Chapter XI: II. Sphenophyllales (3)

Hartig, R., 212

Harvey, W. H., 164

Hauck, F., 187, 188

Heer, O., 6, 40, 51, 68, 132, 155, 276, 280, 286, 290, 366

Heim, A., 28

_Helophyton_, 342

Henson, 118

Hepaticae, 230–236

Herzer, H., 211

Heterospory, 355, 356, 357, 406

Hick, T., 304, 306, 330

Hicks, H., 199, 200, 203

_Hippurites_, 332, 371

_H. gigantea_, 267

_H. longifolia_, 335

Holmes, W. H., 79

Homotaxis, 31

Hooker, Sir J., 10, 16, 63, 90, 139, 151, 203, 204

_Hookeria pennata_, 231

_Hostinella_, 200

Hughes, T. McKenny, 31

Humboldt, A. von, 14

Hutton, W., 87

_Huttonia_, 360, 363

Huxley, T. H., 31

_Hydatica_, 344

Hydrozoa, 187, 190

_Hyella_, 127

_Hyphochytrium infestans_, 217

Ice-Age, 17, 53

Igneous rocks, 26, 27, 35

Incrustation, 79

Incrusting springs, 68

India, 84, 287–289, 292–294, 411

Infranodal canals, 285, 324, 327, 375

Inversion of strata, 29, 30

Italy, 286, 287, 291

James, J. F., 210

_Jungermannia_, 230, 236

Jurassic system, 48–50, 55, 226, 257, 269, 282, 283, 290, 291

_Kaulfussia æsculifolia_, 97, 98

Keeling Island, 65

Keeping, W., 147

Kellaways rock, 49

Kent, S., 184

Kerguelen Land, 16

Kerosene shale, 179–182

Keuper series, 47, 48, 130

Kickx, J. J., 411

Kidston, R., 44, 82, 148, 263, 264, 334, 374, 375, 385, 386, 406,
408, 409

Kieselguhr, 150

Kiltorkan beds, 39

Kimeridge clay, 49, 78, 158, 159

Kjellman, F. R., 187

Koechlin-Schlumberger, J., 269

Kolguev Island, 211

Kölliker, A., 127

König, C., 269

_Knorria_, 101, 102, 366

Knowlton, F. H., 8, 225

Krakatoa, 58, 131

Kuntze, O., 92

Laggan Bay, Arran, 88

Lake, P., 200

Lamarck, de, 161, 175

_Laminaria_, 140, 141, 194, 202

Lamouroux, J., 161

Lapworth, C., 37, 147

Laurentian rocks, 36

Lavas, Tertiary, 58

Leasowe, 58, 59

Leckenby, J., 233, 234

Lehmann, 336

Leithakalk, 169, 187

_Leocarpus_, 206

_Lepidodendron_, 10, 57, 72, 75, 81, 82, 89, 101, 107, 216, 217, 218,
237

_L. Veltheimianum_, 101

_Lepidostrobus_, 3

_Leptothrix_, 126

Lesquereux, L., 6, 210, 240

_Lessonia_, 140, 141, 191, 193, 202

Lettenkohle, 48, 268

Lhwyd, E., 4, 112, 341

Lias, 48, 49, 61, 120, 154, 229, 240, 278

Limestone, 25

_Limulus_, 145

Lindley, T., 99, 105

Lindley, T. and Hutton, W., 10, 267, 276, 298, 330, 332, 343, 366,
369, 371, 375

Linnaeus, 113, 225

_Lithophyllum_, 183–187

_Lithothamnion_, 183–189

_L. crassum_, 185

_L. fasciculatum_, 185

_L. mamillosum_, 155, 188

_L. suganum_, 186, 188

_Lithoxylon_, 112, 386

Llandeilo flags, 37

London clay, 153

Lough Neagh, 80

Ludlow rocks, 38, 203

Ludwig, R., 212, 241

Lulworth Cove, 56

_Lunularia_, 231

Lycopodiaceae, 390, 412, 413

_Lycopodites_, 232, 237

_L. Meeki_, 240

_Lycopodium phlegmaria_, 237

Lyell, Sir C., 52, 60, 64, 65, 74, 227, 324

_Lyginodendron_, 19, 20, 88, 103, 221

Lyme Regis, 61

McClelland, 412

McCoy, F., 284, 288

McMurtrie, J., 335

_Macrocystis_, 191, 194

_Macrostachya_, 350, 360, 362, 363, 364, 371, 381

Magnesian limestone, 46

Mahr, 410

Mantell, G., 62, 145

Marattiaceae, 98

_Marchantia_, 230–235

_M. oolithus_, 232

Marchantiales, 233–236

_Marchantites_, 233–236

_M. erectus_, 233

_M. Sezannensis_, 235

_M. Zeilleri_, 234

Marcou, J., 46

Marsh, O. C., 79

_Marsilia_, 342, 390

Martin, W., 297

Massalongo, E. G., 6

_Medusa_, 144

Meek, F. B., 235

_Melobesia_, 184

Melobesieae, 184

_Memecylon_, 214

Meschinelli, 210

Mesomycetes, 208, 211

Metamorphism, 30

Michelin, H., 163, 167

_Micrococci_, 138

_Micrococcus_, 135, 136

_M. Guignardi_, 136

_M. Zeilleri_, 134

Migula, W., 222

Millstone grit, 40, 42, 43, 376

Miocene rocks, 52, 187, 241

Mississippi, rafts, 64, 65

Mniaceae, 239

Möbius, K. A., 166, 167

Monocotyledons, 99, 240, 273, 291, 366

Mougeot, A., 300

Mountain limestone, 40, 43

_Mucor_, 213, 221

_M. combrensis_, 213

Mull, leaf-beds in, 58

Munier-Chalmas, E., 161, 163, 167, 168, 171, 172, 176

Murchison, Sir R., 37, 38, 42

Murray, G., 119–121, 125, 158, 159, 170, 204, 240

Murray, J., 118, 120

Murray, Dr, 87

Muschelkalk series, 47

Musci, 236–241

_Muscites_, 238, 239, 241

_M. ferrugineus_, 241

_M. polytrichaceus_, 239

Mycelium, 207

Mycomycetes, 208, 211

_Myeloxylon_, 19, 86

_Myriophylloides Williamsonis_, 342

_Myriophyllum_, 344

Myxomycetes, 205, 206, 220

_M. Mangini_, 205, 206

_Najadita_, 240

Nansen, 151

Nathorst, A. G., 60, 77, 78, 144, 145, 148, 232, 366

_Navicula_, 153

_Nematophycus_, 192–204

_N. crassus_, 198, 201, 202

_N. Dechianus_, 201

_N. Hicksi_, 199, 201

_N. laxus_, 201

_N. Logani_, 194–197, 199, 201, 202

_N. Ortoni_, 200, 201

_N. Storriei_, 193, 198–201

_N. tenuis_, 201

_Nesea_, 161

Neumayr, M., 49

Neu Paka, 369

_Neuropteris Scheuchzeri_, 45

New South Wales, 179, 181, 182, 288

Newberry, J. S., 146

Nicholson, H. A., 338

Nicholson, H. A. and Etheridge, J., 123, 124, 190

Nicol, W., 8

_Nipa fruticans_, 63

Nitelleæ, 222, 223, 225

Nodules, calcareous, 85, 86, 108

Nomenclature, 110–115

_Nostoc_, 123, 132

Nostocaceae, 122, 123

Nuclei, fossil, 87, 88, 331

Nullipores, 171, 184, 185

_Odontocaulis Keepingi_, 147

Old Red Sandstone, 39, 204

_Oldhamia_, 146

_O. antiqua_, 145

_O. radiata_, 145, 146

_Olenellus_, 37

Oligocene, 52, 188, 209, 211, 234

_Olpidium_, 216

_Oncylogonatum carbonarium_, 269

_Onychiopsis Mantelli_, 112

_Onychium_, 112

_Oochytrium Lepidodendri_, 216, 217

Oolite, 49, 72, 269, 271, 276, 286

Oolitic structure, 123–126

_Ophioglossum_, 390

d’Orbigny, A. D., 175

Ordovician, 37, 38, 189, 338

Oscillariaceae, 122

_Osmunda_, 87

_Osmundites Dowkeri_, 212

_Ostracoblabe_, 129

_O. implexa_, 129

_Ovulites_, 161–164, 173

_O. elongata_, 163

_O. margaritula_, 162, 163, 174

Oxford clay, 49

_Pachytheca_, 202–204

_Palaeachyla_, 127, 129

_Palaeomyces_, 221

_P. gracilis_, 218

_Palaeoperone endophytica_, 215

_Palaeostachya_, 350, 357–360, 362, 364, 371, 381

_P. arborescens_, 363, 364

_P. pedunculata_, 357, 358, 362, 363

_P. vera_, 358, 359, 362

_Paleohepatica Rostafinski_, 234

_Pandanus_, 99

_Paracalamostachys_, 361

Paris basin, 161, 167, 171, 176

Parkinson, J., 1, 78

Parsons, J., 4

Peat, 26, 75, 228, 236

_Pellia_, 230, 231

Penarth, 48

Penhallow, D. P., 193, 194, 197, 201, 202, 210

_Penicillus_, 159, 161, 163, 164, 202

_P. pyramidalis_, 162

Peridiniaceae, 117

Peridiniales, 117, 118

