Chapter IV: Part 4

[100]About this time the [101]Gauls [102]made a [103]peace with the Romans, which they [104]kept [105]thirty years. But in 450, the [106]Cisalpine, [107]together with the [108]Transalpine [109]Gauls, and the [110]Tuscans, [111]laid waste the [112]Roman [113]territories. The Cisalpine [114]returning [115]home [116]loaded with [117]spoils, [118]fell out together about them. [119]Four years after that, having [120]joined the [121]Samnites and [122]Tuscans, they fell [123]upon the Roman [124]army [125]commanded by [126]L. Scipio, the [127]proprætor, in which [128]battle, [129]P. Decius [130]the consul [131]devoted himself.

[132]Ten years after this, the [133]Galli Senones being [134]invited by the [135]Lucani, [136]Brutii, Samnites, and Tuscans, [137]besieged [138]Aretium, and having [139]vanquished [140]L. Cæcilius the [141]prætor, [142]killed 13,000 Romans; which [143]overthrow the consul Dolobella [144]revenged upon them [145]soon after; for having [146]routed the [147]Gauls, and [148]taken their city of Sena, [149]he sent a [150]colony there. The [151]Boii being [152]moved at the [153]hard [154]fate of the [155]Senones, [156]entered into an [157]alliance with the [158]Tuscans, and [159]engaged the Romans at the [160]lake of [161]Vadimon; in which [162]battle [163]almost [164]all the Tuscans were [165]slain, and very [166]few of the Boii [167]escaped. This [168]happened in the year of the city 471; but in the [169]following year the Boii were [170]entirely [171]reduced, which was [172]about three years [173]before [174]Pyrrhus, [175]came into [176]Italy.

The [177]Palæpolitani [178]likewise, [179]where [180]now [181]Naples is, [182]venturing to make war upon the Romans, were [183]subdued the third year [184]after, [185]that is to say, in the year of the city 428, by [186]Publius the proconsul.

The [187]twelve [188]nations of the Tuscans, [189]rising for the [190]utter ruin [191]of the Roman name in the year of the city 442, were [192]routed in a great [193]battle by Fabius the [194]consul, in the [195]year 444, in which were [196]slain, or [197]taken of the [198]enemy, to the [199]number of 60,000.

In the year 472, the [200]Tarentines, [201]brought the [202]Romans against them [203]by plundering their [204]fleet, and [205]assailing their [206]ambassadors, who [207]came to [208]complain of the [209]injury. They, [210]together with the [211]Samnites, and [212]Salentines, were [213]defeated by L. [214]Æmilius Barbula. [215]Terrified at this [216]ill fortune, they [217]sent for [218]Pyrrhus to their [219]assistance; who, in the year of the city 474, having [220]brought over an [221]army into [222]Italy, [223]waged against the Romans [224]a war which [225]lasted six years. In the [226]first [227]encounter the Romans, [228]headed by [229]Lævinus, being [230]conquered, not so much by the [231]strength of the [232]enemy, as by the [233]strange [234]shape of the [235]elephants, [236]yielded up the [237]day: Pyrrhus [238]dismissed all the [239]prisoners [240]without [241]ransom. [242]Soon after, having [243]made some [244]fruitless [245]overtures of [246]peace by his [247]ambassador [248]Cyneas ([249]for [250]Appius Claudius [251]obstructed it), he [252]engaged the Romans [253]twice: the [254]victory [255]both times being [256]dubious. He was [257]then [258]invited by the [259]Syracusans [260]into Sicily against [261]the Carthaginians; [262]where [263]matters [264]not succeeding [265]according to his [266]desires, he [267]returned into [268]Italy in the year 479; and being [269]defeated, [270]forced out of his [271]camp, and [272]beaten from [273]Tarentum, he returned into [274]Epirus.

FOOTNOTES

[1] _distrúggere_

[2] _idea_

[3] _abbandonáre_

[4] _traslocarsi_

[5] _Vej_

[6] _dissuáso_

[7] _diségno_

[8] _Camíllo_

[9] _mentre_

[10] _Marco Mánlio_

[11] _ottenere_

[12] _cognóme_

[13] _Capitolíno_

[14] _nóbile_

[15] _difésa_

[16] _campidóglio_

[17] _cercáre_

[18] _ambizione_

[19] _popoláre_

[20] _favóre_

[21] _impadronírsi_

[22] _suprémo_

[23] _potére_

[24] _precipitáto_

[25] _rocca Tarpéa_

[26] _diféndere_

[27] _grande_

[28] _contésa_

[29] _fra_

[30] _nobiltà_

[31] _popolo_

[32] _C. Licínio Stolone_

[33] _L. Séstio_

[34] _tribúno_

[35] _popolo_

[36] _propórre_

[37] _legge_

[38] _scegliere_

[39] _cónsole_

[40] _d’infra’l popolo_

[41] _riuscíre_

[42] _seguénte_

[43] _L. Séstio fu eletto cónsole_

[44] _dopo_

[45] _guerra_

[46] _Tibúrti_

[47] _Tarquiniési_

[48] _Falísci_

[49] _Gálli_

[50] _méttersi_

[51] _órdine_

[52] _battáglia_

[53] _mandáre_

[54] _disfída_

[55] _uccídere_

[56] _certo M. Valério_

[57] _tribúno_

[58] _soldato_

[59] _assisténza_

[60] _corvo_

[61] _da ció_

[62] _cognóme_

[63] _Corvíno_

[64] _ma_

[65] _guerra_

[66] _gravóso_

[67] _lunga_

[68] _contro_

[69] _Sanníti_

[70] _intrapréndere_

[71] _richiésta_

[72] _Campáni_

[73] _duráre_

[74] _settánta_

[75] _benchè_

[76] _spesse volte_

[77] _battúto_

[78] _Latíno_

[79] _préndere l’armi_

[80] _contro_

[81] _vincere_

[82] _cónsoli Torquáto e Decio_

[83] _primo_

[84] _decapitáre_

[85] _figliuólo_

[86] _aver combáttuto_

[87] _senza_

[88] _órdine_

[89] _altro_

[90] _consacrársi_

[91] _morte_

[92] _armáta_

[93] _nemíco_

[94] _sottomettérsi_

[95] _poco dopo_

[96] _ribelláre_

[97] _alla fine_

[98] _affátto_

[99] _ridótto_

[100] _incírca_

[101] _Galli_

[102] _fare_

[103] _pace_

[104] _mantenere_

[105] _trenta_

[106] _Cisalpíno_

[107] _assieme con_

[108] _Transalpíno_

[109] _Galli_

[110] _Toscáni_

[111] _dare il guasto a_

[112] _Románo_

[113] _território_

[114] _ritornáre_

[115] _casa_

[116] _carico_

[117] _spóglia_

[118] _contendere_

[119] _quattro_

[120] _unírsi_

[121] _Sanníti_

[122] _Toscáni_

[123] _assalíre_

[124] _armáta_

[125] _comandáre_

[126] _L. Scipióne_

[127] _propretóre_

[128] _battáglia_

[129] _P. Decio_

[130] _cónsole_

[131] _sacrificò se stesso_

[132] _diéci_

[133] _Galli Senoni_

[134] _invitáto_

[135] _Lucáni_

[136] _Bruzi_

[137] _assediáre_

[138] _Arezzo_

[139] _víncere_

[140] _L. Cecílio_

[141] _pretore_

[142] _ammazzáre_

[143] _sconfítta_

[144] _vendicáre_

[145] _poco dopo_

[146] _sconfíggere_

[147] _Galli_

[148] _preso_

[149] _mandáre_

[150] _colónia_

[151] _Boj_

[152] _commósso_

[153] _duro_

[154] _condizione_

[155] _Senoni_

[156] _entráre_

[157] _alleánza_

[158] _Toscáni_

[159] _veníre a giornáta con_

[160] _lago_

[161] _Vadimóne_

[162] _battáglia_

[163] _quasi_

[164] _tutto_

[165] _uccíso_

[166] _poco_

[167] _scampáre_

[168] _succédere_

[169] _seguente_

[170] _affátto_

[171] _sottomesso_

[172] _incírca_

[173] _primachè_

[174] _Pirro_

[175] _veníre_

[176] _Itália_

[177] _Palepolitáni_

[178] _pariménte_

[179] _dove_

[180] _adésso_

[181] _Napóli_

[182] _avventuráre_

[183] _soggiogáto_

[184] _dopo_

[185] _cioè a dire_

[186] _próconsole Públio_

[187] _dódici_

[188] _nazióne_

[189] _essendosi levate in armi_

[190] _totale_

[191] _sterminio_

[192] _sconfíggere_

[193] _battáglia_

[194] _cónsole_

[195] _anno_

[196] _uccíso_

[197] _preso_

[198] _nemíco_

[199] _numero_

[200] _Tarentíni_

[201] _tirársi addósso_

[202] _Románo_

[203] _saccheggiáre_

[204] _flotta_

[205] _maltrattáre_

[206] _ambasciadóre_

[207] _veníre_

[208] _lamentársi_

[209] _ingiúria_

[210] _insiéme_

[211] _Sanníti_

[212] _Salentíni_

[213] _sconfítto_

[214] _Emílio Bárbula_

[215] _spaventáto_

[216] _sventúra_

[217] _mandár a cercáre_

[218] _Pirro_

[219] _ajúto_

[220] _trasportáre_

[221] _armáta_

[222] _Itália_

[223] _fare_

[224] _guerra_

[225] _duráre_

[226] _prima_

[227] _zuffa_

[228] _comandáto_

[229] _Lavínio_

[230] _superato_

[231] _sforza_

[232] _nemíco_

[233] _strano_

[234] _forma_

[235] _elefánte_

[236] _cédere_

[237] _vittoria_

[238] _rimandáre_

[239] _prigioniéro_

[240] _senza_

[241] _taglia_

[242] _poco dopo_

[243] _fatto_

[244] _inútile_

[245] _trattative_

[246] _pace_

[247] _ambasciadóre_

[248] _Cinéa_

[249] _perchè_

[250] _Áppio Cláudio_

[251] _impedíre_

[252] _attaccáre_

[253] _due volte_

[254] _vittória_

[255] _due_

[256] _dubbio_

[257] _allóra_

[258] _invitáto_

[259] _Siracuséi_

[260] _ad andáre in_

[261] _Cartaginése_

[262] _dove_

[263] _cosa_

[264] _riuscíre_

[265] _secóndo_

[266] _desiderio_

[267] _ritornáre_

[268] _Itália_

[269] _sconfítto_

[270] _forzato di sloggiáre_

[271] _accampamento_

[272] _scacciato_

[273] _Táranto_

[274] _Epíro_

CHAP. V.

