Chapter XXIII: Part II: Questions and Examples (5)

Nothing but the Infinite ---- is sufficient for the infinite pathos
of human life.

He hallows every heart he once has swayed,
And when his presence we no longer share,
Still leaves ---- as a relic there.

* * * * *

PLEAD (page 274).

QUESTIONS.

1. What is it to _plead_ in the ordinary sense? in the legal sense? 2. How do _argue_ and _advocate_ differ? 3. What do _beseech_, _entreat_, and _implore_ imply? 4. How does _solicit_ compare with the above words?

EXAMPLES.

Speak to me low, my Savior, low and sweet,
. . .
Lest I should fear and fall, and miss thee so,
Who art not missed by any that ----.

Speaking of the honor paid to good men, is it not time to ---- for a
reform in the writing of biographies?

* * * * *

PLEASANT (page 275).

QUESTIONS.

1. What does _pleasant_ add to the sense of _pleasing_? 2. How does _pleasant_ compare with _kind_? 3. What does _good-natured_ signify? How does it compare with _pleasant_?

EXAMPLES.

Like one that wraps the drapery of his couch
About him, and lies down to ---- dreams.

When fiction rises ---- to the eye,
Men will believe because they love the lie.

... If we must part forever,
Give me but one ---- word to think upon.

* * * * *

PLENTIFUL (page 276).

QUESTIONS.

1. What kind of a term is _enough_, and what does it mean? 2. How does _sufficient_ compare with _enough_? 3. What is _ample_? 4. To what do _abundant_, _ample_, _liberal_, and _plentiful_ apply? 5. How is _copious_ used? _affluent_? _plentiful_? 6. What does _complete_ express? 7. In what sense are _lavish_ and _profuse_ employed? 8. To what is _luxuriant_ applied?

EXAMPLES.

My ---- joys,
Wanton in fulness, seek to hide themselves
In drops of sorrow.

Can anybody remember when the right sort of men and the right sort
of women were ----?

Share the advice betwixt you; if both gain all,
The gift doth stretch itself as 'tis received,
And is ---- for both.

He hasted, and opposed the rocky orb
Of tenfold adamant, his ---- shield.

* * * * *

POETRY (page 277).

QUESTIONS.

1. What is _poetry_? 2. Does _poetry_ involve _rime_? Does it require _meter_? 3. What is imperatively required beyond _verse_, _rime_, or _meter_ to constitute _poetry_?

EXAMPLES.

---- is rhythmical, imaginative language, expressing the invention,
taste, thought, passion, and insight of a human soul.

He knew
Himself to sing, and build the lofty ----.

And ever against eating cares,
Lap me in soft Lydian airs,
Married to immortal ----.

* * * * *

POLITE (page 277).

QUESTIONS.

1. What are the characteristics of a _civil_ person? What more is found in one who is _polite_? 2. How does _courteous_ compare with _civil_? 3. What does _courtly_ signify? _genteel_? _urbane_? 4. In what sense is _polished_ used? _complaisant_?

EXAMPLES.

She is not ---- for the sake of seeming ----, but ---- for the sake
of being kind.

He was so generally ---- that nobody thanked him for it.

Her air, her manners, all who saw admired; ---- tho coy, and gentle
tho retired.

* * * * *

POVERTY (page 279).

QUESTIONS.

1. What does _poverty_ strictly denote? What does it signify in ordinary use? 2. What does _privation_ signify? How does it compare with _distress_? 3. What is _indigence_? _destitution_? _penury_? 4. What does _pauperism_ properly signify? How does it differ from _beggary_ and _mendicancy_?

* * * * *

POWER (page 279).

QUESTIONS.

1. What is _power_? 2. Is _power_ limited to intelligent agents, or how widely applied? 3. How does _ability_ compare with _power_? 4. What is _capacity_, and how related to _power_ and to _ability_? 5. What is _competency_? _faculty_? _talent_? 6. What are _dexterity_ and _skill_? How are they related to _talent_? 7. What is _efficacy_? _efficiency_?

EXAMPLES.

Bismarck was the one great figure of all Europe, with more ---- for
good or evil than any other human being possessed at that time.

The soul, in its highest sense, is a vast ---- for God.

I reckon it is an oversight in a great body of metaphysicians that
they have been afraid to ascribe our apprehensions of ---- to
intuition. In consequence of this neglect, some never get the idea
of ----, but merely of succession, within the bare limits of
experience.

* * * * *

PRAISE (page 280).

QUESTIONS.

1. What is _praise_? By how many is it given, and how is it expressed? 2. What is _applause_? by how many given? and how expressed? 3. What is _acclamation_? How does it differ from _applause_? 4. How does _approbation_ differ from _praise_? 5. What does _approval_ add to the meaning of _praise_? 6. How does _compliment_ compare with _praise_? 7. What is _flattery_?

EXAMPLES.

The ---- of listening senates to command,
The threats of pain and ruin to despise,
To scatter plenty o'er a smiling land,
And read their history in a nation's eyes.

---- no man e'er deserved who sought no more.

Gladly then he mixed
Among those friendly powers, who him received
With joy and ----s loud.

* * * * *

PRAY (page 281).

QUESTIONS.

1. What is it to _pray_ in the religious sense? 2. In what lighter and more familiar sense may _pray_ be used? Is this latter use now common?

EXAMPLES.

Hesiod exhorted the husbandman to ---- for a harvest, but to do so
with his hand upon the plow.

I kneel, and then ---- her blessing.

* * * * *

PRECARIOUS (page 282).

QUESTIONS.

1. To what is the term _uncertain_ applied? 2. What did _precarious_ originally signify? How is it now used, and how does it differ from _uncertain_?

EXAMPLES.

... Thou know'st, great son,
The end of war's ----.

Life seems to be ---- in proportion to its value.

* * * * *

PRECEDENT (page 282).

QUESTIONS.

1. What is a _precedent_? 2. How does _case_ fall short of the meaning of _precedent_? 3. What is an _obiter dictum_? How does it differ from a _precedent_?

EXAMPLES.

Where freedom broadens slowly down
From ---- to ----.

Let us consider the reason of the ----, for nothing is law that is
not reason.

* * * * *

PREDESTINATION (page 282).

QUESTIONS.

1. What is _predestination_? 2. How does _fate_ differ from _predestination_? 3. What does _necessity_ signify in the philosophical sense? 4. What is _foreknowledge_? Does it involve _foreordination_ or _predestination_?

