Chapter XXXI: Appendix: I (3)

[359] Comp. Niccolini’s despatch to Cioli of 16th April. (Op. ix. pp. 440, 441.) During our stay in Rome in the spring of 1877, Leone Vincenzo Sallua, the Father Commissary-General of the Holy Office, was kind enough to show us the apartments occupied by Galileo in the Palace of the Inquisition. The rooms are all large, light, and cheerful, and on one side you enjoy the prospect of the majestic dome of St. Peter’s, and on the other of the beautiful gardens of the Vatican. It is worthy of note that all the rooms assigned to Galileo and his servant are entirely shut off by a single door, so that but one key was required to make the inmates of these handsome apartments prisoners. With all its consideration for Galileo’s person, the Inquisition never forgot a certain prudence which had perhaps become a second nature to it. We prefix a little ground plan of the rooms, made by ourselves on the spot.

[360] See despatch of 23rd April. (Op. ix. p. 441.)

[361] See Op. ix. pp. 334, 339, 345, 346, 354, 355. Pieralisi tries to palliate even this act, but without much success. (Comp. pp. 134, 135.)

[362] Thanks to the kindness of Prof. Riccardi, of Modena, in whose valuable library there is, among other treasures, a copy of Galileo’s “Dialogues” of 1632, I was enabled to compare Inchofer’s quotations with a copy of the very edition which was in the hands of the consultators of the Holy Office. I am able to state that Inchofer quotes them verbatim, or makes faithful extracts without altering the sense. The last quotation only, 25, is a little confused. (Vat. MS. fol. 439 vo.)

[363] Pasqualigus seldom cites verbatim, but makes short quotations; and in comparing them with Galileo’s works, I have found the sense given correctly.

[364] See all these opinions and the arguments, Vat. MS. fol. 429 ro. 447 ro.

[365] There is a passage in a letter of Galileo’s to Geri Bocchineri of 25th February, 1633, in which he says: “The cessation of all bodily exercise which, as you know I am accustomed to take for the benefit of my health, and of which I have now been deprived for nearly forty days, begins to tell upon me, and particularly to interfere with digestion, so that the mucus accumulates; and for three days violent pains in the limbs have occasioned great suffering, and deprived me of sleep. I hope strict diet will get rid of them.” (Op. vii. p. 23.) Since this time two months had elapsed without Galileo’s having been in the open air. Even the Inquisitors saw, as we shall find, that a change must be made in the regulations, if they did not wish to endanger his life.

[366] Op. vii. p. 30.

[367] Pages 197, 198.

[368] Niccolini’s.

[369] Vat. MS. fol. 419 ro. 420 vo.

[370] Vat. MS. fol. 420 vo. 421 ro.

[371] Vat. MS. fol. 421 vo.

[372] Op. ix. pp. 441, 442.

[373] Wolynski, “La Diplomazia Toscana,” etc., p. 61.

[374] See Niccolini to Cioli, 15th May, 1633. (Op. ix. p. 442.)

[375] Galileo’s letters between 23rd April and 23rd July, just the most interesting time, are entirely wanting, which can scarcely be altogether accidental.

[376] Op. ix. p. 353.

[377] See the protocol of the hearing of 10th May, 1633. (Vat. MS. fol. 422 ro.)

[378] At his first hearing Galileo had only been able to show a copy of this certificate, but now produced the original.

[379] Vat. MS. fol. 425 vo.

[380] Comp. Marini, pp. 98-100.

[381] Op. ix. p. 357.

[382] See their letters (Op. ix. pp. 355-364; and Suppl. pp. 350, 351).

[383] See his letters to Galileo (Op. Suppl. pp. 248-250).

[384] Op. ix. p. 359.

[385] Ibid. p. 365.

[386] See Niccolini’s despatches to Cioli of 29th May. (Op. ix. p. 443.)

[387] Op. ix. pp. 442, 443.

[388]

“Feria V. Die XVI. Junii 1633.

Galilaei de Galileis Florentini in hoc S. Off. carcerati et ob ejus adversam valetudinem ac senectutem cum praecepto de non discedendo de domo electae habitationis in urbe, ac de se repraesentando toties quoties sub poenis arbitrio Sacrae Congregationis habilitati proposita causa relato processu et auditis notis, S.ᵐᵘˢ decrevit ipsum Galilaeum interrogandum esse super intentione et comminata ei tortura, et si sustinuerit, previa abjuratione de vehementi in plena Congregatione S. Off. condemnandum ad carcerem arbitrio Sac. Congregationis, Injunctum ei ne de cetero scripto vel verbo tractet ampluis gnovis modo de mobilitate terræ, nec de stabilitate solis et e contra sub poena relapsus. Librum vero ab eo conscriptum cuititutus est Dialogo di Galileo Galilei Linceo (publice cremandum fore (_sic_) ma cassato) prohibendum fore. Praeterea ut haec omnibus innotescant exemplaria Sententiae Decretumque perinde transmitti jussit ad omnes nuntios apostolicos, et ad omnes haereticae pravitatis Inquisitores, ac praecipue ad Inquisitorem Florentiae qui eam sententiam in ejus plena Congregatione, Consultoribus accersitis, etiam et coram plerisque Mathematicae Artis Professoribus publice legatur.” (Gherardi’s Documents, Doc. xiii.; and Vat. MS. fol. 451 vo.)

It was then apparently at first determined publicly to burn Galileo’s book, and it was not till after the decree had been committed to writing that it was altered. At whose instigation this was done, whether at that of the Pope, or in consequence of the remonstrances of some more lenient members of the Congregation, such as the Cardinals Barberini, Borgia, and Zacchia, cannot be decided.

[389] Op. ix. pp. 443, 444, from which the above account is taken.

[390] See Niccolini’s despatch to Cioli, 26th June. (Op. ix. pp. 444, 445.)

[391] Et cu nihil aliud posset haberi in executione decreti habita eius subscriptione remissus fuit ad locum suum. (Vat. MS. fol. 453 ro.)

[392] “Cioè al palazzo del Ministro di Toscana,” says Marini, p. 62.

[393] The passage in Niccolini’s despatch is as follows: “Il Signor Galilei fu chiamato lunedi (20) sera al S. Uffizio, ove si trasferi martedi (21) mattina conforme all’ ordine, per sentire qual che potessero desiderare da lui, ed essendo ritenuto, fu condotto mercoledi (22) alla Minerva avanti alli Sig. Cardinali e Prelati della Congregazione, dove non solamente gli fu letta la sentenza, ma fatto anche abiurare la sua opinione, ... la qual condannazione gli ful subito permutata da S. B. in una relegazione o confine al giardino della Trinita de’ Monti, dore io lo condussi venerdi (24) sera....” (Op. ix. pp. 444, 445.)