_(Of the World, 3790--Of Rome, 490.)_

[1]After this, a [2]war [3]broke out [4]between the Romans and the [5]Carthaginians, in the year of the city 490, [6]occasioned by the [7]ambition and [8]formidable [9]power of each of them. [10]Hiero, king of Syracuse, and [11]ally of the Carthaginians, [12]made war against the [13]Mamertini, who had [14]seized upon Messana. They [15]applied to the Romans for [16]help, who [17]carrying over an [18]army into [19]Sicily, [20]fell upon Hiero, and the Carthaginians. The [21]fortune of the war was for a [22]long time very [23]doubtful; the Carthaginians [24]being successful by [25]sea, and the Romans by [26]land. The most [27]memorable [28]person in all this war was [29]Attilius Regulus, who having [30]brought the Carthaginians [31]very low by two [32]victories [33]obtained over them at sea and land; and [34]refusing to [35]grant them [36]peace but upon [37]hard terms, he was [38]vanquished by [39]Xantippus the [40]Lacedæmonian [41]general, and [42]taken [43]prisoner with 15,000 [44]men, 30,000 being [45]slain, in the year 498. Being [46]afterwards [47]sent to [48]Rome by the [49]Carthaginians, to [50]treat with the [51]senate upon an [52]exchange of [53]prisoners, he [54]interposed to [55]prevent it, and [56]returning to [57]Carthage, was [58]put to [59]death in the most [60]cruel [61]manner [62]imaginable, as [63]many [64]authors [65]tell us. The [66]first among the Romans that [67]obtained a [68]victory by sea, was C. [69]Duilius, in the first year of this [70]war. C. [71]Lutatius [72]gained [73]another in the 23rd and [74]last year; in which he [75]made an end of the war with the Carthaginians, [76]near the [77]island of the [78]Ægates. A [79]peace was [80]concluded upon these [81]terms, that they should [82]quit all the islands which [83]lie between Italy and Africa, and should [84]pay [85]yearly 2,200 [86]talents for [87]twenty years [88]together. This [89]happened in the year of the city 513, and 241 before [90]Christ.

In the year 519, the [91]temple of [92]Janus was [93]shut, which very rarely [94]happened in Rome; but upon the [95]breaking out of new wars, it was [96]soon [97]open again. The [98]Ligures, the Sardi, and Corsi were [99]subdued; after which the Romans [100]had war with the [101]Illyrians, and their [102]queen Teuta, which war was [103]ended in [104]three years time. There [105]happened [106]about this [107]time a [108]dreadful [109]irruption of the [110]Gauls. The [111]Insubres and [112]Boii, having [113]first [114]sent for some [115]transalpine Gauls, [116]fell upon the Romans, [117]on account of the [118]land in Picene, that had been [119]taken from the Galli [120]Senones, and [121]disposed of by [122]Flaminius, [123]tribune of the [124]people, by virtue of the [125]Agrarian law, [126]made in the year of the city 452. They were [127]several times [128]worsted, and the Insubres [129]entirely [130]subdued, and king [131]Virdumarus [132]slain by C. [133]Marcellus, the [134]consul, who was the only person after [135]Romulus that [136]consecrated [137]Opima Spolia to [138]Jupiter Feretrius. In this war Hiero, king of Sicily, [139]sent the Romans a [140]vast quantity of [141]corn, the [142]price of which he [143]received after the war was [144]ended.

After this, [145]followed a [146]second war with the Carthaginians, four and twenty years after the [147]end of the [148]former; which [149]indeed did not [150]last [151]so long, but was [152]so much more [153]terrible for the [154]dreadful [155]slaughter that was made in it ([156]says Florus) that if [157]any one [158]compared the [159]losses on [160]each side, the [161]people that [162]proved [163]victorious [164]seemed more [165]likely to be [166]conquered. The first cause of this war was the [167]same with that of the former, [168]ambition and the [169]impatience of the Carthaginians [170]under their [171]servitude. The first cause of this [172]combustion was [173]Hannibal, the son of [174]Hamilcar, who was [175]general of the [176]Carthaginians in the [177]former [178]war, and had [179]accepted the [180]conditions of peace [181]with a heavy heart. For after [182]affairs were [183]settled in Africa, being [184]sent into [185]Spain, in the year of the city 517, he [186]carried along with him Hannibal, who [187]was then nine years old, having [188]first [189]brought him before an [190]altar, and [191]made him [192]swear that he [193]never would be a [194]friend to the Romans. Hamilcar being [195]slain about nine years after, Asdrubal, his son-in-law, was [196]put in his [197]place. He [198]sent for Hannibal, and being slain himself eight years after, was [199]succeeded by him, [200]being in the 27th year of his age. [201]As soon as he was made [202]general, he [203]conquered all Spain within the river [204]Iberus. After that he [205]fell upon the [206]town of [207]Saguntum with all his [208]forces, and [209]took it, after a [210]siege of seven [211]months. The [212]Saguntines having [213]in vain [214]waited for [215]assistance from the Romans, [216]were all destroyed [217]partly by the [218]enemy’s [219]sword, and [220]partly by their own [221]hands. This war [222]broke out in the year of the city 536; and [223]lasted seventeen years.

Upon the first [224]coming of Hannibal into Italy, both the [225]consuls were [226]defeated, P. [227]Cornelius at [228]Ticinum, and [229]Sempronius at Trebia. They [230]received a greater [231]overthrow the [232]following year near the [233]Thrasymene [234]lake. [235]In the mean time, Q. [236]Fabius Maximus being made [237]dictator by the [238]people, [239]recovered in some [240]measure the Roman [241]affairs. But the most [242]fatal [243]stroke was that of Cannæ, in the year of the city 538, [244]occasioned by the [245]rashness of one of the [246]consuls, [247]Terentius Varro. [248]Forty thousand Romans were [249]killed in that [250]battle: [251]however, their [252]courage was not [253]cast down by this [254]overthrow; [255]for they would not [256]redeem those that had been [257]taken [258]prisoners, in the battle of Cannæ. In the year 540, the [259]consul [260]Marcellus [261]besieged [262]Syracuse, which had [263]declared for the Carthaginians; it was [264]wonderfully [265]defended a long time by the [266]contrivance of [267]Archimedes, who was an [268]excellent [269]astronomer, but more [270]famous for the [271]invention of [272]military [273]engines. It was [274]taken [275]at last with [276]much [277]difficulty, after a [278]siege of three years. We are [279]told that Archimedes being very [280]intent upon his [281]study at that time, and not [282]minding the [283]hurry, and [284]noise of the [285]army, when they [286]broke into the [287]town, was [288]killed by a [289]soldier; that Marcellus was much [290]concerned for his [291]death, having [292]given [293]strict [294]charge to his [295]men to [296]spare his [297]life.

[298]In the mean time, [299]Lævinus the [300]prætor [301]stopt [302]Philip king of [303]Macedon, who having made an [304]alliance with Hannibal, was [305]ready to [306]come into Italy, and [307]forced him to [308]burn his [309]fleet, and [310]retreat into Macedon, in the year of the city 542. But in Spain, the two [311]brothers P. and C. [312]Scipio, who had [313]till then [314]prevented Hasdrubal’s [315]passage into Italy to his brother Hannibal, and had [316]performed a great many [317]gallant actions, were both slain, and their [318]armies [319]destroyed. L. Marcus, a Roman knight, being [320]chosen general, by the [321]votes of the [322]soldiers, [323]upheld their [324]tottering [325]cause; by whose [326]conduct in one [327]day, and a [328]night, two [329]camps of the [330]enemy were [331]taken by [332]assault, and about [333]thirty-seven thousand [334]men [335]slain. The [336]same year [337]Tarentum, [338]except the [339]citadel, was taken by Hannibal; and Capua [340]besieged by the Romans; and Hannibal [341]marched to Rome to [342]draw them from it. But a [343]sudden [344]storm [345]arising, [346]forced him from the [347]walls, and the [348]sight of it. Capua was after that [349]surrendered to the Romans, the [350]grandees of which [351]poisoned themselves; the [352]senators were [353]beheaded, and the city [354]deprived of its [355]liberty.