_Peridinium_, 117, 118

_P. divergens_, 118

_P. pyrophorum_, 118

Permian system, 45, 47, 130, 182, 209, 256, 282, 283, 298, 300, 391,
408, 413

Permo-Carboniferous, 46, 213, 222, 256, 284, 289, 292, 293

_Peronosporites_, 218

_P. antiquarius_, 214, 217, 219

Petrifaction, 79–90, 92

Petrified wood, 79–90

Petrifying springs, 68

Pettycur, 88, 390, 397

Petzholdt, A., 298, 299

Phaeophyceae, 150, 191–202

Philippi, R. A., 185

Phillips, J., 275, 276

Phloeoterma, 254

_Phycodes_, 149

Phycomycetes, 218

_Phycopsis_, 192

_Phyllotheca_, 254–256, 276, 277, 281–289, 292, 293, 337

_P. australis_, 284, 287–289

_P. Brongniarti_, 286, 287

_P. carnosa_, 291

_P. deliquescens_, 283

_P. indica_, 284, 287–289

_P. Rallii_, 283

_P. sibirica_, 290

_Phymatoderma_, 120, 146, 154

_Phytolithus_, 297, 335, 373

_P. sulcatus_, 374

_Pila_, 180–182

_P. bibractensis_, 181

_P. scotica_, 181

_Pinnularia_, 344, 381

Pith-casts, of _Calamites_, 365–380

_Plagiochila_, 232

Plankton, 117, 118, 152

Plauenscher Grund, 298

Pleurococcaceae, 181

Pliocene rocks, 52, 53

Plot, R., 4

_Poacites_, 366

_Podocarpus cupressina_, 231, 232

Podostemaceae, 231

Pollen-grains, 182

_Polydonia frondosa_, 144

Polygonaceæ, 96

_Polygonum equisetiforme_, 96, 97

_Polyporus_, 208, 211, 212

_P. vaporarius_, 217, 221

_Polytrichum_, 236, 239

_Polytrypa_, 172

_Polyzoa_, 142, 231

Portland, Dirt-beds, 49, 56, 57

_Pothocites_, 385

_P. Grantoni_, 386

Potonié, R., 209, 259, 286, 337, 403

Precambrian rocks, 36

Presl, R., 5

Priority, rule of, 113

_Protannularia_, 338

Proteaceæ, 98

Protonema, 230

_Prototaxites_, 192, 193

_Psilotum_, 412

Pteridophyta, 242–414

Pteropods, 156

_Puccinia_, 213

Purbeck, 49, 56, 57, 227

_Pyrula_, 158

_Pyxidicula_, 154

Quekett, J., 127

_Rachiopteris_, 86

Radiolaria, 42, 118

Radstock, 335, 375

_Reboulia_, 231

Reefs, 184, 185

Reid, Clement, 60

Reinsch, 106

_Reinschia_, 180–182

Renault, B., 108, 130, 134, 136, 138, 178, 206, 213, 216, 217, 218,
221, 222, 309, 320, 328, 339, 340, 342, 348, 349, 362–364, 369,
375, 384, 390, 392, 399, 406

Renault, B. and Bertrand, C. E., 135, 137, 178, 180, 181

Renault, B. and Zeiller, R., 240, 266, 371

_Restio tetraphylla_, 95

Reuss, A. E., 169

Rhabdoliths, 120

Rhabdospheres, 118, 121

_Rhacophyllum_, 142

Rhaetic series, 48, 155, 278, 279

_Rhizodendron oppoliense_, 84

_Rhizogonium_, 239

Rhodophyceae, 127, 183, 190

_Richea dracophylla_, 99

Richmond, Virginia, 152

Rill-marks, 144

_Rivularia_, 126

Rivulariaceae, 129

Rock-building, 23

Rodway, J., 64

Roots, _Calamites_, 342–349

Rosanoff, 187

Rose, C. B., 127, 128

_Rosellinia congregata_, 209

_Rosellinites_, 209

_R. Beyschlagii_, 209

Rosenvinge, L. K., 187

Ross, Sir J., 139

Rothliegendes strata, 46

Rothpletz, A., 120, 147, 148, 154, 160, 175, 177, 192, 387

_Rotularia_, 390

_R. marsileaefolia_, 407

Rotuma Island, 184

Royle, J. F., 411

_Rubeola mineralis_, 341

Rufford, P., 114, 280

Rules for nomenclature, 111–115

Russia, 282

_Saccamina_, 151

Saccardo, P. A., 210

St. Étienne, 137, 390, 399

Salt Lake, 122, 123

_Salvinia_, 355, 390

Sandberger, F., 173

Sanderson, 8

Sandstone, 24

Saporta, Marquis de, 6, 106, 114, 176, 234, 235

_Saprolegnia_, 215

Sardinia, 177

_Sargassum_, 191

Saxony, 79

Scale-insects, 210

Schenk, A., 9, 279

Scheuchzer, J. T., 4, 296, 338, 389

Schimper, W. P., 9, 269, 271, 276, 322, 351, 362, 386, 411

Schimper and Mougeot, 291, 293

Schizomycetes, 121, 132–138

_Schizoneura_, 254–256, 276, 284, 285, 291–294

_S. gondwanensis_, 292, 293

_S. paradoxa_, 292, 293

Schizophyceae, 121–132

Schizophyta, 121–138

_Schizopteris dichotoma_, 232

_S. trichomanoides_, 232

_Schizothrix_, 125

Schlotheim, E. F. von, 5, 297, 332, 389

Schlüter, C., 176

Schmalhausen, J., 282, 283, 286, 289, 290

Schoenlein, J. L. and Schenk, A., 269

Schröter, J., 206

Schulze, C. F., 296

Schulze, F., 87

Schütt, F., 118, 119, 121, 154

Schweinfurth, G., 92

Schwendener, S., 414

Sclerotia, 207

_Sclerotites Salisburiae_, 210

Scott, D. H., 301, 390, 405, 412, 413

Sea sawdust, 122

Secondary thickening, 300

Sections, geological, 27–29

Sedgwick, A., 36, 37, 42

Seeds, fossil, 91

_Selaginella_, 231, 232, 237, 355

_S. Oregana_, 231, 232, 240

_S. rupestris_, 232

_Selaginellites_, 232, 236

_Sequoia_, 16

Sézanne, 70, 235

Shales, 24

Sharpe, S., 69, 227

Shell-boring organisms, 183

Shells, 24

Sheppey fruits, 4

Shrubsole, W. H. and Kitton, F., 153

Siberia, 290

_Sigillaria_, 3, 6, 10, 75, 108

Silurian system, 38, 171, 173, 176, 204

Siphoneae, 125, 156, 157–177, 193

_Siphonema_, 160

Skiddaw slate, 338

Skye, Island of, 151

_Smilax_, 99

Smith, William, 43, 48

Smith, Worthington, 217, 218

Solenhofen plants, 78

_Solenopora_, 189, 190

_S. compacta_, 189

Sollas, W. J., 146

Solms-Laubach, Graf zu, 77, 92, 149, 166–168, 175, 177, 187, 193,
194, 200, 204, 277, 282, 286, 360, 362, 399, 405

Solomon Islands, 65

Sorby, H. C., 120

Spencer, J., 342

_Sphaeriaceae_, 209, 220

_Sphaerites_, 209

_Sphaerocodium_, 160

_S. Bornemanni_, 160, 186

_Sphaerospermum_, 87

Sphagnales, 236

_Sphagnum_, 236, 241

_Sphenophyllales_, 389–414

_Sphenophyllites_, 390

_S. emarginatus_, 407

_Sphenophyllostachys_, 400, 402

_S. Dawsoni_, 402, 403, 405

_S. Römeri_, 405, 413

_Sphenophyllum_, 100, 350, 387–414

_S. antiquum_, 413

_S. cuneifolium_, 401, 402, 405, 408, 413

_S. emarginatum_, 391, 407, 408

_S. furcatum_, 386

_S. insigne_, 394, 396, 397, 400, 413

_S. myriophyllum_, 409

_S. oblongifolium_, 413

_S. osnabrugense_, 407

_S. plurifoliatum_, 394, 396–398, 400

_S. speciosum_, 411

_S. tenerrimum_, 409, 413

_S. Thoni_, 391, 410, 413

_S. trichomatosum_, 398, 408, 409

_S. truncatum_, 407

_Sphenopteris_, 77, 112

_S. Mantelli_, 112

_Sphenothallus angustifolia_, 148

_Spiridens_, 237

_S. longifolius_, 237

_Spirophyton_, 144

Sprengel, A., 7

Sprudelstein, 123

_Stachannularia_, 340, 361

Starch-grains, in fossil cells, 213

Stefani, K. de, 155, 156

Steinhauer, H., 5, 297, 373

_Stenopora crinita_, 215

Stenzel, G., 9, 298

_Stephanopyxis_, 154

Sternberg, Graf C. von, 5, 104, 257, 297, 332, 336, 363, 371, 389

_Sternbergia_, 104

Sterzel, J. T., 341, 378, 408

_Stigmaria_ and Stigmarian appendages, 3, 10, 57, 71, 72, 73, 106,
111, 123, 218, 305, 311, 348, 404