[394] Galileo’s letter to Castelli of 21st December, 1613.

[395] Appendix VI.

[396] It is very remarkable that Jagemann, in his book on Galileo, which appeared in 1784 (New Ed. 1787, pp. 86, 95), doubts the fact of such a special prohibition. Of course he is acquainted only with the sentence published by Riccioli, and surmises that he invented the passage in which the special prohibition is mentioned, “in order to justify the harsh proceedings of the Court of Rome under Urban VIII.” So that ninety years ago, without anything to go by but the wording of the sentence, Jagemann suspected that this strict prohibition was never issued to Galileo, and says,—“Neither does this decree agree with the information given above on all points,” _i.e._, in letters of Galileo and Guiccardini of 1616.

[397] Compare the excellent essay: “La Condemnation de Galilée. Lapsus des écrivains qui l’opposent a la doctrine de l’infallibilité du Pape,” von Abbé Bouix. Also Pieralisi, pp. 121-131; and Gilbert’s “La Procés de Galilée,” pp. 19-30. We may remark here, that according to these principles the doctrine of Copernicus was not made heretical by the sentence of the Inquisition, because the decree never received the Pope’s official ratification. To confirm this statement we subjoin some remarks by theological authorities. Gassendi remarks in his great work, “De motu impresso a motore translato” (Epist. ii. t. iii. p. 519), published nine years after the condemnation of Galileo, on the absence of the papal ratification in the sentence of the Holy Tribunal, and that therefore _the negation of the Copernican theory was not an article of faith_. As a good priest he recognises the high authority of a decision of the Congregation, and subjects his personal opinions to it. Father Riccioli, in his comprehensive work, “Almagestum novum,” published nine years after Gassendi’s, reproduces Gassendi’s statement word for word (t. i., pars. 2, p. 489), and entirely concurs in it, even in the book which was meant to refute the Copernican theory at all points (pp. 495, 496, and 500). Father Fabri, a French Jesuit, afterwards Grand Penitentiary at Rome, says in a dissertation published there in 1661 against the “Systema Saturnium,” of Huyghens (p. 49), that as no valid evidence can be adduced for the truth of the new system, the authorities of the Church are quite right in interpreting the passages of Holy Scripture relating to the system of the universe literally; “but,” he adds, “if ever any conclusive reasons are discovered (which I do not expect), _I do not doubt that the Church will say that they are to be taken figuratively_,” a remark which no priest would have made about a doctrine pronounced heretical by infallible authority. Caramuel, a Spanish Benedictine, who also discussed the future of the Copernican theory, defines the position still more clearly than Fabri. In his “Theologia fundamentalis,” published at Lyons in 1676 (t. i., pp. 104-110), after defending the decree and sentence of the Congregation, he discusses the attitude which the Church will take in case the system should prove indisputably true. In the first place he believes this will never happen, and if it does, _it could never be said that the Church of Rome had been in error, as the doctrine of the double motion of the earth had never been condemned by an Œcumenical Council, nor by the Pope speaking ex cathedra, but only by the tribunal of cardinals_.

It is interesting to find that Descartes, Galileo’s contemporary, put the same construction on the matter. He wrote on 10th January, 1634, to Father Mersenne: “_As I do not see that this censure has been confirmed either by a Council or the Pope, but proceeds solely from the congregation of the cardinals_, I do not give up hope that it will not happen to the Copernican theory as it did to that about the antipodes, which was formerly condemned in the same way.” (Panthéon littéraire, Œuvres philosophiques de Descartes, p. 545.)

[398] Page 141.

[399] Page 60.

[400] Abbé Bouix, p. 229.

[401] _Zeitschrift für Math. und Physik._ 9th series. Part 3, pp. 194, 195.

[402] “I Cardinale Inquisitori componenti la Congregazione, in cui nome la sentenza è fatta, erano in numero di dieci. Nell’ ultima Congregazione se ne trovarono presenti solo sette; quindi sette solo sono sottoscritti. Da cio non può in nessuna maniera desumersi che i tre mancanti fossero di parere contrario.” (“Processo originale,” etc., p. 149, note 1.)

[403] “Urbano VIII. e Galileo Galilei,” pp. 218-224.

[404] Appendix VI.

[405] Vol. vii. of the “Historisch-politischen Blätter für das Catholische Deutschland.” Munich, 1841.

[406] Ibid. p. 578.

[407] The reproach which the apologists of the Inquisition are fond of bringing against Galileo, that he knew nothing about the specific gravity of the air, is incorrect, as appears from his letter to Baliani of 12th March, 1613 (published for the first time in 1864 by Signor Giuseppe Sacchi, director of the library at Brera, where the autograph letter is to be seen), in which Galileo describes a method he had invented for determining the specific gravity of the air.

[408] See the essay before mentioned, p. 583.

[409] Ibid. pp. 580, 581.

[410] Ibid. pp. 581, 582.

[411] It carefully refutes the assertion made by Father Olivieri, that the Holy Office had prohibited the Copernican doctrine from being demonstrated as true, and condemned its famous advocate, Galileo, because it could not then be satisfactorily proved scientifically, and Galileo had supported it with arguments scientifically incorrect. If we can believe the ex-general of the Dominicans, the Inquisition in 1616 and 1633 was only the careful guardian of science!

[412] _Augsburger Allgemeine Zeitung, Beilage_, No. 93, 2nd Aug, 1876.

[413] Gherardi’s Documents, Doc. xv.

[414] Compare p. 228, note 3.

[415] Niccolini’s despatch to Cioli, 3rd July, 1633. (Op. ix. p. 445.)

[416] Vat. MS. fol. 453 ro.

[417] Niccolini’s despatch to Cioli of 3rd July.

[418] Vat. MS. fol. 453 ro. and 454 vo.

[419] Ibid. fol. 453 vo.

[420] Op. ix. p. 447.

[421] Fabroni, “Vitæ Italorum.” Pisa, 1778, vol. i. p. 144.

[422] Heis, “Das Unhistorische des dem Galilei in dem Munde gelegten: ‘E pur si muove.’” Munich, 1868.

[423] “Der Galileischen Process auf Grund der neuesten Actenpublicationen historisch und juristisch geprütf.” Von Prof. H. Grisar, S. J. _Zeitschrift für Kathol. Theologie._ 2nd series. Innsbrück, 1878.

