Chapter I: Part 1

TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE: Minor spelling and punctuation errors have been corrected but accents are retained as printed: inconsistently. The exception is the replacement of A’ with Á, and so on.

EXERCISES
UPON THE DIFFERENT
PARTS OF ITALIAN SPEECH

WITH
REFERENCES
TO
_VENERONI’S GRAMMAR:_

TO WHICH IS ADDED,

AN ABRIDGMENT OF THE ROMAN HISTORY,
INTENDED AT ONCE TO MAKE THE LEARNER ACQUAINTED WITH
HISTORY, AND THE IDIOM OF THE ITALIAN LANGUAGE.

By F. BOTTARELLI, A. M.

The EIGHTH EDITION, carefully revised and corrected.

By G. B. ROLANDI.

_LONDON:_
PRINTED FOR J. COLLINGWOOD; LONGMAN, HURST, REES
ORME & BROWN; SIMPKIN & MARSHALL; G. & W. B.
WHITTAKER; T. BOOSEY & SONS; AND J. BOOKER.
1822.

Printed by T. C. Hansard, Peterboro’-court, Fleet-street, London.

_PREFACE._

Amidst the laudable endeavours for the advancement of the Italian language, it is surprising that an easy and expeditious method of teaching it has been, in a great measure, neglected; and that beginners have hitherto been left without proper assistance. Under this impression, I have composed these EXERCISES upon the Syntax of VENERONI’S _Italian Grammar_; with what success I have executed the task, must be submitted to the decision of qualified and impartial judges.

These Exercises comprehend all the difficulties, and idiomatical expressions of the Italian language; the rules and exceptions of which are exemplified after such a method, that a learner cannot fail to become master of that language who has carefully gone through them once or twice.

The examples are of three sorts; the first, immediately following the rule, are short: as nothing farther is designed by them, than to illustrate that particular rule. The second sort are longer, and in them, not only the rule to which they refer, is exemplified, but also the foregoing ones are again brought into practice, the better to imprint them on the memory: since, were it not for this contrivance, learners would forget one rule, while they were learning another; the examples of the third kind, contain all the preceding, and some of the subsequent rules promiscuously; and for these reasons, are not to be attempted, until the student has gone twice at least, through the former part (for I think it advisable they should go through it more than once).

The radical Italian words are interlined, a thing very useful and requisite in a work of this nature, as well to save the trouble of consulting Dictionaries, as to prevent the use of improper terms, and wrong spelling, otherwise unavoidable; and those who wish to learn the Italian language, will thereby be enabled to make a much quicker progress than they could possibly do by the tedious task of searching a Dictionary for the words they require.

I have frequently omitted such words as had been often mentioned before, presuming there was no occasion for such repetition; and in order to excite attention in learners, that they might recollect what they had learned, and exert both their memory and judgment, or, on memory failing them, have recourse to a Dictionary, as a last resource. For these reasons, in the latter part of the Exercises, there are scarcely any Italian words but _nouns_ and _verbs_, all the other parts of speech having already been gone through.

There is added, by way of Appendix, an Abridgment of the Roman History. As history is one of the most easy and entertaining parts of literature, and as that of the ancient Romans is absolutely necessary to a proper understanding of the Classics, I hope this addition will prove highly beneficial to young beginners.

* * * * *

_N. B. Great pains have been taken to render this new Edition of BOTTARELLI’S ITALIAN EXERCISES more perfect than any hitherto published. In order to facilitate the Italian pronunciation, the words have been accented according to the plan of VENERONI’S GRAMMAR; the references to VENERONI have been compared, and carefully corrected, and many new ones added, together with several Notes and Remarks. All obsolete and improper phrases have been expunged; and the Chronology of the Roman History has been improved by the addition of DATES to each respective chapter: in short, on account of the many additions, alterations, and improvements, this edition may almost be considered as a new book, and a worthy companion of the celebrated Grammar of VENERONI.

⁂ _A new Edition of the KEY to these EXERCISES is just published._

ITALIAN EXERCISES.

ON THE ACCIDENCE OF VERBS.

_Regular Verbs of the First Conjugation._ [See VENERONI’S GRAMMAR, page 88.]

I love, thou acquirest, he respects, we salute, you speak, ye pass,
am-áre acquist-áre rispett-áre salut-áre parl-áre pass-áre
they walk.
spasseggi-áre.

I did call, thou didst prattle, he did command, we did begin,
chiam-áre ciarl-áre comand-áre cominci-áre
you did buy, they did confess.
compr-áre confess-áre.

I confirmed, thou didst deliver, he preserved, we considered,
conferm-áre consegn-áre preserv-áre consider-áre
you advised, they contended.
consigli-áre contrast-áre.

I have declined, thou hast courted, he has cured, we have crowned,
declin-áre corteggi-áre cur-áre coron-áre
you have dedicated, they have supped.
[1]dedic-áre cen-áre.

I had wished, thou hadst declared, he had dispensed,
desider-áre dichiar-áre dispens-áre
we had assembled, you had undeceived, they had wasted.
radun-áre disingann-áre scialacqu-áre.

I will expect, thou shalt arrive, he will assault, we will assure,
aspett-áre arriv-áre assalt-áre assicur-áre
you will wish, they shall increase.
augur-áre aument-áre.

Dance, let him change, let us walk, sing ye, let them certify.
ball-áre cambi-áre passeggi-áre cant-áre [2]certific-áre.

That I may fast, that thou mayest besiege, that he may ride,
digiun-áre assedi-áre [2]cavalc-áre
that we may punish, that you may pass, that they may cause.
[2]castig-áre pass-áre cagion-áre.

That I might caress, that thou mightest burn, that he might stoop,
accarezz-áre abbruci-áre [2]abbass-ársi
that we might accept, that you might embrace, that they might mend.
accett-áre abbracci-áre accomod-áre.

I should accompany, thou shouldst accuse, he should baptize,
accompagn-áre accus-áre battezz-áre
we should mistrust, you should venture, they should administer.
[3]diffid-ársi [2]arrisic-áre amministr-áre.

That I may have lamented, that thou mayest have invented,
lament-áre invent-áre
that he may have governed, that we may have tamed,
govern-áre addimestic-áre
that you may have asked, that they may have experienced.
domand-áre speriment-áre.

That I might have formed, that thou mightest have taken away,
form-áre lev-áre
that he might have sent, that we might have prepared,
mand-áre prepar-áre
that you might have deprived, that they might have resembled.
priv-áre rassomigli-áre.

I should have prolonged, thou shouldst have tried,
[2]prolung-áre prov-áre
he should have remedied, we should have refused,
rimedi-áre rifiut-áre
you should have carried back again, they should have prayed.
riport-áre [2]preg-áre.

I shall or will have warmed, thou shalt have transferred,
riscald-áre trasport-áre
he shall have judged, we shall have fortified,
[4]giudic-áre [4]fortific-áre
you shall have inflamed, they shall have failed.
infiamm-áre [4]manc-áre.