EXAMPLES.

For ---- has wove the thread of life with pain.

All high truth is the union of two contradictories. Thus ---- and
free-will are opposites; and the truth does not lie between these
two, but in a higher reconciling truth which leaves both true.

* * * * *

PREJUDICE (page 283).

QUESTIONS.

1. What is a _presumption_? On what is it founded? 2. On what are _prejudice_ and _prepossession_ based? How do these two words differ from each other?

EXAMPLES.

When the judgment's weak, the ---- is strong.

The ---- is always in favor of what exists.

His fine features, manly form, and perfect manners awakened an
instant ---- in his favor.

* * * * *

PRETENSE (page 283).

QUESTIONS.

1. What is a _pretense_? How does it differ from a _pretext_? 2. What is a _ruse_?

EXAMPLES.

The claim of a stronger nation to protect a weaker has commonly been
but a ---- for conquest.

It is not poverty so much as ---- that harasses a ruined man--the
struggle between a proud mind and an empty purse.

The independent English nobility conspired to make an insurrection,
and to support the prince's ----s.

* * * * *

PREVENT (page 284).

QUESTIONS.

1. What is the original meaning of _prevent_? 2. What word is now commonly used in that sense? 3. What is the meaning of _obviate_? _preclude_? 4. How is _prevent_ at present used?

EXAMPLES.

The contrary supposition is obviously ----.

When the Siberian Pacific Railway is finished, what is there to ----
Russia from annexing nearly the whole of China?

There appears to be no way to ---- the difficulty.

* * * * *

PREVIOUS (page 285).

QUESTIONS.

1. What does _antecedent_ denote? 2. How does _preceding_ differ from _antecedent_ and _previous_? 3. How is _anterior_ commonly used? _prior_? 4. Of what is _former_ used? What does _former_ always imply?

EXAMPLES.

These matters have been fully explained in ---- chapters of this
work.

The reader will be helped to an understanding of this process by a
careful study of the diagram on the ---- page.

In ---- times many things were attributed to witchcraft that now
have a scientific explanation.

* * * * *

PRICE (page 285).

QUESTIONS.

1. What is the _cost_ of an article? the _price_? 2. How do _cost_ and _price_ ordinarily differ? 3. In what exceptional case may _cost_ and _price_ agree? 4. What does _price_ always imply? 5. What is the meaning of _value_? How does market _value_ differ from intrinsic _value_? 6. How does _value_ differ from _worth_? 7. To what are _charge_ and _expense_ ordinarily applied?

EXAMPLES.

---- is the life-giving power of anything; ----, the quantity of
labor required to produce it; ----, the quantity of labor which its
possessor will take in exchange for it.

No man can permanently do business by making the ---- of his goods
the same as their ---- to him, however such a method may help him
momentarily in an emergency.

* * * * *

PRIDE (page 286).

QUESTIONS.

1. What is _pride_? _haughtiness_? _arrogance_? _disdain_? How do these qualities compare with _pride_? 2. What does _superciliousness_ imply according to its etymology? 3. How do _pride_ and _vanity_ differ? 4. What difference is noted between _self-conceit_ and _conceit_? 5. How do _self-respect_ and _self-esteem_ compare with each other and with the other words of the group?

EXAMPLES.

---- may puff a man up, but never prop him up.

There is nothing ---- can so little bear with as ---- itself.

---- is as ill at ease under indifference, as tenderness is under
the love which it can not return.

* * * * *

PRIMEVAL (page 287).

QUESTIONS.

1. What is the derivation and signification of _aboriginal_? _autochthonic_? _primeval_? 2. What do _prime_ and _primary_ denote? What special sense has _primary_ as in reference to a school? 3. How is _primordial_ used? 4. What does _primitive_ suggest, as in the expressions, the _primitive_ church, _primitive_ simplicity? 5. What is _pristine_? 6. How do _native_ and _indigenous_ compare?

EXAMPLES.

Thou from ---- nothingness didst call
First chaos, then existence, Lord.

The ---- inhabitants of America are long since extinct, for even the
races whom the white men conquered had themselves supplanted an
earlier race.

All the later ages have wondered at and admired the whole-souled
consecration of the ---- church.

* * * * *

PROFIT (page 288).

QUESTIONS.

1. What are _returns_ or _receipts_? 2. What is _profit_ in the commercial sense? What in the intellectual and moral sense? 3. What is _utility_? 4. What does _advantage_ originally signify? Does it now necessarily imply having or gaining superiority to another person, or securing anything at another's expense? 5. What is _gain_? _benefit_? _emolument_? 6. To what does _expediency_ especially refer?

EXAMPLES.

Silence has many ----s.

No man can read with ---- that which he can not learn to read with
pleasure.

Godliness with contentment is great ----.

* * * * *

PROGRESS (page 289).

QUESTIONS.

1. What is _progress_? 2. What do _attainment_, _proficiency_, and _development_ imply? 3. What is _advance_? How does it differ from _progress_?

EXAMPLES.

What is thy ---- compared with an Alexander's, a Mahomet's, a
Napoleon's?

And dreams in their ---- have breath,
And tears, and tortures, and the touch of joy.

Human ---- consists in a continual increase in the number of those
who, ceasing to live by the animal life alone and to feel the
pleasures of sense only, come to participate in the intellectual
life also.

* * * * *

PROHIBIT (page 290).

QUESTIONS.

1. What is it to _prohibit_? 2. How does _forbid_ compare with _prohibit_? 3. How does _prohibit_ compare with _prevent_?

EXAMPLES.

Tho much I want which most would have,
Yet still my mind ---- to crave.

The laws of England, from the early Plantagenets, sternly ---- the
conversion of malt into alcohol, excepting a small portion for
medicinal purposes.

Human law must ---- many things that human administration of law can
not absolutely ----; is not this true also of the divine government?

* * * * *

PROMOTE (page 291).

QUESTIONS.

1. What is it to _promote_? 2. To what does _promote_ apply? To persons or things, and in what way?

EXAMPLES.

The outlawed pirate of one year was ---- the next to be a governor
and his country's representative.

The imperial ensign, which full high ----ed,
Shone like a meteor streaming in the wind.

* * * * *

PROPITIATION (page 291).

QUESTIONS.

1. What did _atonement_ originally denote? What is its present theological and popular sense? 2. What does _expiation_ signify? _propitiation_? _satisfaction_?