[424] Ferry, author of the article “Galilée” in “Dictionnaire de Conversation,” Paris, 1859, undoubtedly believes the story. But the man who makes Galileo be born at Florence, study at Venice, and become Professor at Padua directly afterwards, thinks that Galileo did nothing more for science after his condemnation, and, that (in 1859) his works were still on the Index, can hardly be reckoned among historians.

[425] Louis Combes’s “Gal. et L’Inquisition Romaine,” Paris, 1876, is a pamphlet of no scientific value whatever, distinguished by astounding ignorance of the Galileo literature. The author complains that the original documents relating to the trial are buried among the secret papal archives, and that nothing more is known of them than what Mgr. Marini has thought fit to communicate! The publication, then, of the most important documents of the Vat. MS., by Epinois, 1867, seems to have escaped the notice of M. Louis Combes!

[426] Nelli, vol. ii. p. 562, note 2.

[427] Page 69, note 2.

[428] Venturi, vol. ii. p. 182; Nelli, vol. ii. p. 537.

[429] See Appendix: History of the Vat. MS.

[430] See Dr. Emil Wohlwill’s “Ist Galileo gefoltert worden.” Leipzig, 1877.

[431] “Elogio del Galilei.” Livorno, 1775.

[432] In Fabroni, “Vitæ Italorum,” i.

[433] “Notizie degli aggrandimenti delle scienze fosiche in Toscana.” i. Firenze, 1780.

[434] “Lettere inedite di uomini illustri.” Firenze, 1773-75.

[435] _Journal des Savans_: July, Aug., Sep., Oct., 1858.

[436] Niccolini’s despatch to Cioli, 25th April. (Op. ix. p. 441.)

[437] Niccolini to Cioli, 3rd May. (Op. ix. p. 442.)

[438] Niccolini to Cioli, 26th June. (Op. ix. pp. 444, 445.)

[439] Niccolini to Cioli, 10th July. (Ibid. p. 447.)

[440] Even Wohlwill allows, p. 29, that the opinion that “Catholic answer” means answer under torture is not tenable.

[441] “Il Reo, che solamente condotto al luogo della tortura ò quivi spogliato, ò pur anco legato senza però esser alzato, confessa dicesi haver confessato ne’ tormenti, e nell’ esamina rigorosa.” (“Sacro Arsenale overo Prattica dell’ Officio della Santa Inquisitione.” Bologna, 1865, Mesini’s ed. p. 412.)

[442] Page 25.

[443] “Gradus torturae olim adhiberi soliti fuerunt quinque, qui certo ordine fuerunt inflicte, quos describit Julius Clarus ‘in pract crim.’ § Fin. qu. 64, versic. ‘Nunc de gradibus,’ ubi ita ait, ‘Scias igitur, quod quinque sunt gradus torturae; scilicet Primo, minae de torquendo. Secundo: conductio ad locum tormentorum. Tertio, spoliato et ligatura. Quarto, elevation in eculeo. Quinto, squassatio.” (Philippi a Limborch S.S. Theologiae inter Remonstrantes Professoris, Historia Inquisitionis. Amstelodami apud Henricum, Westenium, 1692, p. 322.)

[444] Prof. P. Grisar also remarks in his critique of Wohlwill’s last work (_Zeitschrift für Kath. Theol._ ii. Jahrgang, p. 188), that in the language of the old writers on criminal law, the _territio verbalis_ was often included in the expression torture, and appeals to Julius Clarus, Sentent. crimin. lib. 5, § Fin. qu. 84, nr 31; Francof. 1706, p. 318; Sigism. Scaccia, de judiciis, lib. 2. c. 8. nr 276; Francof. 1669, p. 269.

[445] “Sacro Arsenale,” p. 155.

[446] Ibid. pp. 157, 161, 165.

[447] Ibid. p. 157; Salleles, “De materiis tribunalium S. Inquisitionis,” reg. 361, nos. 110, 117.

[448] Ibid. p. 410; Limborch, p. 325.

[449] In his brochure, “Ist Galilei gefoltert worden.”

[450] “Il Processo di Galileo Galilei e la Moderna Critica Tedesca,” III. _Revista Europea_, vol. v., fasc. ii., 1878.

[451] Page 214.

[452] “Sacro Arsenale,” pp. 62, 64.

[453] The passage in the decree is: “Sᵐᵘˢ. decrevit ipsum (Galileo) interrogandum esse super intentione, etiam comminata ei tortura et si sustenuerit, previa abiuratione de vehementi in plena Congregatione S.O. condemnandum ad carcerem,” etc. (Vat. MS. Fol. 451 vo.) Wohlwill says that the first part of this decree has had about as many interpretations as authors who have quoted it. This may in no small degree be due to the fact that it was not known whether the original reading was _et_ or _ac_ sustinuerit. As it is now decided in favour of _et_, perhaps an agreement may be come to, and the more so as several students of Galileo’s trial have adopted a translation which agrees as to the meaning, to which we ourselves, now that the _et_ is unquestionable, adhere. H. Martin, Pro. Reusch, Dr. Scartazzini, Pro. P. Grisar, Epinois in his latest work, and the present writer, translate: “His Holiness ordained that he (Galileo) was to be examined as to his intention, to be threatened with torture, and if he kept firm (to his previous depositions) after _abjuration de vehementi_, he was to be sentenced to imprisonment by the whole Congregation of the Holy Office,” etc. Whatever may be thought of the translation, one thing is certain, that by this decree the threat of torture was ordained, but assuredly not its execution.

[454] “Il Processo di Gal. Gal.,” etc.: _Revista Europea_, vol. v., fasc. ii. p. 232, 1878.

[455] Op. ix. pp. 444, 445.

[456] “Il Processo di Gal. Gal.,” etc.: _Revista Europea_, vol. v., fasc. ii., 16th January, 1878, p. 233.

[457] Ibid. p. 247.

[458] “Galileo Galilei; dessen Leben,” etc., Basle, 1858, p. 16.

[459] Vat. MS. fol. 407.

[460] “Farinacci, de indiciis et tortura,” a. 41.

[461] Th. del Bene, “De officio S. Inquisitionis,” vol. i. p. 574.

[462] “Sacro Arsenale,” pp. 171, 172.

[463] Page 197.

[464] Op. ix. p. 372.

[465] Op. vii. pp. 31, 32.

[466] Comp. the letters of Cioli and Geri Bocchineri to Galileo of 28th July. (Op. ix. pp. 278, 279.)

