Chapter II: Part 2

You have a son who has the finest qualities in the world; he has
avére figlio bello qualità mondo avére
a sweet countenance, a great deal of civility, and very obliging
piacévole fisonomia molto civiltà cortése
manners; in short, he has the love of every body, and
maniera affetto tutto
you are happy in having such a son.
éssere fortunato

A man is very happy who has the fear of God and the love of his
uómo molto felíce timóre Dio amóre
neighbours, though he should not have the riches of fortune.
prossimo [1]benchè richézza fortúna.

Those who have wealth, and have no charity for the poor, shall not
avére [2]richézza carità povero
share God’s mercy.
partecipáre Dio misericordia.

A man that has wit, and no behaviour, is despicable.
uómo spírito condótta sprezzábile.

I have scholars who have sense, and are diligent; but I have others who
scoláro giudizio éssere diligénte altro che
are dull, and very idle.
ottusi pigro.

If you have good manners, civility and complaisance, you will be loved
avére buóno maniera civiltà compiacénza éssere amáto
by every body.
tutto.

[1] _Benchè_ governs the subjunctive mood.

[2] See _Gram._ p. 211, on the articles _del_, _dello_, _della_, &c.

_Sometimes the Verb avére is used instead of éssere, especially when we speak of cold, heat, hunger, thirst, or of the age of any one._

I was very cold when I came, but am very warm now.
avére freddo veníre avére caldo adesso.

You eat as if you were not hungry.
mangiáre come se avére fame.

I beg your pardon, I eat heartily; for I was very hungry.
domandáre perdóno mangiáre di buón gusto avére molto appetito.

Are you not thirsty yet?
avére sete ancóra?

Yes, sir, I am very thirsty, but I won’t drink yet; for if I drink
si, signóre avére gran sete ma volére bere ancóra se bevére
when I am hungry, it prevents me from eating.
quando avére fame impedíre mangiáre.

How old is your uncle?
quanto anno avére zio?

He is not yet seventy years old.
avére ancóra settánta anno.

You surprise me, I thought he was eighty.
sorpréndere crédere avére ottánta.

And you, sir, how old are you?
e signóre anno avére?

I am not twenty yet.
avére venti ancóra.

On the Verb Substantive _éssere_.

_The Verb Substantive éssere requires the following noun in the Nominative Case._

Our master is diligent; but I have been hitherto very idle;
nostro maestro éssere diligénte éssere stato sinóra pigro
I have done as the drones.
avére fatto come cacchióne.

I have lost my parents’ love, who always provided all
avére pérdere genitóre affetto che mi hanno sempre forníre
things necessary for me: I have been unworthy of their care; but I will
tutto necessário éssere stato indégno cura ma volére
deserve to be called the most diligent of all our scholars
meritáre éssere chiamáre diligénte tutto scoláro
for the time to come.
all’avveníre.

The lion is accounted the most generous of animals, because he is more
leóne passáre per generóso animale perchè
placable than the others.
placábile altro.

The sanguinary minds of some men are more barbarous than wild beasts.
sanguinário animo uómo éssere barbaro fíera
Man is a creature of upright body: when he is old, his body bends
Uómo creatúra dritto corpo quando vécchio corpo inchinársi
towards the earth; and his soul ascends to heaven, which is his
verso terra ánima ascéndere ciélo
habitation for ever.
dimóra.

How are you this morning? I am very well, thank you.
come stare mattína? stare beníssimo grazie.

How do your father and mother do?
[1]stare padre madre

I hope my father is well. He was well the last time I saw him, but
speráre padre stare bene último volta vedére ma
my mother has not been well these two or three days.
madre éssere stato bene [2] due tre giórno
And how are you, sir?
stare signóre?

I should be well enough, if I had money.
stare ene abbastanza [3]se avére danáro.

I hope your lady is well.
speráre signóra stare bene.

She is perfectly well, at your service.
stare perfettaménte bene servízio.

I am very glad to hear she is so well.
rallegrársi sentíre stare così bene.

What weather is it to-day, I wish to know?
[4] tempo fare oggi [5]volére sapére?

It is the finest weather in the world.
bello mondo.

Is it hotter in Spain than in Italy?
fare caldo Spagna Itália?

It is hotter there in summer, but it is very cold in winter.
fare estáte ma fare freddo inverno.

If it is fine weather to-morrow, we will go in the country.
fare bello tempo dománi andáre campágna.

I believe it will not be fine weather, for it is very dark
crédere fare bello tempo perchè oscúro
to-night.
questa séra.

[1] When we inquire after any one’s health, we make use of the verb _stare_, instead of _fare_.

[2] These two or three days, _i. e. da due o tre giorni in quà_.

[3] If I had money, _Se avessi danari_, and not _avevo_.

[4] When we speak of the weather, we use the third person singular of the verb _fare_, instead of the verb _éssere_.

[5] Use the optative mood, and say, _vorrei_.

Personal Verbs governing a Genitive Case.

_The Verb aver pietà governs the Genitive._

I have no pity on the misery of those, who being young and strong,
avére pietà della miséria éssere gióvine forte
love better to beg from door to door, than to work for their bread;
amáre accattáre porta in che lavoráre per guadagnarsi pane
but I pity much the blind, and old people, who are incapable of doing
ma avére pietà ciéco i vecchi éssere incapáce fare
any thing for their living.
alcuna cosa vitto.

I pity my brother, I pity his folly, for he has wasted all
avére pietà fratéllo pazzia perchè dilapidáre tutto
the fortune my father left him.
patrimonio padre lasciáre.

_The verb burlarsi governs the Genitive._

Men are often inclined to laugh at others’ misfortunes,
uómo éssere spesso inclináto burlársi di altri disgrázia
instead of having pity on them.
in vece di avére pietà.

Those who call themselves Christians, and do not live according to
quello che chiamársi Cristiáno non vívere secóndo
their religion, mock God and his doctrine.
religióne burlársi Iddío dottrína.

Do not jeer at others’ poverty, for you do not know how long
burlársi altro povertà non sapére quanto tempo
fortune will be favourable to you; and if you should become poor,
fortúna éssere favorévole e se diventáre póvero
every one would laugh at you.
ognúno rídersi di.

It is a great mark of folly to laugh at every thing.
éssere grande segno pazzía ridére di tutto.

