Chapter I: Part 1
[Transcriber’s Note:
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SPALDING’S ATHLETIC LIBRARY
Group X No. 69R
GIRLS AND ATHLETICS
Giving a brief summary of the activity, rules and
method of administration of the following games
in girls’ schools and colleges, women’s clubs, etc.
ARCHERY, BASKET BALL, CRICKET, FENCING,
FIELD DAY, FIELD HOCKEY, GYMNASTICS, GOLF,
HAND BALL, ICE HOCKEY, INDOOR BASE BALL,
ROWING, SOCCER, SKATING, SWIMMING, TENNIS,
TRACK ATHLETICS, VOLLEY BALL, WALKING,
WATER POLO, WATER BASKET BALL
EDITED BY
MARY C. MORGAN
of Lansdowne Country Club
Philadelphia
(A Member of the Class of 1915, Bryn Mawr College)
PUBLISHED BY
AMERICAN SPORTS PUBLISHING COMPANY
21 WARREN STREET, NEW YORK
COPYRIGHT, 1917
BY
AMERICAN SPORTS PUBLISHING COMPANY
NEW YORK
Contents
PUBLISHERS’ NOTE 5
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 6
GIRLS AND ATHLETICS 7-10
FIELD HOCKEY 11-33
THE GAME, 12; the team as a whole, 13; how to
hold stick, 13; passing, 14; dribbling, 15; the bully,
16; shooting goals, 16; positions of team, 16-20.
THE REGULATIONS--Field, 23; goals, 23; striking
circle, 24; dress, 24; stick, time, score, officials, 25.
RULES--I., governing bully, 26-27; II., for
goal, 27; III., for sticks, 28; IV., for free hit, 28-29;
for out of bounds, 29-30; VI., for undercutting, 31;
VII., for offside, 31; VIII., running in on the left,
31; IX., turning on the ball, 31-32; X., handling, 32;
XI., kicking, 32; XII., rough play, 32; XIII., time-out,
32-33; XIV., umpire, 33.
BASKET BALL 34-39
The game, 34-39; matches, 39.
GYMNASTICS 40-46
Floor work, 41-42; apparatus work, 42-45; meet or
exhibition, 45-46.
TRACK ATHLETICS 47-63
REQUIREMENTS AND EXPLANATIONS--Track, 49;
distances to be run, 49; distances and arrangement of
hurdles, 50; list of junior and senior track events,
50-51; jumping pits, 51-52; circle for putting the shot,
52.
EVENTS--Sprinting, 53-54; the start, 54-55;
hurdling, 55-56; running broad jump, 57; standing broad
jump, 57-58; running hop, step and jump, 58; running high
jump, 58-59; standing high jump, 59; pole vault, 59-60;
shot put, 60; basket ball throw, 61; base ball throw, 61;
hurl ball throw, 61; javelin throw, 61-62; discus throw,
62.
HOW TO CONDUCT A TRACK MEET 64-67
FIELD DAY 68-69
WALKING 70-72
Tramps or hikes, 71-72; competitive walking, 72.
GOLF 73-78
SKATING 79-81
ICE HOCKEY 82-84
ROWING 85-89
The stroke, 85-86; racing, 86-88; paddling, 88-89.
TENNIS 90-96
The court, 90; the game, 90-95; matches or tournaments,
95-96.
CRICKET 97-100
The game, 97-99; as played at Smith College, 100.
SOCCER 101-107
The game, 101-105; rules, 105-107.
ARCHERY 108-112
The bow and arrow, 108-109; the aim and draw, 109-110;
games, 110-111; tournament, 111; score, 111-112; clubs,
112.
INDOOR BASE BALL 113-117
The game, 113-114; rules, 114-117.
AMERICAN HAND BALL 118-120
The game, 118-119; rules, 119-120.
IRISH HAND BALL RULES 121-122
FENCING 123-128
How to hold the foil, 124; on guard, 125; parries,
126-127; attack, 127-128.