[467] Niccolini’s despatch to Cioli of 7th August. (Op. ix. p. 447.)

[468] Op. ix. pp. 383, 384.

[469] Vat. MS. fol. 476 vo. and 493 ro.; also Gherardi’s Documents, Doc. xviii.

[470] Page 68.

[471] Op. ix. pp. 390-392.

[472] Vat. MS. fol. 544.

[473] Op. x. pp. 75-77, 81; Suppl. pp. 362, 363.

[474] Henri Martin (pp. 386-388) gives an interesting list of works published against the Copernican system between 1631 and 1638, up therefore to the time of Newton.

[475] Venturi, vol. ii. p. 127.

[476] Op. ix. pp. 447, 448.

[477] Comp. Niccolini’s despatch to Cioli, 3rd Dec. (Op. ix. p. 448.)

[478] Vat. MS. fol. 534 ro.

[479] Vat. MS., fol. without paging after 534; also Gherardi’s Documents, Doc. xx.

[480] Op. ix. pp. 407, 408.

[481] At the close of this year two documents were published which have often been used as historical sources for the story of Galileo’s trial; namely, (1) a narration by Francesco Buonamici of the famous trial; and (2) an assumed letter of Galileo’s to his friend and correspondent, Father Vincenzo Renieri, intended to give a concise history of the trial. The first has been pronounced by historical research to be quite worthless, even if not, as H. Martin (p. 185) thinks, a forgery; the second as decidedly apocryphal, so that neither are mentioned here. (Comp. Op. ix. pp. 449-452; vii. pp. 40-43; and the valuable treatise by G. Guasti: “Le relazioni di Galileo con alcuni Pratesi a proposito del Falso Buonamici scopalto del Signor H. Martin.” Archivo Storico Italiano. Firenze, 1873, vol. xvii.)

[482] See Galileo’s letter to Barberini, 17th December, 1633. (Vat. MS. fol. 541 ro.)

[483] Op. x. pp. 2 and 11.

[484] Vat. MS. fol. 547.

[485] Vat. MS. fol. 549.

[486] Vat. MS. fol. 550 vo.; and Gherardi’s Documents, Doc. xxii.

[487] Vat. MS. fol. 551 ro.

[488] Op. vii. p. 44.

[489] Op. vii. pp. 46-51.

[490] Op. x. pp. 66-69; 71-74; vii. pp. 56, 57.

[491] Op. vii. pp. 52-58; x. 41-134; Suppl. pp. 271-278.

[492] Castelli’s letter to Galileo, 2nd Dec., 1634. (Op. x. p. 64.)

[493] Castelli’s letter to Galileo, 9th Dec., 1634. (Op. x. p. 65.)

[494] Comp. Peiresc’s letters to Galileo, 26th Jan., 1634 (Op. x. pp. 8-11), and to Card. Barberini, 5th Dec., 1635 (Op. x. p. 94).

[495] Op. x. pp. 94-96. In Albèri the date of this letter is wrongly given as 1635; Pieralisi has found the original of it in the Barberiana, with date 5th Dec., 1634. (Pieralisi, pp. 304-310.)

[496] Op. x. pp. 96-98. In Albèri this letter is dated 1636 instead of 1635.

[497] Op. x. pp. 98, 99. Date wrongly given in Albèri as 13th instead of 31st Jan. See Pieralisi, pp. 313-317.

[498] These words were written in a truly prophetic spirit; for such a parallel was actually drawn by Voltaire in (vol. iv. p. 145) his “Essai sur les mœurs et l’esprit des nations, et sur les principaux faits de l’histoire, depuis Charlemagne jusquà Louis XIII.”

[499] Op. Suppl. pp. 361-363.

[500] Op. x. pp. 25-33; vii. pp. 52, 53, and 128.

[501] Op. x. pp. 29-33; vii. p. 140.

[502] Op. vii. pp. 65, 66, and 67, 68; also Galileo’s letter to Bernegger, 15th July, 1636. (Op. vii. pp. 69, 70.)

[503] Page 222.

[504] Comp. Galileo’s letter to Giovanni Buonamici, 16th August, 1636. (Op. vii. pp. 139, 140.)

[505] See Castelli’s letter to Galileo of 2nd June, 1635, in which he says that “he had at last been again permitted to kiss his Holiness’s toe.” (Op. x. pp. 100.)

[506] Comp. the letters of Castelli and the Count de Noailles to Galileo of 19th April and 6th May, 1636. (Op. x. pp. 149, 150, and 153.)

[507] Op. x. pp. 159, 160.

[508] Op. x. pp. 161 and 163.

[509] See Castelli’s letter to Galileo, 9th August. (Op. x. pp. 163, 164.)

[510] Ibid.

[511] Op. Suppl. p. 280.

[512] Op. x. p. 172.

[513] Comp. Galileo’s letters to Micanzio at Venice of 21st and 28th June 1636. (Op. vii. pp. 63-66.)

[514] Op. x. pp. 88, 89, 104, 105, 116-118, 191, 192; vii. pp. 132, 154, 155.

[515] Op. x. pp. 157, 158, 165, 170, 171, 213; vii. 63, 64, 67, 68, 71, 138, 253.

[516] Op. x. pp. 66-69, 108-111, 127-130.

[517] Pieroni to Galileo, 9th July, 1637. (Op. x. pp. 222-226.)

[518] Comp. Op. vii. pp. 138, 139, 152, 153; x. pp. 167 and 184.

[519] Comp. Op. vi. pp. 238-276, 338-346.

[520] Op. vii. pp. 73-93, and 136, 137.

[521] Op. iii. pp. 176-183.

[522] Comp. Galileo’s letter to Diodati of 4th July, 1637. (Op. vii. p. 180.)

[523] Comp. Op. vii. pp. 163-174, 190-204; x. pp. 215-218, 228-248; Suppl. pp. 282-284.

[524] Op. vii. p. 193.

[525] Op. x. pp. 231, 232.

[526] ... “Here I found and called upon the celebrated Galileo, now become old and a prisoner of the Inquisition,” says Milton. Unfortunately we know nothing more of this interesting meeting. (Comp. Reumont, p. 405.)

[527] Op. vii. p. 207. See on Galileo’s total blindness, “Sull’epoca vera e la durata della cecità del Galileo,” Nota del Angelo Secchi: (Estratta dal Giornale Arcadico, Tomo liv nuova serie); and “Sull’ nella epoca della completa cecità del Galileo,” Risposta di Paolo Volpicelli al chiaris e R. P. A. Secchi, Roma, 1868.