_Stigmatocanna Volkmanniana_, 386

Stokes, C., 80

Stolley, E., 172

Stoneworts, 222–228

Storrie, J., 198, 203, 204

Strata, table of, 31, 32, 33

Stratigraphical Geology, 26

Strickland, H. E., 111, 203

_Stromatopora compacta_, 189

Stur, D., 310, 343, 369, 370, 375, 376, 378, 384, 385, 386, 387, 409

_Stylocalamites_, 367, 374–376

Submerged forests, 59, 60

Suckow, G. A., 296, 297, 302

Surface-soils, 55–60

Swanage, 227

_Sycidium_, 173

_S. melo_, 155, 173

_Synedra_, 153

Tchikatcheff, P. de, 283

_Teleutospora Milloti_, 213

Tenison-Woods, J. E., 279, 291

Teredo, 61, 62

Tertiary Period, 51–53

Thallophyta, 116–228

Thiselton-Dyer, W. T., 87

Thomas, K., 71

van Tieghem, 136

_Tmesipteris_, 390

Torbanehill, 179, 182

Torbanite, 178, 179

Toula paper-coal, 68, 133

_Trametes radiciperda_, 215

Transition series, 40, 44, 413

Travertine, 69, 70, 234, 235

Treub, M., 131

Triassic system, 47, 48, 77, 78, 80, 146, 155, 160, 171, 174, 175,
256, 267, 268, 292–294

_Trichomanes Goebelianum_, 242

_Trigonocarpon_, 91

_Triploporella_, 177

_Tristichia hypnoides_, 231, 232

_Trizygia_, 411, 412

_T. speciosa_, 411

Tuedian series, 43

Tulip tree, 16

Turner, D., 191

_Tylodendron_, 104

_Udotea_, 171, 185, 202

Unconformity, 27

Underclay, 43

Unger, F., 187, 298, 299, 301

_Uteria_, 177

Vaillant, S., 225

Vascular Cryptogams, 242–414

_Vaucheria_, 157, 178

Venation, 99

_Vermiporella_, 172, 176

_Vexillum_, 149

Vinci, Leonardo da, 2

Vogelsang, H., 137

Volcanic rocks, 34, 51, 88, 89, 90

Volkmann, G. A., 296

_Volkmannia_, 350, 360, 361, 362

_V. Binneyi_, 351

_V. Dawsoni_, 401

_V. Ludwigi_, 351

Wallace, A. R., 245

Ward, L., 1

Wealden, 50, 55, 112, 114, 234, 257, 279, 280

Weed, W. H., 126

Weiss, C. E., 290, 343, 344, 351, 357, 358, 360–364, 367, 369, 370,
371, 375, 377, 388, 401, 408

Wenlock series, 38, 124, 200, 203

Wethered, E., 124

Willdenow, K. L., 231

Wille, N., 170

Williamson, W. C., 9, 10, 71, 94, 100, 103, 132, 154, 218, 220, 231,
273, 276, 301, 304, 315, 322, 324–326, 342, 346, 355, 358, 390,
392, 397, 401, 403

Williamson, W. C. and Scott, D. H., 88, 307, 312, 319, 320, 342, 346,
349, 355, 358, 390, 392, 396, 397, 405, 406

Witham, H., 7, 8

_Withamia_, 115

Wood-boring insects, 107

Woodward, J., 3, 10, 34, 71, 296

_Woronina_, 216

Wünsch, 89

Yellowstone Park, 79, 92, 126, 150

Yoredale rocks, 40, 43

Yorkshire coast, 55

Young, G. and Bird, J., 269

Zechstein series, 46

Zeiller, R., 76, 100, 133, 146, 232, 261, 264, 265, 282, 283, 289,
367, 375, 378, 390, 401, 403, 405, 406, 408, 409, 410, 411

Zigno, A. de, 6, 271, 276, 287

_Zonatrichia calcivora_, 130

_Zonatrichites_, 129, 130

_Zygosporites_, 214, 220, 221

CAMBRIDGE: PRINTED BY J. AND C. F. CLAY, AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] Ward (84).

[2] Göppert (36).

[3] Parkinson (11), vol. I.

[4] For an account of the early views on fossils, _v._ Lyell (67),
Vol. I. _Vide_ also Leonardo da Vinci (83).

[5] Woodward, J. (1695), Preface.

[6] Woodward, J. (1728), p. 59.

[7] Mendes da Costa (1758), p. 232.

[8] Scheuchzer (1723), p. 7, Pl. I. fig. 1.

[9] Parsons (1757), p. 402.

[10] Plot (1705), p. 125, Pl. VI. fig. 2.

[11] _Ibid._ Pl. VI. fig. 2.

[12] Lhwyd (1760).

[13] Artis (25).

[14] Steinhauer (18).

[15] Schlotheim (04).

[16] Sternberg (20).

[17] Brongniart (28) (28²) (49).

[18] Brongniart (39).

[19] Heer (55) (68) (76).

[20] Lesquereux (66) (70) (80) etc.

[21] Zigno (56).

[22] Massalongo (51).

[23] Saporta (72) (73).

[24] Ettingshausen (79). Also numerous papers on fossil plants from
Austria and other countries.

[25] Sprengel (28).

[26] Witham (33).

[27] _ibid._, p. 3.

[28] Witham (33), p. 5.

[29] Nicol (34). See note by Prof. Jameson on p. 157 of the paper
quoted, to the effect that he has long known of this method of
preparing sections.

[30] Limpricht (90) in Rabenhorst, vol. IV. p. 73.

[31] Knowlton (89).

[32] Corda (45).

[33] Binney (68), Introductory remarks.

[34] Williamson (71), etc.

[35] Solms-Laubach (95), p. 442.

[36] Lindley and Hutton (31).

[37] Woodward (1729), Pt. ii. p. 106.

[38] Humboldt (48), vol. I. p. 274.

[39] _Vide_ Hooker, J. D. (81), for references to other writers on
this subject; also Darwin (82), ch. XII.

[40] Darwin (87), vol. III. p. 247.

[41] Brongniart (49), p. 94.

[42] Grand’Eury (77), Potonié (96), Kidston (94), &c.

[43] Ward (92), Knowlton (94), Grand’Eury (90), p. 155.

[44] Old Persian writer, quoted by E. G. Browne in _A Year among the
Persians_, p. 220, London, 1893.

[45] W. R. W. Stephens, _Life of Freeman_, p. 132, London, 1895.

[46] Rothpletz (94).

[47] Heim (78).

[48] Geikie (93), p. 706.

[49] Hughes (79), p. 248.

[50] Whitney and Wadsworth (84).

[51] Murchison (72), p. 5.

[52] Kayser and Lake (95), p. 88.

[53] Kidston (94).

[54] Geikie (93), p. 825.

[55] Woodward, H. B. (87), p. 197.

[56] Hinde and Fox (95), p. 662.

[57] Kidston (94).

[58] _Vide_ Zeiller (92) for a list of species of Coal-Measure plants
found in the pieces of shale included in the core brought up by
the borer.

[59] Jukes-Browne (86), p. 252.

[60] Kayser and Lake (95), p. 196.

[61] Neumayr (83).

[62] Woodward, H. B. (87), p. 255.

[63] Kayser and Lake (95), p. 326.

[64] Huxley (93), p. 27.

[65] Discussed at greater length in vol. II.

[66] Woodward, H. B. (95), Figs. 124 and 133 from photographs by Mr
Strahan.

[67] Buckland (37) Pl. LVII.

[68] Young, Glen, and Kidston (88).

[69] Gardner (87), p. 279.

[70] Treub (88).

[71] Morton (91), p. 228.

[72] Lyell (45), vol. I. p. 180.

[73] Mantell (44), vol. I. p. 168.

[74] Forbes, H. O. (85), p. 254.

[75] Hooker, J. D. (91), p. 477.

[76] Hooker, J. D. (91), p. 1. There are several good specimens of the
black pyritised nipadite fruits in the British Museum and other
collections.

[77] Rodway (95), p. 106.

[78] Bates (63), p. 139.

[79] Bates (63), p. 239.

[80] Lyell (67) vol. II. p. 361.

[81] Lyell (67) vol. I. p. 445.

[82] Darwin (90) p. 443.

[83] Challenger (85), Narrative, vol. I. Pt. ii. p. 679.

[84] Bates (63) p. 389.

[85] Challenger (85), Narrative, vol. I. p. 459.

[86] Zeiller (82) and Renault (95).

[87] Heer (76).

[88] Schimper and Mougeot (44).

[89] Sharpe, S. (68) p. 563.

[90] There are still more perfect casts from Sézanne in Prof.
Munier-Chalmas’ Geological collection in the Sorbonne. The best
examples have not yet been figured.

[91] Saporta (68).

[92] Darwin (90) p. 432.

[93] For figures of fossil plants in amber, _vide_ Göppert and Berendt
(45), Conwentz (90), Conwentz (96) &c.

[94] Thomas (48).

[95] Adamson (88).

[96] Williamson (87) Pl. XV. p. 45. A very fine specimen, similar to
that in the Manchester Museum, has recently been added to the
School of Mines Museum in Berlin; Potonié (90).

[97] The British Museum collection contains a specimen of _Stigmaria_
preserved in the same manner as the example shown in fig. 12.

[98] Lyell (45) vol. I. p. 60.

[99] Lyell (45) vol. I. p. 147.

[100] Warming (96) p. 170.

[101] Bornemann (56), Schenk (67), Zeiller (82).

[102] Solms-Laubach (95²).

[103] Nathorst (86) p. 9. See also Delgado (86).

[104] Parkinson (11) vol. I. p. 431.

[105] The British Museum collection contains many good examples of the
Solenhofen plants.