_The verb pentirsi governs the Genitive._

If you repent sincerely for the fault you have committed, God will
se pentírsi sinceraménte colpa avére commésso Iddío
forgive you; for he does not love the death of a sinner, but he
perdonáre perchè amáre morte peccátore
will have him to repent of his sins.
volére pentírsi peccáto.

It is not enough to say, I repent of my ill conduct, and of my bad life,
non bastáre dire pentírsi cattívo condótta mala vita
if you do not shew the effects of your repentance by a new and
se mostráre effétto pentiménto nuóvo
better life.
migliór vita.

_The verb rallegrarsi governs the Genitive._

A good Christian ought never to rejoice at others’ misfortunes.
buóno Cristiáno dovére mai rallegrársi altro disgrázia.

I rejoice at the good success you had in your business.
rallegrársi buóno riuscíta avére affare.

Come and rejoice with me at the good news I received to-day.
veníre meco buóno nuóva ricévere oggi.

How will you have me rejoice at a thing I do not know?
come volére rallegrársi cosa non sapére?

Tell me first of all what news I must rejoice at.
dire avanti ogni cosa nuóva dovére rallegrársi.

_The verb ricordársi governs the Genitive._

Do you remember the promise you made me yesterday?
ricordársi proméssa fare jéri?

I do not remember it at all. Do you not remember the sum of money
non ricordársi affatto somma danáro
you said you would lend me?
dire prestáre?

I assure you I had forgotten it, I remember it very well now.
assicuráre avére scordáto ricordársi beníssimo adésso.

_The verb languíre requires a Genitive case._

He who languishes with thirst, gives greater thanks to the man who
quello languíre di sete réndere grande grázia
offers him water, than if a prince gave him a crown.
offeríre acqua che se príncipe dare coróna.

The man who languishes for love ought to be pitied.
uómo languíre amóre dovére compiánto.

_The verbs obbedíre and disobbedíre require a Dative._

We ought not only to obey our parents, but also our superiors,
dovére non solo obbedíre genitori ma anche superióre
if we would obey God’s commands.
se volére obbedíre comandaménto.

One sees very seldom a child prosper in this world, who does not
si vedére raraménte figliuólo prosperáre mondo
obey his father and mother.
obbedíre padre madre.

When God commanded Abraham to sacrifice Isaac, his only son, he
quando Iddío comandáre Abramo sacrificáre Isácco único figlio
immediately obeyed the Lord’s voice; but the angel of the Lord did not
súbito obbedíre Signóre voce ma ángelo Signóre
permit him to slay the child, and told him his obedience
perméttere uccídere fanciullo dire obbediénza
had been agreeable to God.
éssere stato grato Dio.

_The verb parláre will have a Dative Case of the Person._

God speaks to sinners sometimes most gently, that he may draw them
Iddío parláre peccatóre qualche volta benignamente affine di trárre
to obedience; he speaks to them of the blessed life which he has
obbediénza parláre beáta vita avére
prepared for his servants; sometimes he speaks to them of the abyss
preparáto servo qualche volta parláre abísso
which shall be the reward of sin; yet his promises and threatenings
éssere mercéde peccáto pure proméssa mináccia
move not stubborn minds.
muóvere ostináto mente.

_The verbs preténdere and aspiráre govern the Dative Case._

All those who call themselves Christians pretend to everlasting life;
tutto quello chiamársi Cristiáno preténdere etérno vita
but few are they that would suffer the least thing to deserve it; but
ma pochi sono soffríre minimo cosa meritáre
if it is a point to aspire to some employment, or dignity,
se si tratta aspiráre qualche impiégo dignità
there is none but would suffer a great deal of fatigue, labour, and
non vi è nissúno che non sopporti molto fatíca lavóro
pain to obtain it.
pena

_The verb giuocáre (when one speaks of all sorts of games) governs the Dative Case._

I do not love to play at games of chances, as at cards, or at dice, but
amáre giuocáre giuóco azzardo come carta dadi ma
I love to play sometimes at bowls, at billiards, at tennis, or
amáre giuocáre qualche volta bocce bigliárdo pallacórda o
at nine-pins.
birilli.

Do you never play at cards, at chess, or draughts?
mai giuocáre carte scacchi dama?

I play sometimes at piquet to please the company.
giuocáre picchétto far piacére compagnía.

Verbs governing an Accusative Case of the Person, and a Genitive of the Thing.

_The verbs accusáre, biasimáre, avvertíre, and assólvere, will have the Accusative of the Person, and the Genitive of the Thing._

One boy accuses another of idleness; the master hears their tales,
ragázzo accusáre altro pigrízia maéstro sentíre stória
but punishes him only whom he thinks guilty, and deserving of
ma puníre solaménte quello crédere colpévole degno
punishment.
castígo.

Every one blames you for your negligence and ignorance.
tutti biasimáre negligénza ignoránza.

I often admonished you of your duty; if you do not improve
spesso avvertíre vostro dovére se profittáre
as well as others, it is not my fault.
come altro non è colpa.

When a judge acquits a man of a crime he is guilty of, if he
quando giúdice assólvere uno delítto reo se
commits again the same fault, he deserves a double punishment.
comméttere di nuovo stesso fallo merita dóppio castígo.

_The verb condannáre governs the Accusative of the Person, and the Genitive of the Thing; but when it signifies to condemn to death, the name of the punishment ought to be put in the Dative Case._

Every one condemns you very much for the action you committed
ogn’ uno condannáre molto azióne comméttere
the other day.
altro giórno.

During the persecution in France, many brave gentlemen were condemned,
nel tempo della persecuzióne Fráncia molto bravo cavaliére condannáre
some to the gallows, and some to the galleys, for the defence of their
forca[1] galéra difésa
religion.
religióne.

[1] Nouns ending in _ca_ and _ga_, make _che_ and _ghe_ in the plural, as _forca_, _forche_; _pága_, _paghe_.

_The verb ottenére will have an Accusative of the Thing, and an Ablative of the Person._

A scholar who obtains his master’s favour is more happy than he who is
scoláro ottenére maéstro favóre più felíce
idle, who loses his honour, wastes his time, and continues
pigro pérdere onóre consumáre tempo continuáre
a blockhead, though play be pleasant to him for a little while.
ad éssere sciocco benchè giuóco éssere piacévole poco.

Verbs governing an Accusative Case of the Dative.