[1] Verbs ending in _care_ and _gare_, introduce _h_ before _e_ and _i_: wherefore, you must here write _certifichino_, not _certificino_. See _Veneroni’s Grammar_, page 92.

[2] See _Gram._ p. 92.

[3] _Abbassarsi_ is for _abbassare-si_, see _Gram._ p. 148.

[4] See page 92.

_Regular Verbs of the Second Conjugation._ [See GRAMMAR, p. 95.]

I believe, thou receivest, he sees, we repeat, you beat, they drink.
créd-ere ricév-ere ved-ére ripét-ere bátt-ere bév-ere.

I did yield up, thou didst owe, he did cleave, we did groan,
céd-ere dov-ére fénd-ere gém-ere
you did feed, they did hang up.
pásc-ere appénd-ere.

I enjoyed, thou pressedst, he reaped, we shone, you repeated,
god-ére prém-ere miét-ere rilúc-ere ripét-ere
they sat down.
sed-ére.

I have sold, thou hast crept along, he has shrieked, we have feared,
vénd-ere sérp-ere stríd-ere tem-ére
you have beaten, they have received.
bátt-ere ricév-ere.

_The following Verbs of the Second Conjugation are irregular._ [See GRAM. p. 111.]

I had fallen, thou hadst pleased, he had held, we had grieved,
[1]cad-ére piac-ére ten-ére [1][2]dol-érsi
you had appeared, they had pleased.
par-ére piac-ére.

I shall or will persuade, thou shalt lie down, he shall be able,
persuad-ére giac-ére pot-ére
we shall remain, you shall know, they shall be accustomed.
riman-ére sap-ére [1][3]sol-ére.

Be silent, let him see, let us hold, be ye pleased,
tac-ére ved-ére ten-ére compiac-érsi
let them fall again.
ricad-ére.

That I may have, that thou mayest owe, that he may fall,
avére dov-ére cad-ére
that we may lie down, that you may be able, that they may grieve.
giac-ére pot-ére dol-érsi.

That I might appear, that thou mightest lie down, that he might please,
par-ére giac-ére piac-ére
that we might persuade, that you might be able, that they might know.
persuad-ére pot-ére sap-ére.

I should be silent, thou shouldst be accustomed, he should be worth,
tac-ére [4]sol-ére val-ére
we should hold, you should see, they should be willing.
ten-ére ved-ére vol-ére.

For a full conjugation of all the verbs in _ere_, see VENERONI’S GRAMMAR, p. 95.

[1] Combined with _essere_ and not _avere_, in the compound tenses.

[2] See page 148.

[3] See page 122.

[4] With _essere_.

_Regular Verbs of the Third Conjugation._ [See GRAMMAR, p. 102.]

I hear, thou followest, he opens, we boil, you consent, they convert.
sent-íre segu-íre apr-íre boll-íre consent-íre convert-íre.

I did cover, thou didst sow, he did sleep, we did fly, you did lie,
[1]copr-íre cuc-íre dorm-íre fugg-íre ment-íre
they did die.
[1]mor-íre.

I departed, thou didst suffer, he repented, we ascended, you served,
part-íre [1]soffr-íre pent-írsi sal-íre serv-íre
they went out.
sort-íre.

I have dressed, thou hast heard, he has consented, we have slept,
vest-íre ud-íre consent-íre dorm-íre
you have covered, they have boiled.
copr-íre boll-íre.

[1] _Coprire_, _morire_, and _soffrire_, though regular in every other respect, make in the participle passive, _coperto_, _morto_, and _soferto_.

_The following Verbs in ire are irregular._[1] [See VENERONI’S GRAMMAR, p. 144.]

I had appeared, thou hadst uttered, he had buried, we had dared,
compar-íre profer-íre seppell-íre ard-íre
you had abolished, they had understood.
abol-íre cap-íre.

I shall or will abhor, thou shalt enrich, he shall blush,
abbor-íre arricch-íre arross-íre
we shall banish, you shall whiten, they shall pity.
band-íre bianch-íre compat-íre.

Conceive thou, let him digest, let us finish, approve ye,
concep-íre diger-íre fin-íre grad-íre
let them bloom.
fior-íre.

That I may suffer, that thou mayest grow mad, that he may languish,
pat-íre impazz-íre langu-íre
that we may dispatch, that you may unite, that they may obey.
sped-íre un-íre obbed-íre.

That I might colour, that thou mightest flourish, that he might sharpen,
color-íre fior-íre inacerb-íre
that we might animate, that you might harden, that they might bellow.
anim-áre indur-íre mugg-íre.

I would strike, thou wouldst banish, he would abhor, we would abolish,
colp-íre band-íre abborr-íre abbol-íre
you would enrich, they would comprehend.
arricch-íre cap-íre.

For the formation of compound tenses, see VENERONI’S GRAMMAR, p. 77, 82, and 88.

[1] They make _isco_ in the present and corresponding tenses; as _comparisco_, _proferisco_, &c. instead of _comparo_, _profero_, &c.

_Other Verbs of the Second Conjugation that are irregular only in some Tenses and Persons._ [See GRAMMAR, p. 125, and the following.]

I belong, thou kindlest, he takes, we perceive, you kill, they burn.
apparten-ére accénd-ere prénd-ere accorg-érsi uccíd-ere árd-ere.

I did hide, thou didst oppress, he did sprinkle, we did divide,
nascónd-ere opprím-ere aspérg-ere divíd-ere
you did absolve, they did absorb.
assólv-ere assórb-ere.

I assumed, thou offeredst, he demanded, we plucked up, you shut,
[1]assúm-ere porg-ere richiéd-ere divell-ere chiud-ere
they engraved.
incid-ere.

I have granted, thou hast run, he has decided, we have believed,
conced-ere corr-ere decid-ere cred-ere
you have boiled, they have decided.
cuoc-ere decid-ere.

I had deluded, thou hadst oppressed, he had defended, we had expressed,
delud-ere opprim-ere difend-ere esprim-ere
you had sprinkled, they had known.
asperg-ere sap-ére.

I shall, or will grieve, thou shalt erect, he shall exclude,
dol-érsi erg-ere esclud-ere
we shall require, you shall expel, they shall extinguish.
esig-ere espell-ere estingu-ere.

Melt thou, let him drive in, let us feign, break ye, let them reflect.
fond-ere figg-ere fing-ere frang-ere riflett-ere.

That I may lie down, that thou mayest fry, that he may join,
giac-ére frigg-ere giung-ere
that she may imprint, that we may hang up, that you may see,
imprim-ere append-ere ved-ére
that they may include.
includ-ere.

That I might soak, that thou mightest intrude, that he might read,
intrid-ere intrud-ere legg-ere
that we might put, that you might bite, that they might plunge.
mett-ere mord-ere immerg-ere.

I would move, thou wouldst milk, he would conceal, we would neglect,
muov-ere mung-ere nascond-ere neglig-ere
you would foresee, they would hurt (morally).
preved-ére nuoc-ere.