SWIMMING 129-139
Breast stroke, 130-131; side stroke, 131-132; trudgeon,
132-133; crawl, 133; plain back stroke, 133-134;
floating, 134; plunge for distance, 134-135; diving,
135-136; the racing turn, 136; treading water, 137;
swimming meets, 137-138; all-around swimming test, 139.
WATER BASKET BALL AND WATER POLO 140-148
WATER BASKET BALL--The game and rules, 141-143.
WATER POLO--The game, 143-144; rules, 144-148.
VOLLEY BALL 149
PHILADELPHIA HOCKEY LEAGUE 150-151
ACTIVITY OF MISSOURI COLLEGES 152-153
GIRLS’ BRANCH OF THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS ATHLETIC LEAGUE 154-155
INTERCOLLEGIATE ALUMNAE ATHLETIC ASSOCIATION 156-157
Publishers’ Note
Miss Mary C. Morgan, who has been chosen to edit the volume, “_Girls and Athletics_” is an all-around athlete of remarkable ability. As a student at Friends Central School, Philadelphia, and at Bryn Mawr College Miss Morgan played on basket ball, track, water polo, and field hockey teams and participated in the gymnastic events. At Bryn Mawr she held the individual cup in 1913 and 1914 for the highest number of points in the Interclass Track and Field meet. On the track she shares the world’s record for women of 12 seconds in the 100-yard dash and she holds the world’s record of 15-2/5 seconds in the 100-yard hurdle race of eight hurdles each 2 feet 6 inches high. Both of these records were made on cinder track with rubber-soled shoes in the cumbersome bloomer and jumper costume (cumbersome as compared to the scanty attire of male track and field athletes). Miss Morgan also shares the Bryn Mawr College record of 6-1/5 seconds for the 50-yard dash and holds the college record for the standing broad jump--7 feet 9 inches.
AMERICAN SPORTS PUBLISHING CO.
Acknowledgments
The editor is very much indebted to the following persons for their kind interest and assistance: Miss Harriet Ballintine, Director of Physical Training at Vassar College; Mr. Philip Bishop, Instructor in Gymnastics at the Haverford School and Advisory Swimming Coach at Bryn Mawr College; Dr. Frances Boynton of the New Haven Normal School of Physical Training; Miss Elizabeth Burchenal, Executive Secretary of the Girls’ Branch of the Public Schools Athletic League, New York, and to the committee of the League: Dr. Florence Gilman of Smith College; Miss Josephine Katzenstein, a member of the Lansdowne Country Club and the All-Philadelphia Hockey teams; Miss Lorena L. Parrish, Physical Director of Howard Payne College; Miss Lillian Schoedler, Honorary President of the Intercollegiate Alumnæ Athletic League; Miss Dorothy Wooster of Smith College, and Mr. A. M. Gillam.
The editor also wishes to thank the schools, colleges and country clubs who so kindly replied to the _questionaire_ sent out.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
Spalding’s Official Athletic Handbooks (American Sports
Publishing Company, New York).
Official Handbook of the Girls’ Branch of the Public Schools
Athletic League, New York. Handbook of Athletic Games (Bancroft
and Pulvermacher; Macmillan, New York). A Survey of Track
Athletics for Women (Reprinted from the American Physical
Education Review, January, 1916). Dr. Harry E. Stewart, Physical
Director New Haven (Conn.) Normal School of Gymnastics.
Girls and Athletics
BY MARY C. MORGAN.
In gathering information for this volume a _questionaire_ was sent to some three hundred schools and colleges. Replies were received from two hundred and thirty-seven of these. Of this number only one school went on record as opposed to athletics for girls and women. All of the others make provision for athletics or some form of physical education. Some schools provide little or no supervision, it is true, but the great majority provide for or realize the necessity for provision of adequate control of this form of training.
The impression one receives from scanning the replies to the _questionaire_ is undoubtedly that general athletics for girls are becoming more and more popular, and that development is slowly but surely broadening out to include eventually almost every form of athletics for almost every girl.
