomegranate of Aragon.

_Legend._--On the rectangular borders. DEUS DAT NOBIS TUAM PACEM ET POST MORTEM VITAM ETERNAM AMEN.

[England. _Le bregement des Estatuts._ London, 1521.]

_Variety._--Arms and supporters as before. With the sun and moon in the two upper corners and the shields of St. George and the City of London. Ensigned with a Royal crown of incorrect pattern.

This design was probably used by Royal consent by members of the Stationers' Company of London, and there are many examples of it on which are also engraved the initials of London printers and publishers, _e.g._ "J. R.," probably John Reynes; "J. N.," probably Jean Norins; "G. G.," probably Garret Godfrey; "R. L.," probably Richard Lant, and several more.

These initials are usually shown at the base of the shield. _Cf._ under heading TUDOR.

Prince Henry (born 28th June 1491, died 28th January 1547) was
the second son of Henry VII., and in 1509 succeeded his father
on the throne of England. Henry VIII. always lived in much
luxury and loved finery and splendour, and to a certain extent
this feeling shows in the many beautiful bindings which were
made for him. The King was certainly fond of his books, and he
had several of them beautifully bound in velvet and embroidered
with pearls and inlays of coloured silks and satins, finished
with gold thread. Others are of gold, richly worked and
enamelled.

For his Queens also several fine bindings were made; these,
however, were generally armorial panel stamps, impressed
without gold. He married six times. For Catherine of Aragon
bindings were made which still exist, for Anne Bullen and
Catherine Parr, the same, but for Jane Seymour, Anne of Cleves,
or Katherine Howard I know of no bindings recorded or in
existence. Katherine Parr is said to have herself embroidered
a beautiful armorial velvet-bound copy of Petrarch with her
own arms, and at the Bodleian Library at Oxford there is a
book said to have been embroidered for her by the Princess
Elizabeth, on which are the initials "K. P."

Thomas Berthelet, the first English bookbinder to use gold
tooling was made Royal Printer and Bookbinder to Henry VIII.
in 1530, and he bound the greater number of the Royal books in
leather, velvet, or satin.

Henry VIII. used the same coat-of-arms and supporters as his
father, namely, the red dragon of Cadwallader as a dexter
supporter and the white greyhound of the Nevills as a sinister
supporter, until 1528, when he adopted a golden lion rampant
royally crowned as his dexter supporter, and moved the dragon
to the sinister side, leaving out the greyhound altogether.
This change, however, does not, as far as I know, show on any
book, but it can be seen on the gold coins of the period, and
also on a sculptured compartment at Caerhays, is common at the
house of a member of the Trevanion family, and again on the
keystone of the ceiling over the organ-loft at St. George's
Chapel, Windsor, and here, moreover, the date 1528 is also
given.

HENRY BENEDICT, CARDINAL YORK

_Arms._--Quarterly.

1st and 4th grand quarters, _France_ and _England_ quarterly.

2nd grand quarter, _Scotland._

3rd grand quarter, _Ireland._

All as used by James I. (q.v.). Over all a crescent for difference. Ensigned with a Royal crown and the tasselled hat of a cardinal.

_Note._--This stamp was probably designed and cut after 1788, at which date the Cardinal entitled himself King of England.

[STELLATO. _Ad frequentem in fidei controversiis
interrogationem, etc._ Viennae, 1752.]

Henry Benedict (born 5th March 1725, died 13th July 1807) was
the second son of James Francis Edward, called the Chevalier
St. George, son of James II., King of England, and Mary
of Modena, who married Mary Clementina, daughter of James
Sobieski, in 1719.

Prince Henry, who occasionally used the Royal Crown of England
over his coat-of-arms, is called sometimes Henry IX., King of
England. He entered the Romish Church as a priest at an early
age, and in 1747 he was made a Cardinal by Benedict XIV., and
held several Bishoprics and the Archbishopric of Corinth, but
was usually known as Cardinal York. He assumed certain airs of
dignity abroad in consequence of his Royal ancestry and claims,
and in 1788, on the death of his elder brother, he had a medal
made and inscribed "HENRICUS NONUS MAGNAE BRITANNIAE REX."

The Cardinal lived almost always abroad, and suffered much by
loss of revenue caused by the French Revolution; he had to
part with much of his private property, jewels, and plate. At
this juncture George III. generously assisted Cardinal York,
and made him a handsome allowance, in gratitude for which His
Eminence bequeathed to the Prince of Wales, afterwards George
IV., many of the Crown Jewels which James II. had taken with
him to France. Some of the most important of these stones now
adorn the English Imperial Crown. The Cardinal had a large
library, and several of his books are at Windsor and at the
British Museum. The majority of these are in leather, but some
are embroidered.

HENRY FREDERICK, PRINCE OF WALES

_Arms._--Quarterly; 1st and 4th grand quarters, _France_ and _England_ quarterly; 2nd grand quarter, _Scotland_; 3rd grand quarter, _Ireland_. All as used by James I. (q.v.); and over all a label arg. of three points.

A variety of this stamp has thistles instead of roses in the border.

[APOLLONIUS GALLUS. _Exsuscitata Apollonii Pergaei_
ΠΕΡΙ ΕΠΛΦΩΝ _Geometria_. Parisiis, 1600.]

_Variety._--Arms as before. Within the garter, and ensigned with a Princely coronet.

[VITTORI. _Tesoro de las tres lenguas Francesa, Italiana,
ej Española._ Geneve, 1609.]

A Prince of Wales's triple ostrich plume, commonly used as a corner stamp, all impressed in silver.

[ALUNNO.
_Della Fabrica del
Mondo._
Venetia, 1575.]

A Prince of Wales's triple ostrich plume; the coronet, ribs of feathers, and motto generally impressed in gold, the feathers in silver. Used mostly as a centre stamp.

[LIPSIUS. _Admiranda._
Antverpiae, 1599.]

A Badge of a lion rampant guardant, with princely coronet, always impressed entirely in gold.

[REUSNERUS.
ΒΑΣΙΛΙΚΩΝ _opus genealogicum
Catholicum
de praecipuis familiis
Imperatorum_.
Francofurti, 1592.]

A Badge of a Tudor rose, with princely coronet.

[BOCCACCIO.
_I casi degl' Huomini
Illustri._
Fiorenza, 1598.]

A Badge of a fleur-de-lys.