There was a [356]son of that P. Scipio, who, as we have said was [357]killed in [358]Spain, [359]named [360]likewise P. Scipio, who after the [361]death of his [362]father and [363]uncle, was [364]sent into Spain, [365]being but twenty-four years old. There having [366]performed very great [367]things, and [368]vanquished Hasdrubal, the son of [369]Gisco and [370]Mago, [371]he drove the Carthaginians out of Spain, in five years after he [372]came there; from thence [373]passing over into Africa, he [374]made an [375]alliance with [376]Syphax, king of the [377]Masylians, and after that with Masanissa, king of the [378]Masasulians. These things [379]were done in the year 548, and the [380]third from the [381]death of [382]Marcellus; who having been [383]successful in [384]several [385]battles with Hannibal, was [386]at last, [387]trepanned by an [388]ambuscade, and slain. In the [389]following year, Hasdrubal was [390]cut off, with his [391]army [392]before he could [393]join his [394]brother, by the two [395]consuls, [396]Claudius Nero and [397]Livius Salinator. Hannibal was [398]then in Apulia, [399]opposed by Nero the consul. [400]Livy was [401]encamped in [402]Cisalpine Gaul [403]against Hasdrubal, Nero [404]marched [405]through Italy [406]privately, in six [407]days time, [408]came to the [409]camp of his [410]colleague with a [411]part of his [412]army, and having [413]conquered the [414]enemy, [415]returned to his camp before Hannibal [416]perceived that he was [417]gone. There are [418]said to have been 56,000 of the [419]enemy [420]slain in the [421]battle, and 5,400 [422]taken [423]prisoners. The head [424]of Hasdrubal was [425]thrown before the [426]advanced guard of the Carthaginians by Nero.

P. Scipio [427]resolved to [428]carry the [429]war into Africa, that he might [430]draw Hannibal out of Italy; but [431]at first that being [432]looked upon as a [433]rash [434]design, he had neither [435]money nor [436]men from the [437]government. [438]Wherefore, having [439]raised none but [440]volunteers, and [441]borrowed money, he first [442]went to [443]Sicily, and [444]from thence to Africa, in the year 550; [445]when the [446]image of the [447]Idæan mother was [448]brought from [449]Pessinus in [450]Phrygia, to Rome, [451]according to the [452]advice of [453]the oracle.

The general [454]employed [455]against him by the [456]Carthaginians was Hasdrubal, the son of Gisco, who had [457]contracted his daughter [458]Sophonisba to Masanissa. But the Carthaginians had [459]given her to [460]Syphax, (who being [461]in love with the [462]young lady, [463]laid waste their [464]country in the [465]absence of her [466]father and [467]husband) to [468]take him off from the Roman [469]alliance: at which [470]usage Masanissa being [471]incensed, he [472]gave himself up [473]entirely to the Roman [474]interest, and was very [475]serviceable to them in [476]reducing the Carthaginians.

[477]After a great many [478]overthrows, the Carthaginians [479]found themselves [480]obliged to [481]recall Hannibal out of Italy, to the [482]defence of their country, where, after a [483]fruitless [484]overture of [485]peace, he was [486]vanquished by Scipio, and an [487]end was put to the [488]war, after it had [489]lasted seven years.

The second [490]Punic war was [491]followed by the [492]Macedonian, [493]against king Philip. That which put the Romans upon it was the [494]former injuries [495]Philip had done them, [496]as likewise the late [497]vexation he had given their [498]allies, [499]especially the Athenians, who being [500]harassed by the king, [501]fled to the Romans. [502]At length [503]Titus Quinctius Flaminius [504]put an end to the war, four years after it [505]began, by the [506]conquest of Philip at [507]Cynoscephalæ, in [508]Thessaly.

After this [509]followed the war with [510]Antiochus, king of Asia, who having [511]recovered Syria, and [512]conquered Scopas, the general of [513]Ptolemæus Epiphanes, [514]began now to be [515]formidable to the Romans, [516]against whom Hannibal did not a little [517]inflame him; who, for [518]fear of the same [519]enemy, had [520]fled to the king. The [521]ambassadors of the [522]Ætolians too, who were now [523]averse to the Roman [524]alliance, [525]contributed not a [526]little towards it. Antiochus [527]therefore having [528]clapped up a peace with [529]Ptolemy, to whom he [530]gave his daughter Cleopatra in [531]marriage, and [532]granted [533]Cœlo Syria, and [534]Judea by way of [535]portion, [536]made war upon the Romans, which being begun in the year of the city 562, [537]lasted three years in all. For in the year 565, L. [538]Cornelius Scipio the [539]consul, [540]going over into Asia, with his brother P. Scipio [541]Africanus, as his [542]lieutenant, did, by the [543]assistance, [544]chiefly of his [545]counsel, [546]conquer Antiochus. Livy [547]tells us, there were 50,000 [548]foot [549]slain in one [550]battle, and 4,000 [551]horse. A peace was [552]granted Antiochus [553]upon the following condition [554]among others, that he should [555]recede [556]from all the countries [557]on this side [558]mount Taurus.

After Antiochus was [559]conquered, the Ætolians were [560]reduced by Fulvius the consul; and the same year the Gallo-Greci were [561]subdued by the other [562]consul, Cneius Manlius.

In the 149th [563]Olympiad [564]died three [565]famous generals, P. Scipio, Hannibal, and [566]Philopæmen. Scipio was [567]impeached for [568]taking [569]money of Antiochus for the peace [570]he granted him; after which he [571]retired to [572]Liturnum in Campania, and [573]died there in the year of the city 570. Hannibal a year or two after (for [574]historians are not [575]agreed upon the [576]matter) being [577]demanded of Drusias, king of Bythynia, by the Roman [578]ambassadors, [579]in order to be [580]put to [581]death, [582]poisoned himself. [583]About the [584]same time Philopæmen, general of the [585]Achæans, was [586]taken by the [587]Messenians, and [588]slain, after he had [589]forced to a [590]submission the Lacedæmonians, who had [591]thrown off the Achæan [592]alliance.

In the mean time Philip, being [593]checked [594]rather than [595]conquered in the [596]former war, was [597]very busy in [598]making [599]preparations for [600]another; but before [601]matters were [602]ripe [603]enough [604]for that purpose, he died, and was [605]succeeded by his son [606]Perseus, who [607]went on with the [608]preparations of war [609]against the Romans; which was [610]finished in four years after its [611]beginning with the [612]ruin of him and the [613]kingdom of Macedon [614]together, in the year of the city 586. The general [615]employed by the Romans in that war, was [616]Paulus Æmilius, who in one [617]battle, [618]wherein were slain 20,000 [619]men, and 11,000 [620]taken [621]prisoners, [622]put a [623]final period to the [624]Macedonian [625]empire in the [626]11th year of king Perseus. About the same time, [627]Gentius, king of the [628]Illyrians, being [629]trepanned into an [630]alliance by Perseus, was [631]conquered by [632]Amicius the [633]prætor.

After the [634]conquest of Antiochus, the Macedonians [635]rebelled again, but were [636]subdued, and Macedon [637]reduced to the [638]rank of a [639]province.

Some time after a war [640]broke out with the [641]Achæans, who having [642]pulled down all the [643]walls of [644]Lacedæmon, and [645]taken away their [646]ancient [647]laws, had [648]obliged them to [649]unite with them; which the Lacedæmonians [650]complained of to the Romans, who [651]sent [652]against the Achæans Metellus the prætor, by whom they were [653]defeated in two [654]engagements at [655]Thermopylæ, and in [656]Phocis; and [657]presently after [658]entirely reduced by the consul [659]L. Nummius, and [660]Corinth, the [661]metropolis of their [662]nation, [663]burnt.

The same year Carthage was [664]taken and [665]destroyed. The [666]occasion of this war was a [667]difference [668]between Masanissa and the Carthaginians [669]about their [670]territories; which [671]controversy being [672]referred to the Romans, they obliged the Carthaginians to [673]give up the [674]country in [675]dispute, and [676]money, also, to Masanissa. But the Romans had [677]before-hand [678]resolved [679]utterly to [680]raze Carthage, [681]right or wrong, [682]chiefly at the [683]instigation of [684]Marcus Cato the censor, who, whenever he [685]gave his [686]opinion upon any [687]debate in the [688]senate, [689]used [690]finally to [691]add, Carthage [692]must be [693]destroyed. [694]Wherefore in the year of the city 605, Carthage was [695]besieged by the consuls [696]Manilius and [697]Censorinus. They soon after [698]surrendered to the Romans; but being [699]ordered to [700]demolish their city, and [701]fix themselves at ten [702]miles [703]distance from the [704]sea, they were so [705]inflamed with [706]fury and [707]despair, that they [708]held out even [709]beyond their [710]strength, [711]till in the fourth year, the [712]same in which [713]Corinth was destroyed, it was [714]taken by [715]P. Cornelius Scipio, the [716]proconsul, who was [717]Paulus Æmilius’s son, and had been [718]adopted by the son of Scipio Africanus. At the [719]beginning of the war Masanissa, king of the [720]Numidians, [721]died, in the 97th year of his [722]age, having [723]left behind him forty-four sons, and [724]continued [725]an ally of the Romans near 60 years.