From the physical standpoint, any exercise under favorable circumstances is beneficial in that it develops and brings into play the muscles of the body and stimulates the whole system. But all forms of athletics should be carefully supervised, particularly for growing girls. Every participant should have a thorough physical examination and if any limitations are placed upon her athletics, the reasons for such restrictions should be carefully explained. It is natural that some people are more delicate than others--absolutely unfit for some of the more strenuous games--but there are always less strenuous exercises which may be indulged in.
The physical condition being assured, the girl should be watched so that she does not enter into the sports or games with too much intensity. It is a common tendency of the average American girl to throw her whole soul into the particular matter at hand. If it happens to be athletics, often her enthusiasm helped out by a thoroughly admirable spirit and by quite a lot of “grit”--as her brothers term it--keeps her playing when she is really tired out physically. This is the time where a coach--or if there is no coach, friendly advice--will show the girl that she is not getting any benefit out of the exercise, and she is running the risk of injuring herself.
This excess is as wrong in athletics as it is in anything else. Be temperate.
My advice to every girl is: Know your physical condition; use common sense and gauge the amount of exercise you take by your physical condition and stamina.
Athletics as a builder of character _are_ just as important as a builder of physical strength. _Fair play_ and _good sportsmanship_ are the two maxims kept constantly before the eye. A girl who has won the reputation of being a clean, square player is happy herself and is admired by all with whom she comes in contact. There is no higher compliment than to be called a “good sportswoman.” A girl who can lose and smile, or win and not exult over her opponent’s defeat, is quite apt to get something bigger than mere physical development out of her athletics.
Training
A few girls have asked me, “How can I learn to play this or that game well?” Athletics are just like almost every phase of life; it requires practice and experience before one becomes skilled. If, then, a girl wishes to be successful it is best to make a thorough study of the branch of sport she is going to take up and practice, assimilating each detail carefully. The amount of time it takes to become proficient depends upon the natural ability of the person--some people are much more talented in athletics than others.
The best advice I can give is to know your game thoroughly, so that you may play with your head as well as your body. Practice until you have confidence in your ability. Do not practice so constantly and continually that you become “stale.” A little practice taken regularly is often more beneficial than a lot of practice which tires you out so that you are unfit for more the next day. Do a little bit, so that you are not tired, increasing the practice slowly.
Some people believe in set training rules; others do not. It is best to be in good physical condition all the time if it is possible; it stands to reason, however, that for especial speed and endurance the physical condition should be nearly perfect. Sleep is a very necessary factor; therefore, every athlete should have a long and sound sleep every night. As for diet, there is a difference of opinion. It seems reasonable that no heavy food, nor rich food that is indigestible, should be eaten. In particular, just before a contest, a light meal should be eaten with the proper time for digestion allowed before playing. Some people make the mistake of eating heavily and then playing immediately afterward. The most sensible training seems to be, eat the most nourishing and easily digested food.
What to Wear
Dress sensibly. For track and field games, basket ball and other games that require speed, agility and the freest play of all muscles, by all means wear bloomers and a middy blouse. For tennis, golf and the other less strenuous games, wear shirtwaist or middy blouse and a skirt wide enough and short enough to give the most play of the leg muscles. For instance, there is nothing so ridiculous as to see a girl athlete togged with more regard for the impression she is making on the male part of the gallery than for getting the most physical benefit out of her game. I have great sympathy for every girl who takes pride in her appearance at all times. I maintain that it is both possible to present a neat and an agreeable appearance and at the same time to dress sensibly for the business at hand. In each of the following chapters on the various forms of sports I have endeavored to say a word about dress specifically for that sport, unless it is evident what costume is suitable. Back of it all I will repeat this fundamental: Dress sensibly.
Field Hockey
Field hockey, next to basket ball, is the most popular team game played by girls; and it is a comparatively new game here, as it has been played in America only since 1901. Miss Harriet Ballintine, Director of Physical Training at Vassar College, in her pamphlet, “The History of Physical Training at Vassar College,” gives an account of the beginning of hockey in America: “Until 1901, English field hockey was comparatively unknown in this country. Before this it had been played by men at the Springfield Training School, and to some extent at Mount Holyoke College. Dr. J. H. McCurdy of the Springfield School in writing of the game says: ‘The men at Springfield first played the game of field hockey in 1897. Regarding where field hockey was first played in this country (by girls), the girls at Mount Holyoke College had begun playing the game, I think, before Miss Applebee’s arrival in this country. They had been down to a number of our championship games. Arrangements had been made for some of our students to coach the Mount Holyoke girls in hockey, when I found Miss Applebee was in this country and recommended their getting her.’”