_The verbs invitáre, esortáre, will have an Accusative of the Person, and a Dative of the Thing._

God invites sinners to eternal happiness, he calls them to repentance,
Iddio invitáre peccatóre etérno felicità chiamáre pentiménto
he speaks most graciously to them.
parláre benignaménte

He has prepared for penitent sinners all that belongs to blessedness,
preparáre peniténte peccatóre tutto appartenére felicità
all that they can desire.
tutto potére bramáre.

Remember your master’s words; he exhorts you to industry, which is
ricordársi maéstro paróla esortáre indústria éssere
beneficial to yourselves; your pains shall produce a great advantage;
vantaggióso lavóro prodúrre grande vantággio
he uses his best endeavours for your benefit; be not your own
fare ogni suo sforzo utile éssere di voi stessi
enemies.
nemíco.

_Paragonáre requires an Accusative of the first Noun, (either of the Person or of the Thing) and the other in the Dative._

If we compare the longest life to eternity, it is very short.
se paragonáre lungo vita eternità corto.

If we compare the happiest condition of this world to everlasting life,
comparáre felíce condizióne mondo etérno vita
it is miserable, and not worthy our desire. If we compare the number of
miserábile indegno desidério paragonáre número
good men to the multitude of wicked, it is small.
buóno moltitúdine malvágio píccolo.

_Dare and restituíre will have an Accusative of the Thing, and a Dative of the Person._

I will soon give my mother the money she entrusted me with.
presto dare madre danáro confidáre

God will give a reward to those men who please him, and to those whom
Iddío dare mercéde quello piacére quello che
he has set up governors of the world.
avére costituíto governatóre mondo.

I returned my master the book which I borrowed; he lent it to me,
restituíre maéstro libro prender ad impréstito prestáre
and it was my duty to read it, and not to keep it; though books
éssere dovére léggere tenére benchè[1] libro
delight me very much, I ought to restore them to those whom
piacére moltíssimo dovére restituíre quello cui
they belong to.
appartenére.

[1] _Benchè_ governs the subjunctive mood. See _Gram._ p. 209.

_These verbs dovére, prométtere, and pagáre, will have an Accusative of the Thing, and a Dative of the Person._

I owe him money, because I promised to pay him another man’s debt;
dovére danáro perchè prométtere pagáre altro débito
but at present I have myself need of money, that I may pay what
ma adésso avére io stesso bisógno danáro pagáre
I owe to my creditors.
dovére creditóre.

When will you pay me what you owe me?
quando volére pagáre dovére?

I promise you I will pay it to you next week.
prométtere pagáre próssimo settimána.

_Insegnáre requires an Accusative of the Thing, and a Dative of the Person._

I have been twelve years in this country, during which time I have had
[1]éssere stato dódici anno paése nel quale tempo avére avúto
the honour of teaching several ladies and gentlemen the Italian language.
onóre insegnáre molta signóra signóre Italiáno
Masters ought to teach children not only the things which concern
maéstro dovére insegnáre ragázzo non solaménte cosa risguardáre
science; but they ought also to teach them things which concern their
sciénza ma dovére anche insegnáre cosa risguardáre
soul and their salvation: for science without religion is an
ánima salvazióne perchè scienza
unprofitable thing.
inutile.

[1] I have been twelve years in this country; render, _Sono dódici anni che sto in questo paése_.

Of the construction of the Infinitive, with the preposition _di_.

_When after the verbs astenérsi, consideráre, and avvertíre, there follows an Infinitive, it ought to be put with the Preposition di._

Rash men often propose to do things which are above their capacity.
temerário uómo spesso propórsi fare cosa éssere superióre capacità
A man that abstains from eating and drinking to excess, from swearing,
uómo astenérsi mangiáre bere all’eccésso bestemmiáre
and keeping bad company, may be called an honest man.
frequentáre compagnía potere chiamáre onésto uómo.

I thought of going this morning to see Mr. ---- but a friend
pensáre andáre questa mattina vedére il Signór ---- ma amíco
of mine advised me not to go there.
consigliáre andáre.

I had a mind to advise you not to keep company with that man who brought
avére voglia consigliáre andáre compagnía uómo causáre
this trouble upon you; but I since resolved to say nothing about it,
disturbo ma poi risolvérsi dire niente
for fear of disobliging you.
per timóre dispiacére.

_The verbs supplicáre, consigliáre, incaricársi, and costríngere, will have an Infinitive with the Preposition di._

I have a mind to compel Mr. ---- to pay me the money he owes me;
avére vóglia costríngere il Signor ---- pagáre danáro dovére
nevertheless I should be very glad not to put him to trouble, because
nulladimeno avére a caro non dare briga perchè
he has always been my friend: what do you advise me to do in this case?
éssere sempre stato amíco consigliáre fare caso?

I beg of you to have a little patience; I take the charge
pregáre avére paziénza incaricársi
to get you your money.
ricuperáre danáro.

_The verbs proibíre, desideráre, differíre, procuráre, impedíre, speráre, fíngere, affrettársi, require also an Infinitive with the Preposition di._

God forbids us to sin, nevertheless we never desist from offending him,
Iddío proibíre peccáre nulladiméno mai desístere offéndere
we always defer obeying his voice; we seem to strive to disobey him
sempre differíre obbedíre voce parére procuráre disobbedíre
in every thing. If we hope to share in the merits of our blessed
ogni cosa speráre avére parte mérito beáto
Saviour’s sufferings, let nothing hinder us from beginning this day
Salvatóre patimenti niénte impedíre principiáre oggi
to use all our endeavours to deserve it; let us make haste to begin
fare tutto sforzo meritáre affrettársi principiáre
the great work of our salvation; let us not feign to be converted,
grande ópera salvazióne fíngere éssere convertíto
but let us convert ourselves in good earnest, for nobody
convertíre da davvéro nessúno
can deceive God.
potére ingannáre

_The verbs meditáre, parláre, perméttere, prométtere, propórre, presúmere, preténdere, protestáre, rifiutáre, risólvere, auguráre, will also have an Infinitive with the Preposition di, after them._

Never meditate to do any wrong to your neighbour. When you speak
mai meditáre fare torto próssimo quando parláre
of undertaking some great thing, permit me to tell you, that you ought
intrapréndere grande cosa perméttere dire dovére
to consult your friends before you begin it.
amíco prima cominciáre.

Never promise to do any thing, unless you are sure to do it.
mai prométtere fare cosa se non éssere sicúro fáre.

Never presume to have more understanding than those who have the care
presúmere avére intendiménto che quello cura
of your conduct.
condótta.