FOOTNOTES

[1] _dopo_

[2] _guerra_

[3] _destarsi_

[4] _tra_

[5] _Cartaginése_

[6] _causáre_

[7] _ambizióne_

[8] _formidábile_

[9] _potére_

[10] _Gerone_

[11] _alleáto_

[12] _guerreggiáre_

[13] _Mamertíni_

[14] _usurpáto_

[15] _ricorrere_

[16] _ajúto_

[17] _trasportáre_

[18] _armáta_

[19] _Sicília_

[20] _attaccáre_

[21] _sorte_

[22] _lungo tempo_

[23] _incérto_

[24] _prosperando_

[25] _mare_

[26] _terra_

[27] _memorábile_

[28] _persóna_

[29] _Attílio Régolo_

[30] _abbattúto_

[31] _fortemente_

[32] _vittória_

[33] _riportáto_

[34] _rifiutáre_

[35] _accordáre_

[36] _pace_

[37] _dure condizioni_

[38] _vinto_

[39] _Santíppo_

[40] _Lacedémone_

[41] _generále_

[42] _fatto_

[43] _prigióne_

[44] _uómo_

[45] _uccíso_

[46] _indi_

[47] _mandáto_

[48] _Roma_

[49] _Cartaginési_

[50] _trattáre_

[51] _senáto_

[52] _cámbio_

[53] _prigioniéro_

[54] _interpórre_

[55] _impedíre_

[56] _tornáre_

[57] _Cartágine_

[58] _messo_

[59] _morte_

[60] _crudéle_

[61] _maniéra_

[62] _immaginábile_

[63] _molto_

[64] _autóre_

[65] _rapportáre_

[66] _primo_

[67] _riportáre_

[68] _vittória_

[69] _Duílio_

[70] _guerra_

[71] _Lutázio_

[72] _guadagnare_

[73] _altro_

[74] _último_

[75] _termináre_

[76] _vicíno_

[77] _ísola_

[78] _Egáte_

[79] _pace_

[80] _conclúso_

[81] _condizióne_

[82] _abbandonáre_

[83] _situáto_

[84] _pagáre_

[85] _annualménte_

[86] _talénto_

[87] _venti_

[88] _di séguito_

[89] _succédere_

[90] _Cristo_

[91] _témpio_

[92] _Giáno_

[93] _chiúso_

[94] _raraménte_

[95] _scopiáre_

[96] _presto_

[97] _apérto_

[98] _Líguri_

[99] _vinto_

[100] _guerreggiáre_

[101] _Illírici_

[102] _regína_

[103] _termináre_

[104] _tre anni_

[105] _avveníre_

[106] _incírca_

[107] _tempo_

[108] _terríbile_

[109] _incursióne_

[110] _Galli_

[111] _Insúbri_

[112] _Boj_

[113] _prima_

[114] _mandáre_

[115] _transalpíno_

[116] _attaccáre_

[117] _a cagióne_

[118] _terra_

[119] _tolto_

[120] _Sénoni_

[121] _distribuíre_

[122] _Flaminio_

[123] _tribuno_

[124] _pópolo_

[125] _legge Agrária_

[126] _fatto_

[127] _parécchie volte_

[128] _malmenato_

[129] _affátto_

[130] _soggiogato_

[131] _Virdumáro_

[132] _uccíso_

[133] _Marcéllo_

[134] _cónsole_

[135] _Rómolo_

[136] _consacráre_

[137] _Opíma spóglia_

[138] _Gióve Ferétrio_

[139] _mandáre_

[140] _imménsa quantità_

[141] _grano_

[142] _prezzo_

[143] _ricévere_

[144] _termináto_

[145] _seguíre_

[146] _secóndo_

[147] _fine_

[148] _precedénte_

[149] _alla verità_

[150] _duráre_

[151] _cotánto_

[152] _tanto_

[153] _più_

[154] _terríbile_

[155] _orréndo_

[156] _macéllo_

[157] _al dire di Floro_

[158] _paragonáre_

[159] _pérdita_

[160] _da ambe le parti_

[161] _nazione_

[162] _sortíre_

[163] _vittorióso_

[164] _parére_

[165] _più presto_

[166] _vinto_

[167] _stesso_

[168] _ambizióne_

[169] _impaziénza_

[170] _sotto_

[171] _servitù_

[172] _incéndio_

[173] _Anníbale_

[174] _Amílcare_

[175] _generále_

[176] _Cartaginési_

[177] _antecedénte_

[178] _guerra_

[179] _accettáto_

[180] _condizióne_

[181] _di mal animo_

[182] _affáre_

[183] _stabilíto_

[184] _mandáto_

[185] _Spagna_

[186] _condurre seco_

[187] _avére allóra nove anni_

[188] _primieraménte_

[189] _presentáto_

[190] _altáre_

[191] _fatto_

[192] _giuráre_

[193] _mai_

[194] _amíco_

[195] _uccíso_

[196] _messo_

[197] _posto_

[198] _mandár a cercáre_

[199] _succédere_

[200] _in età di venti sette anni_

[201] _súbito che_

[202] _fatto_

[203] _conquistáre_

[204] _fiúme Ibéro_

[205] _investíre_

[206] _città_

[207] _Sagúnto_

[208] _forza_

[209] _préndere_

[210] _assédio_

[211] _mese_

[212] _Saguntíni_

[213] _indárno_

[214] _aspettáto_

[215] _assisténza_

[216] _períre tutti_

[217] _parte_

[218] _nemíco_

[219] _spada_

[220] _parte_

[221] _mano_

[222] _principiáre_

[223] _duráre_

[224] _venúta_

[225] _cónsole_

[226] _sconfítto_

[227] _Cornélio_

[228] _Ticíno_

[229] _Semprónio_

[230] _ricévere_

[231] _rotta_

[232] _seguénte_

[233] _Trasiméne_

[234] _lago_

[235] _nell’ istésso témpo_

[236] _Fábio Mássimo_

[237] _dittatóre_

[238] _pópolo_

[239] _rimettere_

[240] _modo_

[241] _affáre_

[242] _fatále_

[243] _colpo_

[244] _cagionáto_

[245] _temerità_

[246] _cónsole_

[247] _Terénzio Varróne_

[248] _quaránta mila_

[249] _uccíso_

[250] _battáglia_

[251] _con tutto ciò_

[252] _corággio_

[253] _abbattuto_

[254] _rotta_

[255] _così che_

[256] _riscattáre_

[257] _preso_

[258] _prigioniéro_

[259] _cónsole_

[260] _Marcéllo_

[261] _assediáre_

[262] _Siracúsa_

[263] _dichiaráto_

[264] _maravigliosaménte_

[265] _diféso_

[266] _ingégno_

[267] _Archímede_

[268] _eccellénte_

[269] _astrónomo_

[270] _famóso_

[271] _invenzióne_

[272] _militáre_

[273] _mácchina_

[274] _preso_

[275] _alla fine_

[276] _molto_

[277] _difficoltà_

[278] _assédio_

[279] _dire_

[280] _fisso_

[281] _stúdio_

[282] _badáre_

[283] _confusióne_

[284] _strépito_

[285] _armáta_

[286] _avventársi_

[287] _città_

[288] _uccíso_

[289] _soldáto_

[290] _afflítto_

[291] _morte_

[292] _dato_

[293] _precíso_

[294] _órdine_

[295] _génte_

[296] _salváre_

[297] _vita_

[298] _nell’ istésso tempo_

[299] _Lavínio_

[300] _pretóre_

[301] _fermáre_

[302] _Filíppo_

[303] _Macedónia_

[304] _alleánza_

[305] _stava per_

[306] _veníre_

[307] _forzáre_

[308] _abbruciáre_

[309] _flotta_

[310] _ritirársi_

[311] _fratéllo_

[312] _Scipióne_

[313] _fin allóra_

[314] _impedíto_

[315] _passággio_

[316] _fare_

[317] _azioni valorose_

[318] _armáta_

[319] _distrútta_

[320] _elétto_

[321] _voto_

[322] _soldáto_

[323] _sostenére_

[324] _vacillánte_

[325] _causa_

[326] _condótta_

[327] _giórno_

[328] _notte_

[329] _campo_

[330] _nemíco_

[331] _preso_

[332] _assálto_

[333] _trenta sette mila_

[334] _uómo_

[335] _uccíso_

[336] _stesso_

[337] _Táranto_

[338] _eccettuáto_

[339] _cittadella_

[340] _assediáto_

[341] _marciáre_

[342] _trarre_

[343] _repentíno_

[344] _tempésta_

[345] _sollevársi_

[346] _lo costrínse d’allontanarsi_

[347] _muro_

[348] _vista_

[349] _reso_

[350] _grande_

[351] _avvelenársi_

[352] _senatóre_

[353] _decapitáto_

[354] _priváto_

[355] _libertà_

[356] _figlio_

[357] _ammazzáto_

[358] _Spagna_

[359] _nomináto_

[360] _pariménte_

[361] _morte_

[362] _padre_

[363] _zio_

[364] _mandáto_

[365] _non avéndo che 24 anni_

[366] _fatto_

[367] _cosa_

[368] _vinto_

[369] _Giscóne_

[370] _Magóne_

[371] _scacciáre_

[372] _veníre_

[373] _passáre_

[374] _fare_

[375] _alleánza_

[376] _Sifáce_

[377] _Masiliáni_

[378] _Masasuliáni_

[379] _succédere_

[380] _terzo_

[381] _morte_

[382] _Marcéllo_

[383] _fortunáto_

[384] _molto_

[385] _battáglia_

[386] _alla fine_

[387] _tiráto_

[388] _imboscata_

[389] _seguente_

[390] _tagliáto a pezzi_

[391] _armáta_

[392] _prima che_

[393] _unírsi_

[394] _fratéllo_

[395] _cónsole_

[396] _Claudio Neróne_

[397] _Lívio Salinatóre_

[398] _allóra_

[399] _oppósto_