[106] There is a splendid silicified tree stem from Tasmania of
Tertiary age several feet in height in the National Museum.

[107] Darwin (90) p. 317.

[108] Holmes (80) p. 126, fig. 1.

[109] Marsh (71).

[110] Conwentz (78).

[111] A large piece from one of these South African trees is in the
Fossil-plant Gallery of the British Museum.

[112] Barton (1751) p. 58.

[113] Gardner (84) p. 314.

[114] Stokes (40) p. 207.

[115] Witham (81), Christison (76).

[116] Cole (94), figs. 1 and 3.

[117] Harker (95) p. 233, fig. 56.

[118] I am indebted to Dr Renault of Paris for showing to me several
preparations illustrating this method of petrifaction.

[119] Cash and Hick (78).

[120] Stur (85).

[121] Thiselton-Dyer (72) Pl. VI.

[122] Carruthers (70).

[123] Schultze (55).

[124] I am indebted to Prof. Lebour of the Durham College of Science
for the loan of this letter.

[125] Seward (97).

[126] Williamson and Scott (96) Pl. XXIV. fig. 16.

[127] Bryce (72) p. 126, fig. 23.

[128] An erroneous interpretation of the Arran stems is given in
Lyell’s _Elements of Geology_: Lyell (78) p. 547.

[129] Guillemard (86) p. 322.

[130] Heer (55).

[131] Göppert (36), etc.

[132] Hirschwald (73).

[133] Kuntze (80) p. 8.

[134] Schweinfurth (82).

[135] Solms-Laubach (91), p. 29.

[136] Göppert (57). Some of the large silicified trees mentioned by
Göppert may be seen in the Breslau Botanic gardens.

[137] An example referred to by Carruthers (71) p. 444.

[138] Williamson (71) p. 507.

[139] Dealt with more fully in vol. II.

[140] Bentham (70).

[141] See also Bunbury (83) p. 309.

[142] Seward (96) p. 208.

[143] Darwin (90) p. 416.

[144] Solms-Laubach (91) p. 9.

[145] Balfour (72) p. 5.

[146] Grand’Eury (77) Pt. i., p. 3.

[147] 1 Renault and Zeiller (88) Pl. LX. fig. 1.

[148] Williamson (73) p. 393, Pl. XXVII. Described in detail in vol.
II. See also Solms-Laubach (91) p. 7, fig. 1.

[149] A good example is figured by Newberry (88) Pl. XXV. as a
decorticated coniferous stem of Triassic age.

[150] Potonié (87).

[151] Lindley and Hutton (31) vol. III. p. 4. See also Schenk (88) p.
202.

[152] Saporta (79) (77). _Eopteris_ is included among the ferns
in Schimper and Schenk’s volume of Zittel’s _Handbuch der
Palaeontologie_ (p. 115), and in some other modern works.

[153] Reinsch (81).

[154] Williamson has drawn attention to the occurrence of such borings
and coprolites in Coal-Measure plant tissues. _E.g._ Williamson
(80) Pl. 20, figs. 65 and 66.

[155] Renault (96) p. 437.

[156] Slide No. 1923 in the Williamson collection.

[157] Crépin (81).

[158] Rules for Zoological Nomenclature, drawn up by the late H. E.
Strickland, M.A., F.R.S., London, 1878.

[159] Lhwyd (1699).

[160] Knowlton (96) p. 82.

[161] Thiselton-Dyer (95) p. 846.

[162] Saporta (75) p. 193.

[163] Seward (95) p. 173.

[164] Ward (96) p. 874.

[165] Challenger (85) p. 934.

[166] Ehrenberg (36) p. 117, Pl. I. figs. 1 and 4, and Ehrenberg (54)
Pl. XXXVII. fig. vii.

[167] Schütt (96) p. 22.

[168] Bütschli (83–87) p. 1028.

[169] Challenger Reports (85) p. 939.

[170] Challenger Reports (91) p. 257.

[171] Hensen (92), Schütt (93) p. 44.

[172] Murray, G., and Blackman, V. H. (97).

[173] Dixon and Joly (97).

[174] Sorby (79) p. 78.

[175] Rothpletz (96), p. 909, Pl. XXIII. fig. 4.

[176] Challenger (85) _passim_. Schütt (93).

[177] Phillips W. (93).

[178] Kippis (78) p. 115.

[179] Darwin (90) p. 13.

[180] Rothpletz (92).

[181] Walther (88).

[182] Cohn (62).

[183] Murray, G. (95²).

[184] Thiselton-Dyer (91) p. 226.

[185] Nicholson and Etheridge (80) p. 28, Pl. IX. fig. 24.

[186] Wethered (93) p. 237.

[187] For figures of the sheaths of Cyanophyceous algae, see Murray
(95²), Pl. XIX. fig. 5. Gomont (88) and (92); _etc._

[188] Brown (94) p. 203.

[189] For references to the papers of Wethered and others, see Seward
(94), p. 24.

[190] E. G. Bornemann (87), Pl. II.

[191] Moseley, H. N. (75), p. 321.

[192] Weed (87–88), _vide_ also Tilden (97).

[193] Bornet and Flahault (89²) Pl. XI.

[194] Batters (92).

[195] Quekett (54), fig. 78.

[196] Kölliker (59) and (59²); good figures in the latter paper.

[197] Rose (55), Pl. I.

[198] For other references _vide_ Bornet and Flahault (89²).

[199] Duncan (76) and (76²).

[200] Similar borings are figured by Kölliker (59²), Pl. XVI. 14, in a
scale of _Beryx ornatus_ from the Chalk.

[201] Bornet and Flahault (89²).

[202] E. G. Wedl (59). Good figures are given in this paper.

[203] Bornemann (86), p. 126, Pls. V. and VI.

[204] Renault (96¹) p. 446.

[205] Treub (88).

[206] Williamson (88).

[207] Heer (55) vol. I. p. 21, Pl. IV. fig. 2.

[208] de Bary (87) p. 9. A good account of the Schizomycetes has lately
been written by Migula in Engler and Prantl’s _Pflanzenfamilien_,
Leipzig, 1896.

[209] 1 µ = 0·001 millimetres.

[210] James (98²), translation of a paper by M. Ferry in the _Revue
Mycologique_, 1893.

[211] Zeiller (82).

[212] Renault (95¹), (96¹) p. 478, (96²) p. 106. (Several figures of
the cuticles are given in these publications.)

[213] Renault (96¹) p. 492.

[214] Renault (95²), (96¹), (96²).

[215] Renault and Bertrand (94). See also Renault (95²) p. 3, (96¹) p.
449, Pl. LXXXIX. (96²) p. 94, and (96³) p. 280, fig. 3.

[216] Renault (95²) p. 17, fig. 9, (96¹) p. 460, fig. 102, and (96³) p.
292, fig. 10.

[217] Renault (96³) p. 297, fig. 14.

[218] Van Tieghem (77).

[219] Van Tieghem (79).

[220] Vogelsang (74). _Vide_ also Rutley (92).

[221] I am indebted to Prof. Kanthack for calling my attention to
an interesting account of Bacilli in small stones found in
gall-bladders; a manner of occurrence comparable to that of the
fossil forms in petrified tissues. _Vide_ Naunyn (96) p. 51.

[222] Renault (96³) p. 277.

[223] Hooker, J. D. (44) p. 457. Pls. CLXVII. CLXVIII. and CLXXI. D.

[224] An American writer has recently discussed the literature and
history of _Fucoides_; he gives a list of 85 species. It is very
doubtful if such work as this is worth the labour. (James [93].)

[225] Wille (97) p. 136, also Murray, G. (95) p. 121.

[226] Linnarsson (69) Pl. XI. fig. 3. There are many good specimens of
this fossil in the Geological Survey Museum, Stockholm.

[227] Nathorst (81²), and (96).

[228] Nathorst (81) p. 14.

[229] Mantell (33) p. 166. _Vide_ also Morris (54) p. 6.

[230] Bateson (88).

[231] Nathorst (81), (86) &c. Dawson (88) p. 26 _et seq._ Dawson (90)
Delgado (86) Williamson (85) Hughes (84) Zeiller (84) Saporta
(81) (82) (84) (86) Fuchs (95) Rothpletz (96).

[232] Kinahan (58).

[233] Sollas (86).

[234] Barrois (88). References to other records of this genus may be
found in Barrois’ paper.

[235] Zeiller (84). _Phymatoderma_ is probably a horny sponge (_vide_
p. 154).

[236] Newberry (88) p. 82, Pl. XXI. There are some large specimens of
this supposed alga in the National Museum, Washington; they are
undoubtedly of the nature of rill-marks.

[237] _Vide_ Williamson (85).

[238] Dawson (90) p. 615.

[239] Salter (78) p. 99.

[240] Lapworth (81) p. 176, Pl. VII. fig. 7.

[241] Rothpletz (96).

[242] A term applied to a certain facies of Eocene and Oligocene rocks
in Central Europe.

[243] Hall (47) Pl. LXVIII. 1 and 2, p. 261.

[244] Nathorst (83) p. 453.

[245] Seward (94²) p. 4.

[246] Kidston (83) Pl. XXXII. fig. 2. Specimens of this form may be
seen in the British Museum collection.

[247] _Cf._ Matthew, G. F. (89). Hall called attention in 1852 to the
prevalent habit of describing ‘algae’ from the older strata,
without any evidence for a vegetable origin. (Hall [52] p. 18.)

[248] Credner (87) p. 431.