EXAMPLES.

---- has respect to the bearing which satisfaction has upon sin or
the sinner. ---- has respect to the effect of satisfaction in
removing the judicial displeasure of God.

When a man has been guilty of any sin or folly, I think the best
---- he can make is to warn others not to fall into the like.

Redemption implies the complete deliverance from the penalty, power,
and all the consequences of sin; ---- is used in the sense of the
sacrificial work, whereby the redemption from the condemning power
of the law was insured.

* * * * *

PROPOSAL (page 291).

QUESTIONS.

1. What does an _offer_ or _proposal_ do? 2. What does a _proposition_ set forth? 3. For what is the _proposition_ designed? the _proposal_? 4. In what way does _proposition_ come to have nearly the sense of _proposal_ in certain uses? 5. What is a _bid_? 6. What does an _overture_ accomplish? In what special application is the word commonly used?

EXAMPLES.

Garrison emphatically declared, "I can not listen to any ---- for a
gradual abolition of wickedness."

The theme in confirmation must always admit of being expressed in a
logical ----, with subject, predicate, and copula.

* * * * *

PROPOSE (page 292).

QUESTIONS.

1. How does _propose_ in its most frequent use differ from _purpose_? 2. How is _propose_ used so as to be nearly equivalent to _purpose_? What important difference appears in this latter use?

EXAMPLES.

I know, indeed, the evil of that I ----, but my inclination gets the
better of my judgment.

Man ----s, but God disposes.

* * * * *

PROTRACT (page 293).

QUESTIONS.

1. What is it to _protract_? 2. What is the significance of _defer_ and _delay_, and how do these words differ in usage from _protract_? 3. How does _elongate_ differ from _protract_? 4. Is _protract_ ordinarily favorable or unfavorable in sense? 5. Is _continue_ favorable or unfavorable?

EXAMPLES.

Unseen hands ----
The coming of what oft seems close in ken.

Burton, a hypochondriac, wrote the "Anatomy of Melancholy," that
marvel of learning, and ---- his life to the age of sixty-four.

* * * * *

PROVERB (page 293).

QUESTIONS.

1. In what do the _proverb_ and the _adage_ agree? In what respects do they differ? 2. What is an _apothegm_? an _aphorism_? How do these two words differ? 3. What is a _dictum_? a _saying_? 4. What is a _precept_? How does it differ from a _motto_ or _maxim_? 5. How do _motto_ and _maxim_ differ from each other?

EXAMPLES.

The ---- must be verified,
That beggars mounted, run their horse to death.

Books, like ----s, receive their chief value from the stamp and
esteem of ages through which they have passed.

* * * * *

PRUDENCE (page 294).

QUESTIONS.

1. What is the definition of _prudence_? 2. How does _providence_ differ from _prudence_? 3. How does _care_ compare with _prudence_ and _providence_? 4. How is _frugality_ related to _prudence_? 5. How do _foresight_ and _forethought_ compare with each other, and both with _providence_?

EXAMPLES.

When desp'rate ills demand a speedy cure,
Distrust is cowardice, and ---- folly.

With a ---- unknown in other parts of Scotland, the peasantry have
in most places planted orchards around their cottages.

* * * * *

PURCHASE (page 295).

QUESTIONS.

1. From what language is _purchase_ derived? 2. From what is _buy_ derived? 3. How do _buy_ and _purchase_ agree in meaning? What single definition would answer for either? 4. How do _buy_ and _purchase_ differ in use? Give instances.

EXAMPLES.

I'll give thee England's treasure,
Enough to ---- such another island,
So thou wilt make me live.

'Tis gold which ----s admittance.

---- the truth, and sell it not.

* * * * *

PURE (page 296).

QUESTIONS.

1. What does _pure_ signify? 2. In what sense are material substances said to be _pure_? 3. What does _pure_ denote in moral and religious use? 4. How does _pure_ compare with _innocent_? with _virtuous_?

EXAMPLES.

Water from melted snow is ----r than rain-water, as it descends
through the air in a solid form, incapable of absorbing atmospheric
gases.

Stone walls do not a prison make,
Nor iron bars a cage;
Minds ---- and quiet take
That for a hermitage.

In every place incense shall be offered unto my name and a ----
offering, saith the Lord of hosts.

* * * * *

QUEER (page 297).

QUESTIONS.

1. What is the meaning of _odd_? _singular_? Are _odd_ and _singular_ precise equivalents? 2. When is a thing called _strange_? 3. What is the primary meaning of _peculiar_? With what implication is it now commonly used? 4. What is the meaning of _eccentric_? How does it differ in use from _odd_ or _queer_? 5. How does _erratic_ compare with _eccentric_? 6. What is the primary meaning of _queer_? its common meaning? 7. What is the significance of _quaint_? _grotesque_?

EXAMPLES.

A ----, shy man was this pastor--a sort of living mummy, dried up
and bleached by Icelandic snows.

In setting a hen, says Grose, the good women hold it an
indispensable rule to put an ---- number of eggs.

Only a man of undoubted genius can afford to be ----.

The ---- architecture of these medieval towns has a strange
fascination.

* * * * *

QUICKEN (page 297).

QUESTIONS.

1. What is it to _accelerate_? to _despatch_? 2. What does the verb _speed_ signify? _hasten_? _hurry_? What does _hurry_ suggest in addition to the meaning of _hasten_?

EXAMPLES.

The motion of a falling body is continually ----ed.

The muster-place is Lanrick mead!
---- forth the signal! Norman, ----!

The pulsations of the heart are ----ed by exertion.

* * * * *

QUOTE (page 298).

QUESTIONS.

1. How does _cite_ differ from _quote_? 2. What is it to _paraphrase_? to _plagiarize_?

EXAMPLES.

A great man ---- bravely, and will not draw on his invention when
his memory serves him with a word as good.

The Devil can ---- Scripture for his purpose.

To appropriate others' thoughts or words mechanically and without
credit is to ----.

* * * * *

RACY (page 299).

QUESTIONS.

1. To what does _racy_ in the first instance refer? _pungent_? 2. How does _piquant_ differ from _pungent_? 3. How are these words and the word _spicy_ used in reference to literary products?

EXAMPLES.

Pure mother English, ---- and fresh with idiomatic graces.

The atmosphere was strangely impregnated with the ---- odor of
burning peat.

The spruce, the cedar, and the juniper, with their balsamic breath,
filled the air with a ---- fragrance.