[400] _Lívio_

[401] _accampáto_

[402] _Gállia Cisalpína_

[403] _contro_

[404] _marciáre_

[405] _attravérso_

[406] _segretaménte_

[407] _giórno_

[408] _veníre_

[409] _campo_

[410] _colléga_

[411] _parte_

[412] _armáta_

[413] _vinto_

[414] _nemíco_

[415] _tornáre_

[416] _accórgersi_

[417] _andáto_

[418] _dire_

[419] _nemíco_

[420] _uccíso_

[421] _battáglia_

[422] _preso_

[423] _prigioniéro_

[424] _testa_

[425] _gettáta_

[426] _la guárdia avanzáta_

[427] _risólvere_

[428] _portáre_

[429] _guerra_

[430] _trarre_

[431] _alla prima_

[432] _consideráto_

[433] _temerário_

[434] _diségno_

[435] _danáro_

[436] _gente_

[437] _govérno_

[438] _perciò_

[439] _leváre_

[440] _voluntário_

[441] _pigliar ad imprestito_

[442] _andáre_

[443] _Sicília_

[444] _di là_

[445] _quando_

[446] _simulácro_

[447] _madre Idéa_

[448] _portáto_

[449] _Pessínno_

[450] _Frígia_

[451] _secóndo_

[452] _consíglio_

[453] _orácolo_

[454] _impiegáto_

[455] _contro_

[456] _Cartaginési_

[457] _promésso_

[458] _Sofonísba_

[459] _dato_

[460] _Sifáce_

[461] _innamoráto_

[462] _gióvane_

[463] _devastáre_

[464] _paése_

[465] _assénza_

[466] _padre_

[467] _consórte_

[468] _distrárre_

[469] _alleánza_

[470] _tratto_

[471] _irritáto_

[472] _dedicarsi_

[473] _affátto_

[474] _interésse_

[475] _utile_

[476] _debelláre_

[477] _dopo_

[478] _sconfítta_

[479] _trovársi_

[480] _obbligáto_

[481] _richiamáre_

[482] _difesa_

[483] _vano_

[484] _trattativa_

[485] _pace_

[486] _vinto_

[487] _termináto_

[488] _guerra_

[489] _duráto_

[490] _Púnico_

[491] _seguíto_

[492] _Macédonico_

[493] _contro_

[494] _precedénte_

[495] _ingiúria_

[496] _come anche_

[497] _fastídio_

[498] _confederáto_

[499] _specialménte_

[500] _molestáre_

[501] _volgersi_

[502] _alla fine_

[503] _Tito Quínzio Flamínio_

[504] _termináre_

[505] _principiáre_

[506] _col vincere_

[507] _Cinoscefále_

[508] _Tesságlia_

[509] _seguíre_

[510] _Antíoco_

[511] _ricuperáto_

[512] _conquistato_

[513] _Toloméo Epífane_

[514] _principiáre_

[515] _formidábile_

[516] _contro_

[517] _infiammáre_

[518] _paúra_

[519] _nemíco_

[520] _fuggíto_

[521] _ambasciadóre_

[522] _Etoliáni_

[523] _contrário_

[524] _alleánza_

[525] _contribuíre_

[526] _poco_

[527] _perciò_

[528] _fatto una pace finta_

[529] _Toloméo_

[530] _dare_

[531] _matrimónio_

[532] _concédere_

[533] _Celo Síria_

[534] _Giudéa_

[535] _dote_

[536] _impréndere guerra_

[537] _duráre_

[538] _Cornélio Scipióne_

[539] _cónsole_

[540] _passáre_

[541] _l’Africáno_

[542] _luogotenénte_

[543] _ajúto_

[544] _sopra tutto_

[545] _consíglio_

[546] _vincere_

[547] _dire_

[548] _soldati d’infantería_

[549] _uccíso_

[550] _battáglia_

[551] _cavalleria_

[552] _concésso a_

[553] _con questo patto_

[554] _fra_

[555] _ritirarsi_

[556] _da tutto il paese_

[557] _di quà dal_

[558] _monte Tauro_

[559] _vinto_

[560] _debelláto_

[561] _soggiogáto_

[562] _cónsole Gneo Mánlio_

[563] _Olimpíade_

[564] _moríre_

[565] _famóso_

[566] _Filopeméno_

[567] _accusato_

[568] _d’aver ricevuto_

[569] _danáro_

[570] _accordáre_

[571] _ritirársi_

[572] _Litúrno_

[573] _moríre_

[574] _istórico_

[575] _d’accórdo_

[576] _cosa_

[577] _richiésto_

[578] _ambasciadóre_

[579] _acciò_

[580] _messo_

[581] _morte_

[582] _avvelenársi_

[583] _incírca_

[584] _stesso tempo_

[585] _Achei_

[586] _preso_

[587] _Messenj_

[588] _uccíso_

[589] _costrétto_

[590] _sommettersi_

[591] _rinunziato_

[592] _alleánza_

[593] _sbattuto_

[594] _piuttósto_

[595] _debelláto_

[596] _precedénte_

[597] _affaccendáto_

[598] _fare_

[599] _preparatívo_

[600] _altro_

[601] _cosa_

[602] _matúro_

[603] _abbastánza_

[604] _a questo effetto_

[605] _gli successe_

[606] _Perséo_

[607] _continuáre_

[608] _preparatívo_

[609] _contro_

[610] _termináto_

[611] _princípio_

[612] _rovína_

[613] _regno_

[614] _ancóra_

[615] _impiegáto_

[616] _Páolo Emílio_

[617] _battáglia_

[618] _nella quále_

[619] _uómo_

[620] _fatto_

[621] _prigioniéro_

[622] _méttere_

[623] _termine_

[624] _Macedonico_

[625] _império_

[626] _undécimo_

[627] _Génzio_

[628] _Illírj_

[629] _trascinato_

[630] _alleánza_

[631] _vinto_

[632] _Amício_

[633] _pretóre_

[634] _sconfitta_

[635] _ribellársi_

[636] _soggiogáto_

[637] _ridótto_

[638] _forma_

[639] _província_

[640] _accendersi_

[641] _Achei_

[642] _demolíto_

[643] _mura_

[644] _Lacedemónia_

[645] _leváre via_

[646] _antíco_

[647] _legge_

[648] _obbligáre_

[649] _unírsi_

[650] _lamentársi_

[651] _mandáre_

[652] _contro_

[653] _sconfítto_

[654] _battáglia_

[655] _Termópile_

[656] _Focíde_

[657] _poco dopo_

[658] _affátto_

[659] _L. Númmio_

[660] _Corínti_

[661] _metrópoli_

[662] _nazióne_

[663] _bruciáto_

[664] _preso_

[665] _distrútto_

[666] _cagióne_

[667] _disputa_

[668] _tra_

[669] _rispétto a_

[670] _território_

[671] _controvérsia_

[672] _referito_

[673] _abbandonáre_

[674] _paése_

[675] _dispúta_

[676] _danáro_

[677] _anticipataménte_

[678] _risólvere_

[679] _intieraménte_

[680] _spianáre_

[681] _a diritto o a torto_

[682] _sopra tutto_

[683] _istigazióne_

[684] _Marco Catóne censóre_

[685] _dare_

[686] _opinióne_

[687] _discussióne_

[688] _senáto_

[689] _solére_

[690] _per conclusione_

[691] _aggiúngere_

[692] _bisógna_

[693] _distrútto_

[694] _perciò_

[695] _assediáto_

[696] _Manílio_

[697] _Censoríno_

[698] _arréndersi_

[699] _comandáto_

[700] _demolíre_

[701] _stabilírsi_

[702] _miglia_

[703] _di distánza_

[704] _mare_

[705] _infiammáto_

[706] _collera_

[707] _disperazióne_

[708] _sostenérsi_

[709] _oltre_

[710] _forza_

[711] _infíno_

[712] _stesso_

[713] _Corínto_

[714] _preso_

[715] _P. Cornélio Scipióne_

[716] _procónsole_

[717] _Páolo Emílio_

[718] _adottáto_

[719] _princípio_

[720] _Numídi_

[721] _moríre_

[722] _età_

[723] _lasciáto_

[724] _continuáto_

[725] _nell’alleanza_

CHAP. VI.

(_Of the World, 3908--Of Rome, 608._)

[1]About the same time the [2]Lusitanians in [3]Spain [4]beat the Romans most [5]shamefully [6]under the [7]conduct of [8]Viriathus; who from a [9]huntsman [10]became a [11]highwayman; and from a highwayman, a general, and [12]defeated the Roman [13]armies [14]several times. But that [15]overthrow was most [16]memorable of all [17]others, in which, in the year 608, having [18]routed the [19]forces of [20]Vetilius the [21]prætor, [22]he took him prisoner, and [23]put him [24]to death, according to [25]Appian. Nor was he the [26]only one that was [27]conquered by Viriathus, but several others [28]underwent the same [29]fate. The first that was [30]successful [31]against him was [32]C. Lælius the prætor, in the year 609. After which the proconsul [33]Quintius Fabius Maximus [34]defeated him. In the year 614, [35]Q. Servilius Cæpio [36]basely [37]procured him to be [38]assassinated by some of his own [39]officers, whom he had [40]bribed [41]for that purpose, to the great [42]dishonour of the Roman [43]name.