[249] Saporta (84) p. 45, Pl. VII.

[250] Solms-Laubach (91) p. 51.

[251] A monograph on the Diatomaceae has recently been written by
Schütt for Engler and Prantl’s systematic work. See also Murray,
G. (97) and Pfitzer (71).

[252] Darwin (90) p. 5.

[253] Weed (87).

[254] Wilson (87).

[255] Ehrenberg (54).

[256] Noll (95) p. 248.

[257] Hooker, J. D. (44) vol. I. p. 503.

[258] Murray, J. and Renard (91) p. 208.

[259] Nansen, Daily Chronicle, Nov. 2, 1896.

[260] Schütt (93) p. 10.

[261] Ehrenberg (36) p. 77.

[262] Cayeux (92), (97).

[263] Shrubsole and Kitton (81).

[264] I am indebted to Mr Murton Holmes for specimens of these London
Clay Diatoms.

[265] Rothpletz (96) p. 910, fig. 3, Pl. XXIII. fig. 203.

[266] Schütt (96) p. 62.

[267] Castracane (76).

[268] Heer (76) p. 66, Pl. XXIII. and (53) p. 117, Pl. VI.

[269] Stefani (82) p. 103.

[270] The Chlorophyceae have recently been exhaustively dealt with by
Wille (97) in Engler and Prantl’s _Pflanzenfamilien_.

[271] _Vide_ p. 142.

[272] Murray G. (95) p. 123.

[273] Göppert (60) p. 439. Pl. XXXIV. fig. 8.

[274] Zeiller (84).

[275] Murray G. (92) p. 11; also (95) p. 127.

[276] Damon (88) Pl. XIX. fig. 12.

[277] _Vide_ also Rothpletz (96) p. 894.

[278] Ellis (1755) Pl. XXXIII. α p. 86.

[279] Fuchs (96) Pl. VIII. fig. 3.

[280] Murray G. (95) Pl. III. figs. 1 and 2.

[281] Rothpletz (90), and (91) Pls. XV. and XVI.

[282] Bornemann (87) p. 17, Pl. II. pp. 1–4.

[283] Lamouroux (21) Pl. XXV. fig. 5, p. 23.

[284] Munier-Chalmas (79).

[285] For references to genera of calcareous algae previously referred
to Foraminifera, _vide_ Sherborn (93).

[286] Lamarck (16) p. 193.

[287] Defrance (26) Pl. XLVIII. fig. 2, and Pl. L. fig. 6.

[288] Carpenter (62) p. 179, Pl. XII. figs. 9 and 10.

[289] Michelin (40–47) Pl. XLVI. fig. 24.

[290] Munier-Chalmas (79).

[291] Lamouroux (21) Pl. XXV. fig. 6, p. 23.

[292] Harvey (58) Vol. I. Pl. XXII. fig. 3.

[293] Fuchs (94).

[294] Lamouroux gives a figure of _Acetabularia_, and includes this
genus with several other algae in the animal kingdom (Lamouroux
[21] p. 19), Pl. LXIX.).

[295] Solms-Laubach (95³).

[296] D’Archiac (43) p. 386, Pl. XXV. fig. 8.

[297] Solms-Laubach _loc. cit._ p. 33, Pl. III.

[298] D’Archiac (43) p. 386, Pl. XXV. fig. 8.

[299] Michelin (40) p. 176, Pl. XLVI. fig. 14.

[300] Carpenter (62) p. 137, Pl. XI. figs. 27–82.

[301] Solms-Laubach _loc. cit._ p. 32.

[302] _Ibid._ p. 34, Pl. III. fig. 13.

[303] Andrussow (87).

[304] Solms-Laubach (95³) p. 11.

[305] Carpenter (62) Pl. XI. fig. 32.

[306] Reuss (61) p. 8, figs. 5–8.

[307] Ellis (1755) Pl. XXV. C.

[308] Solms-Laubach (91) p. 38 gives a detailed description with two
figures of a recent species of _Cymopolia_.

[309] Murray G. (95).

[310] Wille (97).

[311] Munier-Chalmas (77).

[312] Cramer (87) (90).

[313] Solms-Laubach (91) (93) (95³).

[314] Church (95).

[315] Gümbel (71).

[316] Benecke (76).

[317] Defrance (26) p. 453.

[318] Munier-Chalmas (77) p. 815.

[319] Munier-Chalmas _ibid._

[320] Defrance (26) Pl. XLVIII. fig. 1.

[321] Stolley (93).

[322] Deecke (83).

[323] Benecke (76) Pl. XXIII.

[324] Solms-Laubach (91) p. 42.

[325] Rothpletz (94) p. 24.

[326] Lamarck (16) p. 188.

[327] Carpenter (62) Pl. X.

[328] Gümbel (71). _Vide_ also Solms-Laubach (91) p. 39.

[329] Stolley (93).

[330] Schlüter (79).

[331] Saporta (91) Pl. XXXII. &c.

[332] Solms-Laubach (93), Pl. IX. figs. 1, 8.

[333] Cramer (90).

[334] Rothpletz (92²) p. 235.

[335] Steinmann (80).

[336] Solms-Laubach (91), p. 40. fig. 3. _Vide_ also Deecke (83) Pl. I.
fig. 12.

[337] Brongniart (28) p. 211.

[338] Bornemann (91) p. 485. Pls. 42 and 43.

[339] Seward (95²) p. 367.

[340] Report of the Trial (62).

[341] Bertrand and Renault (92) p. 29.

[342] Bertrand (93), Bertrand and Renault (92) (94), Bertrand (96),
Renault (96). Additional references may be found in these memoirs.

[343] Batters (92). _Vide_ also Schmitz (97) p. 315.

[344] Hauck (85) in Rabenhorst’s _Kryptogamen Flora_, vol. II.

[345] Kent (93) p. 140.

[346] Agassiz (88) vol. I. p. 82.

[347] Walther (85).

[348] _Ibid._ (88) p. 478.

[349] Philippi (37) p. 387.

[350] Rosanoff(66) Pl. VI. fig. 10.

[351] Rothpletz (91) Pl. XVII. fig. 4.

[352] Früh (90) fig. 12.

[353] Kjellman (83).

[354] Holmes and Batters (90) p. 102.

[355] Hauck (85). Rosanoff (66). Rosenvinge (93) p. 779. Kjellman (83)
p. 88. Solms-Laubach (81).

[356] Unger (58).

[357] A microscopic section of the Vienna Leithakalk is figured in
Nicholson and Lydekker’s _Manual of Palæontology_ (89) vol. II.
p. 1497.

[358] Gümbel (71) Pl. II. fig. 7, p. 41.

[359] Hauck (85) p. 272.

[360] Rothpletz (91) Pl. XVII. fig. 4.

[361] _Vide_ Walther (88) p. 499; also Jukes-Browne and Harrison (91)
_passim_. I am indebted to Mr G. F. Franks, who has studied the
Barbadian reefs, for the opportunity of examining sections of
West-Indian coral-rock.

[362] Brown A. (94).

[363] Brown A. (94) p. 147.

[364] _ibid._ p. 200.

[365] _e.g._ Saporta (82) p. 12.

[366] Turner (11) vol. II. p. 51.

[367] Rothpletz (96).

[368] Penhallow (96) p. 45.

[369] Dawson (59).

[370] _Vide_ ‘Academy’ 1870, p. 16.

[371] Carruthers (72).

[372] Penhallow (89).

[373] Barber (92).

[374] Solms-Laubach (95²).

[375] Penhallow (96).

[376] _loc. cit._ p. 83.

[377] Dawson (59), also (71) p. 17.

[378] Penhallow (89) and (96) p. 46.

[379] Barber (92) p. 336.

[380] Penhallow (89) and (93).

[381] Dawson (81) p. 302.

[382] Barber (92).

[383] Hicks (81) p. 490.

[384] Lake (95) p. 22.

[385] Solms-Laubach (95²).

[386] A similar method of fossilisation has been noted by Rothpletz in
the case of the Lower Devonian alga _Hostinella_. [Rothpletz (96)
p. 896.]

[387] Penhallow (96) p. 47.

[388] Carruthers (72) p. 162 regards this species as identical with _N.
Logani_.

[389] Seward (95³).

[390] Strickland and Hooker (53).

[391] Hicks (81) p. 484.

[392] Dawson (82) p. 104.

[393] Barber (89) and (90).

[394] Murray G. (95³).

[395] Hooker J. D. (89).

[396] _loc. cit._

[397] Solms-Laubach (95²) p. 81.

[398] Seward (94²) p. 4.

[399] An excellent monograph on the Mycetozoa has lately been issued
by the Trustees of the British Museum under the authorship of Mr
A. Lister (94). _Vide_ also Schröter (89) in Engler and Prantl’s
_Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien_.

[400] Renault (96) p. 422, figs. 75 and 76.

[401] Schröter (89) p. 32, fig. 18 B.

[402] Cash and Hick (78²) Pl. VI. fig. 3.

[403] Göppert and Menge (83) Pl. XIII. fig. 106.

[404] Harper (95).

[405] _e.g._ Ludwig (57) Pl. XVI. fig. 1.

[406] Potonié (93) p. 27, Pl. I. fig. 8.

[407] References are given by Potonié to illustrations by Zeiller (92²)
Pl. XV. fig. 6, Grand’ Eury (77) Pl. XXXIII. fig. 7, and others
in which possible fungi are represented.

[408] Engelhardt (87).