[BARETUS. _An Alvearie, or triple Dictionarie._
London, 1573.]

Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales (born 19th February 1594,
died 6th November 1612), was the eldest son of James I., and
from his childhood showed studious and literary inclinations,
as well as sporting tastes. In 1609 he purchased the library
of John, Lord Lumley, a great part of which had previously
belonged to his father-in-law, Henry Fitz-Alan, Earl of
Arundel, and another large proportion to Thomas Cranmer,
Archbishop of Canterbury. He also acquired a number of books
which had belonged to a Welshman, John Maurice or Morris.

On the Prince's death his library became the property of James
I., and it was added to the existing Royal Library, then under
the care of Patrick Young.

Prince Henry had his books bound in calf, and probably
destroyed numbers of valuable old bindings which were
originally used. The new bindings were ornamented with stamps
bearing the Prince's coat-of-arms, without supporters, and
others showing a lion rampant, with princely coronet; a Tudor
rose, with princely coronet; a fleur-de-lys, and two stamps,
with slight variations, of the Prince of Wales's plume of
three ostrich feathers. These latter stamps are normally used
as corner-pieces, but they also show now and then as centres.
Smaller corner stamps are found showing coroneted Tudor roses,
coroneted thistles, coroneted fleurs-de-lys, and Prince of
Wales's feathers in gold. On the panels of the backs of Prince
Henry's books are found small stamps of a lion rampant,
with princely coronet; a unicorn rampant; a Tudor rose; a
portcullis, sometimes chained, and a Royal Crown. These are
arranged in various combinations.

The greater number of Prince Henry's bindings are simple,
having the coat-of-arms in the centre and the badges in the
corners, but several are very handsomely ornamented with
accessory gold tooling. The label shown on Prince Henry's
coat-of-arms is the cadency mark of the eldest son; it is
generally impressed in silver, as it ought always to be. The
feathers in the Prince of Wales's plume are always impressed in
silver, which has now oxidised black. Prince Henry's library
came to the British Museum with the rest of the Old Royal
Library of England in 1757.

HEYDON, SIR CHRISTOPHER, KNIGHT

_Crest._--A talbot statant erm. _Heydon._

_Note._--Painted.

[CICERO. _Orationum volumen primum, etc._
Venetiis, 1540.]

Christopher Heydon (born circ. 1550, died circ. 1623) was
the son of Sir William Heydon of Bacousthorpe, Norfolk. He
was educated at Cambridge. In 1588 he represented Norfolk
in the House of Commons, and in 1596 he was knighted by the
Earl of Essex. Sir Christopher Heydon wrote some treatises on
astrology. He married first Mirabel Rivet, and secondly Anne
Dodge, and left a large family.

HOARE, SIR RICHARD COLT, BARONET

_Crest._--An eagle's head erased arg. _Hoare._

[HOARE. _Catalogue of Books on Italian Topography, etc._
London, 1812.]

Richard Colt Hoare (born 9th December 1758, died 19th May
1838) was the son of Sir Richard Hoare of Barn Elms, Surrey,
a banker. Mr. Hoare worked for a time in the family bank, and
then, having a competent fortune, he travelled much on the
Continent. In 1787 he succeeded his father in the baronetcy.
Sir Richard Hoare wrote a large number of works on antiquities
and travel, the most important of which is the _Ancient History
of North and South Wiltshire_, published at London in 1810.
He was a Fellow of the Royal Society and of the Society of
Antiquaries. At his house "Stourhead" Sir Richard had a large
library, much of which he catalogued himself.

FRANCIS HORTON

_Arms._--Sa., a stag's head cabossed arg., attired or. A crescent for difference. _Horton._

_Crest._--A spear erect or, headed arg., enfiled with a dolphin of the first.

_Helmet._--That of an Esquire.

[_Songs by Several Masters._ 1704, etc.]

Francis Horton, a member of an old family belonging to
Catton, county Derby, was a collector of musical works in the
eighteenth century.

HOWARD, CHARLES, SECOND BARON HOWARD OF EFFINGHAM

_Arms._--Within the Garter. Quarterly.

1. Gu., on a bend between 3 cross crosslets fitchée arg., an
escutcheon or, charged with a demi lion rampant, pierced
through the mouth with an arrow, within a tressure flory
counterflory of the first. _Howard._

2. Gu., 3 lions passant guardant in pale or, in chief a label
of 3 points arg. _Brotherton._

3. Chequy, or and az. _Warren._

4. Gu., a lion rampant or, armed and langued az. _Fitz-Alan._

A mullet for difference.

_Crest._--On a chapeau gu., turned up erm., a lion passant, ducally crowned or, and charged on the neck with a label and a mullet.

_Helmet._--That of a Peer.

_Supporters._--Two lions erm., each charged with a mullet.

_Motto._--DESIR N'A REPOS.

[CARADOC. _Historie of Cambria._ London, 1584.]

Charles Howard (born c. 1536, died 14th December 1624) was
the eldest son of William Howard, Baron Howard of Effingham,
Lord High Admiral of England. Charles Howard was a person of
importance from an early age, and was sent by Queen Elizabeth
on an Embassy to France. He was Member of Parliament for
Surrey, and a general officer in the army as well as being a
sailor. In 1574 he was made a Knight of the Garter and Lord
Chamberlain of the Household, and in 1573 he succeeded to his
father's barony.

Lord Howard of Effingham became Lord High Admiral of England in
succession to the Earl of Lincoln, and in 1588 he defeated and
dispersed the Spanish Armada. At the time of the coronation of
James I. Lord Howard became Lord High Steward of England.

HOWARD, HENRY, EARL OF NORTHAMPTON

_Arms._--Within the Garter. Quarterly.

1. Gu., a bend between six crosses crosslet fitchée arg.
_Howard._

2. Gu., 3 lions passant guardant in pale or, in chief a label
of 3 points arg. _Brotherton._

3. Chequy, or and az. _Warren._

4. Gu., a lion rampant or, langued and armed az. _Fitz-Alan._

A crescent for difference.

_Coronet._--That of an Earl.

[MARSILIUS. _Interpretatione, etc._ Jenae, 1586.]

Henry Howard (born 25th February 1539, died 15th June 1614)
was the second son of Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, who was
beheaded in 1547. Henry Howard the younger was restored in
blood by Queen Elizabeth, and on the accession of James I.
he quickly became a person of much importance. He was made a
Member of the Privy Council, Warden of the Cinque Ports, and
Constable of Dover Castle.