* * * * *

RADICAL (page 299).

QUESTIONS.

1. What is the primary meaning of _radical_? 2. What contrasted senses are derived from this primary meaning?

EXAMPLES.

Timidity is a ---- defect in a reformer.

Social and political leaders look to vested interests, and hence are
inclined to regard all ---- measures as ----.

* * * * *

RARE (page 300).

QUESTIONS.

1. What is the meaning of _unique_? Can any one of a number of things of the same kind be _unique_? 2. What is the primary meaning of _rare_? What added sense is often blended with this primary meaning? 3. Is _extraordinary_ favorable or unfavorable in meaning?

EXAMPLES.

Nothing is so ---- as time.

That which gives to the Jews their ---- position among the nations
is what we are accustomed to regard as their sacred history.

And what is so ---- as a day in June?
Then, if ever, come perfect days.

* * * * *

REACH (page 300).

QUESTIONS.

1. What is it to _reach_ in the sense here considered? 2. What is it to _arrive_? 3. What does _attain_ add to the meaning of _arrive_? What does _gain_ add?

EXAMPLES.

And grasping down the boughs
I ----ed the shore.

He gathered the ripe nuts in the fall,
And berries that grew by fence and wall
So high she could not ---- them at all.

The heights by great men ----ed and kept
Were not ----ed by sudden flight,
But they, while their companions slept,
Were toiling upward in the night.

It is only in this way that we can hope to ---- at truth.

* * * * *

REAL (page 301).

QUESTIONS.

1. From what is _real_ derived? What does it mean? 2. From what is the _real_ distinguished? 3. To what is _actual_ opposed? 4. What shades of difference may be pointed out between the four words _actual_, _real_, _developed_, and _positive_?

EXAMPLES.

In ---- life we do not die when all that makes life bright dies to
us.

If there was any trouble, ---- or impending, affecting those she had
served, her place was with them.

This was regarded as proof ---- of conspiracy.

* * * * *

REASON, _v._ (page 302).

QUESTIONS.

1. What is it to _reason_ about a matter? 2. From what is _argue_ derived, and what does it mean? 3. What is it to _demonstrate_? to _prove_? How do these two words agree and differ?

EXAMPLES.

There are two ways of reaching truth: by ----ing it out and by
feeling it out.

In ----ing, too, the person owned his skill,
For e'en tho vanquished, he could ---- still.

A matter of fact may be ----ed by adequate evidence; only a
mathematical proposition can be ----ed.

* * * * *

REASON, _n._ (page 302).

QUESTIONS.

1. How does _cause_ differ from _reason_ in the strict sense of each of the two words? 2. How is _reason_ often used so as to be a partial equivalent of _cause_?

EXAMPLES.

No one is at liberty to speak ill of another without a justifiable
----, even tho he knows he is speaking truth.

I am not only witty myself, but the ---- that wit is in other men.

Necessity is the ---- of tyrants; it is the creed of slaves.

Alas! how light a ---- may move
Dissension between hearts that love!

* * * * *

REASONING (page 303).

QUESTIONS.

1. What do _argumentation_ and _debate_ ordinarily imply? 2. How does _reasoning_ differ from both the above words in this respect? 3. To what kind of _reasoning_ were _argument_ and _argumentation_ formerly restricted? How widely are the words now applied? 4. How do _argument_ and _argumentation_ compare with _reasoning_ as regards logical form?

EXAMPLES.

All ----, Inductive or Deductive, is a reaching of the unknown
through the known; and where nothing unknown is reached there is no
----.

Early at Bus'ness, and at Hazard late,
Mad at a fox-chase, wise at a ----.

If thou continuest to take delight in idle ----, thou mayest be
qualified to combat with the sophists, but never know how to live
with men.

* * * * *

REFINEMENT (page 305).

QUESTIONS.

1. To what does _civilization_ apply, and what does it denote? 2. What is _refinement_? 3. What is the primary meaning of _cultivation_? the derived meaning? 4. By what word is _cultivation_ now largely superseded? 5. What does _culture_ denote?

EXAMPLES.

What is ----? It is the humanization of man in society, the
satisfaction for him in society of the true law of human nature.

Giving up wrong pleasure is not self-sacrifice, but self-----.

This refined taste is the consequence of education and habit; we are
born only with a capacity of entertaining this ----.

* * * * *

RELIABLE (page 306).

QUESTIONS.

1. What is to be said of the controversy regarding the formation and use of the word _reliable_? 2. What do _trusty_ and _trustworthy_ denote? 3. How does _reliable_ compare with these words? 4. What meaning may _reliable_ convey that _trusty_ and _trustworthy_ would not?

EXAMPLES.

Good lack! quoth he, yet bring it me
My leathern belt likewise,
In which I bear my ---- sword,
When I do exercise.

The first voyage to America, of which we have any perfectly ----
account, was performed by the Norsemen.

* * * * *

RELIGION (page 307).

QUESTIONS.

1. What is the original sense of _piety_? the derived sense? 2. What is _religion_? What does it include? 3. What is _worship_? _devotion_? 4. What is _morality_? _godliness_? _holiness_? 5. How is _theology_ related to _religion_?

EXAMPLES.

---- is man's belief in a being or beings, mightier than himself and
inaccessible to his senses, but not indifferent to his sentiments
and actions, with the feelings and practises which flow from such
belief.

----, whose soul sincere
Fears God, and knows no other fear.

To deny the freedom of the will is to make ---- impossible.

Systematic ---- may be defined as the substance of the Christian
faith in a scientific form.

* * * * *

REND (page 309).

QUESTIONS.

1. To what are _rend_ and _tear_ usually applied? Which is the stronger word? 2. In what connection is _rive_ used, and in what sense? 3. What does _lacerate_ signify? 4. How does _mangle_ compare with _lacerate_? 5. What do _burst_ and _rupture_ signify? Which is the stronger word? When is a steam-boiler said to be _ruptured_? 6. What does _rip_ signify?

EXAMPLES.

Storms do not ---- the sail that is furled.

Oh, it offends me to the soul to hear a robustious, periwig-pated
fellow ---- a passion to tatters, to very rags, to split the ears of
the groundlings.

And now a bubble ----s, and now a world.

The first blood shed in the revolutionary struggle; a mere drop in
amount, but a deluge in its effects, ----ing the colonies forever
from the mother country.

* * * * *

RENOUNCE (page 309).