[528] Op. x. p. 232.

[529] Op. x. pp. 248, 249.

[530] Comp. p. 275, note 1.

[531] Galileo’s letter to Guerrini, an official at the Tuscan Court, 19th December. (Op. vii. pp. 204, 205.)

[532] Guerrini to Galileo, 20th December. (Op. x. pp. 249, 250.)

[533] Op. x. pp. 254, 255.

[534] Gherardi’s Documents, Doc. xxiii.

[535] This passage directly contradicts the remark on this subject in the report of Fra Clemente, the Inquisitor, of 1st April, 1634; his successor, Fra Fanano, seems to have been more favourable to Galileo.

[536] Op. x. pp. 280, 281.

[537] Gherardi’s Documents, Doc. xxiv.

[538] Op. x. p. 286.

[539] Fanano’s letter to Cardinal F. Barberini of 10th March, 1638. (Op. x. p. 287.)

[540] Gherardi’s Documents, Doc. xxv.

[541] Letter of the Vicar of the Holy Office at Florence to Galileo, of 28th March, 1638. (Op. x. p. 292.)

[542] Op. vii. pp. 211-216.

[543] See letters from Hortensius and Realius to Galileo of 26th Jan. and 3rd Mar. 1637 (Op. vii. pp. 95-99, 100-102); letter from Const. Huyghens to Diodati, 13th April, 1637 (Op. vii. pp. 111-113).

[544] Op. vii. pp. 163-174.

[545] Op. vii. pp. 181-189.

[546] Vat. MS. fol. 554 ro.

[547] Vat. MS; fol. 555 vo.; and Gherardi’s Documents, Doc. xxvi.

[548] On all this see Galileo’s letter to Diodati of 7th Aug., 1638. (Op. vii. pp. 214-216.)

[549] Comp. Nelli, vol. ii. pp. 678, 679, and Venturi, vol. ii. p. 285.

[550] Vat. MS. fol. 553 ro.; and Op. x. 304, 305, where it is dated 23rd instead of 25th July.

[551] Vat. MS. fol. 556 vo.; and Gherardi’s Documents, Doc. xxvii.

[552] Op. vii. p. 215.

[553] Op. vii. pp. 216-218.

[554] Op. xv. p. 401; Nelli, vol. ii. p. 838.

[555] Op. xv. (Viviani), p. 371.

[556] Comp. Castelli’s letters to Galileo of 29th May and 30 July, 1638. (Op. x. pp. 300, 310-313.)

[557] Cioli’s despatch to Niccolini of 9th Sept., 1638. (Op. x. pp. 313, 314.)

[558] Niccolini’s despatches to Cioli of 15th and 25th Sept. (Wolynski, “La Diplomazia Toscana,” etc., pp. 68, 69.)

[559] Fanano’s letter to Card. Barberini of 4th Oct. (Op. x. p. 314.)

[560] See Castelli’s letters to Card. F. Barberini of 2nd, 9th, and 16th Oct., in Pieralisi, pp. 291-296; and another of 23rd Oct., 1638, on an unnumbered page between fols. 552 and 553 of the Vat. MS. p. 175.

[561] See Card. Barberini’s letters to Castelli of 16th and 30th Oct. (Pieralisi, pp. 294, 295, and 298.)

[562] Vat. MS. fol. 557 vo.

[563] “Discorsi e Dimostrazione Matematiche intorno a due Scienze attenenti alla Meccanica e ai Movimenti Locali. Con una Appendice del Centro di gravita di alcuni Solidi.”

[564] See Galileo’s letter to the Count de Noailles of 6th March, 1638, and his answer of 20th July. (Op. vii. pp. 209-211, and x. pp. 308-310.)

[565] Comp. Op. vii. pp. 44, 46, 57, 70.

[566] Op. vii. pp. 218-226; x. pp. 316, 317, 320, 321.

[567] “Dalla Villa Arcètri, mio continuato carcere ed esilio dalla città.” (Letter from Galileo to Cassiano dal Pozzo in Rome, of 20th Jan., 1641, Op. vii. p. 351)

[568] Op. vii. pp. 364, 365.

[569] Pieralisi thinks (“Urbano VIII. and Galileo Galilei,” p. 264) that it was left to Galileo’s option during the last few years to reside either at Arcetri or Florence, and that his preference for his villa led him to choose the former; a statement for which Pieralisi has no proof to offer, and which is strongly opposed to what we have mentioned above.

[570] Gherardi’s Documents, Docs. xxviii. and xxix.

[571] Castelli’s letters to Galileo of 29th Jan., 12th Feb., 1639. (Op. x. pp. 325, 326, and 328, 329.)

[572] Op. x. pp. 340-348, 356, 357, 363-365, 367, 368, 385-387, 392-394, 396, 397, 407, 408; Suppl. pp. 287-290.

[573] Op. x. pp. 280 and 308.

[574] Comp. his letters to Castelli of 8th and 19th Aug., 1st and 3rd Sep., 3rd and 18th Dec., 1639. (Op. vii. pp. 232-236, 238, 239, and 242, 243.)

[575] Op. xv. (Viviani), p. 360.

[576] Op. vii. pp. 238, 239; xiii. pp. 267-332; xv. pp. 358-360.

[577] See his letters to Galileo in 1639 and 1640. (Op. x. pp. 336, 339, 340, 350, 351, 362, 363, 382, 383, 402, 419, 420; also xv. (Viviani), pp. 356, 357.)

[578] Op. vii. pp. 240, 241.

[579] Comp. Op. vii. pp. 243-254. In 1648 Renieri was intending to bring out Galileo’s calculations about the satellites of Jupiter, and their application to navigation, which he had completed by long years of labour, when his death occurred after a short illness. The papers were then lost, but were afterwards discovered by Albèri, who arranged them and incorporated them in the “Opere di Galileo Galilei,” v.

[580] Comp. Galileo’s letter to Daniele Spinola of 19th Man, 1640. (Op. vii. pp. 256-258.)

[581] Letter from Prince Leopold de’ Medici to Galileo, 11th Mar., 1640. (Op. vii. p. 254.)

[582] Op. vii. pp. 261-310; iii. pp. 190-237.

[583] See this correspondence. (Op. vii. pp. 317-333, 336-350, 352-358.) Liceti published a large book in 1642, in reply to Galileo’s letter to Prince Leopold de’ Medici. The latter, in which Galileo had made some alterations, was, with his consent, printed with Liceti’s reply.

[584] Op. vii p. 360.

[585] Op. vii. pp. 361-363.