Many hockey players owe their interest in the game to Miss Applebee, notable for her inspiring coaching and the knowledge of hockey that she has imparted to her pupils.
To the devotees of this game, there is no other sport that quite comes up to it. In a game of hockey there is a spirit of freedom, of exhilaration, of gladness that comes from a true love of sport. And it has other advantages--absence of roughness, plenty of vigorous exercise in the open air, and yet not extraordinarily violent. It is a game that may be played by all types; a game that is played by a large number on each team.
THE GAME.
Hockey is played on a level field of turf similar to a football or lacrosse field. There are eleven players on each team, thus there are twenty-two players on the field at one time. Each player is equipped with a stick with a curved head. A cricket ball is used. The eleven players are divided into groups: forwards, halfbacks, fullbacks and goal. Each group calls for a different type of player. The teams line up (according to illustration) in the center of the field. The forwards are the attackers, whose duty it is to advance the ball into their opponents’ territory and score a goal (Rule II). The halfbacks assist the forwards in attacking and with the fullbacks and goal keeper defend their own goal.
The umpire blows the whistle and the game begins with the two center forwards bullying. The ball has been placed in the middle of center line, the center forwards stand with one foot on each side of center line directly opposite each other, right shoulder toward their own goal. (See Rule for Bully.) After the bully is completed, the ball hit out, then play commences. The forwards of the team in possession of the ball rush it down toward the opponents’ goal and try to shoot a goal while the opposing defense tries to prevent any score. Each time the ball is fairly hit over the goal line, one point is made by team scoring goal. Two halves, length of which is agreed upon by captains, are played. The team scoring the greatest number of goals by the end of second half wins the game.
THE TEAM AS A WHOLE.
The main factor in hockey is team play. There may be one or two players of stellar ability on the team, but if the team does not play well together it is not well balanced. It is not an individual but eleven individuals welded together that form a team. Every girl should consider--when playing hockey--that her stick is her best friend; therefore it should be chosen carefully and with due consideration. There are three important qualities a stick should have: balance, weight and length. The balance should be even, not in the handle, but more in the curved head of stick; not too heavy there however. The weight of the stick should be 21 or 22 ounces for a forward, 23 or 24 for a halfback, 24 or 25 for a fullback or goal keeper. Never carry a stick that is too heavy. The stick should be just long enough for a comfortable grip. It should be neither too long nor too short.
HOW TO HOLD STICK.
The stick should be firmly held in both hands, with the left hand gripping the handle at the end (top) of stick with the fingers forward; the right hand grips the stick directly below the left hand, touching but not overlapping the left hand. The hands should never be separated because this tends to make a player stoop over, thus losing in strength of stroke. At the beginning of the stroke, the stick should be carried back toward the right (the right arm must be kept straight to avoid “sticks”--a foul, see Rule III) until the left arm is straight; then the stick should be carried forward, striking ball squarely. At the finish of the stroke, the right arm should still be kept straight and the end of stick turned in (i.e., toward body) and down to avoid making “sticks” at end of stroke.
While the stick is not in use or while player is running it should be carried in both hands horizontally at comfortable height, as long as it is below the shoulder.
Let us consider the forward line. It is made up of five positions: left wing, left inside, center forward, right inside, right wing. Players for these positions should be selected for the following qualifications: ability to run with average speed; ability to shoot hard, clean goals; endurance and wind necessary for constant sprints. It is up to the forwards to keep the ball in the opponents’ territory; for this, there are two ways of advancing the ball--passing and dribbling.
PASSING.