Do not pretend ever to prosper in this world, if you have not the
preténdere mai prosperáre mondo se avére
fear of God.
timóre Dio.

If you protest to God with an humble and sincere heart to amend your
protestáre úmile sincéro cuóre emendáre
life, he will receive you among his children.
vita ricévere fra figliuólo.

Never refuse to do a good office to your friends, when it is in your
rifiutáre réndere servízio amíco
power.
potére.

Do you desire to pass for an honest man? Endeavour to do all you can
desideráre passáre galántuómo procuráre fare tutto potére
to oblige every body.
obbligáre chicchessia.

_When there follows after the Verb avére either of these substantives permissióne, desidério, vóglia, cura, costúme, bisógno, motivo, ragióne, torto, dritto, occasióne, the following Verb must be put in the Infinitive with the Preposition di._

I believe you have a mind to play; but I will not give you leave
crédere avére vóglia giuocáre ma volére dare permissióne
to go out till you have done your exercise. You are in the right, sir,
uscíre [1]finchè avére fare esercízio [2] ragióne signóre
to forbid me to go out, and I am in the wrong to desire it--I have no
proibirmi d’andar fuori [3] torto desideráre
cause to be angry with you, for it is not your custom to be idle.
motivo éssere cóllera éssere costúme pigro.

[1] _Finchè_ governs the subjunctive mood.

[2] You are in the right, sir, _Ella ha ragióne_.

[3] I am in the wrong, sir, _ho torto_.

_When a Verb is followed by l’opportunità, l’occasione, il tempo, il mezzo, la volontà, il cuóre, il potére, l’autorità, that Verb ought to be put in the Infinitive with the Preposition di._

When I have an opportunity to see your father, I will tell him how much
quando [1]avére occasione vedére padre dire quanto
you deserve to be praised for your uncommon diligence.
meritáre éssere lodáto straordinário diligénza.

Whilst we have it in our power to acquire knowledge, let us improve
mentre [2]avére potére acquistáre cognizióne profittáre
such precious opportunity.
tale prezióso opportunità.

I wonder how men have the heart to hate one another.
maravigliársi uómo avére cuóre odiársi gli uni gli altri.

God has given to kings power to command, and to judges authority
Iddio dáre Re potére comandáre giúdice autorità
to judge.
giudicáre.

[1] _I have_, put it in the future, and say, _avrò_.

[2] _We have it_, is changed into _it is_ for the Italian idiom.

_When after the Verb substantive éssere there follows either of these nouns conténto, obbligáto, in pena, sul punto, in perícolo, the following Verb is to be put in the Infinitive with the Preposition di._

I am very glad to hear that you overcame your enemies, and I
éssere conténto sentíre víncere nemíco
should have been sorry to have heard the contrary.
[1]rincréscere sentire contrário.

I return you many thanks for your friendship, for I was in danger of
réndere molto grázia amicízia perchè éssere in perícolo
losing my suit.
pérdere lite.

I was anxious to know what had happened to you; and if you had not come,
ansióso sapére succédere se éssere veníre
I was on the point of going to see you.
éssere sul punto venire vedére.

[1] I should have been sorry; _mi sarébbe rincresciúto_.

_The Verbs avvezzársi, impiegáre, incoraggíre, eccitáre, invitáre, esibírsi, dilettársi, tenérsi pronto, lavoráre, will have after them an Infinitive with the Preposition a, or ad before a vowel._

We ought to employ the days of our life in preparing ourselves for
dovere impiegáre giórno vita preparársi
the other world.
altro mondo.

Masters who use mildness in teaching their scholars, encourage them more
maéstro usáre dolcézza insegnáre scoláro incoraggíre
to learn well than those who use too much severity. An honest man
imparáre bene usáre troppo severità onésto uómo
takes always pleasure in obliging his friends.
dilettársi sempre favorire amíco.

The love of God invites us to love one another.
amóre Dío invitáre amáre

Let us keep ourselves in readiness to appear before the living God.
tenérsi pronto comparíre innánzi vivénte Dío.

Let us labour continually to obtain eternal life.
lavoráre continuaménte ottenére etérna vita.

_When vi è, or v’è, precedes the Adverb niénte, the next Verb must be in the Infinitive with the Preposition da, or a._

There is nothing to fear in serving God.
non vi è niénte temére [1]servíre Iddío.

There is nothing to say to what you have done.
non v’è niénte dire avére fatto.

There is nothing to do in that at present.
niénte fare adésso.

There is nothing so easy to learn as the Italian language.
niénte così fácile imparáre Italiáno lingua.

[1] In serving God, _nel servíre Iddío_.

_When an Adverb of quantity follows v’è, it requires an Infinitive with the Preposition a, or da._

There is a great deal of satisfaction in teaching diligent boys, but
v’è gran [1]soddisfazióne insegnáre diligénte ragázzo
there is a great deal of trouble in instructing idle scholars.
gran incomodo istruíre pigro scoláro.

There is a great deal to say against the conduct of wicked people; but
v’è molto dire contro condótta malvágio gente
there is nothing to say against the conduct of honest people.
non v’è niénte dire contro condótta onésto gente.

[1] See _Gram._ p. 210, _a great deal of_.

On the ENGLISH PARTICIPLE in ING.

_When the English Participle in ing comes after a Verb of motion with the Preposition a before it, we use the corresponding substantive, instead of the Verb, though sometimes the latter._

He who goes a hunting or visiting his friends, when business requires
quello che andáre caccia [1] visitáre amíco quando affáre richiédere
his care and time, shows by his conduct that he prefers his diversion
cura tempo mostráre condótta [2]preferíre divertiménto
before his profit, the company of his friends before the advantage
profítto compagnía amíco vantággio
of his family.
famíglia.

The boy who goes a playing with his school-fellows, when he ought
ragázzo andáre giuocáre condiscepolo quando dovére
to be diligently employed at the task his master gave him, evinces,
éssere diligéntemente intórno a lavoro maéstro assegnare prováre
by his neglect, that he prefers play to his master’s love, and his own
negligénza preferíre giuóco maéstro affétto
profit.
profítto.

[1] Ibid. p. 201, on _verbs of motion_.