That I may have offended, that thou mayest have oppressed,
offend-ere opprim-ere
that he may have struck, that we may have lost,
percuot-ere perd-ere
that you may have pleased, that they may have wept.
piac-ére piang-ere.

That I might have painted, that thou mightest have presented,
diping-ere porg-ere
that he might have curtailed, that we might have taken,
precid-ere prend-ere
that you might have presumed, that they might have protected.
presum-ere protegg-ere.

I should have sat down, thou shouldest have returned,
sed-ére rend-ere
he should have reduced, we should have laughed,
ridur-re rid-ere
you should have answered, they should have suspended.
rispond-ere sospend-ere.

When I shall have scattered, thou shalt have shaken, he shall have risen,
sparg-ere scuot-ere sorg-ere
we shall have killed, you shall have conquered, they shall have lived.
uccid-ere vinc-ere viv-ere.

[1] Let it be remarked that, in all the following verbs in _ere_, not accentuated, the accent is on the antepenultima; as _pórgere_, _richiédere_, &c.

_On the RULES of the ITALIAN SYNTAX, with References to VENERONI’S Grammar._

_On the ORDER of WORDS._ [See GRAM. p. 196.]

I write three hours every day.
scrívere tre [1]ora ogni [2]giôrno.

Thou art too troublesome to my friends.
éssere [3]troppo molésto amíco.

He speaks like a Roman orator.
parláre come Románo [4]oratóre.

We go out of town every Spring.
andáre fuóri [5]città ogni primavéra.

You shew your probity very plainly.
mostráre probità molto [6]chiaraménte.

They think it is very fine weather [7]to walk out.
pensáre [8]fare [9]bello tempo spasseggiáre.

I was extremely glad to see him again.
[10]rallegrársi estremaménte rivedére.

Thou wert generously rewarded.
essere generosaménte ricompensáre.

He bought many things to send abroad.
compráre molto cosa mandáre fuóri del paese.

We encouraged all arts and trades.
incoraggire [11]tutto arte mestiére.

You baffled their wicked designs.
sconcertáre scelleráto diségno.

They tempted our faithful subjects.
tentáre fedéle suddito.

I have enriched his numerous family.
avére arricchíre [12]numeróso famíglia.

Thou hast many accounts to settle.
molto conto regoláre.

He has renewed his promises to us.
rinnováre proméssa

We have seen the chief curiosities.
vedére principále curiosità.

You have examined them carefully.
esamináre attentaménte.

They have declared their last will.
dichiaráre último volontà.

I had resolved to get rid of them.
[13]risólversi disfársi

Thou hadst determined to say it plainly.
determináre dire schiettaménte.

He had fixed on that sort of diversion.
fissáre quello sorta divertiménto.

We had sworn to love each other eternally.
giuráre amársi eternaménte.

You had forsaken his acquaintance.
abbandonáre conoscénza.

They had implored the king’s clemency.
imploráre Re cleménza.

I shall ever commend prudent people.
sempre lodáre prudente gente.

Thou shalt publish this news every where.
spárgere nuóva da per tutto.

He will return from France next week.
ritornáre Fráncia próssimo settimána.

We shall travel day and night till we arrive.
viaggiáre giórno e notte finchè [14]arriváre.

You will do yourself immortal honor.
fare immortále onóre.

They will disgrace their noble family.
disonoráre nóbile famíglia.

Bring me that bottle and a glass.
[15]portáre bottiglia bicchiére.

Let him gather all his things, and then go.
radunáre tutto roba poi andáre.

Let us walk in the garden before dinner.
spasseggiáre [16]giardíno avánti pranzo.

Go and meet all our friends on the road.
andáre incontráre tutto amíco sulla strada.

Let them answer all my questions.
[17]rispóndere dománda.

[1] Nouns ending in _a_, make the plural in _e_. Ex. _ora_, plur. _ore_.

[2] Those in _o_, make the plural in _i_, _giorno_, _giorni_.

[3] It is a general rule, that all words of two syllables have the first long (except those whose last syllable takes a grave accent), therefore such words need not hereafter be accentuated.

[4] Subst. in _e_, make _i_ in the plural, _oratore_, _oratori_.

[5] See _Gram._ p. 44, on words in _tà_ indeclinable.

[6] See _Gram._ p. 158, on the formation of adverbs out of adjectives.

[7] _To_, must be translated by the word _per_.

[8] _Che fa_, as in French, _qu’il fait_.

[9] _Bello_ loses its last syllable, and makes _bel_. See _Gram._ p. 56.

[10] See _Gram._ p. 147, on reciprocal verbs.

[11] See the declension of _tutto_, _Gram._ p. 73.

[12] See _Gram._ p. 53, on adjectives ending in _o_.

[13] _Risólvere_ makes in the part. passive _risolúto_.

[14] Must be the future tense.

[15] See _Gram._ p. 205.

[16] See the rules on the preposition _nello_, _nella_, p. 42.

[17] _Rispondere_ governs the dative case of the thing.

_On the Articles lo, la, li, le, gli._ [See VENERONI’S GRAMMAR, p. 35, and 200.]

The study of belles lettres has always been recommended
[1]studio belle léttere [2]éssere sempre stato raccomandáre
to the youth of both sexes.
[3]gioventù ambedúe sesso.

Great events and revolutions followed the death of Cæsar.
grande evénto rivoluzióne seguíre morte Césare.

The fear of torments made him fly his country.
timóre torménto fare fuggíre pátria.

Poland was for many years the seat of domestic divisions.
Polónia éssere per molto anno seggio doméstico divisióne.
Portugal is a despotic kingdom. Avarice is despicable.
Portogállo despótico regno. Avarízia sprezzábile.

My lord the archbishop, visited all the clergy.
signór arcivéscovo visitáre clero.

My lord the president, decreed it in his behalf.
[4]signór presidénte decretáre favóre.

Madam the countess has ordered it.
signóra contéssa comandáre.

The gentlemen are not yet come to see us.
signóri éssere ancóra veníre vedére.

Women are very fair in the northern countries.
donna molto bióndo settentrionále paése.

[1] _Lo_ before nouns beginning with an _s_, and followed by another consonant. See _Gram._ p. 36.

[2] _Essere_ instead of _avere_. See p. 84.

[3] Words in _ù_ are indeclinable. See p. 50.

[4] The article _il_ must be put before _signore_: except before ecclesiastical titles, when we must say _Monsignor_.

_The English particle to, before infinitives, is sometimes rendered in Italian by the Article il or lo._ [See VENERONI’S GRAMMAR, p. 200.]

It is forbidden to do evil.
éssere proibíre fare male.

It is not always convenient to speak the truth.
sempre convenévole dire verità.

It is permitted to a sick person to complain.
perméttere ammaláto [1]lamentársi.

It is not polite to interrupt any one who speaks.
civíle interrómpere uno che parláre.

It is right to correct boys while they are young.
giústo corréggere ragázzo mentre éssere gióvane.