QUESTIONS.

1. From what is _renounce_ derived, and in what sense used? _recant_? _retract_? 2. What is it to _discard_? 3. How does _revoke_ compare with _recall_ in original meaning and in present use? 4. What is the derivation and the distinctive meaning of _abjure_? 5. In what sense is _repudiate_ used?

EXAMPLES.

On his knees, with his hand on the Bible, Galileo was compelled to
---- and curse the doctrine of the movement of the earth.

He adds his soul to every other loss, and by the act of suicide,
---- earth to forfeit heaven.

He had no spiritual adviser, no human comforter, and was entirely in
the hands of those who were determined that he should ---- or die.

* * * * *

REPENTANCE (page 310).

QUESTIONS.

1. What is _regret_? 2. What does _penitence_ add to _regret_? 3. How does _repentance_ surpass the meaning of _penitence_, _regret_, _sorrow_, etc.? 4. What is _compunction_? _contrition_? 5. What is _remorse_, and how does it compare with _repentance_?

EXAMPLES.

What then? what rests?
Try what ---- can: what can it not?

Forgive me, Valentine, if hearty ----
Be a sufficient ransom for offense,
I tender't here.

So writhes the mind ---- has riven,
Unmeet for earth, undoomed to heaven,
Darkness above, despair beneath,
Around it flame, within it death.

* * * * *

REPROOF (page 311).

QUESTIONS.

1. Are _blame_, _censure_, and _disapproval_ spoken or silent? 2. Are _comment_, _criticism_, _rebuke_, _reflection_, _reprehension_, and _reproof_ expressed or not? 3. How of _admonition_ and _animadversion_? 4. Are _comment_ and _criticism_ favorable or unfavorable? Do they imply superiority on the part of commentator or critic? 5. Do _reflection_ and _reprehension_ imply such superiority? How are these two words discriminated? 6. What does _rebuke_ literally signify? To what kind of person is a _rebuke_ administered? 7. To what kind of person is _reproof_ administered? 8. What do _rebuke_ and _reproof_ imply on the part of him who administers them? 9. What is _animadversion_? _admonition_?

EXAMPLES.

A ---- is intolerable when it is administered out of pride or
hatred.

The best preservative to keep the mind in health is the faithful
---- of a friend.

Open ---- is better than secret love.

* * * * *

REPROVE (page 312).

QUESTIONS.

1. What is it to _censure_? to _reprove_? to _reprimand_ 2. How does _admonish_ compare with the other words in the group? Is its reference to the past or to the future? 3. What is it to _reproach_? Does this word imply authority or superiority? 4. What is the force of _expostulate_ and _remonstrate_?

EXAMPLES.

He that oppresseth the poor ----eth his Maker.

Her answer ----ed me; for she said, "I never ask their crimes, for
we have all come short."

Moses was ----ed of God when he was about to make the tabernacle:
for, see, saith he, that thou make all things according to the
pattern shewed to thee in the mount.

This witness is true. Therefore ---- them sharply, that they may be
sound in the faith.

* * * * *

REST (page 313).

QUESTIONS.

1. What is _ease_? _quiet_? _rest_? 2. What is _recreation_, and how is it related to _rest_? 3. What is _repose_ in the primary, and what in the derived, sense? 4. How does _repose_ compare with _rest_? 5. What is a _pause_? 6. How does _sleep_ compare with _repose_ and _rest_?

EXAMPLES.

Seek out, less often sought than found,
A soldier's grave--for thee the best;
Then look around, and choose thy ground,
And take thy ----.

Her manners had not that ----
That stamps the cast of Vere de Vere.

Shall I not take mine ---- in mine inn?

* * * * *

RESTRAIN (page 315).

QUESTIONS.

1. What is it to _restrain_? 2. How does _constrain_ differ from _restrain_? 3. How does _restrain_ differ from _restrict_? 4. How does _repress_ compare with _restrain_? _suppress_?

EXAMPLES.

The English Puritans, ----ed at home, fled for freedom to America.

In no political system is it so necessary to ---- the powers of the
government as in a democratic state.

* * * * *

REVENGE (page 316).

QUESTIONS.

1. What is _revenge_? 2. How does _retaliation_ compare with _revenge_? 3. What did _vengeance_ formerly mean, and what does it now imply? 4. What is a _requital_? 5. How do _avenging_ and _retribution_ differ from _retaliation_, _revenge_, and _vengeance_? 6. What difference may be noted between _avenging_ and _retribution_?

EXAMPLES.

According to the wish of Sulla himself, ... his monument was erected
in the Campus Martius, bearing an inscription composed by himself:
"No friend ever did me a kindness, no enemy a wrong, without
receiving full ----."

By the spirit of ----, as we sometimes express it, we generally
understand a disposition, not merely to return suffering for
suffering, but to inflict a degree of pain on the person who is
supposed to have injured us, beyond what strict justice requires.

In all great religions we find one God, and in all, personal
immortality with ----.

* * * * *

REVOLUTION (page 317).

QUESTIONS.

1. What is the essential idea of _revolution_? 2. Does a _revolution_ necessarily involve war? 3. What is _anarchy_? _insubordination_? _sedition_? _revolt_? _rebellion_? 4. How does _rebellion_ differ from _revolution_? 5. By what class of persons is _insurrection_ made? _mutiny_?

EXAMPLES.

----s are not made; they come.

---- to tyrants is obedience to God.

Since government is of God, ---- must be contrary to his will.

* * * * *

REVOLVE (page 318).

QUESTIONS.

1. When is a body said to _roll_? to _rotate_? to _revolve_? 2. In what sense may the earth be said to _revolve_? and in what sense to _rotate_? 3. What are some of the extended uses of _roll_? 4. What kind of a word is _turn_, and what is its meaning?

EXAMPLES.

Any bright star close by the pole is seen to ---- in a very small
circle whose center is the pole itself.

The sun ----s on an axis in the same direction in which the planets
---- in their orbits.

Human nature can never rest; once in motion it ----s like the stone
of Sisyphus every instant when the resisting force is suspended.

* * * * *

RIGHT (page 319).

QUESTIONS.

1. What is a _right_? Is it general or special? 2. What is a _privilege_? an _exemption_? an _immunity_? 3. What is a _franchise_? a _prerogative_?

EXAMPLES.

Friendship gives no ---- to make ourselves disagreeable.

All men are created equal, and endowed with certain inalienable
----s.