Passing, since it is less individual and makes for more team play, should be ranked first. There are short and long passes. The short are generally quick passes between a forward and her nearest teammate, that is, between an inside and center or between an inside and wing. The long pass is across the center from the left side of the field to the right, or _vice versa_. All passes should be quick, clean and accurate. Here are a few things to avoid: Don’t pass the ball straight ahead so that it goes to one of opposing team. _Don’t pass behind your own forward line._ Don’t pass to a guarded player. Don’t wait to pass until you have been attacked, thus hurrying your pass. Don’t (especially when passing to the wings) put all your strength in the stroke, sending the hardest ball you can.
DRIBBLING.
Next to passing comes dribbling. Every forward should know how to dribble. In dribbling the ball, both hands should be kept close together at the top of the stick; the stick is sometimes turned so that the flat side is forward; the wrist and hands are adjusted to any position of the stick. Only a few players are skilled enough to dribble with one hand. The ball should be kept close to the stick, slightly in advance of the runner. The most common fault is that the dribbler follows the ball instead of sending the ball just where she desires. The player who is a good dribbler keeps the ball under control, no matter how speedily she is running. If the ball is sent ahead too far then the dribbler is apt to lose control, but if it is kept close to the stick and just barely touched each time it is easier to manage. The dribbler should remember: never crouch over the ball, but stand erect; never let the ball get too far ahead; never permit an opponent to get so close that you cannot pass the ball to a teammate quickly. _Never keep the ball selfishly._
THE BULLY.
The forwards are called on frequently to bully--the start and twenty-five-yard bully (see Rule I)--so the bully should be practised until each forward is quick and accurate. There should be an understanding among the forwards and halfbacks as to which way the ball will be hit out on the bully so that some one is always ready for it. The right hand should grip almost three-quarters way down the stick, the player then must bend over the stick. The feet are wide apart, planted firmly on the ground. (See Rule for Bully.) After the three separate “grounds and sticks” the ball is hit out. It is here that quickness and skill count. The halfbacks--one from each team--always back up a bully to help their forwards.
SHOOTING GOALS.
It is not necessary to say that it is most important for a forward to shoot goals. She should shoot as often, as hard and as accurately as she can, and she must follow her shots in. This is her main duty and no forward is up to the mark unless she _can shoot goals_.
CENTER FORWARD.
Center forward is the keystone position. Her duties are to bully off at the center (for start and after each goal), to keep the forwards in a straight line, to shoot goals, _to distribute passes to the left and right sides evenly_. If a center forward has a clear field it is all right for her to dribble, but, as a rule, she should play a passing game. _She also has many opportunities to shoot._
RIGHT INSIDE.
The right inside is governed by the same dribbling and passing rule as the center. She should be particular to receive the passes of the left wing. Also a lot of the shooting falls to her. Both insides should play close to the center if the center has the ball, or close to the wing if the wing has the ball.
LEFT INSIDE.
The left inside is a more difficult position to receive passes and to shoot from. It is often wiser for a left inside to allow a ball to go to another forward if she is not in a good position to receive it. As a rule, the best balls for her are from the right.
RIGHT WING.
The wings should be fast players. In particular, the right wing has a splendid opportunity for dribbling and passing. It is mainly the duty of the wings to advance the ball; if, however, the opportunity arises, they should shoot. The wing should be careful never to send the ball too far ahead; never to let a ball go outside the side lines if it is possible to stop it; never dribble farther than the twenty-five-yard line; always send the ball toward the center of the field.
LEFT WING.
The left wing should be careful to dribble only when she has a clear field. In receiving a ball, the wing, if possible, should stand with her left shoulder toward the goal she is attacking. Three common faults of a left wing are: Letting the ball go out of bounds on her side too often, thus giving the other side a roll-in; getting into an off-side position; turning on the ball. (See Rules VII and IX.)
HALFBACKS.
All of the halfback positions are extremely hard to play because they require great endurance, a moderate amount of speed, hard hitting, and a fighting spirit. The halfbacks are both attackers and defenders. First, in attacking they feed the forwards by passes to them. They should follow up the forward line closely and when the forwards are inside the circle should be ready to shoot if a chance comes. On the defensive they should stick to the opposing forwards closely. The fullbacks and halfbacks should work together on defense.
CENTER HALFBACK.