[2] _Preferisce il divertimento al profitto, la compagnia degli amici al, &c._

_The English Participle in ing, after from, must be put in Italian in the Infinitive with the Preposition di._

The providence of God keeps us from perishing; the power of God hinders
provvidenza Dio impedíre períre poténza Dio impedíre
us from doing those things which displease him; the grace of God
fare cosa dispiacére grazia Dio
prevents us from sinning; the goodness of God preserves us from
impedíre peccáre bontà preserváre
suffering afflictions.
soffríre afflizióne.

_The English Participle in ing after a Verb importing to cease, to leave, or to go over, must be rendered in Italian by the Infinitive mood with the Preposition di._

He who leaves off doing praise-worthy actions, and plunges into
quello che cessáre fare lodévole azióne immergérsi
vice, was never truly good.
vízio éssere mai veraménte buono.

A wise man never leaves off learning whilst he lives; for he who has
sávio uómo mai tralasciáre imparáre finchè vivere perchè è dotato
great wisdom, has still need of more knowledge.
di grande sapere ancora bisógno maggiore conoscènza.

_When the Participle in ing follows the auxiliary Verb to be, this verb must be left out, and the Italian Verb that represents the Participle, must be put in the same tense, number, and person as the auxiliary is._

A diligent boy is always learning, not only while the master
diligénte ragázzo sempre studiare non solaménte mentre maéstro
is instructing, but also while other boys are playing.
istruíre ma anche altro ragázzo giuocáre.

Apelles was daily drawing some excellent pictures with wonderful art;
Apélle ogni giórno dipingere eccellénte pittúra maraviglióso arte
no day passed without a line.
nessúno giórno passáre senza linéa.

Those who do not employ their time well in the beginning of their lives,
impiegáre bene tempo [1] princípio vita
will be perpetually lamenting their folly; they will be incessantly
perpetuamente piangere pazzia ad ogni moménto
condemning themselves, and saying, Ah! at what a price would not I
condannársi díre Ah! prezzo
purchase the time past!
compráre tempo passato!

[1] In the beginning of their lives; _i. e._ _nella loro gioventù_.

Of the PARTICIPLE past.

_When one of these Pronouns che, il, lo, la, &c. meets before the compound tenses, the Pronoun ought to agree with the Participle in gender and number._

I received the books which my brother sent me; I read them all,
ricévere libro fratéllo mandáre léggere tutto
they are very good, and well written.
éssere buóno bene scrítto.

The letter which my father wrote to me is very severe; I showed it to
léttera padre scrivere éssere sevéro mostráre
my mother, and she is very sorry for it.
madre [1] dispiacére.

[1] She is very sorry for it; _glíene dispiáce moltíssimo_.

_When these Pronouns, mio, me, te, noi, voi, &c. are the case of the Verb, they must agree with the Participle in gender and in number._

My dear friends, I have always loved you like my children, I have often
caro amíco avére sempre amáto come figlio avére spesso
admonished you for your own good; I have several times exhorted you to
ammoníre proprio bene spesse volte esortáre
practise virtue; if you are not truly virtuous, it is not my fault.
praticáre virtù se veraménte virtuóso éssere colpa.

I met your brother this morning, we embraced one another like good
incontráre fratéllo mattína abbracciársi da buóno
friends, and I rejoice that we are reconciled.
amíco rallegrársi riconciliársi.

The books which I have seen you reading are not good.
libro avére vedére léggere buóno.

These are all the copies which you have given me to write.
ecco tutto cópia avére dare scrívere.

Your brothers have done quite the contrary of what I had advised
fratéllo fare tutto contrário avére consigliáre
them to do.
fare.

On ADVERBS. [See GRAM. p. 209.]

_Adverbs are generally put after the Verb, and in compound tenses between the Verb and the Participle._

It is a lamentable thing to see youths with much wit, and a good
doloroso cosa vedére gióvane di molto spirito buóno
disposition to learn, take but little pains to answer the expectations
disposizióne imparáre pigliáre poco pena [1] rispóndere aspettazióne
of their parents.
genitori.

[1] _Rispondere_ governs the dative case of the thing.

_Adverbs of Interrogation must always be put before the Verb._

Where did you come from? Why did you not stay for me?
da dove veníre perchè aspettáre?

When will you have done laughing at your friends?
quando cessáre burláre amíco?

Why did you say, I had promised you to go in the country?
perchè dire promettere andáre campágna?

Where is your father? Is he in town?
dove padre éssere città?

Where did you buy this fine horse?
compráre bello cavállo?

I bought it at the last country fair.
compráre último campágna fiéra.

Where are the ladies your sisters?
éssere signóra sorélla?

I believe they are gone out to take an airing.
crédere éssere uscíto pigliar aria.

Whither are you going so fast? You are in great haste.
andáre così avére gran fretta.

I go to Mr. Clement’s house, for I heard my brother is there, and
andáre dal signóre Cleménte[1] perchè sentíre fratéllo
I have some business with him.
avére qualche cosa da fare con lui.

You are mistaken, he is not there; for I met him just now, and he
ingannársi éssere là incontráre un momento fa
told me he was going to his sister’s house.
dire andáre sorélla.

I was going to your house; but since I met you, we will go to my house,
andáre ma giacchè incontráre andáre
where we shall dine.
dove pranzáre.

I beg you will excuse me, indeed I cannot; for I must go to
pregáre scusáre in verità non potére bisógno andáre
my lady Arabella’s, to pay a visit to her children.
signóra Arabélla fare vísita figlio.

They are not at home, for I saw them going into the park.
éssere casa perchè vedere andáre parco.

Let us go then and see if your brothers are at home.
andáre dunque vedére se fratéllo casa.

They are not, I know they are gone a hunting.
éssere sapére éssere andáto cáccia.

What is the matter with you, sir? You seem to be grieved.
cosa ha signóre parére essere afflítto.

O no, sir, I am not, but I come from Mr. Vincent’s, who is very
non sono afflítto veníre Vincenzo
ill.
ammaláto.

You surprise me, for as I was coming from my house, I met his brother,
sorprendere perchè veníre casa incontráre fratéllo
who did not mention it to me.
parlare

Do you know from whence he was coming, when you met him?
sapére di dove veníre quando incontráre?

I believe he was coming from his own house.
crédere veníre casa.

Can you tell me where he is gone?
potére dire dove éssere andáto?

I was assured that he is set out for his uncle’s country-house.
éssere assicuráto éssere partito zio casa di campágna.

Which way did you pass, in your way to Italy?
per dove passáre quando andáre Itália?