It is a great satisfaction to people of feeling to hear that their
grande soddisfazióne sensíbile gente sentíre
friends are in perfect health.
amico éssere perfétto salúte.

It is a great pleasure to see brothers well united together; but it is a
gran piacére vedére fratéllo bene unito insiéme ma
great grief to see them disagree.
grande dispiacére vedére discórdia.

It is not always proper to correct children for the faults
sempre convenévole corréggere ragázzo fallo
they commit; but it is very necessary to make them sensible of them.
comméttere ma molto necessário fare accórgersi

It is easy to give advice, but difficult to execute.
fácile dare consíglio ma diffícile eseguíre.

It is easy to perceive you neglect your business.
accórgersi trascuráre affáre.

It was ever commendable to study languages.
sempre lodévole studiáre lingua.

[1] See _Veneroni’s Grammar_, p. 147, on reciprocal verbs.

_On the SYNTAX of NOUNS._

[See GRAMMAR, p, 201.]

A dutiful child is a great comfort to his parents.
obbediénte figliuólo grande consolazióne suo genitóre.

A good wife is an inestimable treasure.
buóno moglie inestimábile tesóro.

A diligent master instructs attentive scholars.
diligénte maéstro instruíre atténto scolaro.

A good action deserves great praise.
buóno azióne meritáre grande lóde.

A rash counsel is productive of fatal consequences.
inconsideráto consíglio è l’origine fatále conseguénza.

My father and mother are very compassionate.
padre[1] madre[1] éssere molto compassionévole.

Their brother and sister are industrious.
fratéllo sorélla industrióso.

Your house and garden are excessively beautiful.
casa giardíno eccessivamente bello.

My exercise and my lesson are difficult.
tema lezióne diffícile.

Our man-servant and our maid-servant are good, and therefore they
servitore serva buóno perciò
shall be rewarded.
saranno ricompénsati.

You, your master, and your mistress, have been civil[2] to me, and
padróne padróna éssere stato civíle
merit my greatest thanks.
meritáre[3] gránde ringraziaménto.

[1] An adjective with several substantives, must agree in gender with that which is the most worthy, the masculine being accounted more worthy than the feminine.

[2] Render it thus; towards me, _verso di me_.

[3] See _Gram._ p. 56, on superlatives.

_On COMPARATIVES._ [See GRAM. p. 53.]

France is larger and more powerful than Italy.
Fráncia grande poténte Itália.

Virgil wrote more than any other poet.
Virgílio scrívere qualúnque altro poéta[1].

Horace was much more satirical than Juvenal.
Orázio éssere satírico Giuvenale.

Your countrymen are much richer than mine.
vostro compatriótto [2]ricco mio.

This water is much clearer than crystal.
questo acqua chiáro cristállo.

Your sister’s hands are whiter than alabaster.
sorélla [3]mano [4]biánco alabástro.

The English are more studious than their neighbours.
Inglése studióso vicino.

Milton was much more learned than Dante.
Milton éssere dotto Dante.

The Russians behaved more bravely than the Turks.
Russo comportársi valorosaménte Turco.

Cicero was less happy than Diogenes.
Ciceróne felíce Diógene.

Lewis the Fourteenth was much less admired than Henry the Fourth.
Luígi décimo quarto ammiraré Enríco quarto.

London is far better paved than Paris.
Londra lastricáre Parígi.

Venice is much less populous than Naples.
Venézia popoláto Nápoli.

Lend me three thousand pounds for a month.
prestáre tre[5] mila lira per mese.

I have inherited five hundred guineas a year.
avére ereditáre cinque cento ghinea anno.

I have seven brothers and two sisters alive.
sette fratéllo due sorélla vivo.

The tenth of next month I will pay you.
diéci próssimo mese pagáre.

Judas was one of the twelve apostles.
Giúda éssere dódici apóstolo.

William the Third was a great conqueror.
Gugliélmo[6] terzo éssere grande conquistatóre.

Henry the Fourth of France was a matchless warrior.
Enríco quarto di Francia incomparábile guerriêro.

Pope Sixtus the Fifth was a great man.
Papa Sisto quinto grande uómo.

Your master has a fine country-house.
padróne avere[7] bello villa.

Your brother has six fine dapple-bay horses.
fratello sei bello bajo pomelláto cavállo.

Your uncle and aunt are my dear friends.
zio zia éssere caro amíco.

Our general was ever reputed a gallant man.
generále sempre riputáre valoróso uómo.

Solomon was a wise king.
Salomóne sávio re.

King George is a religious monarch.
Giórgio religióso monárca.

Nero was a wicked man.
Neróne cattívo uómo.

Crœsus was reckoned a rich prince.
Creso stimáre ricco príncipe.

The duke of Richmond has six fine grey horses.
duca Richmond sei bello[8] leárdo cavállo.

Spain is a hot country, but Germany is a very cold one.
Spagna caldo paése ma Germánia freddo paése.

Give me some cold water, and red wine.
dare freddo acqua rosso vino.

I like cold weather better than hot.
amáre freddo tempo caldo.

The English ladies are handsomer than the Italian.
Inglése signóra bella Italiána.

I always thought he was a troublesome man.
sempre crédere [9]incómodo uómo.

This poor man has crooked legs.
questo póvero uómo avére storto gamba.

Will you have a round hat or a cocked one?
avére rotóndo cappéllo od a tre pizzi?

There is a sickly man, methinks.
ammalatíccio uómo mi pare.

You are a thoughtful philosopher.
pensieróso filósofo.

The industrious are praised, but the slothful are despised.
[10]industrióso lodáre ma pigro sprezzáre.

The righteous find peace, but the wicked feel torment.
giústo trováre pace scelleráto sentíre torménto.

The covetous despise the poor, but the generous cherish them.
aváro sprezzare póvero ma generóso volére bene.

The merciful shall find mercy, but the cruel shall be punished.
misericordióso trovare pietà crudéle castigáre.

The wise man seeks wisdom, but the fool despises understanding.
sávio cercáre sapiénza stolto sprezzáre intendiménto.

Give me some bread, some wine, some butter, some cheese,
dare [11]del pane vino butírro cácio
some boiled beef, some mutton, some veal, some pork, some pie,
manzo alésso castráto vitéllo porco pastíccio
some fish, some mustard, some salt.
pesce mostárda sale.

Go and fetch me a bit of the white bread.
andáre a cercáre pezzo biánco pane.

Send to market to buy me ten pounds of fresh butter.[12]
mandáre mercáto compráre libbra fresco butírro.

Bring directly six pounds of black cherries.
portáre súbito sei libbra nero cerása.

Seven hundred of fresh walnuts, and five pounds of hazle nuts.
sette cento noce cinque nocciuóla.

Have you been at Paris? No, but I have been at Rouen: it is
éssere stato[13] No ma Roáno
a fine city. Did you see it?
bello città vedére

Did you give your brother the book I lent you?
dare[14] fratéllo libro prestáre

No, I gave it to my sister, and she will return it to you when she has
dare sorélla restituíre
read it.
léggere.