The center halfback backs up the bullies in the center of the field and she feeds primarily the center and insides. In defending she guards the opposing center forward and the insides if they are playing close to the center. The half should always watch to see which forwards are free. She should not send the ball to the spot from which it has just come, as that spot is apt to be guarded, but should change the direction.
RIGHT HALFBACK.
The right halfback feeds the right wing and the right inside. If both of these are carefully guarded, then she should send ball to center or to the other side of field. In defense she guards the left wing or the left inside--if the inside is near the wing. She also backs up all the bullies on her side of the line.
LEFT HALFBACK.
The left halfback feeds the left wing and the left inside unless they are guarded, then she changes the direction of the ball. The left half should send very careful, well-placed balls to her wing and inside, balls that slant a little bit, not straight ahead. As the right wing is apt to dribble, the left half should be very quick and should be careful to avoid running in on the left. (Rule VIII.)
The halfbacks should remember: Never to give up; if your opponent gets away, run after her and stop her; never hit through the forward line, always hit the ball to somebody; never run out of position to tackle an opponent. Each half should stick closely to the girl she is guarding. Never interfere with the work of the fullback or the goal keeper.
FULLBACKS.
The fullbacks are primarily defensive players although they have opportunities for long shots to the forwards. The fullbacks and the halfbacks should never mix up, by guarding the same girl. The fullbacks stay near their own goal. If the right half is guarding the left wing and the center half the center forward, then the left inside remains for the right fullback to guard. When one fullback is up the field, that is, near the fifty-yard line (she must never go beyond the fifty-yard line), the other fullback should be back toward the goal. The players on the defense should never be bunched in front of the goal, and in hitting the ball away from the goal, they should hit out toward the side lines--never across the center. In a corner or a bully the fullbacks should guard the goal closely.
GOAL KEEPER.
The goal keeper should be very cool--not get rattled if a goal is made by the opposing side. It is well for the goal keeper to watch the eyes of the opposing forward; often in that way she can tell where the forward is going to shoot. The goal keeper should never be drawn away from her goal line. She should stand about a foot in front, but no farther away. _Above all, the goal keeper should have courage; she should not step back from any ball, afraid to stop it._
Not only should she rely on her stick, but she should remember that she may kick and stop the ball with her body. The main object is to keep the ball out of the goal and get it in less dangerous territory. This often requires quick, clear thinking on the part of the goal keeper. The fullbacks should never leave the goal keeper alone and unprotected; nor should they stand so close to her, nor so directly in front of her, that they impede her playing or obstruct her view of the play. _The goal keeper must never lose sight of the ball._
There are a few general directions that might be given for playing. Keep your own position--don’t run out of your place to interfere in someone else’s. Use your head--flighty playing merely ends in wildness and nothing accomplished. Save your strength--do not use it up in the first mad rushes and terrific hits. It is the consistent, steady, dependable player who wins the game.
A great deal of time is wasted in the roll-in, that is, when the ball is put in play after going over the side line. The team taking the roll-in should have signals, that is, an understanding as to the line-up. The halfback generally takes the roll-in unless the point where roll-in occurs is near the goal line being defended, then the roll-in is taken by the fullback. The ball should be sent to the person best prepared to receive it the wing if she is free or the inside or halfback; sometimes it even may be rolled back toward the fullback.
The opponents never leave any player unguarded. As soon as the roll-in is called, it should be taken quickly.
Just as quickness is an advantage in taking the roll-in so it is in the free hit. The halfback in whose territory the foul occurred should take the free hit quickly, before her teammates may be guarded. Every delay means that the opponents have an opportunity to guard more closely. In taking the free hit, be careful to hit to an unguarded player. Make the free hit count.
In the corner play the hit should be carefully taken by the halfback, or sometimes it is taken by the wing. The attackers line up around the edge of the striking circle ready to stop the ball and shoot for the goal; the defenders are behind the line ready to rush out and get the ball away from dangerous territory. The player taking the free hit should be careful that the ball goes within the circle; that it is hit hard and cleanly--never send a ball that hops; that the ball is sent to a particular player, preferably the center forward or either of the insides. It is not often advisable for a wing to stop a ball hit in from the corner hit.