After this a much more [44]dangerous war [45]broke out in Celtiberia. The Numantini having [46]received the [47]Segidenses their [48]allies, that had [49]escaped the [50]hands of the Romans, were [51]commanded by Metellus the proconsul, [52]to deliver up the [53]refugees, and [54]lay down their [55]arms, but they [56]refused both: and [57]though they were so much [58]inferior to the Romans, in [59]number and [60]strength, they [61]made a [62]gallant [63]resistance for some [64]years. The [65]army of [66]M. Popilius the proconsul, was [67]cut off by them, and the year [68]following, [69]thirty [70]thousand Romans, under the consul Mancinus, were [71]routed by four thousand of the Numantini; which [72]disgrace was [73]followed by a most [74]shameful [75]peace; but the senate [76]refused to [77]ratify it; [78]wherefore Mancinus was [79]delivered up into their hands, but the Numantini would not [80]receive him. [81]At last they were [82]vanquished in the [83]field by Scipio, who had [84]destroyed Carthage; and being [85]shut up within their own [86]walls, were [87]reduced to [88]so desperate a condition, that they all [89]laid violent hands upon themselves; and Numantia was [90]levelled with the ground, in the ninth year after their [91]revolt from the Romans, and from the [92]foundation of the city 621.

[93]Whilst the Romans were [94]still at war with the [95]Achæans and Carthaginians, Macedon was [96]conquered a third time. [97]Andriscus, a [98]man of [99]mean birth, who [100]pretended to be [101]Philip the son of [102]Perseus, had [103]possessed himself of it. He was conquered by [104]Q. Cæcilius Metellus, with the [105]slaughter of 25,000 [106]of his men. Metellus had [107]from thence [108]the surname of [109]Macedonicus.

At the time that the Romans were [110]engaged in the [111]Numantine war, there was a [112]rising of the [113]slaves in Sicily. A [114]Syrian, [115]by name Eunus, [116]pretending to a [117]divine [118]inspiration, [119]called the slaves to [120]arms and [121]liberty, [122]as it were by the [123]order of the [124]gods; and having [125]raised a [126]vast [127]army, [128]consisting of no less than 70,000 men, he [129]vanquished four Roman prætors, and was [130]at last [131]routed himself, by P. Rupilius the consul, in the year of the city 622.

Attalus, son of [132]Eumenes, king of [133]Phrygia, when his [134]uncle Attalus was [135]dead (who after Eumenes’ death had [136]managed the [137]kingdom as his [138]guardian), [139]reigned five years, and dying about the year of the city 621, made the Roman people his [140]heir: which [141]Aristonicus, a son of Eumenes by one of his [142]mistresses, [143]taking amiss, he [144]seized upon Asia, and [145]cut off the army of Crassus the prætor. Afterwards he was [146]vanquished by the consul Peperna, and an [147]end was put to the war the year [148]following, 625, by M. Aquilius the consul. This was a [149]melancholy year for the [150]death of Scipio Africanus, who was [151]found dead in his [152]bed, not without the [153]suspicion of having been [154]poisoned by his [155]wife.

The year in which Attalus [156]made the Roman people his [157]heir, there was a [158]formidable [159]sedition at Rome. For T. Gracchus, [160]tribune of the [161]people, having made the [162]Agrarian law, that [163]nobody should [164]possess above 500 [165]acres of [166]land, and [167]proposing to have the [168]money of king Attalus [169]divided amongst the people, and [170]likewise [171]suing for the [172]tribuneship against the year following, the senators being very much [173]disturbed at the [174]matter, he was, by the [175]order of P. Corn. Nasica, [176]slain in the [177]Capitol, [178]whither he had [179]fled for [180]refuge.

After the death of Tiberius, his [181]brother Caius [182]pursuing the same [183]design, was [184]taken off by Opimius, the consul, and [185]together with him, Fulvius Flaccus, who had been consul.

In the year of the city 629, the Romans first made war upon the [186]Gauls [187]beyond the Alps. They [188]began with the Salii, and [189]Allobroges, whom Fulvius Flaccus [190]subdued. In the year 633, Fabius the consul made an end of the war with the Allobroges. He [191]conquered Bituitus, king of the Arverni, in [192]battle. The king himself [193]coming to Rome to [194]satisfy the senate, was [195]confined at Alba. Then Gallia Narbonensis was made a [196]province, and a [197]colony [198]sent to Narbon in the year 636.

The Romans were after this [199]almost [200]perpetually at war with the Gauls, by whom they were [201]oftentimes [202]soundly beaten; but, above all others, the Cimbri and Teutones were [203]terrible to them. They [204]marching for Italy, and not [205]being able to [206]prevail with the senate for [207]room to [208]settle in, they [209]routed M. Silanus the consul; the year following Scaurus was [210]defeated by the Cimbri, and L. Cassius by the Helvetii Tigurini the year after that. But the [211]overthrow of Q. Cæpio was more [212]memorable than all the [213]rest. He had [214]plundered [215]Tholouse in the [216]country of the Tectosagæ, and had [217]carried off an hundred thousand [218]pounds of [219]gold, and fifteen hundred thousand pounds of [220]silver. This was done in the year of the city 648. But the following, he, with C. Manilius, [221]paid for this [222]sacrilege, with the [223]utter, [224]destruction of the Roman army. It is certain there were [225]slain in this [226]battle of the Romans and their [227]allies, [228]fourscore thousand, and of [229]servants that [230]followed the [231]camp [232]threescore thousand.

At length the Teutones and the [233]Ambrones were almost all [234]destroyed, two hundred thousand being slain, and seventy thousand [235]taken [236]prisoners, by C. Marius the consul, in the year 652; and the following year, the same Marius, [237]in conjunction with Catulus, defeated the Cimbri, that were [238]making their way through [239]Noricum, [240]slew an hundred and twenty thousand, and took sixty thousand prisoners.

With so many [241]victories did Marius [242]consummate the [243]glory he had [244]got in the war with Jugurtha. For in the year of the city 643, a war was [245]undertaken against Jugurtha, king of Numidia, because he had [246]deprived his [247]cousins Hiempsal and Adherbal, the sons of Micipsa, and [248]grandsons of Masanissa, of their [249]lives and [250]kingdom. He [251]prevailed against the Romans for some years, more by his gold than by his arms; but was at last [252]brought low by Metellus the consul, and [253]finally [254]entirely [255]subdued by Marius, and [256]delivered up by Bocchus, king of Mauritania, to whom he had [257]fled for refuge; after which he was [258]carried to Rome, to [259]grace the [260]triumph of Marius, and [261]put to death in [262]prison.

This [263]happy [264]progress of the [265]empire [266]abroad, was [267]interrupted by [268]frequent and [269]shameful [270]disorders at [271]home, which were [272]occasioned by the tribunes. Saturninus having [273]had the Agrarian law [274]passed, to [275]divide among the people the land which Marius had got, by [276]driving the Cimbri out of Gaul, [277]banished Metellus Numidicus, who [278]opposed him; but at last was [279]slain himself by Marius, then consul for the sixth time, in the year 654; and the following year Metellus was [280]recalled from [281]banishment.

After Saturninus, Livius Drusus, tribune of the people, but [282]favouring the senate, being [283]desirous to [284]restore them to their [285]ancient [286]splendor, and to [287]put the [288]execution of their laws into their [289]hands, which C. Gracchus had [290]divided [291]between them and the [292]knights, he passed the same Agrarian laws, and put the [293]allies in [294]hopes of the [295]freedom of the city; which [296]being not able to [297]bring about, he [298]fell under an universal [299]odium, and was [300]stabbed, nobody [301]knew how, in the year 663.

After this, the Romans were [302]engaged in two most [303]difficult and terrible wars, almost at the same time; one in Italy, and the other without. That was [304]called the [305]Social or [306]Marsic war, because the Marsi had been the first [307]beginners of it; for all the [308]Latins, and most of the people of Italy, being [309]disgusted, that they who were [310]sharers in all the [311]hardships and [312]dangers of the war, should be [313]excluded from the [314]honours and [315]dignities of the [316]state; and being [317]frustrated in the hopes of [318]obtaining the [319]freedom of the city by Drusus, [320]endeavoured to [321]compass that by [322]force of arms, which they could not obtain [323]by fair means. They first [324]attempted in the Latin [325]Feriæ, to [326]assassinate both the consuls, Philip and Cæsar; but the [327]matter being [328]discovered, they [329]openly [330]revolted, [331]massacred Q. Servilius the proconsul, [332]Fonteius and all the Romans at [333]Asculum. After this the war was [334]carried on with [335]various [336]success. Cn. [337]Pompey Strabo, father of Pompey the [338]Great, [339]distinguished himself upon this [340]occasion. He [341]forced the Vestini and Peligni to [342]submission, and [343]triumphed upon that [344]account. [345]Likewise L. Sylla Cæsar, the consul’s [346]lieutenant, did, by his great successes against the enemy, [347]obtain the [348]consulship, in which he [349]made an end of the war.