Did you tell your father I was in the country?
dire padre éssere campágna?

No, sir, but I told my mother, it is all one.
dire madre è l’istéssa cosa.

God demands the pureness of our hearts.
Iddío richiedere purità[15] cuóre.

We ought to die for the service of our princes.
dovére moríre servízio príncipe.

[1] See _Gram._ p. 45, on words ending in _a_ of the masc.

[2] Words ending in _cco_, take an _h_ in the plural, p. 49.

[3] _Mano_ is of the fem. gender.

[4] Such words as end in _co_, and _go_, take also an _h_ in the plural. See _Gram._ p. 49.

[5] Nouns of number ought to be put before the substantive.

[6] Nouns of order must be after the substantive, when we speak of ecclesiastical, or secular princes.

[7] Adjectives of quality must be put before substantives.

[8] Nouns of colours, elementary qualities, and of nations, must be put after the substantive.

[9] The adjectives of condition, figure, and quantity, must be put after substantives.

[10] Adjectives that have no substantives must be of the masculine gender, because _man_ is always understood.

[11] When you ask for something without specifying the quantity of it, use the article partitive, _del_, _della_, &c. See _Gram._ p. 210.

[12] You must use the article indefinite _di_, when you specify the quantity of the thing.

[13] We put the indefinite article _a_ before the names of cities.

[14] Before the names of men and women, we use _al_, _alla_, _allo_, _a_, &c.

[15] We use _de’_ before pronouns that are joined with substantives. See _Veneroni’s Grammar_, p. 201.

CONSTRUCTION of ADJECTIVES.

_The Adjectives expressing desire, knowledge, remembrance, ignorance, forgetting, care, fear, guilt, or any passion of the mind, require the following Noun to be in the Genitive case._

Those who are desirous of honour, are studious of learning and of
quello éssere bramóso onóre studióso sciénza
good manners.
buóno costúme.

He who is not mindful of his own business, cannot be mindful of
badáre própio affáre non può badare
other people’s.
altro.

Thou and I are guilty of the same error.
colpévole stesso errore.

I am ignorant of the fact you mention.
ignoráre fatto mentionáre.

_Adjectives expressing plenty, or want, as poor, destitute, empty, full, void, require the Genitive case after them._

He whose purse is empty of money, has a house empty of friends.
borsa vuóto danáro avére casa vuóto amíco.

The court which is full of flatterers, is pernicious to a prince, though
corte éssere piéno adulatóre pernizióso príncipe
he be rich in substance and loaded with honours.
ricco sostánza colmáre onóre.

A journey of twenty miles wearies a horse that is very hungry; for
viággio venti míglia stancáre cavállo fame perchè
while he is wanting food, he goes slowly.
mentre bramare di mangiare andáre lentamente.

Laziness has need of spurs.
pigrízia bisógno speróne.

_The Adjectives worthy, unworthy, adorned, encompassed, content, must have a Genitive after them._

Those are unworthy of the glory of Heaven, who do not think virtue
éssere indégno glória Ciélo che crédere virtù
worthy of love, nor are contented with the pleasure it gives.
dégno amóre conténto piacére che dare.

A son endowed with excellent qualities rejoices his father, whose
figliuólo dotáto eccellénte qualità rallegráre padre
good example he imitates, whose commands he observes; he is never
buóno esempio imitáre comándo osserváre mai
in fear, for he provokes not his father’s anger; he is always mindful
paura perchè provocáre padre cóllera sempre attento
of his own duty, and is like a staff to his father’s old age.
al dovére è come bastóne padre vecchiája.

He who is endowed with fine qualities, and does not behave himself well,
quello dotáto bello qualità comportársi bene
is unworthy of men’s society.[1]
éssere indégno uómo società.

Those who are contented with their own condition, are worthy of the name
éssere conténto condizióne degno nome
of good Christians; but such are very rare.
buóno Cristiáno ma raro.

If the city of Naples were encompassed with walls, it would be
se città Nápoli circondáre muro éssere[2]
stronger than it is.
forte

England is adorned with the fairest ladies in the world.
Inghiltérra ornáre [3]belle signóra di questo mondo.

Our country is surrounded with the strongest bulwarks.
paése chiúdere [3]forte baluárdo.

Few people are satisfied with the lot that Providence has granted them.
poco gente soddisfáre sorte Providénza concédere.

[1] See _Gram._ p. 44, on words ending in _tà_.

[2] See _Veneroni’s Grammar_, p. 53, on comparatives.

[3] Ibid. p. 56, on superlatives.

Adjectives governing a Dative Case.

_Adjectives expressing submission, relation, pleasure, due, resistance, difficulty, likeness, have the following Noun in the Dative case._

Virtue is pleasant to the righteous, and profitable to those who
[1]virtù piacévole giústo profittévole quello
love it.
che amáre.

Adoration is due to God, the King of all the world.
L’adorazione dovúto Dio [2]Re tutto mondo.

Honour is due to kings, because God has commanded us to be
onóre dovúto Re perchè avére comandáre éssere
obedient to them.
obbediénte

It is a lamentable thing to see some men of great abilities prone to
lamentévole cosa uómo gràn talénto dédito
wickedness.
vízio.

A man who suffers himself to be led by the corrupted pleasures of
uómo lasciársi allettáre corrótto piacére
this world, is not like a Christian.
quésto mondo símile Cristiáno.

Children are not always like their parents, they are sometimes quite
figliuólo sempre símile genitóre talvólta affátto
different from them.
differénte

My father is like my uncle as to his features, and the colour of his
padre somigliáre zio in quanto fattézza colóre
hair, but he is not like him in his manners.
[3]capéllo ma éssere costúme.

[1] Words in _ù_ are indeclinable. See _Gram._ p. 50.

[2] _Re_ is indeclinable.

[3] _Of his hair_, dei capelli _in plur. and without the possessive pronoun_.

_On Superlative Degrees._ [See GRAM. p. 56.]

The most noble of all virtues is charity.
la più nóbile tutto virtù carità.

The most ingenious people are not always the most learned.
[1]più ingegnóso persone éssere sempre dotto.

The most pernicious of all crimes is slander, it ruins very often
pernizióso delítto calúnnia rovinare [2]spesso
the reputation of the most honest people; it puts discord between
riputazióne onésto gente méttere discórdia fra
the most intimate friends; in short, it is the most abominable
intrínseco amíco in somma abbominévole
crime in the world.
delítto mondo.

The best quality a man can have, is to be civil and obliging.
[3]buóno qualità uómo potére avére civíle cortése.

The best friend we can have is money.
amíco danáro.

The best soldiers in the world are sometimes conquered.
soldáto talvólta vincere.

Buy me the best grapes you see in town.
compráre uva vedére città.

The greatest men in the kingdom confess it.
gránde uómo regno confessáre.

The richest people are not the happiest.
ricco gente felíce.