To decide a championship or the winner of a hockey tournament, it is advisable to play three games, the winner of two being the winner of the series. If one team wins the first two games it is unnecessary to play the third; if there are more than two teams contesting, it is advisable to have preliminary rounds, the winners meeting the winners, etc.
The Field of Play
THE FIELD.
The dimensions of the field are: maximum length, 100 yards; minimum, 85 yards; maximum breadth, 60 yards; minimum, 55 yards. The field of play is marked by boundary lines; the end are “goal lines,” and the side, “side lines.” Flag posts, four feet in height, one yard outside the field of play, are placed at each of the four corners and at each end of the twenty-five-yard lines.
There are three lines across the field, i. e., parallel to the end lines, running from side line to side line--one in the center of field, the fifty-yard line; one at each end of the field, each twenty-five yards from the goal line.
THE GOALS.
The _goals_ are marked by upright posts, equidistant from the corners of the goal lines, four yards apart, connected by a cross-bar seven feet from the ground. The space between the posts is known as the goal area. The maximum width of the posts and the cross-bars is two inches; the maximum depth, three inches. There is a goal at each end of the field.
THE STRIKING CIRCLE.
In front of each goal is a striking circle marked by the following lines: A line parallel to goal line, fifteen yards distant from, directly in front of the goal area, four yards in length. The ends of this line are joined to the goal line by a quarter circle fifteen yards in diameter measured from the nearest goal post.
A line parallel to the side line, five yards distant, is drawn the length of the field. This is called the alley.
It is important that the lines be distinctly marked in white. If there are nets behind the goal to catch balls, it aids the umpire in determining if a goal is scored. Goal posts and bar may be painted white. The ball is a leather cricket ball painted white.
DRESS.
Bloomers and jumper are the most comfortable form of dress. If a skirt is worn it must be at least eight inches from the ground. Stopping the ball with the clothing is not good hockey. _Light shoes_ with rubber soles, fitted for running, should be worn by the forwards and halves. Heavier shoes are worn by the fullbacks. The feet of the player ought to be well protected, in order that she may stop the ball with her feet. All players should wear _shin-guards_; the forwards and halves light ones, the fullbacks heavier. The goal keeper will find that the shin-guards used in cricket are not too heavy.
_If a hat_ is worn, it should be without pins and must have a soft brim.
Many players prefer wearing _gloves_ in order to protect their hands.
THE STICK.
The _stick_ should be a regulation stick, curved on one side, flat on the other. No stick must weigh more than 28 ounces.
_Time._--The time of halves (usually 35 minutes) with the intermission should be determined by the captains.
_Score._--Each goal made counts one point. Highest number of goals at end of game wins. There is no other score except by goals.
_Officials._--There is an umpire, who makes all decisions of goals, fouls and disputes. She is responsible for the good conduct of the game. There may be an umpire for each half of the field. Also a scorer, a timekeeper and two linesmen, who call the ball out of bounds and give decisions when appealed to.
Each team has eleven players; for each side there is a _captain_, who tosses for choice of goal, protests to the umpire, governs the team on the field. They must notify the referee of any change of line-up.
Field Hockey Rules
I. RULES GOVERNING BULLY.
(_a_) The Bully is the method of putting the ball in play. A bully is played by two players, one from each team, who stand squarely opposite each other (each facing a side line), each with her right side toward her own goal. The ball is placed between them, each player having a foot on either side of the ball. Both first touch the ground on their right side of the ball, then they touch sticks. This is done alternately for three times, then either may touch the ball. After the ball is touched by either or both of the two players bullying it may be played by anyone.
(_b_) The game is started at the beginning of the first and second halves by a bully-off on the center line.
(_c_) After each goal is scored the ball is brought back to center line for bully-off, as in (_b_).
(_d_) The teams line up in a bully on the side nearest their goal line and never step over the line of the ball, i. e., an imaginary line, if ball is not on center or twenty-five-yard line drawn across field. This is known as standing behind the ball.
(_e_) After time-out is called, the ball is put in play again by bully on the spot where time-out is taken.