Soon after [350]broke out a war between the Romans and [351]Mithridates, who having [352]taken off Ariarthes, king of Cappadocia, his [353]sister’s [354]husband, together with his son of the same [355]name, had [356]seized upon the kingdom; but being forced to [357]forego what he had [358]unjustly got, Ariobarzanes was [359]nominated king of Cappadocia by the senate, but forced out of his [360]dominions by Mithridates, and [361]restored by Sylla. After this he was once more [362]driven out of Cappadocia by Mithridates, [363]as was likewise Nicomedes out of Bithynia. But both [364]recovered their dominions again by a [365]decree of the senate; which Mithridates being [366]offended at, he [367]invaded Cappadocia and Bithynia, [368]routed the Roman armies, [369]massacred all the Italians, [370]throughout Asia in one day; and [371]reduced Macedon, [372]Thrace, [373]Greece, and [374]Athens. The consul Sylla [375]marching against him, [376]took Athens, and having [377]defeated his generals, forced him to a peace upon the [378]conditions of his [379]quitting Asia, Bithynia, and Cappadocia.

FOOTNOTES

[1] _incirca_

[2] _Lusitáni_

[3] _Spagna_

[4] _báttere_

[5] _ignominiosaménte_

[6] _sotto_

[7] _condótta_

[8] _Viriato_

[9] _cacciatóre_

[10] _diventáre_

[11] _ladro di strada_

[12] _sconfíggere_

[13] _armáta_

[14] _più volte_

[15] _sconfítta_

[16] _memorábile_

[17] _altro_

[18] _rotto_

[19] _truppa_

[20] _Vetílio_

[21] _pretóre_

[22] _fare_

[23] _méttere_

[24] _morte_

[25] _Appiáno_

[26] _solo_

[27] _vinto_

[28] _soffríre_

[29] _fato_

[30] _fortunáto_

[31] _contro_

[32] _C. Lelio_

[33] _Quinto Fabio Mássimo_

[34] _sconfíggere_

[35] _Q. Servílio Cepióne_

[36] _vilménte_

[37] _fare_

[38] _assassináre_

[39] _uffiziále_

[40] _corrótto_

[41] _a questo effétto_

[42] _disonóre_

[43] _nome_

[44] _pericolóso_

[45] _accendérsi_

[46] _ricevúto_

[47] _Segidénsi_

[48] _alleáto_

[49] _scampáto_

[50] _mano_

[51] _comandáto_

[52] _consegnáre_

[53] _rifuggiáto_

[54] _cédere_

[55] _arma_

[56] _ricusáre_

[57] _benchè_

[58] _inferióre_

[59] _número_

[60] _forza_

[61] _fare_

[62] _valente_

[63] _resisténza_

[64] _anno_

[65] _armáta_

[66] _M. Popílio_

[67] _tagliata fuori_

[68] _seguénte_

[69] _trenta_

[70] _mila_

[71] _sconfitto_

[72] _disastro_

[73] _seguíto_

[74] _vergognóso_

[75] _pace_

[76] _ricusáre_

[77] _ratificáre_

[78] _perciò_

[79] _consegnáto_

[80] _ricévere_

[81] _alla fine_

[82] _vinto_

[83] _battáglia campále_

[84] _distrútto_

[85] _rinchiúso_

[86] _muro_

[87] _ridótto_

[88] _estréma disperazióne_

[89] _uccidérsi_

[90] _spianáto_

[91] _sollevazióne_

[92] _fondaziòne_

[93] _mentre_

[94] _ancóra_

[95] _Achei_

[96] _conquistáto_

[97] _Andrísco_

[98] _uómo_

[99] _bassa nascita_

[100] _preténdere_

[101] _Filíppo_

[102] _Perséo_

[103] _impadroníto_

[104] _Q. Cecílio Metéllo_

[105] _macéllo_

[106] _de’ suoí_

[107] _quindi_

[108] _cognóme_

[109] _Macedónico_

[110] _impegnáto_

[111] _Numantíno_

[112] _ribellióne_

[113] _schiávo_

[114] _Sirio_

[115] _che si chiamáva Euno_

[116] _fingere_

[117] _divíno_

[118] _ispirazióne_

[119] _invitáre_

[120] _arma_

[121] _libertà_

[122] _come se fosse_

[123] _órdine_

[124] _nume_

[125] _leváto_

[126] _poderóso_

[127] _armáta_

[128] _compósto_

[129] _vincere_

[130] _alla fine_

[131] _sconfítto_

[132] _Euméne_

[133] _Frígia_

[134] _zio_

[135] _morto_

[136] _governáto_

[137] _regno_

[138] _curatóre_

[139] _regnáre_

[140] _erede_

[141] _Aristónico_

[142] _cortigiana_

[143] _avendo a male_

[144] _impadronírsi_

[145] _tagliáre a pezzi_

[146] _vìnto_

[147] _termináto_

[148] _seguénte_

[149] _malincónico_

[150] _morte_

[151] _trováto_

[152] _letto_

[153] _sospétto_

[154] _avvelenáto_

[155] _moglie_

[156] _fare_

[157] _erede_

[158] _formidabile_

[159] _sedizióne_

[160] _tribúno_

[161] _popolo_

[162] _legge Agrária_

[163] _nissúno_

[164] _possédere_

[165] _júgero_

[166] _terra_

[167] _propórre_

[168] _danáro_

[169] _spartíre_

[170] _pariménte_

[171] _sollecitáre_

[172] _tribunáto_

[173] _inquietáto_

[174] _cosa_

[175] _órdine_

[176] _uccíso_

[177] _Campidóglio_

[178] _dove_

[179] _fuggíto_

[180] _salvézza_

[181] _fratéllo_

[182] _proseguíre_

[183] _diségno_

[184] _uccíso_

[185] _insiéme_

[186] _Galli_

[187] _di là dall’Alpi_

[188] _principiáre_

[189] _Allobrógi_

[190] _soggiogáre_

[191] _víncere_

[192] _battáglia_

[193] _veníre_

[194] _soddisfáre_

[195] _rilegáto_

[196] _província_

[197] _colónia_

[198] _mandáto_

[199] _quasi_

[200] _perpetuamente_

[201] _spesso_

[202] _fieramente percosso_

[203] _terríbile_

[204] _marciáre_

[205] _potére_

[206] _ottenére_

[207] _sito_

[208] _stabilírsi_

[209] _méttere in rotta_

[210] _sconfítto_

[211] _rotta_

[212] _memorábile_

[213] _altro_

[214] _saccheggiáre_

[215] _Tolósa_

[216] _paése_

[217] _portáre via_

[218] _libbra_

[219] _oro_

[220] _argénto_

[221] _pagáre_

[222] _sacrilégio_

[223] _totále_

[224] _distruzióne_

[225] _uccíso_

[226] _battáglia_

[227] _alleáto_

[228] _ottánta_

[229] _servitóre_

[230] _seguíre_

[231] _campo_

[232] _sessánta_

[233] _Ambróni_

[234] _distrutto_

[235] _fatto_

[236] _prigioniéro_

[237] _unitaménte_

[238] _facéndosi strada tra_

[239] _Nórico_

[240] _uccídere_

[241] _vittória_

[242] _coronare_

[243] _glória_

[244] _acquistáre_

[245] _intrapréso_

[246] _priváto_

[247] _cugíno_

[248] _nipotíno_

[249] _vita_

[250] _regno_

[251] _sostenere_

[252] _abbassáto_

[253] _finalménte_

[254] _affátto_

[255] _soggiogáto_

[256] _consegnato_

[257] _fuggíto per scampo_

[258] _condótto_

[259] _adornáre_

[260] _triónfo_

[261] _messo_

[262] _prigióne_

[263] _felíce_

[264] _progrésso_

[265] _império_

[266] _al di fuóri_

[267] _interrótto_

[268] _frequénte_

[269] _vergognóso_

[270] _disórdine_

[271] _nel paése_

[272] _cagionáto_

[273] _fatto_

[274] _passáre_

[275] _spartíre_

[276] _scacciáre_

[277] _esiliáre_

[278] _oppórre_

[279] _uccíso_

[280] _richiamáto_

[281] _esílio_

[282] _favoreggiáre_

[283] _desideróso_

[284] _restituíre_

[285] _antíco_

[286] _splendóre_

[287] _méttere_

[288] _esecuzióne_

[289] _mano_

[290] _spartíto_

[291] _fra_

[292] _cavaliére_

[293] _alleáto_

[294] _speránza_

[295] _cittadinanza romana_

[296] _non potére_

[297] _effettuáre_

[298] _incórrere_

[299] _ódio_

[300] _pugnaláto_

[301] _sapére_

[302] _impegnáto_

[303] _faticóso_

[304] _chiamáto_

[305] _Sociále_

[306] _Mársico_

[307] _autóre_

[308] _Latíno_

[309] _disgustáto_

[310] _dividere_

[311] _fatíca_

[312] _perícolo_

[313] _esclúso_

[314] _onóre_

[315] _dignità_

[316] _stato_

[317] _deluso_

[318] _ottenére_

[319] _libertà_

[320] _procuráre_

[321] _spuntáre_

[322] _forza_

[323] _colle buóne_

[324] _tentáre_

[325] _Férie_

[326] _assassináre_

[327] _cosa_

[328] _scopérto_

[329] _apertaménte_

[330] _rivoltársi_

[331] _uccídere_

[332] _Fontéjo_

[333] _Ascolo_

[334] _continuáto_

[335] _vario_

[336] _succésso_

[337] _Pompeo Strabóne_

[338] _magno_

[339] _distínguersi_

[340] _occasióne_

[341] _forzáre_

[342] _obbediénza_

[343] _trionfáre_

[344] _cagióne_

[345] _pariménte_

[346] _luogotenénte_

[347] _ottenére_

[348] _consoláto_

[349] _termináre_

[350] _accendérsi_

[351] _Mitridáte_

[352] _uccíso_

[353] _sorélla_

[354] _maríto_

[355] _nome_

[356] _impossessáto_

[357] _abbandonáre_

[358] _ingiustaménte_

[359] _nomináto_

[360] _domínio_

[361] _ristabilíto_

[362] _scacciáto_

[363] _come pure lo fu_

[364] _ricuperáre_

[365] _decréto_

[366] _offéso_

[367] _invádere_

[368] _sconfíggere_

[369] _uccídere_

[370] _per tutta_

[371] _sottoporre_

[372] _Trácia_

[373] _Grécia_

[374] _Aténe_

[375] _marciáre_

[376] _pigliáre_

[377] _sconfíggere_

[378] _patto_

[379] _abbandonáre_

CHAP. VII.