I passed by Rouen, Paris, Orleans and Lyons.
passáre Roano Parígi Orleáno Lióne.

Which way did you come back to England?
per dove tornáre Inghilterra?

I returned by Germany and Holland.
ritornáre Germánia Olánda.

[1] _At_, or _to_, before _house_ or _home_, must be rendered by _da_, _dal_, or _in casa_. See _Gram._ p. 209.

On PREPOSITIONS. [See GRAM. p. 209.]

_These Prepositions di diétro, vicíno, intórno, dirimpétto, infíno, will have a Dative after them._

Sir, if I knew where you live,
signóre [1]se sapére dove stare di casa
I would take the liberty to go and pay you a visit.
pigliáre libertà [2]veníre fare vísita.

Sir, you would give yourself too much trouble; however, if you do me
dare troppo incómodo però se fare
that favour, you shall be very welcome; I live near the Temple,
favóre éssere il benvenúto stare vicíno Témpio
opposite Chancery-lane.
dirimpétto

I believe my best way to go to your house
crédere che la miglior strada che possa fare per veníre da voi
is to pass by London-bridge. You are in the right, sir, since
sia di passáre Londra ponte avére ragióne giacchè
you live behind the Tower.
stare di diétro Torre.

A poor labourer that works from morning till night (when he is
póvero lavoránte travaglíare mattína infíno sera quando éssere
well paid for his labour) lives more content and satisfied, than those
bene pagáto lavóro vívere conténto sodisfátto
who have great riches.
avére gran richézza.

He who shall be constant even to death, shall have the crown of glory.
éssere costánte infíno morte avére coróna glória.

[1] See _Gram._ p. 202, on _se_ before a preterimperfect.

[2] Ibid. p. 203, when we use _veníre_ instead of _andare_.

On CONJUNCTIONS which require the SUBJUNCTIVE after them. [See GRAM. p. 204.]

_The following Conjunctions prima che, acciocchè, finchè, per paura che, sin che, benchè, purchè, a meno che, Iddío voglia che, require the Subjunctive after them._

You will speak Italian well, provided you take pains; I tell you so,
parláre Italiáno bene purchè darsi pena dire
that you may take courage, and learn well.
acciochè pigliáre corággio imparáre bene.

I remember I told you several times that you will never write Italian
ricordársi dire parécchie volte mai scrívere Italiáno
correctly, unless you study the rules.
correttaménte a meno che studiáre regola.

I will take so much pains, that I hope I shall write it well before
darsi pena sperare scrívere prima
next summer.
próssimo state.

You will soon perceive the effects of it, provided you follow my
présto accorgérsi effétto purchè seguíre
directions, though you think the Italian tongue is very difficult.
suggerimento benchè sembrare Italiáno lingua éssere diffícile.

Please God it may be as you say; for it would be a great
piáccia Iddío éssere come dire perchè éssere grande
satisfaction to me.
soddisfazióne

I esteem a man very unhappy that has not the fear of God, though he
stimáre uno molto infelíce avére timóre Iddío benchè
should possess all the treasures in the world, even though he should
possédere tutto tesóro mondo benchè
have all the other fine qualities that can make a man perfect.
avére altro bello qualità potére réndere úno perfetto.

I always praised you very much before you became so idle; and I told you
sempre lodáre molto prima che diveníre pigro dire
several times that you would lose the good opinion every one had of you,
più volte pérdere buóno opinióne tutto avére
unless you should be as diligent and careful as you were before.
a meno che éssere diligénte premuróso éssere prima.

When I corrected you for your faults, it was not because I did not love
quando corréggere colpa éssere perchè amáre
you; on the contrary, it was to the end that you should employ your
al contrário éssere acciocchè impiegáre
time well, and that you should be more diligent than you are now.
témpo éssere più diligénte adesso.

Though you began to learn Italian before me, I hope I shall speak it
benchè principiáre imparáre Italiáno prima di me speráre parláre
soon as well as you.
presto bene quanto voi.

I do not believe so, unless you have learned all the rules of the
crédere a meno che avére tutto régola
grammar.
grammática.

Though I did not learn them, yet I will take so much pains, that what
benchè imparáre pure pigliáre tanto pena
I told you will prove true.
dire éssere vero.

It will be some time before you have read them.
vi vorrà del tempo prima che léggere.

Would to God I had known you sooner, I should speak Italian well now:
volésse Iddío conóscere parláre Italiáno bene ora
and although I had learned when I was young, yet I knew but very little
benchè imparáre éssere gióvine sapére pochíssimo
of it, when I began with you.
quando principiáre.

Perhaps it was not your master’s fault; for before I composed my
forse éssere maéstro colpa prima che compórre
grammar, I found but few that would learn grammatically.
grammática trováre poco imparáre grammaticalménte.

It is true I had a very good master, and if I had believed him, I should
vero avére buóno maéstro se avére crédere
have learned by rules, but I found them too tedious; and would to
avére imparáto per principj ma trováre troppo nojóso volésse
Heaven I had followed his advice, for I have a great desire
Cielo avére seguito consíglio perchè avére gran voglia
to speak Italian.
parláre Italiáno.

_Some Verbs signifying will, desire, leave, or fear, will have the Conjunction che after them, and the following Verb in the Subjunctive._

I will leave you to do that.
lasciáre fare.

I wish you may be as honest as your father.
desideráre éssere onésto padre.

I ordered dinner to be ready immediately.
ordináre pranzo éssere pronto subito.

That must be done quickly.
bisógna fare presto.

God permitted it should happen.
Iddío perméttere succédere.

I am afraid you were mistaken.
avére paura ingannársi.

_We express the two Anglicisms this day se’nnight, this day fortnight, by d’oggi a otto, d’oggi a quindici._

I believe I shall go into the country this day se’nnight, but I hope
crédere andáre campágna d’oggi a otto speráre
I shall come back this day fortnight.
ritornáre d’oggi a quíndici.

I am sure that when once you are there, you will not return
éssere sicúro quando una volta éssere tornáre
so soon to town.
così présto città.

I give you my word that this day fortnight I will come to see you.
dare paróla d’oggi a quíndici veníre vedére.

When will your brother go to Germany?
quando fratéllo andáre Germánia?

He expects to go this day se’nnight, if it is fine weather.
contare andáre d’oggi a otto se fare bel tempo.