(_f_) If a foul is called on both teams, a bully is taken on the spot where the foul occurred.
(_g_) If any rules of bully are not observed, bully is taken over again.
(_h_) _Penalty-Bully._--A penalty-bully can only occur when a defender inside the circle deliberately breaks a rule, thereby directly preventing a goal from being scored. The bully is played on the spot where foul occurred by goal keeper and a chosen player from the other team. All other players stand beyond the nearest twenty-five-yard line until the bully is completed. The bully is only completed when: First, a goal is scored; second, the ball is sent out of bounds by an attacker--if sent out by defender, penalty-bully is repeated; third, the ball is sent out of striking circle. In either of the first two cases the ball is put in play by a twenty-five-yard bully in the center of the nearest twenty-five-yard line. Any foul (except Rule I, _a_) by offender counts penalty goal or one point for opponents; any foul by attacker (except Rule I, _a_) the defender is given a free hit. The goal keeper in a penalty-bully may play only with the stick; she may not kick or stop ball with hands. If time is called, bully must first be completed.
II. RULES FOR GOAL.
(_a_) To score a goal the ball must have been hit by or have touched the stick of an attacker within the striking circle.
(_b_) The ball must pass entirely over the goal line between the goal posts and under the cross-bar.
(_c_) If a ball, after touching the stick of an attacker within the circle, glances off the stick or person of a defender, it is a goal.
(_d_) If a ball hit fairly glances off a goal post across the goal line, it is a goal.
(_e_) The umpire must judge fairness of goal.
III. RULES FOR STICKS.
(_a_) The stick must never be raised above the shoulder in any part of the stroke while hitting the ball, nor may it be carried over shoulder. When this rule is broken within the striking circle by a defender, the penalty is a penalty-corner; if deliberately broken, it is a penalty-bully.
(_b_) The flat side, never the rounded, should be used in striking the ball.
(_c_) A player should never catch the curved part of her stick in that of her opponent’s, thereby hindering her opponent’s play. This is hooking.
(_d_) A player should never strike or hit her opponent’s stick.
(_e_) A player should never lift her opponent’s stick from the ground or in any such manner mar her stroke.
(_f_) A player should never trip an opponent with stick.
(_g_) No player without a stick may take part in play.
(_h_) For any infringement of rules, a free hit to opposing side where foul occurred is granted, unless referee deems the foul rough, thus liable to disqualification.
IV. RULES FOR FREE HIT.
(_a_) When a team is accorded a free hit by an umpire, through a foul by opponents, the captain of the team shall designate the player (generally a halfback or fullback) who is to take the hit, and no other player may be nearer the player taking the hit than five yards. The ball must be hit squarely, not scooped. The free hit is taken again if this rule is not complied with.
(_b_) The player who has taken the free hit may not touch the ball again until it has been touched by another player.
(_c_) A foul by a defender in the striking circle upon taking a free hit is punished by a penalty-corner.
(_d_) If the player misses the ball entirely upon taking the free hit, she may hit it again.
(_e_) If there is any infringement of the rule, the free hit is given to the other side except when the ball is scooped by the defender inside the circle, when the penalty is a penalty-corner.
V. RULES FOR OUT OF BOUNDS.
(_a_) When the ball is sent over the side lines it shall be rolled in (by hand) by one of the team opposing the player who last touched it. In rolling in, the player taking the roll-in must stand--feet and stick--outside the side line at the point where ball went out. No player may stand inside the alley (or five-yard line) next to the side line over which it went out. The ball must be _rolled_, not thrown or bounced. It may be rolled in any direction, provided it touches within the five-yard space. The player who has taken the roll-in may not touch the ball until it has been touched by another player. The other players may step in the alley as soon as ball touches.
(_b_) First, if the ball is sent behind the goal line by an attacker; second, if a ball is unintentionally sent behind goal line by a defender more than twenty-five yards away from her goal line, it is a twenty-five-yard bully. The ball is placed on the twenty-five-yard line, exactly opposite the spot where it crossed the goal line.
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Girls and AthleticsChapter I: Part 1
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