Chapter XI: SPHENOPHYLLALES. Pp. 389–414

I. =SPHENOPHYLLUM= 389–414
A. =The anatomy of Sphenophyllum= 392–406
_a._ _Stems_ 392–398
_Sphenophyllum insigne_ and _S. plurifoliatum_
397–398.
_b._ _Roots_ 399
_c._ _Leaves_ 399
_d._ _Cones_ 401–406
_Sphenophyllostachys Dawsoni_ 402–405. _S.
Römeri_ 405–406.

B. =Types of vegetative Branches of Sphenophyllum= 407–412
_Sphenophyllum emarginatum_ 407–408. _S.
trichomatosum_ 408–409. _S. Thoni_ 410–411. _S.
speciosum_ 411–412.

C. =Affinities, Range and Habit of Sphenophyllum= 412–414

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

FRONTISPIECE. TREE STUMPS IN A CARBONIFEROUS FOREST. Drawn from a
photograph. (M. Seward.) PAGE 57.

FIG. PAGE
1. _Lepidodendron._ (M. S.) 10
2. Geological section 29
3. Table of strata 32, 33
4. Geological section (coal seam) 44
5. _Neuropteris Scheuchzeri_ Hoffm. (M. S.) 45
6. Submerged Forest at Leasowe. (M. S.) 59
7. Ammonite on coniferous wood. (M. S.) 61
8. Coniferous wood in flint. (M. S.) 62
9. Bored fossil wood. (M. S.) 62
10. Section of an old pool filled up with a mass of _Chara_. (From
block lent by Dr Woodward) 69
11. _Equisetites columnaris_ Brongn. (M. S.) 72
12. _Stigmaria ficoides_ Brongn. (M. S.) 73
13. _Cordaites etc._ in coal. (M. S.) 76
14. Crystallisation in petrified tissues 81
15. _Lepidodendron._ (From a photograph by Mr Edwin Wilson
of a specimen lent by Mr Kidston) 82
16. Cast of a fossil cell. (M. S.) 84
17. Calcareous nodule from the Coal-Measures 85
18. _Lepidodendron_ from Arran. (M. S.) 89
19. _Trigonocarpon_ seeds in a block of sandstone. (M. S.) 91
20. _Restio_, _Equisetum_, _Casuarina_ and _Ephedra_. (M. S.) 95
21. _Polygonum equisetiforme_ Sibth. and Sm. (M. S.) 96
22. _Kaulfussia æsculifolia_ Blume. (M. S.) 97
23. A branched Lepidodendroid stem (_Knorria mirabilis_ Ren.
and Zeill.). (M. S.) 102
24. Partially disorganised petrified tissue 107
25. Coccospheres and Rhabdospheres. (Lent by Messrs Macmillan) 119
26. _Girvanella problematica_ Eth. and Nich. (M. S.) 124
27. Fish-scale and shell perforated by a boring organism. (M. S.) 128
28. _Bacillus Tieghemi_ Ren. and _Micrococcus Guignardi_ Ren.
(M. S.) 135
29. _Laminaria_ sp. 140
30. Rill-mark; trail of a seaweed; tracks of a Polychaet. (M. S.) 143
31. _Chondrites verisimilis_ Salt. (M. S.) 146
32. _Lithothamnion mamillosum_ Gümb.; _Sycidium melo_ Sandb.;
_Bactryllium deplanatum_ Heer; Calcareous pebble from a
lake in Michigan. (M. S.) 155
33. _Cymopolia barbata_ (L.); _Acicularia Andrussowi_ Solms;
_Acicularia_ sp.; _A. Schencki_ (Möb.); _A. Mediterranea_
Lamx.; _Ovulites margaritula_ Lamx.; _Penicillus
pyramidalis_ (Lamx.) (M. S.) 162
34. _Acetabularia mediterranea_ Lamx. (Photograph by Mr Edwin
Wilson) 165
35. _Diplopora_; _Gyroporella_; _Penicillus_; _Ovulites
margaritula_ Lam.; _Confervites chantransioides_ (Born.) 174
36. Torbanite; _Pila bibractensis_ and _Reinschia australis_ 180
37. _Lithothamnion_ sp.; _L. suganum_ Roth.; _Sphaerocodium
Bornemanni_ Roth. 186
38. _Solenopora compacta_ (Billings). (M. S.) 189
39. _Nematophycus Logani_ (Daws.) 196
40. _Nematophycus Storriei_ Barb. (Photograph by Mr C. A. Barber) 199
41. Cells of _Cycadeoidea gigantea_ Sew., _Osmundites Dowkeri_
Carr and _Memecylon_ with vacuolated contents;
_Peronosporites antiquarius_ Smith; _Zygosporites_ 214
42. Tracheids of coniferous wood attacked by _Trametes
radiciperda_ Hart and _Agaricus melleus_ Vahl. 215
43. _Oochytrium Lepidodendri_ Ren.; _Polyporus vaporarius_ Fr.
var. _succinea_; _Cladosporites bipartitus_ Fel.;
_Haplographites cateniger_ Fel. (M. S.) 217
44. Cells of fossil plants with fungal hyphae 219
45. _Chara Knowltoni_ Sew.; _Chara foetida_ A. Br. (_A_ and _B_,
Mr Highley; _C–E_, M. S.) 224
46. _Chara Bleicheri_ Sap.; _Chara_? sp.; _C. Wrighti_ Forbes.
(M. S.) 226
47. _Chara Knowltoni_ Sew. (From block lent by Dr Woodward) 227
48. _Tristichia hypnoides_ Spreng.; _Podocarpus cupressina_ Br.
and Ben.; _Selaginella Oregana_ Eat. (M. S.) 231
49. _Marchantites erectus_ (Leck.) (M. S.) 233
50. _Marchantites Sezannensis_ Sap. (M. S.) 235
51. _Muscites polytrichaceus_ Ren. and Zeill. (M. S.) 239
52. _Equisetum maximum_ Lam.; _E. arvense_ L. 246
53. _Equisetum palustre_ L. (M. S.) 247
54. Plan of the vascular bundles in an _Equisetum_ stem; _E.