The most virtuous women have been guilty of coquetry.
virtuóso donna éssere stato colpévole civettería.

We should pay a most particular attention to the moral conduct of our
[4]fare particoláre attenzióne morale condotta
children of both sexes.
figliuólo ambidúe sesso.

[1] _The most_ is rendered by _il più_, _la più_, _i più_, &c. See _Gram._ p. 56.

[2] _Very often_ makes _spessissimo_.

[3] The superlative-comparative degree of _buono_ is _il migliore_. See _Veneroni’s Grammar_, p. 54 and 56.

[4] _Pay_ is often turned by _fare_.

OF PRONOUNS.

_The Personal Pronouns io, tu, egli, essa, noi, voi, eglino, being the Nominative Case, ought to be put before the Verb; but if there is an Interrogation, they must be put after._ [See GRAM. p. 67.]

I entreat you to grant me that favour.
supplicáre voi accordáre quello favóre.

What do you desire of me, madam?
brama madama?

What do you say? I do not understand you.
dire capíre.

Don’t you speak Italian and French?
parláre Italiáno Francése?

I understand them pretty well, but when you speak so very fast,
capíre assái bene ma quando parláre così presto
I cannot understand you.
non posso capíre.

I ask you if you will do me a favour.
domándare volére fare favóre.

With all my heart, if I can conveniently.
tutto cuóre potére senz’inconveniente.

Have you an Italian Dictionary?
avére Italiáno Dizionário?

Yes, I have Baretti’s Dictionary.
Barétti Dizionário.

Will you lend it me for two or three weeks?
prestáre[1] due tre settimána?

It is at your service, if you will send for it.
vostro servízio mandárlo a prendere.

Did you see the castle St. Angelo at Rome?
vedére castéllo Sant’ Angelo Roma?

Yes, it is very fine, very rich; in short, I think it is the finest
bello ricco in somma crédere [2]
castle in Europe.
Európa.

Do you think the city of Paris is finer than London?
crédere città Parígi bello Londra?

No, it is not so large, nor so well built as London.
gránde bene fabbricata

I love you with all my heart, and if you will come to-morrow to see me,
amáre tutto cuóre veníre dománi vedére
I’ll give you what I promised you.
dare prométtere.

I will not fail, but I am afraid to be too troublesome to you and to
mancáre temére di dar troppo incómodo
your family.
vóstra famiglia.

Did Mr. N. give you the book you lent him?
Signór dare libro prestáre?

Not yet; but I believe he will give it me soon.
non ancóra ma crédere dare presto.

When you get it back, will you bring it me?
[3]riavére portáre

I will do it willingly to oblige you.
fare volentiéri obbligáre.

When will you go to see him at his country seat?
quando andáre vedére sua villa?

I think I shall pay him a visit next month.
crédere fare una visita próssimo mese.

Bring me your grammar to-morrow.
portáre grammática dománi.

Here it is, sir, I brought it with me.
Eccola quà portáre meco.

Shew me what you have written. That is not well, write it over again,
mostráre quel che avére scrívere bene scrívere di nuóvo
and when you have done, give it to your brother.
[4]quando avére fare dare vostro fratéllo.

I think you are very idle.
crédere éssere pigro.

Forgive me, I will be more diligent in future.
perdonáre éssere più diligénte all’avveníre.

Reach me that pen-knife, and a clean pen.
recáre quello temperíno pulíto penna.

Write an exercise, and then read it to me.
scrívere tema e poi leggétemelo[5].

[1] See _Gram._ p. 203, on pronouns conjunctive.

[2] See _Gram._ p. 56, on superlatives.

[3] This supposes a future, which must be thus expressed: _Quando lo riávréte_, &c.

[4] Turn, _and when you shall have done it_.

[5] See _Gram._ p. 66.

On PRONOUNS DEMONSTRATIVE and POSSESSIVE.

_The Pronouns Demonstrative, questo, quello, or questi, and the Pronouns Possessive, mio, mia, tuo, tua, suo, sua, agree with the Substantive in gender, number, and case._

[See VENERONI’S GRAMMAR, p. 68, 70.]

This horse goes better than any of yours.
questo cavállo andáre qualúnque vostro.

This man is more honest than you think.[1]
uómo onésto crédere.

This woman is not so happy as she deserves.
donna felíce meritáre.

This house stands in a most pleasant situation.
casa stare améno situazióne.

Those gentlemen seem to be very cold.
quello signóre parére avére freddo.

Those ladies are very modestly drest.
signóra modestaménte vestíre.

My brother is gone into the country for a month.
[2]mio fratéllo andáre campágna mese.

My mother is gone over to France for her health.
madre Fráncia salute.

My countrymen are very great politicians.
compatriótto grande político.

My sister loves public diversions to excess.
sorélla amáre púbblico divertiménto éccesso.

My action is not so blameable as you say.
azióne biasimiévole dire.

Your affection for me is false and deceitful.
affétto falso ingannévole.

Her history has made a great noise in the world.
stória avére fare grande romóre mondo.

Their clock is always out of order.
orológio sempre in disórdine.

Our house is finer than yours.
casa bello vostro.

Their affairs are more perplexed [3]than you imagine.
affáre più imbarrazzáre immagináre.

[1] You must here add a negation, after a comparison, as in French, and turn it thus; _than you not think: Che non credéte_.

[2] Pronouns possessive take the article _il_, _la_, &c. in the nominative. See _Veneroni’s Grammar_, p. 68.

[3] Render it, as in the preceding page; _than you not imagine_.

_The Pronoun Relative che is of all genders, and of all numbers._ [See GRAM. p. 72.]

The woman who has a fair face, is loved by all.
donna che avére bello viso amáre tutto.

The girl who brought me my pen-knife, is lovely.
ragázza portáre temperíno amábile.

The man who bought my house is honest.
uómo compráre mio casa onésto.

My brother’s hat begins to be worn.
fratéllo cappéllo cominciáre usársi.

The man who struck my father is a butcher.
uómo percuótere padre macellájo.

The rewards which are promised shall be given, if the work required,
ricompénsa éssere prométtere dare lavóro richiésto
be done the day after to-morrow.
fare dopo dománi.

The horse which my father sold was very good.
cavállo padre véndere éssere buóno.

The comedy which we acted was pleasant.
commédia rappresentáre piacévole.

The wood we bargained for was too dry.
legna patteggiáre éssere secco.

The wine which you drank yesterday was excellent.
vino bere jeri eccellente.

The last lesson you gave me, was very difficult.
ultimo lezióne dare molto diffícile.

The company you keep is not honest.
compagnía praticáre onésto.

I have found the book which I had lost.
avére trováre libro pérdere.

_Note that, he that, and she that, must be turned by quello che, and quella che._ [See GRAM. p. 72.]

He who does not fear God, does not deserve to live.
temére Dio meritáre vívere.

He who came this morning, has a great regard for you.
veníre mattína avére gran stima

He who gave you that counsel, is not your friend.
dare consíglio amíco.