_The word people, when taken generally for the people of a whole country, is expressed in Italian by the word gente._

The French had the name of being the most civil people in the world.
Francése avére riputazióne éssere civíle gente mondo.

I should not like to live among the Spaniards, for they are very jealous
amáre vívere fra Spagnuólo perchè éssere gelóso
people; but I should never be tired of living among the English, for I
gente ma éssere mai stanco vívere fra Inglése perchè
believe they are the most civil, the most courteous, and the most
crédere éssere civíle cortése
obliging people in the world.
obbligánte gente mondo.

_When the word people signifies subjects, it is expressed in Italian by the word pópolo._

A good prince should prefer the happiness of his people to his own.
buóno príncipe preferíre felicità pópolo
Happy are the people who have a good prince to govern them.
felíce pópolo avére buón governáre.

On the PARTICLE _si_, _it is_, _they_, _one_, &c. [See GRAM. p. 211.]

_The Particle si is always put before a Verb, and the Verb must be impersonal._

I was told that you speak Italian very well.
dire parláre Italiáno benissimo.

They do me more honour than I deserve; I wish it were true.
fare onóre meritáre volére vero.

They say you are going to be married.
dire stare per maritársi.

They say so, indeed; but they are much mistaken.
dire così in verità ma molto ingannársi.

I was assured that the lady’s father and your’s had concluded the
assicuráre [1]signóra padre conchiúdere
articles of marriage.
articólo matrimónio.

If they say so, it is without any foundation.
se dire così senza alcúno fondaménto.

I am very glad to see you, for I was told you were gone to France.
rallegrársi vedére perchè dire Fráncia.

Pray who told you such a falsehood? No matter; and we were also told,
di grazia dire tale falsità non impórta éssere detto
you were to go to Italy.
andáre Itália.

[1] The lady’s father and your’s, _vostro padre e quello della signora_.

_The Verb to use in English, signifies in Italian servírsi, assuefársi, accostumársi; when it signifies servírsi, it is commonly followed by a Noun, but otherwise it is followed by a Verb._

He who forgets those things which he desires to remember, must
dimenticare cosa desideráre ricordársi dovére
use helps to cultivate his memory, or use the greatest diligence and
servírsi ajúto coltiváre memória o grande diligénza
attention when he is reading, that he may retain profitable
attenzióne quando léggere ritenére profittévole
instructions; for when they have once slipt out of the memory,
istruzióne perchè quando éssere una volta uscíto memória
there is need of fresh reading to recall them.
bisognáre nuóva lettúra richiamáre.

All men desire riches, but all do not use riches rightly;
tutto uómo desideráre ricchézze ma tutto non ne usano bene
when they are come to honours and wealth, they are still greedy
quando avére acquistato onóre opulénza ancóra avído
to heap up more. He who desires nothing, wants nothing: it is a
accumuláre desideráre niente avér bisógno
wise man’s part to restrain his desires.
sávio uómo dovére moderáre desidério.

_The Impersonal Verb impórta, requires a Dative Case._

It much concerns young people to avoid bad company, as they would
molto impórta gioventù schiváre cattívo compagnía come
beware of the plague; it is more hurtful to the mind, than the most
guardársi peste nuocévole spirito
contagious disease to the body.
contagióso malattía corpo.

It concerns me, and all men to look to ourselves; the world is full of
impórta tutto badáre mondo piéno
knaves and knavery. It is hard to be known, and he is hard to be found,
furbo furbéria diffícile sapére trováre
who is fit to be trusted.
fidársi.

The greatest caution is to be used in the presence of children;
grande cautéla adopráre presénza ragázzo
masters must behave themselves very warily, lest scholars
maéstro dovére comportársi prudentémente per timóre che scoláro
learn evil of them; and it greatly concerns boys to imitate their
imparáre del male molto impórta gióvane imitáre
master’s virtues.
maéstro virtù.

_When the word to speak, is joined with truth, it is expressed in Italian by dire._

You promised me several times you would be diligent, and that you would
prométtere spesse volta éssere diligénte
never keep bad company; I perceive that you do not speak always
mai praticáre cattívo compagnia accorgérsi dire sempre
the truth, for I met you to-day with a man whose company I forbade you.
verità incontráre oggi con uómo compagnía proibíre
A man who does not delight in speaking always the truth, is unworthy of
uno amáre dire sempre verità indégno
enjoying the society of honest people.
godére società onésto gente.

_When in English a period begins by these words, I wish, I would, we express them thus in Italian, vorréi potér, with the following Verb in the Infinitive Mood._

I wish I could serve you, I would do it with all my heart.
potére servire fare tutto cuóre.

I wish I could see your sister, I would give her something that
vedére sorélla dare qualche cosa
was sent to me for her.
éssere mandáto

I wish I could speak Italian as well as you do, it would be a great
parláre Italiáno éssere grande
satisfaction to me.
soddisfazióne

I wish I could do what you desire of me, I would not refuse it you.
fare desideráre ricusáre.

I wish I could be reconciled with your brother, for he is an honest man.
éssere riconciliáto fratéllo perchè galantuómo.

I wish I could go into the country with you, I would not return
andáre campágna ritornáre
soon to town, for I would visit all my friends who are there.
presto città andar a visitáre tutto amíco

I wish I could follow your example, I would live better than I do.
seguíre esémpio meglio.

_Ought and must are to be rendered in Italian by the Present of the Indicative of the Verb dovere, and are not Impersonal._

At church people ought to sit still, and not to talk.
chiésa gente dovére stare quieto parláre.

At saying lessons, none ought to speak but he who is appointed by the
ripétere lezióne dovére parláre destináto
master, whose leave ought to be asked, before the scholars betake
maéstro permésso dovére domandáre prima scoláre darsi
themselves to play.
giuóco.

The boy who is chastised on account of his slothfulness, has no cause
ragázzo castigáto a cagióne infingardággine avére motivo
to accuse his master of severity; he ought to blame himself, and
accusáre maéstro severità dovére biasimársi
resolve to shake off idleness for the future.
risólvere scuotersi dalla sua pigrízia all’avveníre.

The soldier must fight valiantly, that has a mind enflamed with a
soldáto dovére battérsi valorosaménte avére ánima accéso
desire to conquer the enemy; his arm must procure him the honour which
desidério víncere nemíco braccio dovére procuráre onóre
his heart wishes for; but sometimes secret stratagems and subtle
cuóre desideráre ma qualche volta segréto stratagémma astúto
policy defeat the most valiant warriors.
política sconfíggere valoróso guerriéro.