[409] For figures of the Coccineae, see Comstock (88), Maskell (87),
Judeich and Nitsche (95) &c.

[410] Massalongo (59) Pl. I. fig. 1, p. 87.

[411] Meschinelli (92).

[412] James, J. F. (93²).

[413] Lesquereux (87).

[414] Herzer (93).

[415] Conwentz (90) Pl. XII. fig. 5.

[416] Feilden, H. W. (96); Seward (96²) p. 62, appendix to Feilden’s
paper. I am indebted to Dr Bonney for an opportunity of examining
the plant remains from the Feilden collection.

[417] Hartig (78).

[418] Conwentz (80) Pl. V. fig. 17.

[419] Carruthers (70) Pl. XXV. fig. 3.

[420] Renault (96) p. 427, fig. 80, _d_.

[421] _ibid._ p. 427, fig. 80, _a–c_.

[422] p. 127.

[423] Etheridge (92) Pl. VII.

[424] Hartig (78) and (94), Göppert and Menge (83).

[425] Renault (96) p. 425, fig. 78.

[426] Fischer in Rabenhorst, vol. i. (92) p. 144.

[427] Carruthers (76) p. 22, fig. 1.

[428] Smith, W. O. (77) p. 499.

[429] Williamson (81) Pl. XLVIII. p. 301.

[430] Renault (96) p. 439, figs. 88 and 89.

[431] Cash and Hick (78²).

[432] Cash and Hick, Pl. VI. fig. 3.

[433] Felix (94) p. 276, Pl. XIX. fig. 1.

[434] _ibid._ p. 274, Pl. XIX. figs. 5 and 6.

[435] Williamson (78) and (80).

[436] Conwentz (90) p. 119, Pl. XI. pp. 2, 3, Pl. XV. fig. 8.

[437] Migula (90) in Rabenhorst’s _Kryptogamen Flora_, vol. V.

[438] Vaillant (1719) p. 17.

[439] Migula (90) p. 53.

[440] Knowlton (89²).

[441] Meek (73) p. 219.

[442] Saporta (73) p. 214, Pl. IX. figs. 8–11.

[443] Seward (94²) p. 13, fig. 1.

[444] Woodward, H. B. (95) pp, 234, 261, _etc._

[445] Forbes, E. (56) p. 160, Pl. VII.

[446] _Vide_ p. 69, fig. 10.

[447] Lyell (29).

[448] Skertchly (77) p. 60.

[449] Schiffner and Müller in Engler and Prantl (95), Campbell (95),
Dixon and Jameson (96) are among the best of modern writers on
the Bryophyta.

[450] Hooker, J. D. (91) p. 513.

[451] Schiffner (95) p. 140.

[452] Hooker, W. J. (20) Pl. CLXIII.

[453] Bennett and Brown (38), Pl. V.

[454] Bennett and Brown (38) p. 35.

[455] Nathorst (90) Pl. II. fig. 3.

[456] Lindenberg (39) Pl. IX. fig. 1.

[457] Zeiller (92²) Pl. I. figs. 7 and 8.

[458] Fliche and Bleicher (81).

[459] Brongniart (49) p. 12.

[460] Seward (94²) p. 17.

[461] Leckenby (64) Pl. XI. fig. 3.

[462] Seward _loc. cit._ p. 18, Pl. I. fig. 3.

[463] Raciborski (94) p. 10, Pl. VII. figs. 1–3.

[464] Brongniart (49) p. 12.

[465] Saporta (68) p. 308, Pl. I. figs. 1–8. _Vide_ also Watelet (66)
p. 40, Pl. XI. fig. 6.

[466] Göppert and Berendt (45) Pl. VI. and (53).

[467] Gottsche (86).

[468] Schimper (65) Pl. III.

[469] Greville (47) Pl. XII.

[470] Brown, R. (11) Pl. XXIII.

[471] Hooker, W. J. (20) Pl. CLXII.

[472] Limpricht (90) p. 67.

[473] Brongniart (28²) p. 93.

[474] Renault and Zeiller (88) p. 84, Pl. XLI. figs. 2–4.

[475] Solms-Laubach (91) p. 186.

[476] Lesquereux (79) Pl. LXII. fig. 1.

[477] Heer (65) p. 89.

[478] Buckman (50) 1.

[479] Gardner (86) p. 203.

[480] Ludwig (59) p. 165, Pl. LXIII. fig. 9.

[481] Schimper and Schenk (90) p. 75.

[482] _e.g._ the Fern _Trichomanes Goebelianum_ Gies. Giesenhagen (92)
p. 157.

[483] Scott (96) a text-book for elementary students; a full account
is given of _Equisetum_ and other genera of primary importance.
Vines (95) Part iii. Campbell (95), Luerssen (89) in Rabenhorst’s
_Kryptogamen-Flora_, vol. III., Van Tieghem (91), de Bary (84),
Baker (87).

[484] Wallace (86) p. 117.

[485] Baker (87) p. 4. Hooker, W. J. (61) Pl. LXXIV. _Vide_ also Milde
(67) for figures of _Equisetum_.

[486] Seeman (65).

[487] Duval-Jouve (64) Pl. I. fig. 5.

[488] Milde (67) Pl. XIX. fig. 8.

[489] _ibid._ Pl. XXXI. fig. 3.

[490] Cormack (93) p. 71.

[491] Williamson and Scott (94) p. 877. These authors, in referring
to Cormack’s description of the secondary nodal wood of _E.
maximum_, express doubts as to the existence of such secondary
growth in _all_ species of the genus.

[492] Pfitzer (67).

[493] Strasburger (91) p. 443.

[494] Strasburger (91) p. 435.

[495] Bower (94) p. 495.

[496] Sternberg (38) p. 43.

[497] Scott (97). This genus will be described in Volume II.

[498] Potonié (93) Pl. XXV. fig. 1_a_.

[499] _ibid._ p. 179. _Vide_ also Potonié (92).

[500] Zeiller (92²) p. 56, Pl. XII. Other similar leaf-sheaths have
been figured by Germar (44) Pl. X., Schimper (74) Pl. XVII. and
others.

[501] Grand’Eury (90) p. 223, Pl. XV. fig. 16.

[502] Renault (93) Pl. XLII. figs. 6 and 7.

[503] Kidston (92).

[504] Zeiller (95).

[505] Potonié (93) p. 179, Pl. XXV. figs. 2–4.

[506] Renault and Zeiller (88) p. 396, Pl. LVII. fig. 7.

[507] Lindley and Hutton (31) Pl. CXIV.

[508] Schoenlein and Schenk (65) Pl. V. fig. 1.

[509] Schimper and Mougeot (44) p. 58, Pl. XXIX.

[510] Jäger (27).

[511] Schimper (74) Pls. IX–XI.

[512] Schimper and Koechlin-Schlumberger (62).

[513] Schoenlein and Schenk (65) Pls. I–IV.

[514] Brongniart (28) p. 115, Pl. XIII.

[515] Young and Bird (22) p. 185, Pl. III. fig. 3.

[516] König, in Murchison (29) p. 293, Pl. XXXII.

[517] Murchison (29) p. 368.

[518] Bunbury (51) p. 189.

[519] Schimper (69) p. 267.

[520] Zigno (56) Pl. III. fig. 1, p. 45.

[521] Gardner (86) Pl. IX. fig. 3.

[522] Williamson (83) p. 4.

[523] Williamson and Scott (94) p. 889, Pl. LXXIX. fig. 19.

[524] Phillips J. (29) Pl. X. fig. 13.

[525] Lindley and Hutton (31) Pl. CLXXXVI.

[526] Bunbury (51) p. 189.

[527] Zigno (56) Pl. III. fig. 3, p. 46.

[528] Heer (77) p. 43, Pl. IV.

[529] Schimper (69) p. 284. _Vide_ also Nathorst (80) p. 54.

[530] Andrae (53) Pl. VI. figs. 1–5.

[531] Solms-Laubach (91) p. 180.

[532] _cf._ p. 283.

[533] There is a similar specimen in the Oxford Museum.

[534] Since this was written I have found a specimen of _Equisetites
lateralis_ in the Woodwardian Museum, in which a diaphragm
like that in fig. 64, C, occurs in the centre of a flattened
leaf-sheath similar to that of fig. 64, B.

[535] Buckman (50) p. 414.

[536] Schenk (67).

[537] Tenison-Woods (83), Pl. VI. figs. 5 and 6. Specimen no. V. 3358
in the British Museum.

[538] Dunker (46) p. 2, Pl. V. fig. 7.

[539] Seward (94²) p. 30.

[540] Seward (94²) p. 33.

[541] Heer (55) vol. III. p. 158, Pl. CXLV.

[542] Heer (77) p. 99, Pl. XXII.

[543] _Vide_ Saporta (73) p. 227.

[544] The distribution will be dealt with in Volume II.

[545] Brongniart (28) p. 151.

[546] Schmalhausen (79) p. 12, Pl. I. figs. 1–3.

[547] Solms-Laubach (91) p. 181.

[548] Zeiller (96).

[549] Zeiller (96²).

[550] _ibid._ (96).

[551] Letter, July 30, 1897.

[552] On this character of Annularian leaves, _vide_ p. 337.

[553] Göppert (45) p. 379, Pl. XXV. figs. 1, 2.

[554] Schmalhausen (79) p. 12.

[555] McCoy (47) Pl. XI. fig. 7.

[556] Bunbury (61) Pl. XI. fig. 1.