* * * * *

RUSTIC (page 321).

QUESTIONS.

1. From what are _rural_ and _rustic_ alike derived? How do the two words agree in general signification? How are they discriminated in use? 2. What is the meaning of _pastoral_? of _bucolic_?

EXAMPLES.

How still the morning of the hallowed day!
Mute is the voice of ---- labor, hush'd
The plowboy's whistle and the milkmaid's song.

The ---- arbor which the summit crowned
Was woven of shining smilax, trumpet-vine,
Clematis, and the wild white eglantine.

When hunting tribes begin to domesticate animals, they enter usually
upon the ---- stage.

* * * * *

SACRAMENT (page 321).

QUESTIONS.

1. What is a religious _service_ in the extended sense? 2. What is a _sacrament_? 3. What is an _observance_? an _ordinance_? 4. How do _sacrament_ and _ordinance_ differ? 5. What is a _rite_?

EXAMPLES.

Religion will glide by degrees out of the mind unless it be
invigorated and reimpressed by external ----s.

Nothing tends more to unite men's hearts than joining together in
the same prayers and ----s.

* * * * *

SALE (page 323).

QUESTIONS.

1. What is _change_ or _exchange_? 2. What is _barter_? _sale_? 3. What is a _bargain_ in the strict sense? 4. What is _trade_ in the broad and in the limited sense?

EXAMPLES.

Honor sits smiling at the ---- of truth.

I'll give thrice as much land to any well-deserving friend,
But in the way of ----, mark ye me,
I'll cavil on the ninth part of a hair.

Stamps God's own name upon a lie just made
To coin a penny in the way of ----.

* * * * *

SAMPLE (page 323).

QUESTIONS.

1. What is a _sample_? a _specimen_? 2. How do _sample_ and _specimen_ compare as indications of the quality of that which they respectively represent?

EXAMPLES.

There is, therefore, in this country, an implied warranty that the
goods correspond to the ----.

Curzola is a perfect ---- of a Venetian town.

* * * * *

SCHOLAR (page 324).

QUESTIONS.

1. What is the primary sense of _scholar_? the derived sense? 2. What does _pupil_ signify? How is it technically used in educational work? 3. In what sense is _student_ employed?

EXAMPLES.

The accent or turn of expression of a single sentence will at once
mark a ----.

The State of New York supplies all needed text-books free of charge
to the ----s in the public schools.

The ----s in American colleges have taken up athletics with intense
enthusiasm.

* * * * *

SCIENCE (page 325).

QUESTIONS.

1. How does _science_ compare with _knowledge_? 2. How does _art_ compare with _science_? 3. What two senses of _art_ must be discriminated from each other? 4. In which sense is _art_ a system of rules? 5. In which sense does _art_ transcend rule?

EXAMPLES.

Beethoven took his ---- as seriously as a saint and martyr takes his
religion.

Modern ---- may be regarded as one vast miracle, whether we view it
in relation to the Almighty Being, by whom its objects and its laws
were formed, or to the feeble intellect of man, by which its depths
have been sounded, and its mysteries explored.

Printing has been aptly termed the ---- preservative of all other
----s.

* * * * *

SECURITY (page 326).

QUESTIONS.

1. Of what kind of value or property must an _earnest_ consist? 2. How do _pledge_ and _security_ differ from _earnest_? 3. How does _security_ differ from _pledge_? 4. What is _bail_? _gage_?

EXAMPLES.

The ---- for a national or state debt is the honesty of its people.

The surest ---- of a deathless name
Is the silent homage of thoughts unspoken.

And for an ---- of a greater honor,
He bade me, from him, call thee Thane of Cawdor.

* * * * *

SENSATION (page 328).

QUESTIONS.

1. What is a _sensation_? a _perception_? 2. How does an _emotion_ differ from a _sensation_? 3. How does the popular term _feeling_ compare with _sensation_ and _emotion_? 4. What is a _sense_?

EXAMPLES.

But ----, in the technical and limited sense of the term, is
appropriated to the knowledge of material objects, and of the
external world. This knowledge is gained or acquired by means of the
----s, and hence, to be more exact, we call it sensible ----, or,
more briefly, sense ----.

----s sweet,
Felt in the blood, and felt along the heart.

* * * * *

SENSIBILITY (page 328).

QUESTIONS.

1. What is _sensibility_ in the philosophical sense? in popular use? 2. What does _sensitiveness_ denote? 3. What is _susceptibility_? How does it compare with _sensitiveness_? 4. How are _susceptibility_ and _sensitiveness_ discriminated in physics?

EXAMPLES.

The ---- of the external surface of the body is a special endowment
adapted to the elements around and calculated to protect the
interior parts from injury.

---- to pleasure is of necessity also ---- to pain.

Every mind is in a peculiar state of ---- to certain impressions.

* * * * *

SEVERE (page 329).

QUESTIONS.

1. What is _severe_? _rigid_? _strict_? 2. How does _rigorous_ compare with _rigid_? 3. What does _austere_ signify? What element is always found in an _austere_ character?

EXAMPLES.

In mathematics we arrive at certitude by ---- demonstration.

He who the sword of heaven will bear
Should be as holy as ----.

---- law is often ---- injustice.

By ---- adherence to truth in official dealing with the natives, the
English have come to be always believed in India.

* * * * *

SHELTER, _v._ (page 331).

QUESTIONS.

1. When is anything said to be _covered_? 2. How does _shelter_ compare with _cover_? 3. What does _defend_ signify? 4. What does _guard_ imply? 5. How does _protect_ surpass _guard_ and _defend_? 6. What does _shield_ signify? How does it compare with _guard_ or _defend_? 7. In what sense is the verb _harbor_ commonly used?

EXAMPLES.

He that ----eth his sins shall not prosper, but he that forsaketh
them shall find mercy.

Thou who trod'st the billowy sea,
---- us in our jeopardy!

In youth it ----ed me,
And I'll protect it now.

* * * * *

SIN (page 332).

QUESTIONS.

1. What is _sin_? 2. How is _transgression_ discriminated from _sin_ in the general sense? 3. What is _crime_? _guilt_? _depravity_?

EXAMPLES.

Commit
The oldest ----s the newest kind of ways.

---- is not punished as an offense against God, but as prejudicial
to society.

How ---- once harbored in the conscious breast,
Intimidates the brave, degrades the great.

* * * * *

SKETCH (page 334).