[586] Page 419.

[587] This is precisely the same argument, only in other words, brought forward by Simplicius at the end of the “Dialogues on the Two Chief Systems.” (Comp. p. 160.)

[588] This passage calls the passage in “Il Saggiatore” to mind, where Galileo speaks of Copernicus, Ptolemy, and Tycho.

[589] See “Allgemeine Weltgeschichte,” by Cesare Cantu. Freely rendered for Catholic Germany, from the 7th edition, by Dr. J. A. M. Brühl, p. 540.

[590] Comp. Renieri’s letter to Galileo of 6th March, 1641. (Op. x. pp. 408, 409.)

[591] See his letter of 20th August, 1659, to Prince Leopold de’ Medici. (Op. xiv. pp. 339-356.)

[592] Seven years after Galileo’s death, Vincenzo was occupied in constructing the first pendulum clock after these drawings and models, when he suddenly fell ill and died. For all this see Albèri’s excellent essay: “Dell’orologio a pendolo di Galileo Galilei e di due recenti divinazioni del meccanismo da lui imaginato.” (Op. Suppl. pp. 333-358; Nelli, vol. ii. pp. 688-738.)

[593] Comp. Torricelli’s letters to Galileo of 15th March, 27th April, 1st and 29th June, 17th August, and 28th September, 1641. (Op. x. pp. 412, 413, 417, 418, 420, 421, 423-426, 432, 433.) Also Galileo’s letter to Torricelli of 27th September, 1641. (Op. vii. pp. 365-367.)

[594] See Rinuccini’s letter to Prince Leopold de’ Medici, 15th November, 1641. (Op. x. 436, 437.)

[595] For this and the preceding, see Op. xv. (Viviani), pp. 360, 361; and Nelli, vol. ii. pp. 839, 840.

[596] Gherardi’s Documents, Doc. xxx.

[597] Niccolini’s despatch to the Tuscan Secretary of State of 25th January, 1642. (Op. xv. pp. 403, 404.)

[598] Despatch of the Tuscan Secretary Condi to Niccolini of 29th January, 1642 (Op. xv. p. 404.)

[599] Op. xv. p. 405.

[600] See for more on the subject, Nelli, vol. ii. pp. 850-867.

[601] Nelli, vol. ii. pp. 874-876.

[602] Letter of the Inquisitor Fra Paolo Ambr. of 8th June, 1734, to the College of Cardinals at Rome. (See Vat. MS. fol. 558 ro.)

[603] Vat. MS. fol. 561 vo.

[604] Vat. MS. fol. 561 vo., and Gherardi’s Documents, Doc. xxxii.

[605] Canto iv., stanza liv.

[606] See the document about the exhumation. (Op. xv. pp. 407-409.)

[607] For instance, Dr. Carl Schöffer, in his _brochure_: “Die Bewegungen der Himmelskörper. Neue and unbewegliche Beweise, dass unsere Erde im Mittelpunkte des Weltalls steht, und die Sonne, Mond und Sterne sich um dieselbe bewegen.” Brunswick, 1854. (“The Motions of the Heavenly Bodies. New and indisputable proofs that our Earth is the centre of the Universe, and that Sun, Moon, and Stars, revolve round it”).

[608] Habito verbo cum Sanctissimo, omittatur decretum, quo prohibentur omnes libri docentes immobilitatem solis, et mobilitatem terræ. (Olivieri, p. 94, or “Hist.-polit. Blätter,” p. 585.)

[609] “Opere di Galileo Galilei divise in quattro Tomi, in questa nuova edizione accresciute di molte cose inedite.” In Padova, 1744. “Nella stamperia del Seminario appresso Gio. Manfrè,” Tomi iv. in 4ᵒ.

[610] Comp. Olivieri, p. 96, or “Hist.-polit. Blätter,” p. 587, and Op. xv. Bibliografia Galileiana, pp. xxvi., xxvii.

[611] “Traité d’astronomie” Paris, 1792, p. 421.

[612] “Se possa difendersi ed insegnore, non come semplice ipotesi ma come verissima, e come tesi, la mobilità della terra e la stabilità del sole da chi ha fatta la professione di fede di Pio IV. quaestione teologico-morale.”

[613] “Dichiarono permessa in Roma la stampa e la publicazione operum tractantium de mobilitate terrae et immobilitate solis, juxta communem modernorum astronomorum opinionem.” (Olivieri, p. 97, or “Hist.-polit. Blätter,” p. 588.)

[614] Somewhat abridged, as are also the Description and Estimate of the Vat. MS.—[TR.]

[615] See for this and what immediately follows, “Le Manuscrit Original du Procès de Galilée,” par L. Sandret. _Revue des Questions historiques_, 1 Oct., 1877, pp. 551-559.

[616] Marini, p. 144.

[617] Ibid. pp. 144, 145.

[618] See Sandret’s Essays before cited, p. 553.

[619] Ibid. pp. 553, 554.

[620] Sandret, p. 554.

[621] Marini, pp. 145, 146.

[622] Marini, p. 146, 147; Sandret, pp. 554.

[623] Marini, p. 147; Sandret, p. 555.

[624] Marini, p. 147.

[625] Marini, p. 147.

[626] Ibid. p. 148.

[627] Ibid. p. 148.

[628] Ibid. p. 151.

[629] Sandret, p. 556, note 1.

[630] Denina was at Paris from 1805 till his death in 1813, and may therefore have seen the Acts, which were in Paris from 1811, as well as the translation which was begun.

[631] Sandret, pp. 556, 557.

[632] _Revue des questions historiques_, Paris, July, 1867.

[633] ... “e avemmo fra le mani il desiderato volume nella stanza del padre Theiner testè rapito dolorosamente ai vivi.” (“Il Processo Originale,” etc., p. x.)

[634] “Egli è adunque per la prima volta che i due processi Galeleiani sono publicati nella loro integrità.” Page xii.

[635] See “Correzioni al libro Urbano VIII. e Galileo Galilei proposte dall’ autore Sante Pieralisi con osservazioni sopra il Processo Originale di Galileo Galilei publicato da Domenico Berti.” Roma, 30 Settembre, 1876, pp. 9-16.

[636] “Quando si havra a terminare qualche causa al S. Off. appartenente converra, che prima ai formi il caso in cui brevemente si ristringano ineriti della causa e tutti i punti substantiale del processo, etc.... Poscia mandatalo a ciascuno de Sig Consultori entrera con esso loro opportunamente nella Congregatione,” etc. (“Sacro Arsenale,” etc. Bologna, 1665. Masini’s ed., pp. 345, 346).