In 1604 Mr. Howard was created Earl of Northampton and a Knight
of the Garter, and in 1608, Lord Privy Seal. Lord Northampton
was a man of much learning, and wrote several treatises on
astrology and theology. He had much taste in knowledge as to
architecture, and built Northumberland House from the designs
of Moses Glover.

HOWARD, THOMAS, EARL OF ARUNDEL, SURREY, AND NORFOLK

_Arms._--Gu., on a bend between six crosses crosslet fitchée arg., an escutcheon or, thereon a demi lion rampant, pierced through the mouth with an arrow, within a double tressure flory counterflory of the first. _Howard._

_Coronet._--That of an Earl.

_Legend._--BIBLIOTHECA ARVNDELIANA.

_Note._--A nineteenth-century stamp.

[LYDGATE. _Siege of Troy._ Arundel MS. 99.]

Thomas Howard (born c. 1585, died 24th September 1646) was the
son of Philip, Earl of Arundel, who was attainted and died in
1595. James I. restored his father's titles to Thomas Howard,
but not the property, much of which, however, he subsequently
purchased; and in 1644 he was created Earl of Norfolk in
addition. He was a descendant of Henry Fitz-Alan, Earl of
Arundel, who had also been a great book collector, and whose
library had been largely acquired by Henry, Prince of Wales.

Lord Arundel travelled largely and made very valuable
collections of all sorts of antiquities, manuscripts
particularly; but as well as these he acquired marbles, coins,
gems, and pictures. Among the more notable of the collections
of manuscripts purchased by Lord Arundel was that made by the
Pirckheimer family of Nüremberg. The manuscripts were for some
time kept at Arundel House, where they suffered much from
neglect, and in 1666 most of them were given to the Royal
Society and others to the Heralds' College.

In 1831 the Arundelia MSS. in the Royal Society's library
were transferred, by arrangement, to the British Museum. Lord
Arundel was made a Knight of the Garter in 1611; in 1616 he
became a Member of the Privy Council; and in 1621 he was
restored to his hereditary post of Earl Marshal. He was also
High Steward of England.

HUTCHINSON, THOMAS

_Arms._--Per pale gu. and az., a lion rampant between three crosses crosslet arg. _Hutchinson._

_Crest._--A cockatrice, wings expanded az., comb, wattles, and members or, issuing from a heraldic coronet.

_Motto._--FORTITER GERIT CRUCEM.

[D * * *. _Satyres sur les Femmes._ 1718.]

Thomas Hutchinson (born May 1698, died February 1769) was a
son of Peter Hutchinson of Cornforth, Durham. He was educated
at Oxford, and entered the Church about 1730. In 1731 he was
Rector of Lyndon in Rutland, and in 1748 he was Vicar of
Horsham, Rector of Cocking, and a Prebendary of Chichester.

Dr. Hutchinson edited a few editions of the classics, and
published several sermons and a few essays, particularly one on
Demoniacal Possession.

JAMES I., KING OF ENGLAND, SCOTLAND, FRANCE, AND IRELAND

_Arms._--Within the Garter. Quarterly.

1st and 4th grand quarters, quarterly.

1 and 4. Az., 3 fleurs-de-lys, 2 and 1, or. _France._

2 and 3. Gu., 3 lions passant guardant in pale or, langued and
unguled az. _England._

2nd grand quarter; or, a lion rampant within a double tressure
flory counterflory gu. _Scotland._

3rd grand quarter; az., a harp or, stringed arg. _Ireland._

Ensigned with a Royal Crown.

_Supporters._--Dexter, a lion or, royally crowned ppr. _England._

Sinister, a unicorn arg., armed, crined, unguled or, gorged
with a princely coronet, a chain affixed thereto, passing
between the forelegs, and reflexed over the back of the
last. _Scotland._

_Motto._--DIEV ET MON DROIT.

_Initials._--I. R. (Jacobus Rex).

The thistle, the badge of Scotland, shows at the base.

[COQUAEUS. _Apologia pro summis ecclesiae Romanae
Pontificibus, etc._ Mediolani, 1619.]

_Variety._--With vine spray and a thistle at the top.

[GODWIN. _Rerum Anglicarum Annales._ London, 1616.]

_Variety._--With an ornamental border containing the falcon badge of Queen Anne Bullen and Queen Elizabeth, the triple ostrich plume of the Prince of Wales, the fleur-de-lys of France, the portcullis of the De Beauforts, and the Tudor rose. A thistle of Scotland at the top.

[DU BELLAY. _Mémoires._ Parisiis, 1569.]

_Variety._--Without supporters.

[T. BRADWARDINI. _Arch. Cantuariensis de causa Dei
contra Pelagium._ London, 1618.]

_Variety._--Without supporters.

[BOVERIUS. _Orthodoxa Consultatio._ Matriti, 1623.]

The badge of a Tudor rose, arg. and gu., reeded or and leaved vert, royally crowned, with sprays of rose leaves.

[PERKINS. _Works._
Cambridge, 1603.]

The badge of a Tudor rose, as before, royally crowned, within a lozenge of laurel leaves.

[_Christian Dictionarie._
London, 1612.]

James Stuart (born 19th June 1566, died 27th March 1625) was
the son of Mary, Queen of Scotland, and Henry Stuart, Lord
Darnley. He was great-grandson of the Princess Margaret, eldest
daughter of Henry VII., who had married James IV., King of
Scotland, in 1502, and by right of this descent James came
into the line of succession of the English throne. On the
dethronement of Queen Mary in 1569, under the Regency of the
Earl of Murray, James became King of Scotland under the title
of James VI., and reigned for thirty-four years until the death
of his cousin, Queen Elizabeth, in 1603, when he inherited the
English crown and came to England as James I.

On the accession of James I., a greater change took place
in the English Royal coat-of-arms than had ever occurred
before. The old coat, France and England quarterly, which had
practically been in use ever since the time of Edward III., now
became only a quartering, and was shown in the first and fourth
quarters, then in the second quarter James put the ancient
coat-of-arms of Scotland, or, a lion rampant, within a double
tressure flory counterflory gu.