He who lives honestly, is esteemed by all people.
vívere onestaménte stimáre tutti.

He who told you that, did not tell you the truth.
dire verità.

He who sold you these boots, did not cheat you.
véndere stivále ingannáre.

She who is the handsomest, is not always the most virtuous.
bello sempre virtuóso.

He who speaks continually, must be very troublesome.
parláre continuamente deve éssere seccante.

She who told me the news, is your great friend.
dire nuóvo grande amíca.

She who is married to Mr. N. is the most lively.
maritáre signór N. più viváce.

She who gave me your letter, speaks Italian very well.
dare léttera parláre Italiáno beníssimo.

He whom you look for, is gone away this morning.
cercáre partire mattína.

He whom you hate the most, is my intimate friend.
odiáre intímo amico.

He whom you have recommended to me, is a great rogue.
avére raccomandáre birbánte.

He whom you saw yesterday, is my sister’s lover.
vedére jéri éssere sorélla amánte.

He whom God loves, is very happy.
Dio amáre felíce.

She whom you see, is my eldest brother’s mistress.
vedére primogénito fratéllo innamoráta.

She whom I have recommended to you, is modest.
avére raccomandáre modésto.

She whom I loved most, is married.
amáre il più maritáre.

I saw to-day the gentleman with whom we dined yesterday.
vedére oggi signóre [1] pranzáre jéri.

Here is the lady for whom I have great respect.
Ecco signóra avére grande rispétto.

Let us go and see the lady with whom we played at cards
andáre [2] vedere giuocáre carta
in the country the other day.
campágna altro giórno.

The gentleman with whom we were the other day is very ill.
signóre éssere altro giórno ammaláto.

There is the horse for which I offered twenty guineas.
cavállo esibire venti ghinéa.

Shew me the watch for which you gave forty pounds.
mostráre oriuólo dare quaránta lire.

There is the sword for which I offered six guineas.
spada esibíre sei ghinéa.

[1] We put _quale_ after the prepositions, speaking of reasonable creatures. See _Gram._ p. 72.

[2] See _Gram._ p. 205, on verbs of motion.

_When between two Verbs there is a Noun, or a Pronoun, we put generally che after the first Verb._

I thought you could speak Italian better than you do.[1]
crédere parláre Italiáno méglio

I fancy you are not yet twenty years old.
immaginársi [2]avére ancóra venti anni.

I hope you will not refuse me the favour to recommend me to
speráre ricusáre favóre raccomandáre
your friends in town.
vostro amíco città.

My uncle told me yesterday you were not well, but I am very glad to find
zio dire jéri [3]stare bene ma rallegrársi trováre
you are better to-day.
méglio oggi.

You promised to write to me last week, but I am very sorry
prométtere scrívere passáto settimána ma rincréscere
to observe you have forgot me.
vedére che vi siete scordato di me.

[1] Render, _than you do not_.

[2] We use the verb _avére_ instead of _éssere_, speaking of age. _Ex._ How old are you? _Quanti anni avete?_

[3] The verb _stare_ must be used instead of _éssere_, in speaking of health.

_We always put che instead of but in English, with a negation before the Verb._

I desired but one favour from you,[1] and you refused it me.
chiédere favóre ricusáre.

If you would give me but one guinea at once, you would oblige me
dare ghinéa alla volta obbligáre
infinitely.
infinitaménte.

When one has but little money, one ought to spend accordingly.
quando[2] avére poco danáro dovére spéndere in conseguénza.

I ask you but what others give me.
domandáre altro dare.

You do nothing but laugh and play.
fare [3] rídere giuocáre.

He does nothing but eat and drink.
mangiáre bere.

When others laugh, you do nothing but cry.
altro rídere fare piángere.

[1] _Non vi chiési che un favóre._

[2] _When one has but_, &c. must be rendered by _quando non si ha che_, &c.

[3] _You do nothing but_, &c. render it by, _non fate altro che_.

_On the Particles Relative ci and vi. The Particles Relative ci and vi, are put instead of there, within and in that._

I went yesterday to your house to see you, but your man told me
venire jéri casa vedére ma servitore dire
you were not within.
éssere

Indeed I was there almost all the afternoon; at what time did you come?
in verità quasi tutto dopo pranzo che ora veníre?

I went there at six o’clock.
sei

He was in the right to tell you that I was not within, for I was gone
[1]avére dire éssere andáre
to visit a few friends in the square.
visitáre alcúno amíco piázza.

My brother and sister are gone into the country.
fratéllo sorélla andáre campagna.

When did they go, I wish to know?
quando vorréi sapére?

They went yesterday morning.
andáre jéri mattína.

Is it long since you saw our regiment?
[2] vedére reggiménto?

It is two months, if I remember well.
due mese se ricordáre bene.

How long is it since you left France?
éssere lasciáre Fráncia?

It is five and twenty years, or thereabouts.
cinque venti anno incírca.

[1] To be in the right, is, _avere ragione_.

[2] Long, _molto tempo_, or _un pezzo_.

_How to express some of it, or some of them._ [See GRAMMAR p. 215.]

You have three horses, lend me one of them.
avére tre cavállo prestátemene uno.

I have but two, one for myself, and the other for my man.
avére due me servitore.

I thought you had three (of them).
crédere avére tre.

To shew you that I have but two (of them), come with me into the stable,
far vedére avére due veníre meco stalla
and you will not see any more (of them).
vedére più.

I do not doubt it at all, I believe you.
dubitáre[1] crédere.

I see very fine flowers in your garden, give me some.
vedére bello fióre giardíno dare

I have not many, but what there are, are at your service.
avére molto ma quel [2] servízio.

I have but fifteen or sixteen, as you see.
quindici sedici vedére.

You may take a dozen, if you please.
potére pigliáre dozzina piacére.

What will you have me do with them?
volére fare

You may give some to your daughters.
dare vostro figlia.

Do they talk of the war in your town?
[3]parláre guerra città?

They talk of it all over the island.
tutto ísola.

And what do they think of our neighbours’ intentions?
crédere vicíno intenzióne?

They know very little about them here.
sapére poco quì.

[1] _Non ne dubito punto._

[2] See _Gram._ p. 151, on the conjugation of _there is_, &c.

[3] See _Gram._ p. 215, on _it is_, _they_, &c.

EXERCISES on the TENSES of the VERBS.

_The Present Tense is when the Action of which one speaks, is present._

Sir, I come to have the honour to see you.
Signóre veníre avére onóre vedére.

I am infinitely obliged to you for this favour.
éssere infinitaménte obbligáre questo favóre.

How does the lady your mother do?
[1]stare signóra madre

She is very well, sir, and presents her compliments to you.
stáre beníssimo presentáre compliménto

I am her most humble servant, and am very glad to hear she is well.
éssere úmile servo rallegrársi sentíre stare bene.

Will you come and walk with me in the garden?
volére veníre spasseggiáre giardíno?