[637] “Il Processo originale di Gal. Galilei,” etc. Rome, 1876, p. 138, note 1.

[638] “Correzioni al libro Urbano VIII. e Gal. Galilei,” etc. Rome, 1876, pp. 44-46.

[639] “Il Processo originale di Gal. Galilei,” etc., p. v.

[640] The Denunciation of Lorini. The signature, however, obviously once existed, but being on the edge of the paper has been effaced in the course of time.

[641] “Ist Galilei gefoltert worden.” Von Emil Wohlwill. Leipzig, 1877.

[642] “Ist Galilei gefoltert worden.” Gegenbetrachtungen von K. v. Gebler. Die Gegenwart.

[643] Vat. MS. fol. 398 ro.

[644] This decree is given in a printed copy in the volume containing the Vat. MS. We give it on a reduced scale.

[645] Misprint for _Dubliniensi_.

[646] Abridged. [TR.]

[647] Cæsar Carena: “De officio Sanctissime Inquisitionis et modo procedendi in causis fidei.” Cremona, 1641, p. 416.

INDEX.

Accadémia dei Lincei, 36, 106, 136.
Dissolution of, 138.

Alciato, Cardinal, 176.

Anagram on Ring of Saturn, 24.
On Crescent form of Venus, 33.

Apology to Grand Duchess Christine, 64-70.

Aristotle, 6, 10.

Astronomical and Philosophical Scales, the, 102.

Barberini, Antonio, 132.
Cardinal, 35, 192, 199, 241, 242.
Maffeo, 44.
As Urban VIII., 108-113.

Bellarmine, Cardinal, 35, 61, 62, 77, 78.
His Certificate to Galileo, 88, 205, 219.

Boccabella, 191.

Bocchineri, Geri, Galileo’s Letters to, 209, 212.
Letter to Niccolini, 218.

Bonciani, 55, 56.

Borgia, Caspar, 241, 242.

Boscaglia, 45.

Bruno Giordano, 216.

Caccini, 51-53, 57, 58, 73, 74, 202.

Campanella, Thomas, 133, 164, 171, 180.

Capra, Balthazar, 12, 17.

Castelli, 33, 43-46, 55, 132-134, 138, 185, 186, 210, 282, 296.

Cesi, Prince, 41, 52, 53, 62, 63, 114, 132, 136.
Death of, 138.

Cioli, 140, 141, 144, 169, 193, 194, 217.

Clavius, 22, 33, 35.

Colombo, Lodovico delle, 43.

Comets of 1618, 101.
Galileo’s opinion on, 101.

Conti, Cardinal, 40.

Copernicus, 13.
His “Revolutionibus Orbium Cœlestium,” 14, 75.
Osiander’s Introduction to, 15.

Copernican System, 12-14, 37, 40.
Refutations of, 270, 271.
Galileo’s last Discussion of, 303.

Corressio, Giorgio, 43.

Cosmo II., de’ Medici, 20, 21, 30, 93.
Death of, 105.

Cremonini, 36, 37.

Decree of 5th March, 1616, 84. Appendix, 345.

“De Motu Gravium,” 9.

Dialogues on the Two Systems, 127-131.
Imprimatur for, 135-150, 156.
Introduction to, 147, 148.

Dialoghi delle Nuove Scienze, 284, 297.

“Dianoja Astronomica,” 39.

Dini, 59-64.

Diodati, Elia, Galileo’s Letters to, 188, 276, 294.

Dominis, Marc’ Antonio de, 216.

Ferdinand II., de’ Medici, 145.
Letter to the Pope, 164, 165.
Good Offices for Galileo, 196-198.
Visits him at Arcetri, 273.
At Florence, 295.

Firenzuola, Maccolani da, 201, 217, 218, 248.
Letter to Card. Barberini, 213-215.

Foscarini on the Copernican System, 61, 63.

GALILEO GALILEI.
Birth at Pisa, 3.
Early years, 4.
Goes to University of Pisa, 5.
Studies Medicine, 5.
Discovery of Isochronism of Pendulum, 6.
First study of Mathematics, 7.
Professor at Pisa, 9.
Resigns, 11.
Professor at Padua, 11, 16, 19.
Writes Treatises, 11.
Inventions, 12.
Makes a Telescope, 17.
Exhibits it at Venice, 18.
Telescopic Discoveries, 19, 20.
Magini’s attack, 22, 23.
Letter to Kepler, 26.
Galileo’s Pupils, 27.
Letter to Vinta, 29.
Removal to Florence, 31.
First Visit to Rome, 35, 36.
First Notice by Inquisition, 36.
Treatise on Floating Bodies, 42.
Letter to Castelli, 46-50.
Denounced to Inquisition, 53.
Apology to Grand Duchess Christine, 64-70.
Visit to Rome in 1616, 70-75.
Admonished to renounce the Copernican System, 77.
Assumed special Prohibition to treat of it, 77-84.
Lingers at Rome, 91-97.
Goes to Bellosguardo, 98.
Work on Tides, 99, 100.
His opinion of Comets, 101.
Grassi’s attack, 102.
“Il Saggiatore,” 106, 107, 111-113.
Visit to Rome in 1624, 114, 115.
Attempts to get Decree of 1616 repealed, 115-117.
Galileo’s Children, 118.
Reply to Ingoli, 120.
Dialogues on Two Systems, 127-135.
Negotiations about the Imprimatur, 139-150.
Publication of the Dialogues, 151, 152.
Accusations, 157, 174.
Summons to Rome, 175.
Letter to Antonio Barberini, 178-180.
Threat to bring him in chains to Rome, 186.
Arrival at Rome, 191.
The Trial, 201-229.
Confession, 214-216.
Defence, 219, 220.
Sentence, 230-234.
Recantation, 243, 244.
Sent to Trinita de’ Monti, 247.
Goes to Siena, 248.
Current Myths, 249-263.
His Eyes not put out, 250.
“E pur si muove,” 250, 251.
The Hair Shirt, 251.
Imprisonment, 252.
Torture Refuted, 253-263.
Life at Siena, 267-273.
Goes to Arcetri, 272, 273.
His daughters, 273.
Anonymous denunciation, 264.
Petition to go to Florence refused, 274, 275.
Death of his daughter, 275.
Letter to Diodati, 276.
His works translated into Latin, 280, 281.
Labours at Arcetri, 284, 285.
Method of taking Longitudes, 285, 286.
Becomes blind, 287.
Goes to Florence, 290.
Strict Surveillance, 290, 291.
Return to Arcetri, 298.
Last Years, 299-315.
Letter to Rinuccini, 304, 305.
Last illness and death, 307.
Persecutions after death, 308.
Private Funeral, 309.
Remains removed to Santa Croce, 310.
His Works on the Index till 1835, 315.