The lion appears for the first time on the shield of Alexander
II., and it is supposed to have been derived from the ancestors
of the Scottish kings, the Earls of Northumberland and of
Huntingdon, whose device it was. The tressure is also of
doubtful origin, and is also very ancient; it is popularly
supposed to have been given by Charlemagne in recognition of a
league between that monarch and Achaius, King of Scotland. The
double tressure is presumed to indicate that there were two
treaties.

In the third quarter is the coat-of-arms of Ireland, az., a
harp or, stringed arg. This harp appears on an illuminated
manuscript that belonged to Elizabeth, and is said to have been
granted to Ireland by Henry VIII. as a mark of his admiration
for the musical qualities of the Irish. It also is used as a
badge on Irish coins of and after 1526, and this single harp
was increased to three in similar coins made during Elizabeth's
reign. The harp was sacred to Apollo Grian or Beal, an ancient
Irish deity. Irish silver groats of 1478 show the device of
three crowns in pale, and this was probably the coat-of-arms of
Ireland at that time, and before that, in 1422, a single crown
is found as a badge.

It is curious to note the strong tendency of single devices or
badges to merge into threes. It occurs first in the case of the
single crown, which presently gets tripled, then the single
harp does the same, and the three castles, the arms of Dublin,
very likely began as one.

James I. made one more important change; he substituted one
of the Scottish unicorn supporters for the red dragon of
Cadwallader, used as a dexter supporter by Henry VIII., Edward
VI., Mary, and Elizabeth. The ancient Scottish supporters were
two unicorns arg., armed, maned, and unguled, gorged with a
princely coronet and chained or. The origin of the unicorn
supporters is lost, but the creature is generally considered
to be an emblem of purity and of freedom; the horn, moreover,
was credited with medical powers as a remedy against poisons.
The idea of an animal bearing a single horn arose probably from
the horn of the narwhal, which has diagonal striations upon
it resembling those generally shown on the horn of a unicorn,
and certainly does not look like the tooth of a fish. On the
other hand cups made of rhinoceros horn are credited with the
same magical powers as that of the unicorn. The chain attached
to a princely coronet on the neck of the unicorn is not easy
to explain; it is said that it alludes to an early king of
Scotland, who, as a young man, accidentally killed his father,
and bore the chain ever afterwards on his supporters as a sign
of grief.

The lion and the unicorn have remained ever since the time of
James I. as the supporters of the English Royal coat-of-arms,
without any change whatever.

In Scotland James VI. had John Gibson for his bookbinder. He
was appointed under the Privy Seal, and was "Our Soverane
Lordis Buikbinder," but there is no binding left that can with
certainty be attributed to him. On James's advent to England
John and Roger Norton and Robert and Christopher Barker were
made Royal binders and printers, and in 1604 John and Abraham
Bateman were made "Bookbinders to the King."

The many fine armorial bindings which were used by James I.
were probably made by one or other of these binders, but for
the present no signed binding has been found, so the authorship
of any one of them is only conjectural.

The main characteristic of the finer bindings made for James
I. is the form of ornamentation known as a semis, that is to
say, a powdering all over the field of small stamps arranged
symmetrically near together. The commonest of these small
stamps show stars, flaming hearts, ermine spots, roses,
thistles, pineapples, tridents, fleurs-de-lys, and lions,
but there are several others. Another characteristic is the
presence of large corner stamps. These are cut in arabesque
designs, and many of them are very handsome. The idea of corner
ornamentation of this sort began late in Queen Elizabeth's
reign, but it did not reach its highest excellence in stamp
form until well into the reign of James I.

James I. was the first sovereign to have his books mainly
bound in morocco, and this leather is found in most quiet
colours--greens and browns and blues, but not red. Several
beautiful volumes are also bound in vellum, and others in
velvet and satin. The Jacobean period was a decorative one, but
not one of the highest level of the art of bookbinding. The
greater number of James I.'s books came to the British Museum
by gift of George II. in 1757, with the rest of the Old Royal
Library of England.

JAMES II., KING OF GREAT BRITAIN, FRANCE, AND IRELAND

_Arms._--Within the Garter. Quartered.

1st and 4th grand quarters, quarterly, France and England.

2nd grand quarter, Scotland.

3rd grand quarter, Ireland.

As used by James I. (q.v.).

_Crest._--A Royal crown ppr., thereon a lion statant guardant or, crowned ppr.

_Helmet._--Royal.

_Supporters._--A lion and a unicorn as used by James I. (q.v.).

_Motto._--DIEV ET MON DROIT.

Used from 1685 until 1689, when James II. was deposed.

[_Ordnance Rules._ 1683-1685. Stowe MS. 442.]

_Variety._--Used in France from 1689 until 1701.

_Arms._--Quarterly.

1st and 4th, England.

2nd, Scotland.

3rd, Ireland.

Colours as used by James I. (q.v.). Ensigned with the Royal Crown, and between two palm branches.

In this coat James has left out the coat of France, probably out of courtesy to the French King, Louis XIV., who had given him asylum at St. Germains. It is remarkable that this coat-of-arms subsequently became that used by Queen Victoria in 1837.

[_La Renommée qui publie le Bonheur de l'Europe sous le regne
de Jacques ... Roy de la Grande Bretagne._ 1688.]

[E. Almack, Esq., F.S.A., Brighton.]

_Variety._--Within the Garter. Used in France from 1689 until 1701. The same curious coat-of-arms as in the preceding plate.

[_Traité des obligations des Chrétiens._ Paris, 1699.]

[E. Almack, Esq., F.S.A., Brighton.]

Used as Duke of York.

_Initials._--J. D. (Jacobus Dux). Ensigned with a princely coronet, and within two palm branches.

This cypher occurs in corners of books, and it appears to have been designed so that either the D or the J is always properly visible. It is found in conjunction with the two C's of Charles II., which also show clearly either way up.

[_Ser. Jacobi Stuarti et Mariae Beatricis Estiae ...
epithalamium._ Londini, 1673.]

James, Duke of York (born 14th October 1633, died 16th
September 1701), was the second son of Charles I. He succeeded
his brother Charles II. in 1685. James II. had a short
and troubled reign, chiefly because he had Roman Catholic
tendencies, and ultimately joined that faith. The feeling
in favour of Protestantism in England was very determined,
and the nation ultimately invited William, Prince of Orange,
who had married James's elder daughter Mary and was a strong
Protestant, to come and accept the throne. This he did, and in
1689 James was deposed and William became King in his stead.