Pray excuse me, I cannot stay any longer.
pregáre scusáre potére restáre

You are always in great haste when you come to see me.
éssere sempre grande fretta veníre vedére.

I beg your pardon, sir, I have been here above an hour, and my sister
mi perdoni quì circa ora sorélla
is all alone at home.
tutto solo casa.

I am sorry you will not stay: I entreat you to present my most
[2]dispiacére volére rimanére supplicáre presentáre
humble respects to the lady your mother.
úmile rispétto signóra madre.

[1] When we inquire after any body’s health, we make use of the verb _stare_, instead of _fare_, or _éssere_.

[2] An impersonal verb; _mi dispiáce che non vogliáte rimanére_.

_The Imperfect Tense is when the Action of which one speaks, is going on, or is interrupted._

Sir, we were speaking of you, when you came in.
Signóre parláre quando entrare.

What were you saying of me, ladies?
che dire signóra?

We were saying that when you were in France, among the ladies, you were
dire quando éssere Fráncia fra dame éssere
the most gallant, the most courteous, and the most complaisant gentleman
galánte cortése compiacente signóre
in the world.
mondo.

I did not think, ladies, I was so happy as to be the subject of
pensáre signora avere la fortuna éssere soggétto
your conversation; and what do you think I am now?
conversazióne crédere

We believe that you are still very civil, and very complaisant;
crédere éssere ancóra civíle compiacénte
but not so gallant as you were then.
ma galánte éssere.

Louis the XIVth was one of the greatest kings in the world; he was
Luígi [1] grande Re mondo
a lover of fine sciences, he did not love flatterers, neither did he
amatóre bello léttera amáre adulatóre
always follow his own inclinations; and if he could not get
sempre seguíre inclinazióne e se guadagnáre
the victory over his enemies by the force of his arms, he would get it
vittória nemíco forza arma ottenére
by the number of his louis d’ors; in a word, he was a great politician.
número luígi d’oro in somma grande politíco.

[1] We also make use of the imperfect tense, when we speak in time past of the habitual qualities and actions of any person alive or dead.

_The Perfect Definite is a Tense perfectly past, and often determined by an Adverb of time past._

Where did you go yesterday, that you were not at home, when I went
dove andáre jéri éssere quando veníre
to see you?
vedére?

I went to see Mr. N. who is not well.
andáre vedére il signór stare

Did you meet with any company there?
trováre compagnía

Yes, sir, I met with his uncle and three of his sisters.
zio tre sorélla.

What was the subject of your conversation?
quale éssere soggetto conversazíone?

We spoke of many different things.
parláre molto differénte cosa.

Did you speak Italian with them?
Italiáno

Yes, all our conversation was in Italian.
TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE: No Italian translation was provided for this line.

Did they say you speak it well?
dire bene?

They said nothing about it.
niente

Did they not ask you of whom you learn?
domandáre chi imparáre?

Yes, I told them I was learning of you.
TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE: No Italian translation was provided for this line.

The emperor, Julius Cæsar, after he had conquered Britain,
imperatóre Giúlio Césare dopo conquistáre Brettágna
built a tower at London, but he continued not there; he appointed
[1]edificáre torre Londra restáre constituíre
rulers in his stead, and returned from London to Rome.
governatóre vece ritornáre Londra Roma.

Henry the VIIIth, king of England, regarded not the bulls and
Enrico ottávo Re Inghilterra badáre bolla
threatenings which came from Italy; he violently shook off
mináccia veníre Italia violenteménte scuótere
the papal power, though he retained the Roman religion.
papále potére ritenére Románo religióne.

[1] We also make use of the perfect definite, when we speak of the transactions of persons who are dead.

_The Preterpluperfect is a Tense so perfectly past, that it cannot be interrupted._

I am very glad to see you, for your brother
rallegrársi vedére fratello
told me you were gone to France.
dire

’Tis true I was resolved to go there, if my father had given me
vero risólvere andáre [1] padre avére dare
money enough to make that journey.
danáro fare viággio.

Had he given you leave to go there?
avére dáre licénza andáre?

Yes, and he gave me fifty guineas to make my journey.
si dare cinquánta ghinéa fare viággio.

If he had given me thirty more, I should have gone to Paris
[2] avére dare trenta essere andáre Parígi
to pass the summer.
passáre estáte.

If you had come to see me, I would have lent you some.
veníre vedére avére prestáre

I am much obliged to you for it.
éssere molto obbligáto

When you had a mind to go to France, were you resolved
quando pensare andáre Fráncia risólvere
to set out without taking leave of your friends?
partíre senza licenziársi amíco?

No, sir, I had already taken leave of several.
no signóre essere digià licenziársi da molto.

Very well, but you had forgotten me.
beníssimo ma scordársi.

I am sorry you have so bad an opinion of me.
dispiacére cattívo opinióne

[1] _Gram._ p. 206, on _if_ before that tense.

[2] See _Gram._ p. 206, on the particle _if_ before the imperfect indicative.

_On the Future, or time to come._

When will you go into the country?
quando andáre campágna?

I believe I shall go there to-morrow.
crédere andáre dománi.

Will you stay long there?
restáre un pezzo?

No, sir, I shall stay but two or three weeks.
due o tre settimána.

How will you spend your time when you are there?
passáre tempo quando[1] éssere

I’ll go and see my friends, and I will divert myself with
andáre vedére amíco divertíre
those who receive me kindly.
[2]ricévere corteseménte.

Will you not carry some books with you?
portáre libro

No, for I am sure while I am there, I shall have no time to read.
perchè sicúro mentre[3] avére tempo léggere.

You will forget all your Italian.
scordársi tutto Italiano.

I am certain I shall not, for I will not stay long there.
certo di no restáre molto

When once you are there, your friends will not permit you to leave them
una volta[4] éssere amíco permettere lasciáre
so soon.
così presto.

You shall see that I’ll be here next Sunday, and that my friends
vedére éssere quì próssimo Doménica amíco
will not have so much power over me as you think.
avére tanto potére pensáre.

What will you bring me from the country?
portáre campágna?

I’ll bring you some partridges, a hare, and some pheasants.
portáre perníce lepre fagiáno.

I shall be obliged to you for them.
éssere obbligáto

[1] _When you are there_, render, _when you shall be there_.

[2] _Ricevere_, must be in the future, third person plural.

[3] Render, _while I shall be there_, mentre starò là.

[4] Render, _when once you shall be there_, quando una volta ci saréte.

_On the Imperative, or Mood that commands._

Go from me to my lady; present my respects to her: give her this
andáre signóra presentáre rispétto dare questo
letter, and bring me an answer; should she not be at home, stay
léttera portáre rispósta éssere casa restáre
till she comes back.
ritornáre.

Speak Italian with me, pronounce well, begin again, read softly,
parláre Italiáno meco pronunziáre ricominciáre leggere adágio
repeat your lesson, go.
ripétere lezióne coraggio.

On the Construction of VERBS.

_The Auxiliary Verb avére, requires an accusative Case._