[557] Seward (97²) p. 324, Pl. XXIV. fig. 1.

[558] Feistmantel (81) Pl. IX. A. fig. 7, &c.

[559] _ibid._ (90) Pl. XIV. fig. 5.

[560] Bunbury (61) Pl. XI. fig. 1.

[561] Solms-Laubach (91) p. 181, fig. 17.

[562] Heer (82) p. 9.

[563] Potonié (96²) p. 115, fig. 3.

[564] Zigno (56) Pl. VII. p. 59.

[565] Bunbury (61).

[566] Feistmantel (81), Pl. XII. A.

[567] Brongniart (28) p. 152.

[568] Bunbury (61).

[569] Grand’Eury (90) p. 221.

[570] Etheridge (95).

[571] Weiss (76) p. 88.

[572] Heer (77) p. 43, Pl. IV. (78) p. 4, Pl. I.

[573] Tenison-Woods (83) Pl. IX. fig. 2.

[574] Brongniart (28) p. 128.

[575] Schimper and Mougeot (44) p. 48, Pls. XXIV–XXVI.

[576] Feistmantel (81) p. 59, Pls. I. A–X. A.

[577] _ante_, p. 284.

[578] Schimper and Mougeot (44) p. 50, Pls. XXIV–XXVI.

[579] Seward (97²).

[580] Scheuchzer (1723), p. 19, Pl. IV. fig. 1.

[581] Volkmann (1720), p. 110, Pl. XIII. fig. 7.

[582] Woodward, J. (1728), Pt. II. p. 10.

[583] Schulze, C. F. (1755), Pl. II. fig. 1.

[584] Suckow (1784), p. 363.

[585] Steinhauer (18), Pls. V. and VI.

[586] Martin (09), Pls. VIII. XXV. and XXVI.

[587] Artie (25).

[588] Brongniart (22), p. 218.

[589] Brongniart (28), p. 34.

[590] Lindley and Hutton (31).

[591] Cotta (50). I am indebted to Prof. Stenzel of Breslau for calling
my attention to the fact that Cotta’s work appeared in 1832, but
in 1850 the same work was sold with a new title-page bearing this
date.

[592] Unger (40).

[593] Petzholdt (41).

[594] Unger (44).

[595] Brongniart (49), p. 49.

[596] E.g. _Isoetes_, _Botrychium_, &c.

[597] Mougeot (52).

[598] Göppert (64), p. 183.

[599] ἄρθρον, joint; πίτυς, Pine-tree.

[600] The original specimens described by Göppert are in the rich
palaeobotanical Collection of the Breslau Museum.

[601] Williamson (71³), p. 174.

[602] _vide_ Solms-Laubach (96).

[603] Letter, November 1897.

[604] _Vide_ p. 310.

[605] Hick (94), Pl. IX. fig. 1.

[606] On this point _vide_ Williamson and Scott (94), p. 869.

[607] Williamson and Scott, _loc. cit._ p. 876.

[608] Renault (93), Pl. XLVII. fig. 4.

[609] Stur (87).

[610] The term _primary ray_ may be conveniently restricted to the
truly primary interfascicular tissue, and the term _principal
ray_ may be used for the outward extension of the primary rays by
the cambium [Williamson and Scott (94), p. 878].

[611] Binney (68).

[612] Ettingshausen (55).

[613] The sections of fossil plants described by Binney were presented
to the Woodwardian Museum, Cambridge, by his son (Mr J. Binney).

[614] _Vide_ footnote, p. 311.

[615] Williamson (83²), Pl. XXXIII. fig. 19.

[616] Williamson (78), p. 323, Pl. XX. figs. 14 and 15.

[617] Williamson and Scott (94), p. 888.

[618] Hartig (94), pp. 149, 297, _etc._

[619] Renault (96), p. 91.

[620] Williamson and Scott, _loc. cit._ p. 893. _Vide_ specimens
133*–135* in the Williamson Collection.

[621] _E.g._ specimen 132*** in the Williamson Collection.

[622] _Vide_ Williamson (71), Pl. XXVIII. fig. 38; (71²), Pl. IV. fig.
15; (78), Pl. XXI. figs. 26–28. Williamson and Scott (94), Pl.
LXXII. figs. 5 and 6. Renault (93), Pl. XLV. figs. 4–6, etc.
Felix (96), Pl. IV. figs. 2 and 3.

[623] Strasburger (91), Pl. II. fig. 40.

[624] Williamson (78).

[625] Williamson (71), p. 507.

[626] Williamson (71²), Pl. I. fig. 1; (78), Pl. XXI. fig. 31.

[627] Lyell (55), p. 368.

[628] Williamson (96), p. 194.

[629] _Vide_ specimens 15–17, etc. in the Williamson Collection.

[630] The stem of fig. 83 is an example of _Arthrodendron_, but the
appearance of the secondary xylem agrees with that in some forms
of _Arthropitys_.

[631] For figures of this type of stem _vide_ Göppert (64); Cotta (50),
Pl. XV. (specimens 13787 in the British Museum Collection);
Mougeot (52), Pl. V.; Stur (87), pp. 27–31; Renault (93), Pls.
XLIV. and XLV. etc.

[632] Williamson (71), (71²), (87), fig. 5.

[633] Williamson and Scott (94), p. 879

[634] _Vide_ Williamson (87²). In this paper Williamson compares the
three subgenera of Calamite stems. Renault and Zeiller (88), Pl.
LXXV. Renault (93), Pls. LVIII. and LIX.

[635] Renault (96), p. 125; (93), Pl. LIX. fig. 2.

[636] Lindley and Hutton (31), Pls. CXIV., CXC. etc. Most of the
specimens figured by these authors are in the Newcastle Natural
History Museum. For notes on the type-specimens of Lindley and
Hutton, _vide_ Howse (88) and Kidston (90²).

[637] Weiss (88), Stur (87), _etc._

[638] _Vide_, p. 367.

[639] _Ante_, p. 260.

[640] Hick (95).

[641] Brongniart (22), p. 235.

[642] Schlotheim (20).

[643] Brongniart (28), p. 159.

[644] Lindley and Hutton (31), Pl. CXC.

[645] Ettingshausen (55).

[646] Schimper (69), p. 323.

[647] Grand’Eury (90).

[648] Martin (09), Pl. XX. figs. 4 and 6.

[649] Schlotheim (20), p. 397.

[650] Sternberg (25), p. xxviii.

[651] Brongniart (28), p. 154.

[652] Lindley and Hutton (31), Pl. CXCI.

[653] Ettingshausen (55), p. 28.

[654] Schimper (69), Pls. XXII. and XXVI. fig. 1.

[655] For other lists and synonyms, _vide_ Zeiller (88), p. 368, and
Kidston (86), p. 38 and (93), p. 316, also Potonié (93), p. 162.

[656] Sternberg (20).

[657] Brongniart (28), p. 155.

[658] Lehmann (1756), p. 127. _Vide_ also Volkmanns (1720), Pl. _XV._
p. 113.

[659] Potonié (93), pp. 169 _et seq._, Pl. XXIV.

[660] Dawson (71).

[661] Nicholson (69) Pl. XVIII. _B._ Nicholson’s specimens are in the
Woodwardian Museum, Cambridge.

[662] Schlotheim (20), p. 397.

[663] Sternberg (26), p. xxviii.

[664] Brongniart (28), p. 156.

[665] Lindley and Hutton (31), Pl. CXXIV.

[666] Binney (68), Pl. VI. fig. 3.

[667] Stur (87), Pl. XVI b, and Pls. IV b and XIII.

[668] Scheuchzer (1723), p. 63, Pl. XIII. fig. 3.

[669] Potonié (93), p. 166.

[670] _Vide_ pp. 351 _et seq._

[671] Renault (96), p. 66; (93), Pl. XXVIII.

[672] One of the finest specimens of _Annularia stellata_ is figured
by Stur (87), Pl. XVI b; it is in the Leipzig Museum. VIDE also
Schenk (83), Pl. XXXIX.; Germar (44), Pl. IX.; Renault and
Zeiller (88), Pls. XLV. and XLVI. There are some well-preserved
impressions of _A. stellata_ in the British Museum from Radstock,
Newcastle and elsewhere.

[673] Zenker (33), Pl. V. pp. 6–9.

[674] Heer (65), fig. 6, p. 9, and other authors.

[675] Weiss (76), p. 27, Pl. III. fig. 2.

[676] Lhwyd (1699), Pl. V. fig. 202.

[677] Sterzel (82).

[678] _Vide_ Weiss (76), Pl. III. and Weiss (84), p. 178.

[679] Williamson (71), p. 487, Pls. XXV. and XXVI.

[680] _Ibid._ (78), p. 319, Pl. XIX.

[681] Cash and Hick (81), p. 400.

[682] Williamson (81), _vide_ also Spencer (81).

[683] Spencer (83), p. 459.

[684] Williamson (83), p. 459, Pls. XXVII.–XXX.

[685] Renault (85).

[686] Lindley and Hutton (31), Pls. LXXVIII. and LXXIX. (The specimens
are figured in a reversed position.)

[687] Binney (68), p. 5, fig. 1.

[688] Grand’Eury (77), Pls. I. and II.; (87), Pls. XXVII., XXVIII.

[689] Weiss (84), Pls. II.–IV., VIII. and IX.

[690] Stur (87), Pls. III., VI., VII., _etc._; Zeiller (86), Pl. LIV.