James fled to France where he lived for the rest of his life,
and the book-stamps that he had made at this time do not
include the French coat. He was known as the Duke of York,
but nevertheless his book-stamps show a Royal Crown. James's
second wife, Mary of Modena, was a Roman Catholic and strongly
influenced his views. He died at St. Germains, Paris, at the
age of seventy.

JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD, PRINCE OF WALES

_Arms._--Quartered.

1st and 4th grand quarters, quarterly, France and England.

2nd grand quarter, Scotland.

3rd grand quarter, Ireland.

As used by James I. (q.v.). Ensigned with a princely coronet.

_Note._--A foreign stamp.

[GERVAISE. _La vie de Saint Martin, Evêque de Tours._
Tours, 1699.]

James Francis Edward (born 10th June 1688, died 1st January
1766) was the eldest son of James II. and his second wife,
Mary of Modena. He was born before his father became King of
England. Prince James, who is known as the Old Pretender in
distinction to his son Charles Edward, the Young Pretender,
is also known as the Chevalier St. George. His history is an
unhappy one from his birth. On his father's death in 1701 at
St. Germains he was proclaimed James III. of England and VIII.
of Scotland, but by the Act of Settlement made in the same
year the Stuarts were cut out of the succession to the English
throne.

The Chevalier St. George spent his life in fruitless endeavours
to make good his claim to the English throne. His character
appears to have been wanting in most of the qualities that
make for success, and towards the latter part of his life his
misfortunes so preyed upon him that he gave way to unworthy
dissipations.

KEMP, THOMAS READ

_Arms._--Quarterly.

1st and 4th; gu., 3 garbs within a bordure engrailed or.
_Kempe._

2nd and 3rd; sa., 3 crescents arg., 2 and 1. _Read._

[_Alliances généalogiques de France._ Paris, 1561.]

Thomas Read Kemp (born c. 1781, died 20th December 1844)
was the son of Thomas Kemp, Member of Parliament for Lewes,
who married Ann Read of Brookland. Mr. Kemp was educated at
Cambridge, and in 1811 he represented Lewes in the House of
Commons. He sold his castles at Lewes and at Hurstmonceaux
and built largely near Brighton, where the district known as
Kemp Town was founded by him. He spent all his fortune in this
speculation, which, however, in time became of great value.

The family of Kemp or Kempe is one of great antiquity in Kent.
John Kempe, Archbishop of Canterbury in the fifteenth century,
and his nephew Thomas Kempe, Bishop of London, both belonged
to it. The immediate ancestor of Mr. T. R. Kemp was Sir Thomas
Kempe of Olantigh, near Ashford, an estate which had belonged
to the family since the time of Edward I.

KER, JOHN, THIRD DUKE OF ROXBURGHE

_Arms._--Quarterly.

1st and 4th; vert., on a chevron between 3 unicorns' heads
erased arg., armed and maned or, as many mullets sa. _Ker._

2nd and 3rd; gu., 3 mascles or. _Weapont._

_Coronet._--That of a Duke.

_Supporters._--Two savage men, wreathed about the head and waist with laurel, each holding, with the exterior hand, a club resting upon the shoulder, all ppr.

_Motto._--PRO CHRISTO ET PATRIA.

[_The Roxburghe Ballads._]

_Variety._--Without Supporters.

[ONOSANDER. _Strategicus._ Lut. Parisiorum, 1599.]

John Ker (born 23rd April 1740, died 19th March 1804) was the
elder son of Robert Ker, second Duke of Roxburghe. He succeeded
his father in the title in 1755. The Duke brought together a
splendid library, among which was the special collection of
ballads which are now known by his name. The ballads were at
first collected by Robert Harley, and they were largely added
to by a Mr. West and by Major T. Pearson, and after the entire
collection had been purchased by the Duke of Roxburghe he
continued adding to it himself.

In 1812 the Duke's library was sold and the books widely
scattered; the ballads, however, in 1845 were acquired for the
British Museum at the sale of the books of Mr. B. H. Bright.
The Duke of Roxburghe was a Knight of the Garter, and also a
Knight of the Thistle. He was a Lord of the Bedchamber and a
Privy Councillor.

The Roxburghe Club of Edinburgh was founded in honour of the
Duke in 1812.

KERR, WILLIAM, EARL OF LOTHIAN

_Arms._--Gu., on a chevron arg., 3 mullets of the field. _Kerr._

_Coronet._--That of an Earl.

_Supporters._--Two bucks, each gorged with a collar arg., charged with 3 mullets gu.

_Motto._--SORS MEA DEXTRA DEI.

[BACON. _Of the advancement and proficience of Learning._
Oxford, 1640.]

William Kerr (born c. 1605, died October 1675) was the son of
Robert Kerr, first Earl of Ancrum, and in 1631 he was created
Earl of Lothian. In that year he had married Anne, Countess of
Lothian in her own right, and there was some litigation about
the title. The Earl was at the Battle of Newbury in 1643;
he was Governor of Newcastle, and a man of much political
importance. He was a Commissioner of the Treasury in Scotland,
and Lieutenant-General of the Scottish army in Ireland. In 1642
he went to France for the purpose of considering the position
of the Scottish Guard at the French Court.

Lord Lothian was one of the commissioners sent by the Scottish
Parliament to protest against the proceedings against Charles
I., and he also served on several of the commissions which were
appointed about that time concerning the Restoration of Charles
II.

KINNEAR, JOHN GARDINER

_Arms._--Quarterly.

1st and 4th; sa., on a bend or, 3 martlets vert., a bordure of
the second. _Kinnear._

2nd and 3rd; arg., on a fret gu., 4 hearts, one in each
angle, gu., and in every interstice a rose of the second.
_Gardiner._

_Crest._--An anchor in pale az.

_Motto._--SPEM FORTUNA ALIT.

[BANNATYNE CLUB. _The Palice of Honour._
Edinburgh, 1827.]

John Gardiner Kinnear was a banker of Edinburgh. He was a
member of the Bannatyne Club, to which he was admitted in 1826.

The Kinnears were well known as a family of bankers, and they
also had literary tastes. The particular book from which I have
taken the accompanying coat-of-arms is one that was presented
to the Bannatyne Club in 1827, and reprinted in that year for
Mr. J. G. Kinnear. The text is taken from a rare book written
by Gawyn Douglas, Bishop of Dunkeld, called _The Palice of
Honour_, and "Imprentit at Edinburgh be Johne Ros, for Henric
Charteris, Anno 1579."