_(Of the World, 3966--Of Rome, 666.)_

Marius, [1]though now [2]broken with [3]age and years, yet being very [4]ambitious of getting [5]employed against Mithridates, could not [6]bear with patience the [7]bestowing that [8]province upon Sylla. [9]Wherefore he [10]prevailed by the [11]means of C. Sulpicius, the tribune of the people, to have it [12]taken from Sylla, and bestowed upon himself. At which Sylla being [13]enraged, [14]seized upon the city, and having [15]slain Sulpicius, [16]obliged Marius to [17]fly. In his [18]absence, Cinna the consul, making a [19]disturbance, was [20]driven out of the city, and being [21]joined by Marius, Carbo, and Sertorius, [22]assaulted Rome; which, having [23]taken, [24]he put a great many of the Romans [25]to the sword. Marius [26]died a natural death the year following.

Sylla having made peace with Mithridates, [27]returned into Italy, and [28]made an end of the civil war in two years time, by the [29]defeat of Carbo, Norbanus, young Marius, and others; and being [30]declared [31]dictator, [32]took off a great many of Marius’s party by means of a [33]proscription. Q. Sertorius [34]retired into Farther Spain, where he [35]held out for some years very [36]valiantly.

Sylla having in the year 675 [37]laid down the [38]dictatorship, died the year following of the [39]lousy [40]disease, in the sixtieth year of his [41]age. After his death, Lepidus the consul, [42]endeavouring to [43]annul the [44]acts of Sylla, was [45]forced out of the city by his [46]colleague Catulus. And the year following [47]advancing up to the city with an [48]army, he was defeated by the same Catulus and Cn. Pompey, and [49]fled into [50]Sardinia, where he [51]fell ill and died. The same Pompey being [52]sent into Spain against Sertorius, [53]performed no important things; but the latter being [54]treacherously [55]slain by his own people, he [56]easily [57]recovered that province in the year 681.

In the mean time the war with Mithridates [58]broke out again, while Sylla was yet living; and after Sylla’s death, Mithridates having [59]entered into an [60]alliance with Sertorius, [61]seized by force of arms upon Bithynia, which Nicomedes at his death in 679, had [62]left to the Roman people. L. Lucullus consul, in 680, [63]went against him, and being very [64]successful both by [65]sea and [66]land, he [67]obliged him to fly, first into [68]Pontus, and soon after to [69]Tigranes in Armenia. Lucullus [70]conquered Pontus, and defeated both the kings who [71]engaged him with an army of two hundred thousand [72]foot and sixty thousand [73]horse, in the year of the city 685. After this, Tigranocerta, the capital of Armenia, and [74]Nisibis, two very great cities, were [75]taken. But this excellent general being [76]forsaken by his men, was [77]obliged to [78]leave the [79]fruit of his [80]toil and [81]victories to Cn. Pompey, in the year 688. He having [82]forced Tigranes to [83]surrender, obliged him to be [84]satisfied with Armenia; and whilst he [85]pursued Mithridates, he [86]added the [87]Iberians and [88]Albanians to the Roman empire, in the year 689. [89]Finally, Mithridates, in the year 691, being [90]every where [91]beaten, [92]thought of [93]flying into [94]Gaul, but being [95]discouraged by the [96]revolt of his son [97]Pharnaces and the army, he [98]slew himself.

Whilst the war with Mithridates was [99]warmly [100]carried on, there [101]broke out another with the [102]slaves, in the year of the city 681. One [103]Spartacus Ænomanus, and [104]Crixus, [105]gladiators, having [106]broken up a [107]school of gladiators at Capua, [108]belonging to Lentulus, and [109]assembled an army of [110]desperadoes, [111]routed the Roman armies several times, but at last were [112]vanquished by Crassus the prætor, and Pompey, in the year 685.

Pompey [113]likewise [114]subdued the [115]pirates, who, at the [116]instigation of Mithridates, [117]infested the seas, having an [118]extraordinary [119]commission [120]for that purpose by the [121]Gabinian law. Whilst Pompey was [122]enlarging the Roman empire [123]abroad, the [124]head of the empire was in no small [125]danger from a [126]conspiracy which [127]Cataline, [128]Lentulus the prætor, [129]Cethegus, and other senators, had [130]entered into, to [131]murder the consul [132]Cicero, and to [133]burn and [134]plunder the city. But their [135]designs were [136]prevented by the [137]vigilance of the consul. Catiline being [138]forced out of the city, [139]repaired to the army, which some of his [140]accomplices had [141]collected. Lentulus, and the rest of the [142]ringleaders of the [143]plot were put to death. This [144]happened in the year 691, and the following year Cataline was [145]defeated by [146]Petreius [147]Antony the proconsul’s [148]lieutenant, and [149]slain in the [150]fight.

The whole [151]world being now almost [152]subdued, the Roman empire was [153]arrived to that [154]grandeur, that it could [155]hardly [156]extend itself farther. No [157]outward [158]force was [159]sufficient to [160]ruin it; it [161]fell by its own [162]power, which was [163]occasioned by the [164]ambition of the [165]leading men, and the civil [166]contests that [167]arose from thence.

C. Cæsar, after the time of his [168]prætorship in the city was [169]expired, [170]obtained the province of Lusitania; and by the great feats he [171]performed there, [172]deserved well the honor of a [173]triumph; but [174]postponed the [175]hopes of that to the [176]consular [177]dignity; for which, [178]while he made all [179]possible [180]interest, Pompey [181]united with Cæsar and Crassus, while Lucullus and some others of the [182]grandees, [183]opposing his [184]acts, which he [185]desired might be [186]ratified by the senate. Thus Cæsar [187]gained the [188]consulship in the year 695, in which he [189]established the acts of Pompey by the senate, and [190]divided the [191]public [192]lands in Campania amongst the [193]citizens. He [194]married his daughter Julia to Pompey, and [195]took Calphurnia, the daughter of [196]Piso [197]as a wife. Having by these [198]arts, and a [199]boundless [200]generosity, [201]gained the [202]favor of all [203]ranks and [204]degrees of men, he [205]procured the province of Gaul, which he [206]governed for nine years; during which time he [207]reduced all Gaul, that is [208]comprehended within the [209]Pyrenean mountains, the [210]Alps, the Rhone, and the [211]Rhine, in the [212]form of a province, and [213]imposed a [214]yearly [215]tribute upon it. He was the first of all the Romans that [216]attacked the [217]Germans [218]beyond the Rhine. He likewise [219]visited the [220]Britons, where [221]none before him had ever [222]come. In this [223]interval, in the year 698, he [224]entered into an [225]association with Pompey and Crassus; by [226]virtue of which he was to have Gaul [227]continued to him. Pompey was to have [228]Spain, and Crassus Syria, in order to a war against the [229]Parthians; to which he [230]accordingly [231]went in the year 699, and the third year after, [232]perished most [233]miserably, with the greater [234]part of his army; after which the Parthians made an [235]irruption into Syria, but were [236]bravely [237]repulsed by Cassius.

After the death of Crassus, Pompey not being able to [238]endure an [239]equal, nor Cæsar a [240]superior, the civil war broke out. Pompey’s [241]party [242]endeavouring to [243]take away from Cæsar both his army and province, as soon as the time of his [244]government should [245]expire; whilst Cæsar’s on the other [246]hand were for [247]treating Pompey [248]in like manner. At last in the year 705, in the [249]consulship of C. Claudius Marcellus, and L. Cornelius Lentulus, the senate, by a [250]vote, obliged Cæsar to [251]disband his army by a certain day. Antonius and Cassius, tribunes of the people, [252]interposing their [253]authority in vain, [254]left the town, and [255]repaired to Cæsar, who [256]advancing his army towards the city, [257]struck such a [258]consternation into Pompey and the rest, that [259]leaving the city [260]without much ado, and [261]shortly after Italy, they [262]passed over into [263]Greece. Cæsar went to Spain, where he [264]vanquished Petreius and Afranius, and [265]forced their armies to [266]surrender [267]prisoners of war. In his [268]return he [269]took [270]Marseilles, and after that was made dictator, to which [271]office he was [272]chosen four times, and at last had it [273]given him for [274]life.