Children must be obedient to their parents; those that grieve them,
figlio dovére obbedíre genitóre affliggere
purchase to themselves a curse; they provoke God to deny them that
attirarsi maledizióne Iddío ricusáre
length of life which he has promised to the dutiful.
lunghézza vita avére promésso obbediénte.

_To be like, when followed by a Noun, is to be rendered in Italian by rassomigliáre, and will have a Dative Case._

Children are not always like their parents; they are sometimes
figliuólo rassomigliáre sempre genitori éssere qualche volta
quite different from them.
differénte

My brother is not like my father, who is of a mild disposition, and
fratéllo rassomigliáre padre benigno índole
rich in the endowments that adorn the mind, though poor in estate.
ricco dote ornáre ánimo benchè póvero stato.

Every man loves those who like him, and hates those who are hurtful to
ognúno amáre amáre odiáre nuocévole
him: nature teaches us to love our friends, but religion teaches us
natúra insegnáre amáre amíco ma religióne insegnáre
to love our enemies.
amáre nemíco.

_To be so kind, must be rendered in Italian by avére la bontà, and the following Verb is put in the Infinitive Mood, with the Preposition di._

I intreat you to be so kind as to tell me how you call that in Italian.
supplicáre avére la bontà dire come chiamáre Italiáno.

If you will be so kind as to grant me that favour, there is nothing
se ella volére avér la bontà accordáre favóre niénte
but I will do to acknowledge it.
fare per mostrartene la mia riconoscenza.

If your brother will be so kind as to lend me a horse for two or three
fratéllo prestáre cavállo due tre
days, he would oblige me infinitely.
giórno obbligáre infinitaménte.

I was this morning with your friend Mr. ---- and he was so kind as to
éssere mattína con amíco avére
offer me his purse.
esibíre borsa.

I hope you will be so kind as to recommend me to your friends.
speráre avére raccomandáre amíco.

Be so kind as to tell me when your sister will return from the country,
avére dire quando sorélla ritornáre campágna
for I make no doubt but she will bring me news from my uncle.
dubitáre portáre nuóva zio.

_The English phrase, there is nothing but, ought to be rendered in Italian by non v’è niénte che non, and it requires the following Verb to be in the Subjunctive Mood._

There is nothing but I would do to deserve the honour of your
non v’è niénte fare meritáre onóre
friendship.
amicízia.

There is nothing but what I would undertake to oblige my friends.
non v’è niénte che non intrapréndere obbligáre amíco.

There is nothing but what I would suffer willingly, if I were so
non v’è niénte soffríre volontiéri éssere
unfortunate as to have disobliged you.
sfortunáto avére dispiacére.

There is nothing but what an honest man ought to do, to deserve
non v’è niénte galantuomo dovére meritáre
every body’s esteem.
tutto stima.

There is nothing but what a good prince ought to do, to make
niénte buóno príncipe dovére fare réndere
his subjects happy.
suddito felíce.

_This phrase, to be as good as one’s word, must be rendered in Italian by mantenére la sua paróla._

You often promised me to do me service, but I will never believe you;
spesso prométtere réndere servízio ma mai crédere
it is a very dishonest thing not to be as good as one’s word; for
éssere disonésto mantenere la sua paróla perchè
nobody will credit you afterwards.
nissúno prestare fede dopo.

You have often promised me to amend your manners, but you are seldom
avére sovente prométtere ammendáre costúme ma raramente
as good as your word. I confess I have not been as good as my word,
mantenére la sua paróla confessáre avére mantenúto la mia paróla
but I promise that, for the future, I will behave better
ma prométtere all’avveníre comportársi méglio
than I have hitherto done.
fare fin adésso.

_So much as, ought to be rendered in Italian by tanto, or quanto._

Your brother seems to have had a better education than you, though I am
fratéllo parére avére educazióne benchè
sure your father did not spend so much money upon him as he did
sicúro padre spéndere tanto
upon you.

If we would love God as much as He loves us, we should not offend him
amáre Iddío quanto amáre offéndere
so often.
così spesso.

If we would love our neighbour as much as we love ourselves, there would
amáre prossímo quanto
not be so much enmity in the world.
éssere tanto nemicízia mondo.

_As long as, must be rendered in Italian by finchè, or mentre che._

As _or_ so long as you are not obedient to your parents, God
mentre che éssere obbediénte genitori Iddío
will not bless you.
benedíre.

As long as you are idle, you will never learn any thing, and you will
finchè éssere pigro mai imparáre niénte
be ignorant while you live.
éssere ignoránte finchè vívere.

As long as you are rich, you will not want friends.
éssere ricco mancáre amíco.

As long as it is in your power to oblige your friends, do not refuse
éssere potére obbligáre amíco ricusáre
to do them service.
réndere servízio.

_I had rather, is expressed in Italian by ameréi méglio, or ameréi piuttósto._

I had rather lose some small thing, than go to law with a
amáre meglio pérdere piccólo cosa andáre legge
litigious man.
litigióso uómo.

I had rather die than disoblige you.
amáre piuttósto moríre dispiacére.

I had rather live all my life-time with you, than stay one day with
amáre méglio vívere vita tempo stare giórno
your brother.
fratéllo.

I had rather endure a slight injury from a friend, than to fight with
soffríre piccóla ingiúria amíco battérsi
him, though I would sooner die than pass for a coward.
benchè moríre passáre codardo.

_When we inquire for some person’s name, we make use of the Verb chiamársi._

Pray, friend, what is your name?
di grazia amíco come chiamársi?

My name is John Baptist.
Giambattísta.

What is your brother’s name?
come fratéllo?

His name is George Frederic Augustus.
Giórgio Fedérico Augústo.

What was the late king of France’s name?
come defúnto re Fráncia?

He was called Lewis the Sixteenth.
chiamársi Luígi décimo sesto.

What was the queen of France’s name?
come regína Fráncia?

Her name was Mary Antoinette.
chiamársi Maria Antónina.

What was the late regent’s name?
come defúnto reggénte?

He was called the duke of Orleans.
chiamársi duca Orleans.

_To entertain, must be rendered by trattáre._

If you will come with me into the country, I will entertain you
veníre campágna trattáre
very well.
beníssimo.

You see I do not entertain you like a stranger, but I treat you
vedére trattáre da forestiére ma trattáre
like a friend.
da amíco.