LAUD, WILLIAM, ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY

_Arms._--Impaled.

Dexter: Az., an archiepiscopal staff, headed with a cross
pattée or, surmounted by a pall arg., charged with 4
crosses pattée fitchée sa., fringed and edged or. _See of
Canterbury._

Sinister: Sa., on a chevron or, between 3 estoiles of 6 points
of the second, as many crosses pattée fitchée gu. _Laud._

[LAUD. _A relation of the Conference between William Lawd ...
and Mr. Fisher the Jesuite, etc._ London, 1639.]

William Laud (born 7th October 1573, died 10th January 1645)
was the son of William Laud of Reading. After leaving Reading
he went to Oxford and entered the Church, and quickly came
into notice as a theologian. He was supposed to favour Romish
doctrines. After enjoying several minor appointments, Laud was
made Dean of Gloucester in 1616, and by this time he was high
in the favour of James I., who in 1621 promoted him to the
Bishopric of St. David's.

Under Charles I. Laud acquired still more importance. In 1626
he was made Dean of the Chapel Royal, and next year a member of
the Privy Council, and in 1628 he became Bishop of London. In
1629 Laud was Chancellor of the University of Oxford, and in
1633 he was made Archbishop of Canterbury. Archbishop Laud was
impeached for treason in 1641; he underwent his trial in 1644,
and an ordinance of attainder was passed in the next year.
Although Laud had in his possession a pardon from the king, he
was beheaded on Tower Hill in 1645. He wrote a large number of
books, mainly theological or historical. Several of his books
are in the library at Lambeth Palace, and others are in the
British Museum.

LEY, JAMES, EARL OF MARLBOROUGH

_Arms._--Arg., a chevron between 3 seals' heads couped sa. Ley.

The Ulster hand gu., on an escutcheon arg., in the chief point of the chevron.

_Crest._--A lion sejant or.

_Helmet._--That of an Esquire.

Used between 1620 and 1625.

[_Brutus Abbreviatus._ Add. MS. 34,266.]

James Ley (born c. 1550, died 14th March 1628) was the son of
Henry Ley of Teffont Ewias, Wilts. He was educated as a lawyer,
and attained great eminence in that profession. In 1605 he
became Chief-Justice of the King's Bench in Ireland, and in
1620 he was made a Baronet, and next year Chief-Justice of the
King's Bench in England.

In 1625 Sir James Ley was created Baron Ley, and became Lord
Treasurer of England, and in 1626 he was created Earl of
Marlborough and President of the Council. Lord Marlborough had
a high reputation as a lawyer and as a judge, and he was the
author of several works on history and law.

LINDSAY, DAVID, BARON LINDSAY OF BALCARRES

_Arms._--Quarterly.

1st and 4th; gu., a fess chequy, arg. and az. _Lindsay._

2nd and 3rd; or, a lion rampant gu., debruised of a ribbon in
bend sa. _Abernethy._

All within a bordure of the third, semée of stars or.

_Crest._--A tent ppr., semée of stars or, with ASTRA CASTRA on a fillet.

_Helmet._--That of a Peer.

_Supporters._--Two lions sejant guardant gu., gorged or.

_Motto._--NVMEN LVMEN MVNIMEN.

_Legend._--DAVID DOMINVS LYNDESAY DE BALCARRES.

[_Books at Haigh Hall, Wigan._]

[The Earl of Crawford, Haigh Hall, Wigan.]

_Crest._--A tent ppr., semée of stars or, with ASTRA CASTRA.

[_Books at Haigh Hall, Wigan._]

[The Earl of Crawford, Haigh Hall, Wigan.]

David Lindsay (born c. 1586, died March 1640) was the son of
John Lindsay, Lord Menmuir, second son of the ninth Earl of
Crawford. David Lindsay succeeded his brother John in 1601, and
in 1612 he was knighted. In 1633 he was created Baron Lindsay
of Balcarres. He was the ancestor of the present Earl of
Crawford. Lord Lindsay was a firm adherent of Charles I. He was
fond of books and literature, besides being a man of science
and scientific pursuits generally.

LLOYD, DAVID, DEAN OF ST. ASAPH

_Arms._--Gu., 3 boars' heads erased in pale arg. _Lloyd._

_Crest._--Out of an heraldic coronet a boar's head erased arg.

_Motto._--DARE QUAM ACCIPERE.

[PORTA. _Natural Magick._ London, 1658.]

David Lloyd (born 1597, died 7th September 1663) was the son
of David Lloyd of Llanidloes, Montgomery. He was educated at
Oxford, and took orders about 1628. Dr. Lloyd was chaplain
to the Earl of Derby, and held several benefices in Wales,
and in 1660 was made Dean of St. Asaph. He wrote a well-known
book called _The Legend of Captain Jones_, which was published
in London in 1631. This remarkable work went through several
editions, many of which were curiously added to and altered by
successive editors or re-writers.

LOCKER, EDWARD HAWKE

_Crest._--A buck's head erased ppr. _Locker._

_Motto._--FEAR GOD AND FEAR NOT.

_Initials._--E. H. L. (Edward Hawke Locker).

[_Descrizione delle Pitture che trovansi in alcune città dello
Stato Ligure._ Genova, 1780.]

Edward Hawke Locker (born 9th October 1777, died 16th October
1849) was the son of William Locker, Captain R.N. He was
educated at Eton, and occupied several positions of trust,
until in 1819 he was made Secretary to Greenwich Hospital.
Mr. Locker was a Fellow of the Royal Society, an artist and
an author, and has left a few books, chiefly biographical or
historical. At Greenwich he inaugurated the scheme of making a
collection of naval pictures, which has proved of the greatest
value. His son Frederick, who assumed the additional surname of
Lampson in 1885, afterwards became a well-known book collector.

LONG, CHARLES, BARON FARNBOROUGH

_Arms._--Sa., a lion passant arg., holding in the dexter paw a cross crosslet fitchée or, on a chief of the second 3 crosses crosslet of the field.

_Coronet._--That of a Baron.

_Supporters._--Two lions reguardant arg., gouttées de sang, each gorged with a ducal coronet or, thereto pendent an escutcheon sa., charged with a cross crosslet arg.