Galilei, Julia, 3.

Galilei, Vincenzo, 3, 4, 11.

Galilei, Vincenzo, son of Galileo, 191, 306.

Gherardi, Silvestro, 82, 83, 90.

Govi Gilberto, his work on Galileo, 246.

Grassi, 121, 122, 123.
His Lecture on Comets, 102.

Grazia, Vincenzo di, 43.

Gregory XV., 105.
Death of, 107.

Griemberger, 35, 59.

Guiccardini, 91, 92, 93, 95.

Guiducci, 121, 122.
His Treatise on Comets, 102.

Henry IV. of France, 20.

“Il Saggiatore,” 106, 107, 111, 113.

Ingoli on the Copernican System, 120.

Inquisition first notices Galileo, 36.

Jesuits, the, and Galileo, 153-155, 277.

Kepler, 13, 21, 23, 24, 120.

Kuppler, Jacob, 117.

“La Bilancetta,” 8.

Landini, 157, 163, 166.

Lembo, 35.

Leopold of Austria, Archduke, 99, 101.

L’Epinois, Henri de, 81. Appendix, 325, 326, 328.

Libri, Julius, 25.

Liceti, Fortunio, 301, 302.

Longitudes at Sea, method of taking, 285, 286, 292, 295, 301.

Lorini, 41, 53-55, 202.

“Lothario Sarsi Sigensano,” 102.

Magalotti, Count, 152, 155, 157, 163, 169.

Magini, 22, 23.

Malcotio, 35.

Mandate summoning Galileo to Rome, 176.

Maraffi, 51, 52.

Marini Marino, 80, 81.

Marsili, 151.

Medicean Stars, 20.

Medici, Julian de’, 24, 33.
John de’, 10, 39.
Cosmo II. de’, _see_ Cosmo.
Ferdinand II. de’, _see_ Ferdinand.

Mellini, 55, 56.

Michael Angelo, 3.
The younger, 35, 181.

Microscope, the, 117, 118.

Monte, Cardinal del, 9, 11, 36, 96.

Myths about Galileo refuted, 249-263.

Newton 244, 311.

Niccolini, 136, 140, 142, 145, 181, 191, 193, 194, 195, 197, 199,
200, 209, 217, 218, 225, 248.
Intercession for Galileo, 166-168.
Attempts to avert the Trial, 175, 176, 182, 183.
Asks for Galileo’s Pardon, 272.
Accusations against, 261, 262.

Noailles, Count de, 278, 282, 283.

Note of 25th February, 1616, 77.
Of 26th February, 1616, 78.

Olivieri Benedetto’s work on Galileo, 246.

Opinion of the Holy Office on Galileo’s Propositions, 76.

Orsini, 92, 99.

Osiander, Andreas, 15.

Padua, University of, 11, 16, 19.

Palmerini, 43.

Paul III., 15.

Paul V., 35, 94, 95, 104, 239.
Death of, 105.

Peiresc, Fabri de, 278.
Letter from Galileo to, 279.

Pendulum Clocks, 306.

Picchena, 72, 73, 74, 93, 94, 96.
Letter to, 86, 87.

Piccolomini, Ascanio, 248, 267, 268, 274.

Pieralisi, 161, 162, 213, 242.

Pisa, Experiments from Leaning Tower of, 10.
University of, 5.

Pius VII., 314.

Plan of Galileo’s rooms in Palace of Inquisition, 209.

Prohibition, Special, to Treat of Copernican System, 78, 89, 90, 113.
Discovery of, 163, 171, 172.

Protocol of 3rd March, 1616, 82.

Querenghi, 71, 75.

Recantation, 243, 244.
Publication of, 268.
Letter ordering it, 269.

Riccardi, 117, 132, 135, 139, 143, 145, 146, 148, 157, 171, 172, 268.

Ricci, Ostilio, 7.

Ring of Saturn, 24.

Rinuccini’s Inquiries of Galileo, 303.
Galileo’s reply to, 304, 305.

“Sacro Arsenale,” 255, 258.

Sarpi, Paolo, 32.

Sagredo, Francesco, 32.

Salviati, 44.

Scartazzini, Dr., 259-262.

Scheiner, 43.
His “Rosa Ursina,” 158.

Sentence on Galileo, 230-234.
Analysis of, 234-242.

Serristori, 192.

Settele’s Astronomy, 313.

“Sidereus Nuncius,” 17, 21, 24.

“Simplicius,” did he personate Urban VIII.? 159-162.

Sincero, Carlo, 201.

Sizy, 39.

Solar Spots, 34.
Work on, 44, 58.

Special Commission on Galileo’s cause, 164.
Its Memorial to the Pope, 172-174.

Stelluti’s reply to Lothario Sarsi Sigensano, 106.

Stephani, 141, 142, 145.

Telescope, the, 16-25.
Inventor of, 18.

Thermoscope, the, 12.

Trial of Galileo, 201-229.

Torricelli, 306.

Torture, question of, 253-263.

Urban VIII., 107, 183, 225, 239, 248.
Character of, 108, 109.
Friendship for Galileo, 109-111.
Favours to him, 118, 119.
Change of tone, 159.

Vatican MS., History of, Appendix, 319.
Description of, 330.
Estimate of, 334.

Venice, Republic of, 31, 32.
Exhibition of Telescope at, 18.

Venus, Crescent form of, 32, 33.

Vinta, Belisario, 24, 34.

Viviani, 300, 310.

Wedderburn, 23.

Welser, 22, 43.

Wohlwill, Emil, 81, 88, 90, 257, 259.

Zacchia, Cardinal, 241, 242.

Zuñiga, Diego di, 41, 84, 312.

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FLOWERS AND THEIR UNBIDDEN GUESTS.

By DR. A. KERNER, Prof. of Botany in the University of Innsbruck.

_TRANSLATION EDITED BY W. OGLE, M.D._

And a Prefatory Letter by CHARLES DARWIN, F.R.S.

WITH ILLUSTRATIONS.

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compassing an end so essential to the perpetuation of vegetable
life.”—_Saturday Review._

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ETNA: A HISTORY OF THE MOUNTAIN AND ITS ERUPTIONS.

By G. F. RODWELL, F.R.A.S., F.C.S.

WITH MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS.

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