[691] Weiss (76), (84).

[692] For references, _vide_ Kidston (86), p. 58.

[693] Artis (25), Pl. V.

[694] Williamson and Scott (95), p. 694.

[695] Williamson (83²), Pl. XXIX. fig. 7.

[696] Williamson and Scott (95), Pls. XV.–XVII.

[697] For figures _vide_ Williamson, _loc. cit._, Williamson and Scott,
and Renault (85), (93).

[698] _E.g._ Schenk (90) in Zittel’s _Handbuch_, p. 237.

[699] Williamson and Scott, _loc. cit._ p. 689.

[700] de Bary (84), p. 474; van Tieghem (91), p. 720.

[701] Renault (96), pp. 118, 126; (93), Pl. LV.

[702] Carruthers (67), Pl. LXX.

[703] Sternberg (25), Pl. XLVIII. and LI.

[704] Brongniart (49), p. 51.

[705] Binney (68), p. 23, Pls. IV. and V.

[706] Schimper (69), p. 330.

[707] For figures and descriptions of this type of cone _vide_
Williamson (73), (80), (89); Hick (93), (94) and Williamson and
Scott (94).

[708] Weiss (84), Pls. XXII.—XXIV.

[709] Williamson and Scott (94), p. 911, Pls. LXXXI. and LXXXII.

[710] _Vide_ Heinricher (82); Bower (94), p. 495; Campbell (95), pp.
396, 503.

[711] Williamson (81), Pl. LIV.

[712] An excellent figure illustrating the co-existence of heterospory
and secondary thickening is given by Williamson and Scott, _loc.
cit._, Pl. LXXXII. fig. 36.

[713] Weiss (76), p. 103.

[714] Williamson (71²).

[715] _Ibid._ (88²).

[716] Williamson and Scott (94), p. 900.

[717] Weiss (84), Pl. XXI. fig. 4.

[718] Williamson (74), Pl. V. fig. 32.

[719] Williamson (88²), Pl. IX. fig. 20.

[720] _E.g._ Renault (82), Pl. XIX. fig. 1; (96), Pl. XXIX. figs. 1 and
4.

[721] Williamson (88²), Pl. VIII. figs. 1 and 4.

[722] Renault (93), Pl. XXIX. fig. 7.

[723] Solms-Laubach (91), p. 325.

[724] Weiss (84) p. 161. Solms-Laubach, _loc. cit._ p. 326.

[725] _E.g._ _Volkmannia Ludwigi_ Carr., also _Volkmannia elongata_
Presl. [Solms (91), p. 332 and Weiss (76), p. 108].

[726] _E.g._ _Brukmannia Grand’Euryi_ Ren. [Renault (76)].

[727] Weiss (84), p. 190.

[728] Weiss (76), p. 1.

[729] Weiss (84), p. 161.

[730] Renault (82), p. 139; (76).

[731] Solms-Laubach (91), p. 330.

[732] Schenk (88), p. 132; (83), p. 232.

[733] Weiss (84), p. 161.

[734] _E.g._ _Volkmannia gracilis_ Sternb. [Renault (76), Pl. II.].

[735] Schimper (69), p. 332. _Vide_ also Renault and Zeiller (88), p.
420.

[736] Renault (82), p. 120, Pl. XIX.; (93), Pl. XXIX. figs. 8–14; (96),
p. 77.

[737] Weiss (84), p. 98, Pl. XX. etc.

[738] Sterzel (82).

[739] Renault and Zeiller (88), Pl. XLVI. fig. 7.

[740] Kidston (86), p. 47; (93), p. 319. _Vide_ also Renault (93), Pl.
XXVIII.

[741] Renault and Zeiller (88), Pl. XLV.

[742] Solms-Laubach (91), p. 339. Weiss (84), p. 159.

[743] Weiss (84), Pl. XX. fig. 6.

[744] Weiss (84), Pl. XX. fig. 7; Pl. XXI. fig. 4.

[745] _Ibid._ Pls. XIV. and XV. _Cf._ also Stur (87), Pls. VI. and VII
b, and Lesquereux (84), Pl. XC. fig. 1.

[746] Grand’Eury (90), pp. 205, 208. Renault and Zeiller (88), Pl. LI.

[747] _Vide_ Unger (50), p. 63.

[748] Weiss, _loc. cit._

[749] Solms-Laubach (91), p. 328.

[750] Schenk (83), p. 234.

[751] Weiss (76), p. 88; (84), p. 162. Solms-Laubach, _loc. cit._ p.
334, fig. 47.

[752] Renault (96), p. 132.

[753] Zeiller (88), Pl. LIV. fig. 4.

[754] Stur (87), p. 17.

[755] Lindley and Hutton (31), Pl. CXLII B. The original specimen is in
the University College Collection, London.

[756] Nathorst (94), p. 56, Pl. XV. figs. 1 and 2.

[757] Seward (88).

[758] Weiss (84), p. 54.

[759] Zeiller (88), p. 329.

[760] Weiss (76), p. 117; (84), p. 55.

[761] Weiss (84), p. 93, Pl. XI. fig. 1.

[762] _Vide_ Weiss (84), Pl. XXV. fig. 2; Pl. XVI _a_, etc.

[763] Weiss (76), Pl. XVII. fig. 1.

[764] Weiss (84), Pl. I.

[765] Grand’Eury (90), p. 208, and (77), Pl. V.

[766] Lindley and Hutton (31), Pl. CXC.

[767] Stur (87), Pl. V. fig. 1.

[768] Grand’Eury (77), Pl. IV.

[769] Stur (87), Pl. XVII.

[770] Renault (82), Pl. XVII. fig. 2.

[771] Renault and Zeiller (88), Pt. II. p. 434, Pls. LII. and LIII.

[772] Stur (87), p. 37, fig. 17. _Vide_ also Grand’Eury (90), p. 208.

[773] Stur, _loc. cit._

[774] Weiss (84), p. 61.

[775] _Vide_ Grand’Eury (77), Pl. V. fig. 5.

[776] Weiss, _loc. cit._ Pl. XXI. fig. 5.

[777] Stur (87), Pl. XI. fig. 1.

[778] Renault and Zeiller (88), Pt. II. Pl. LI. p. 423.

[779] Lindley and Hutton (31), Pl. CXIV. and Pl. CXC. The original
specimens are in the Natural History Museum, Newcastle-on-Tyne.

[780] _Ibid._ Pl. CXXX. and Feistmantel (75), Pl. I. fig. 8.

[781] Lesquereux (79), Pl. XIII. fig. 14.

[782] Salter (63), figs. 6 and 7. _Vide_ also Carruthers in Woodward,
H. (72), p. 168.

[783] Grand’Eury (69); _vide_ also (77) and (90).

[784] Renault and Zeiller (88), Pt. II. Pls. LII. and CIII.

[785] _Ibid._ Pl. LI.

[786] Sternberg (21), Pl. XII.

[787] Weiss (84), p. 61.

[788] Ettingshausen (55), Pl. I. fig. 4.

[789] Ettingshausen, _loc. cit._

[790] Grand’Eury (69), p. 709.

[791] Feistmantel (75), Pl. I. fig. 8.

[792] Williamson (74), Pl. VII. fig. 45.

[793] Weiss (76), Pl. XVII. figs. 1 and 2.

[794] Weiss (84), Pl. XVI a. figs. 10 and 11.

[795] _Ibid._ Pl. XXV. fig. 2.

[796] Stur (87), Pl. II. etc.

[797] Zeiller (88), p. 363, Pl. LVII. fig. 1.

[798] Steinhauer (18), Pl. VI. fig. 1.

[799] Kidston (93), p. 311, Pl. II.

[800] Kidston (94), p. 248.

[801] Weiss (84), p. 119.

[802] Steinhauer (18), Pl. V. figs. 1 and 2.

[803] Artis (25), Pl. XXIV.

[804] Brongniart (28²), Pls. XV. and XVI.

[805] Lindley and Hutton (31), Pl. LXXIX.

[806] Kidston (93), p. 314; (86), p. 24.

[807] Zeiller (88), p. 333.

[808] Lindley and Hutton (31), Pl. LXXIX.

[809] Weiss (84), Pl. IV. fig. 1.

[810] Renault and Zeiller (88), p. 385.

[811] Grand’Eury (90), p. 214.

[812] Stur (87), p. 160, Pl. IX. fig. 2.

[813] Kidston (94), p. 249.

[814] Grand’Eury (89), p. 1087.

[815] Zeiller (88), p. 355.

[816] Weiss (84), p. 96.

[817] Sterzel (93), p. 66.

[818] Zeiller, _loc. cit._ p. 353.

[819] Sternberg (25), Pl. XLIX. fig. 5.

[820] Brongniart (28²), p. 128, Pl. XIX.

[821] Germar and Kaulfuss (31), p. 221, Pl. XLV. fig. 1.

[822] Lindley and Hutton (31), Pl. CCXVI.

[823] Grand’Eury (77), p. 293.

[824] Zeiller (80), Pl. CLXXIV. (expl. plates) fig. 3.

[825] Weiss (84), pp. 112, 113, 114.

[826] Zeiller (88), p. 353.

[827] Kidston (94), p. 249.

[828] Grand’Eury (90), p. 216 (expl. plates).

[829] Stur (87), p. 68.

[830] Stur (87), Pl. X.

[831] Artis (25), Pl. II.

[832] Weiss, _loc. cit._ Pls. V. VI. and X.