_Motto._--INGENUAS SUSPICIT ARTES.

The coat is enclosed with a fillet bearing the legend "TRIA JUNCTA IN UNO," being the motto of the Order of the Bath. This is again enclosed within the collar of the said Order, as worn by a Knight Grand Cross, from which depends the badge of the Order.

[_Letters of German Authors, etc._ Egerton MS. 2407.]

Charles Long (born circ. 1760, died 17th January 1838) was the
son of Beeston Long of Carshalton Park, Surrey. He was educated
at Cambridge, and was successively Member of Parliament for
Rye, Midhurst and Wendover, and Haslemere, and held many
important offices.

In 1800 Mr. Long became joint Secretary of the Treasury,
and presently one of the Lords of the Treasury, and was
Paymaster-General from 1817 until 1826, when he was created
Baron Farnborough of Bromley Hill Place. He was a Knight
Grand Cross of the Bath, and a member of the Privy Council.
Lord Farnborough took an important part in the negotiations
with George IV., with regard to his gift to the Nation of the
Library of George III., and he also bequeathed a considerable
sum of money to the Trustees of the British Museum, to augment
the Bridgewater Fund. He was a Trustee of the British Museum, a
Fellow of the Royal Society and of the Society of Antiquaries,
and possessed a valuable collection of pictures and antiquities
at his house, Bromley Hill Place, in Kent.

LYTTELTON, WILLIAM HENRY, BARON LYTTELTON

_Arms._--Quarterly.

1. Arg., a chevron between 3 escallops sa. _Lyttelton._

2. Arg., a bend cotised sa., within a bordure engrailed gu.
(bezantée). _Westcote._

3. Gu., a lion rampant within a bordure engrailed or. _Burley._

4. France and England quarterly, within a bordure gobony, arg.
and az. By right of descent from Elizabeth, daughter of
Sir Gilbert Talbot, and great-great-granddaughter of John
of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster. _Plantagenet._

_Coronet._--That of a Baron.

_Supporters._--On either side a merman ppr., in his exterior hand a trident or. But in several instances of early use, a dexter Supporter alone is found.

_Motto._--UNG DIEU UNG ROY.

[LITTLETON. _The first part of the Institutes of the Lawes
of England._ London, 1794.]

[The Viscount Cobham, Hagley Hall, Stourbridge.]

William Henry Lyttelton (born 24th December 1724, died 14th
September 1808) was the fifth son of Sir Thomas Lyttelton,
Baronet, who was created Viscount Cobham in 1718. In 1776 Mr.
Lyttelton was created Baron Westcote in the Peerage of Ireland,
and on the death of his nephew, Sir Thomas Lyttelton, second
Baron Lyttelton, he succeeded to the Baronetcy and the English
peerage expired.

Lord Westcote was Governor of South Carolina and of Jamaica,
and Envoy Extraordinary to the Court of Portugal. In 1794 he
was created Baron Lyttelton in the Peerage of England, assuming
the same title as had become extinct by the death of his nephew
in 1779. Lord Lyttelton was a descendant of the great lawyer,
Sir Thomas Lyttelton, Judge of the Court of Common Pleas, who
wrote the celebrated treatise on Tenures, in the fifteenth
century.

MAITLAND, JOHN, EARL OF LAUDERDALE

_Arms._--Or, a lion rampant dechaussé, within a double tressure flory counterflory of fleurs-de-lys gu. _Maitland._

_Crest._--A lion sejant affrontée gu., ducally crowned or, holding in the dexter paw a sword ppr., pommelled and hilted or, in the sinister paw a fleur-de-lys az., on a fillet "CONSILIO ET ANIMIS."

_Coronet._--That of an Earl.

_Helmet._--That of a Peer.

_Supporters._--Two eagles, wings expanded, ppr.

_Legend._--IOANNES METELLANVS LAUDERIÆ COMES.

[LA BIGNE. _Magna Bibliotheca Veterum Patrum et Antiq.
Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum._ Coloniae Agrippinae, 1618.]

_Crest._--A lion sejant affrontée gu., holding in his dexter paw a sword ppr., pommelled and hilted or, and in the sinister paw a fleur-de-lys az.

_Coronet._--That of a Viscount.

_Motto._--CONSILIO ET ANIMIS.

_Note._--Used between 1616 and 1624.

[TACITUS. _Opera._ 1595.]

John Maitland (born circ. 1580, died 18th January 1645) was
the only son of John Maitland, Lord Maitland of Thirlestane,
and succeeded to his father's peerage in 1595. In 1616 Lord
Maitland was created Viscount Lauderdale, and in 1624, Earl of
Lauderdale. Lord Lauderdale was a Lord of Session in Scotland.

MANNERS, FRANCIS, SEVENTH EARL OF RUTLAND

_Crest._--Within the Garter. On a chapeau gu., turned up erm., a peacock in pride ppr. _Ros_ afterwards _Manners_.

_Coronet._--That of an Earl.

[RUVIUS. _Commentarii in Octo libros Aristotelis de Physico._
Col. Agrippinae, 1616.]

Francis Manners (born 1578, died 17th December 1632) was the
son of John Manners, Earl of Rutland. He was educated at
Cambridge, and studied law at the Inner Temple. Mr. Manners was
made a Knight of the Order of the Bath in 1604, and in 1612,
on the death of his elder brother, Roger, he succeeded to his
father's peerage.

Lord Rutland was Lord Lieutenant of Lincolnshire, Constable
of Nottingham Castle, and in 1612 he entertained James I. at
Belvoir Castle. In consequence of certain legal decisions
adverse to his claim to an older title he was, in 1616, made
Lord Ross of Hamlake. In the same year he was made a Knight
of the Garter. He carried the sceptre with the dove at the
coronation of Charles I., was Chief-Justice of Eyre north of
Trent, and in 1623 he commanded the fleet sent to escort Prince
Charles back from Spain.

The beautiful crest of a peacock in pride upon a chapeau
was adopted by the Manners family after the marriage, in
the fifteenth century, of Sir Robert Manners of Etal,
Northumberland, with Eleanor, daughter and heiress of Thomas,
10th Lord Ros, whose crest it was. The family crest of Sir
Robert Manners was a bull's head erased gu., ducally gorged and
chained or.