QUESTIONS.

1. What is a _sketch_? How does it compare with _outline_? 2. In what special connection are _draft_ and _plan_ used? 3. How does a mechanical _drawing_ differ from a _draft_? 4. What is a _design_? How does it exceed the meaning of _drawing_? 5. What is an _outline_ in written composition? How does a _sketch_ in this sense compare with an _outline_? 6. What is an _outline_ of a sermon technically called? 7. What is a lawyer's _brief_? How does it compare with an _outline_ or _sketch_?

EXAMPLES.

A ---- that is without vigor, and in which the anatomy has not been
defined, is a bad foundation for a good picture.

A little model the master wrought,
Which should be to the larger ----
What the child is to the man.

* * * * *

SKILFUL (page 335).

QUESTIONS.

1. What does _skilful_ signify? 2. How does _dexterous_ compare with _skilful_? 3. How does a _skilled_ compare with a _skilful_ workman?

EXAMPLES.

So ---- seamen ken the land from far,
Which shows like mists to the dull passenger.

Thousands of ---- workmen are thrown into enforced idleness by the
strikes and lockouts of every year.

Much that has been received as the work of disembodied spirits has
been but the ---- sleight of hand of spirits embodied.

* * * * *

SLANDER (page 336).

QUESTIONS.

1. What is it to _slander_? to _defame_? to _libel_? 2. When is _defame_ equivalent to _slander_? When is it equivalent to _libel_? 3. What is it to _asperse_? to _malign_? to _traduce_? to _disparage_? 4. How do _slander_ and _libel_ differ in legal signification from the other words? 5. Which words of the group apply to open attack in one's presence, and which to attack in his absence?

EXAMPLES.

----ed to death by villains
That dare as well answer a man, indeed,
As I dare take a serpent by the tongue.

If the Scriptures seem to ---- knowledge, it is the knowledge that
despises virtue.

Challenging each recreant doubter
Who ----ed her spotless name.

* * * * *

SLANG (page 336).

QUESTIONS.

1. What is a _colloquialism_? 2. What is _slang_ in the primary and ordinary sense? in special senses? 3. What is a _vulgarism_? 4. What is _cant_ in the sense here considered?

EXAMPLES.

There is a ---- bred of vileness that is never redeemed; there is
also a ---- that is the vigorous utterance of uncultured wit, that
fills a gap in the language and mounts ultimately to the highest
places.

A ---- is worse than ----, because it bears the ineffaceable stamp
of ignorance.

* * * * *

SOCIALISM (page 338).

QUESTIONS.

1. What is _socialism_? What term do many of its advocates prefer? 2. What is _communism_? _anarchism_?

EXAMPLES.

---- in its full sense means the abolition of inheritance, the
abolition of the family, the abolition of nationalities, the
abolition of religion, the abolition of property.

----, in some modified form, is steadily making its way among
thinking men under the guise of cooperation.

---- is the offspring of sore hearts and shallow brains. It is the
wisdom of the man who burned down his house because his chimney
smoked.

* * * * *

SPONTANEOUS (page 340).

QUESTIONS.

1. When is anything properly said to be _spontaneous_? _voluntary_? _involuntary_? 2. How do _voluntary_ and _involuntary_ compare with each other? both with _spontaneous_?

EXAMPLES.

---- is opposed to reflective. Those operations of mind which are
continually going on without any effort or intention on our part are
_spontaneous_.

No action that is not ---- has any merit.

* * * * *

SPY (page 340).

QUESTIONS.

1. In what are the _spy_ and the _scout_ alike? 2. In what do they differ? 3. What are their respective rights in case of capture? 4. What is an _emissary_?

EXAMPLES.

A daring ---- of General Stuart made his way to my quarters, and
informed me that General Imboden had planned an attack upon the
town.

I had grown uneasy in regard to the disjointed situation of our army
and, to inform myself of what was going on, determined to send a
---- into the enemy's lines.

* * * * *

STATE, _v._ (page 341).

QUESTIONS.

1. From what is _state_ derived? What does it mean? 2. What is the significance of _assert_? What element is prominent in this word? 3. What is the relative force of _affirm_ and _assert_? _asseverate_? _aver_? _assure_? 4. What does _affirm_ signify in legal use, and how does it differ from _swear_? 5. What is it to _certify_? 6. What does _vindicate_ signify?

EXAMPLES.

The first condition of intelligent debate is that the question be
clearly ----ed.

We ---- that the sciences dispose themselves round two great axes of
thought, parallel and not unrelated, yet distinct--the natural
sciences held together by the one, the moral by the other.

It is impossible for the mind to ---- anything of that of which it
knows nothing.

* * * * *

STORM (page 343).

QUESTIONS.

1. What is the essential meaning of _storm_? 2. What is a _tempest_?

EXAMPLES.

The ---- is hard at hand will sweep away
Thrones, churches, ranks, traditions, customs, marriage.

Were any considerable mass of air to be suddenly transferred from
beyond the tropics to the equator, the difference of the rotatory
velocity proper to the two situations would be so great as to
produce not merely a wind, but a ---- of the most destructive
violence.

* * * * *

STORY (page 343).

QUESTIONS.

1. What is a _story_? Is it true or false? 2. What is an _anecdote_? a _narrative_ or _narration_?

EXAMPLES.

There are ----, common to the different branches of the Aryan
stock.... They are ancient Aryan ----, ... older than the Odyssey,
older than the dispersion of the Aryan race.

----s are relations of detached, interesting particulars.

Fairy ----s have for children an inexhaustible charm.

* * * * *

SUBJECTIVE (page 345).

QUESTIONS.

1. What is the meaning of _subjective_? of _objective_? 2. How are these words illustrated in the case of a mountain? 3. What matters are purely _subjective_? 4. What matters are purely _objective_? 5. What is meant by saying that an author has a _subjective_ or an _objective_ style?

EXAMPLES.

Subject therefore, denotes the mind itself; and ----, that which
belongs to, or proceeds from, the thinking subject. Object is a term
for that about which the knowing subject is conversant, ... while
---- means that which belongs to, or proceeds from, the object
known, and not from the subject knowing; and thus denotes what is
real, in opposition to what is ideal,--what exists in nature, in
contrast to what exists merely in the thought of the individual.

* * * * *

SUGGESTION (page 347).

QUESTIONS.