arvense_ L. 250
55. _Equisetum variegatum_ Schl.; _E. maximum_ Lam. 252
56. Calamitean leaf-sheath. (M. S.) 260
57. _Equisetites Hemingwayi_ Kidst. (Mr Highley) 262
58. _Equisetites spatulatus_ Zeill.; _E. zeaeformis_ (Schloth.);
_Equisetites lateralis_ Phill.; _Equisetites columnaris_
Brongn.; _Equisetum trachyodon_ A. Br. (M. S.) 265
59. _Equisetites platyodon_ Brongn. (M. S.) 267
60. _Equisetites Beani_ (Bunb.). (From a block lent by Dr
Woodward) 271
61. _Equisetites Beani_ (Bunb.). (M. S.) 272
62. _E. Beani_ (Bunb.). (M. S.) 274
63. _E. lateralis_ Phill. (M. S.) 275
64. _E. lateralis_ Phill. (M. S.) 278
65. _E. Burchardti_ Dunk. (M. S.) 279
66. _E. Yokoyamae_ Sew. (From a block lent by Dr Woodward) 280
67. _Phyllotheca_? sp. (From a photograph by Mr Edwin Wilson) 285
68. _Phyllotheca Brongniarti_ Zigno; _P. indica_ Bunb.;
_Calamocladus frondosus_ Grand’Eury. (M. S.) 287
69. _Schizoneura gondwanensis_ Feist. (M. S.) 293
70. Transverse section of a Calamite stem. (M. S.) 299
71. Transverse section of a young Calamite stem 305
72. Longitudinal and transverse sections of _Calamites_ 308
73. Transverse section of a Calamite stem 310
74. Transverse section of _Calamites_ (_Arthropitys_) sp. 312
75. Longitudinal section (tangential) of _Calamites_
(_Arthropitys_) sp. 313
76. Longitudinal section (tangential) of _Calamites_
(_Arthropitys_) sp. 314
77. Portion of a Calamite stem; partially restored. (M. S.) 316
78.╮ Transverse and longitudinal (radial) sections of a thick 318
79.╯ Calamite stem. (Mr Highley) 319
80. Transverse section of a Calamite showing callus wood 320
81. Longitudinal section of a young Calamite 321
82. Pith-casts of _Calamites_ (_Stylocalamites_) sp. (M. S.) 323
83. _Calamites_ (_Arthrodendron_) sp. Transverse and longitudinal
sections 327
84. Transverse section of _Calamites_ (_Calamodendron_)
_intermedius_ Ren. 328
85. Leaves of a Calamite. (M. S.) 330
86. Transverse section of a Calamite leaf 331
87. _Calamocladus equisetiformis_ (Schloth.) (Miss G. M.
Woodward) 334
88. _Annularia stellata_ (Schloth.) (M. S.) 339
89. _Annularia sphenophylloides_ Zenk. (M. S.) 340
90. Pith-cast of a Calamite, with roots. (M. S.) 343
91. Transverse sections of Calamite roots 345
92. Root given off from a Calamite stem 347
93. _Calamostachys_ sp. (M. S.) 350
94. _C. Binneyana_ (Carr.). (Mr Highley) 352
95. _C. Binneyana_ (Carr.) 354
96. _C. Casheana_ Will. 356
97. _Palaeostachya pedunculata_ Will. (M. S.) 357
98. _P. vera_ sp. nov. 359
99. _Calamites_ (_Calamitina_) Göpp. (Ett.) (M. S.) 368
100. _Calamites_ (_Calamitina_) _approximatus_ Brongn. From a
photograph by Mr Kidston 370
101. _Calamites_ (_Calamitina_) sp. (From a block lent by Dr
Woodward) 373
102. _Calamites_ (_Eucalamites_) _cruciatus_ Sternb. (From a
photograph by Mr Edwin Wilson) 377
103. _Archaeocalamites scrobiculatus_ (Schloth.). (From a
photograph by Mr Edwin Wilson) 385
104. Diagrammatic longitudinal section of _Sphenophyllum_ 393
105. Transverse and longitudinal sections of _Sphenophyllum
insigne_ (Will.) and _S. plurifoliatum_ Will. and Scott 394
106. _Sphenophyllum plurifoliatum_ Will. and Scott. (From a
photograph by Mr Highley) 398
107. _Sphenophyllum_ strobilus, stem and root 400
108. Diagrammatic longitudinal section of a _Sphenophyllum_
strobilus. (M. S.) 402
109. _Sphenophyllum emarginatum_ (Brongn.) (M. S.) 407
110. _Sphenophyllum Thoni_ Mahr.; _S. trichomatosum_ Stur.
(M. S.) 410
111. _Sphenophyllum speciosum_ (Royle). (M. S.) 411

=Note.= The references in the footnotes require a word of explanation. The titles of the works referred to will be found in the Bibliography at the end of the volume. In this list the authors’ names are arranged alphabetically and the papers of each author are in chronological order. The numbers in brackets after the author’s name in the footnotes, and before his name in the bibliographical list, refer to the year of publication. Except in cases where the works were published prior to 1800, the first two figures are omitted: thus Ward (84) refers to a paper published by L. F. Ward in 1884. This system was suggested by Dr H. H. Field in the _Biologisches Centralblatt_, vol. XIII. 1893, p. 753. (_Ueber die Art der Abfassung naturwissenschaftlicher Litteraturverzeichnisse._)

=PART I. GENERAL.=