MANNERS, JOHN, DUKE OF RUTLAND

_Arms._--Or, 2 bars az., a chief quarterly of the second and gu.; the first and fourth quarters each charged with 2 fleurs-de-lys or, the second and third quarters each charged with a lion of England or. _Manners._

This chief was originally gu., and the change made in it, incorporating the fleurs-de-lys of France and the lion of England, was an augmentation granted in consideration of descent from Edward IV.

_Coronet._--That of a Duke.

[SETTLE. _Fears and Dangers fairly display'd._
London, 1706.]

John Manners (born 29th May 1638, died 10th January 1710) was
the son of John Manners, ninth Earl of Rutland, and succeeded
his father in the Earldom in 1679.

Before this, however, he had been created Lord Manners of
Haddon. He carried the Queen's sceptre with the cross at the
coronation of James II. He supported the Protestant cause, and
the Princess Anne at one time took refuge at Belvoir Castle,
and when she presently became Queen she created Lord Manners
Marquis of Granby and Duke of Rutland.

MARY, QUEEN OF ENGLAND, FRANCE, AND IRELAND

_Arms._--Quarterly.

1st and 4th, France.

2nd and 3rd, England.

As used by Henry VIII. (q.v.).

_Crown._--Royal.

[_Epitome operum divi Augustini._ Cologne, 1549.]

The Princess Mary (born 18th February 1516, died 17th November
1558) was the daughter of Henry VIII. and his first wife,
Catherine of Aragon. In 1553 she succeeded her brother Edward
VI. on the throne of England.

In 1554 Queen Mary married Prince Philip, afterwards Philip
II., King of Spain, but the marriage was neither happy nor
popular.

The bindings made for Queen Mary often show her coat-of-arms
encircled by flames. They were bound by Thomas Berthelet, who
had been Royal Bookbinder to Henry VIII. Most of the books
are bound in calf, but some are in embroidered velvet, and
show the pomegranate flower. Mary also used the badges of
the fleur-de-lys and the portcullis of the De Beauforts. Her
initials, "M. I.," are sometimes used on her bindings. Queen
Mary used the same supporters as Henry VIII. in the latter part
of his reign, namely, the lion and the red dragon, but they do
not show on any of her books. Queen Mary's books came to the
British Museum in 1757.

MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTLAND

_Arms._--Or, a lion rampant within a double tressure flory counterflory gu. _Scotland._

As used by James I. (q.v.).

_Crest._--The Scottish Royal Crown, ppr., thereon a lion sejant or, holding in his dexter paw a sword and in his sinister paw a sceptre, all ppr.

_Helmet._--Royal.

_Supporters._--Two unicorns arg., armed, unguled, each gorged with a princely coronet and chained or, as used by James I. (q.v.).

_Motto._--IN DEFENS.

Behind the shield are two spears, on the dexter of which is a banner bearing the arms of Scotland, and on the sinister a banner bearing the cross of St. Andrew arg., on a field az.

The shield is enclosed within the collar of the Order of the Thistle, from which depends the badge of the Order.

_Legend._--MARIA REGINA.

[_The Black Acts._ Edinburgh, 1556.]

Cypher Μ., _i.e._ "Marie," and Φ, _i.e._ "Francis," used about 1559 or 1560, when Mary was Queen of Francis II., King of France.

The motto "SA VERTV MATIRE" is an anagram on the name Marie Stuuarte.

The crown is the crown of France.

_Note._--A foreign stamp.

[PTOLEMY. _Geographia._ Rome, 1490.]

[The late Sir Wollaston Franks, K.C.B.]

Mary, Princess of Scotland (born 8th December 1542, died 8th
February 1587), was the daughter of James V., King of Scotland,
and on his death in 1542, when she was eight days old, she
succeeded to his crown. Mary was the granddaughter of the
Princess Margaret, eldest daughter of Henry VII., who had
married James IV., King of Scotland, in 1502.

In 1558 she married the Dauphin of France, who shortly
afterwards became king as Francis II. He died in 1560, and Mary
returned to Scotland, and in 1565 married Henry Stuart, Earl of
Darnley, who was proclaimed King of Scotland on the day of his
marriage.

Lord Darnley was murdered in 1567, and Queen Mary dethroned in
favour of her son, James VI., and in the same year she married
John Hepburn, Earl of Bothwell, who is supposed to have been
Darnley's murderer. Troubles multiplied round the unfortunate
queen. Her husband had to take refuge abroad, and she herself
was made a prisoner and shut up at Loch Leven. Queen Mary asked
Queen Elizabeth's help in the discords which became incessant
in Scotland, and at last Mary was induced to put herself in her
rival's power, and took refuge at Carlisle.

The end was that after a long imprisonment in England she was
tried, condemned, and beheaded at Fotheringay in 1587, the plea
being that she had conspired against Queen Elizabeth's life.

Queen Mary was very intellectual and a notable linguist. Many
of her books are bound in black and have black edges. This is
supposed to have been intended as a mark of mourning for her
first husband. Mary's only son, James VI., succeeded to the
throne of England on the death of Queen Elizabeth in 1603, his
title in England being James I.

The present official coat-of-arms of Scotland is, quarterly:

1st and 4th, Scotland.

2nd, England.

3rd, Ireland.

Colours as used by James I. (q.v.).

_Supporters._--Dexter: A unicorn arg., maned, horned, hoofed, and gorged with a princely coronet and chained or.

Sinister: A lion or, royally crowned.

_Crest._--The crest of Scotland as used by Mary, Queen of Scotland, but on an English Royal Crown. Behind the shield are two standards bearing respectively the crosses of St. Andrew and St. George, and the helmet, collar of the Order of the Thistle, and motto are all as used by Queen Mary.

MARY OF MODENA, QUEEN CONSORT OF JAMES II.

_Arms._--Two shields side by side.

Dexter shield: Gu., 3 lions passant guardant, in pale, or,
langued and unguled az. _England._

Sinister shield: Arg., an eagle displayed sa. _D'Este._

Ensigned with a Royal Crown of foreign design, and enclosed between two palm branches.

_Note._--This stamp was probably made in France after 1689.

[DESPORCELLETS. _Regne de Jacques II._ MS.]

_Arms._--Impaled.

Dexter: Quarterly.

1st and 4th grand quarters, quarterly; France and England.

2nd grand quarter; Scotland.

3rd grand quarter; Ireland.