1. In what way does a _suggestion_ bring a matter before the mind? 2. What is an _intimation_? a _hint_? 3. What are the special characteristics of _insinuation_ and _innuendo_?

EXAMPLES.

Behold in the bloom of apples,
And the violets in the sward,
A ---- of the old, lost beauty
Of the garden of the Lord!

Time is truly the comforter, at once lessening the tendency to ----
of images of sorrow, and softening that very sorrow when the images
arise.

An ---- is cowardly because it can seldom be directly answered, and
the one who makes it can always retreat behind an assumed
misconstruction of his words; but the ---- is the stab in the back,
sneaking as it is malicious.

* * * * *

SUPERNATURAL (page 347).

QUESTIONS.

1. What is the original meaning of _supernatural_? of _preternatural_? 2. What is commonly implied in the use of _preternatural_? 3. In what sense do some hold a miracle to be _supernatural_? What descriptive term would others prefer? 4. What is the meaning of _superhuman_? In what secondary sense is it often used?

EXAMPLES.

It was something altogether ----, as when God said, 'Let there be
light,' and there was light.

With an imagination of intense vividness and ---- activity, Choate
was as practical as the most sordid capitalist that ever became an
"incarnation of fat dividends."

* * * * *

SUPPORT (page 348).

QUESTIONS.

1. What do _support_ and _sustain_ alike signify? 2. How does _sustain_ surpass _support_ in meaning and force? 3. What is the force and use of _bear_ in this connection? 4. What is it to _maintain_? 5. How does _maintain_ compare with _support_ as to fulness and as to dignity? 6. What is it to _prop_? What is the limit upon the meaning of this word?

EXAMPLES.

And Cain said, My punishment is great than I can ----.

You take my house when you do take the prop
That doth ---- my house.

Can a soul like mine,
Unus'd to power, and form'd for humbler scenes,
---- the splendid miseries of greatness?

While less expert, tho stronger far,
The Gael ----ed unequal war.

* * * * *

SUPPOSE (page 348).

QUESTIONS.

1. What is it to _suppose_? 2. How does _conjecture_ differ from _suppose_? 3. What does _think_ signify in the sense here considered? How does it compare with _conjecture_ or _suppose_?

EXAMPLES.

Newton ----ed that if the earth were to be so compressed as to be
absolutely without pores, its dimensions might not exceed a cubic
inch.

Let it not be ----ed that principles and opinions always go
together.

* * * * *

SYNONYMOUS (page 349).

QUESTIONS.

1. Are there any _synonymous_ words in the strict sense of the term? 2. What is meant by _synonymous_ words? 3. What are the two common faults with reference to _synonymous_ words or _synonyms_?

EXAMPLES.

The great source of a loose style is the injudicious use of those
words termed ----.

To raise, with fitting observances, over the ruins of the historic
fortress [Sumter] the ---- flag which had waved over it during its
first bombardment.

* * * * *

SYSTEM (page 350).

QUESTIONS.

1. What is _order_, in the sense here considered? 2. What does _method_ denote? 3. What is a _system_? 4. To what does _manner_ refer? 5. To what does _regularity_ apply? 6. Can there be _order_ without _regularity_ or _regularity_ without _order_, and how?

EXAMPLES.

If this be madness, there is ---- in it.

A ---- is ... an organized body of truth, or truths arranged under
one and the same idea, which idea is as the life or soul which
assimilates all those truths.

* * * * *

TEACH (page 353).

QUESTIONS.

1. What is it to _teach_? 2. How does _instruct_ surpass _teach_ in signification? 3. What secondary sense has _instruct_? 4. What is the full meaning of _educate_? 5. What is it to _train_? 6. To what is _train_ commonly applied where _educate_ could not well be used? 7. What is it to _discipline_? 8. What does _nurture_ signify, and how does it compare with _educate_?

EXAMPLES.

Plato returned to Athens and began to ----; like his master, he ----
without money and without price.

For the most effective mechanical work both mind and hand must be
----ed in childhood.

The Highlanders flocking to him from all quarters, though ill-armed,
and worse ----ed, made him undervalue any enemy who, he thought, was
yet to encounter him.

* * * * *

TERM (page 354).

QUESTIONS.

1. What is the literal meaning of _term_? 2. Is this meaning retained in the figurative uses of the word? 3. What are the _articles_ of a contract? the _terms_ of a contract? 4. What is a _condition_? 5. What is a _term_ in the logical sense? 6. How does _term_ in ordinary use compare with _word_, _expression_, or _phrase_?

EXAMPLES.

For beauty's acme hath a ---- as brief
As the wave's poise before it break in pearl.

But what are these moral sermons [of Seneca]? ----s, nothing but
----s.

The very ---- miser is a confession of the misery which attends
avarice.

* * * * *

TERSE (page 354).

QUESTIONS.

1. What is the meaning of _short_ or _brief_? 2. What is the derivation and meaning of _concise_? of _condensed_? of _compendious_? 3. What is the derivation and meaning of _succinct_? of _terse_? 4. What is the force of _summary_? 5. What is a _sententious_ style? a _pithy_ utterance?

EXAMPLES.

With all his lucidity of statement, Hamilton was not always ----.

In most cases it will be found that the Victorian idiom is clearer,
but less ---- than the corresponding Elizabethan idiom which it has
supplanted.

* * * * *

TESTIMONY (page 355).

QUESTIONS.

1. What is _testimony_? 2. How does it compare with _evidence_? 3. How does a _deposition_ differ from an _affidavit_?

EXAMPLES.

The word ----, in legal acceptation, includes all the means by which
any alleged matter of fact, the truth of which is submitted to us
for investigation, is established or disproved.

As to the fruits of Sodom, fair without, full of ashes within, I saw
nothing of them, tho from the ---- we have, something of this kind
has been produced.

* * * * *

TIME (page 356).

QUESTIONS.

1. To what do _sequence_ and _succession_ apply? 2. What does _time_ denote? How is it conceived of with reference to events? 3. How do _duration_ and _succession_ compare with _time_?

EXAMPLES.

Every event remembered is remembered as having happened in ----
past. This gives us the idea in the concrete.... We can now, by a
process of abstraction, separate the ---- from the event, and we
have the abstract idea of _time_.

The ---- of each earthquake is measured generally only by seconds,
or even parts of a second.

It has been conjectured that our idea of ---- is founded upon the
conscious ---- of sensations and ideas in our own minds.

* * * * *

TOOL (page 358).

QUESTIONS.