Chapter V: Part 5

_The Crawl._--The crawl is the racing stroke. The best-way to begin is first to perfect the movement of the arms. The body is flat in the water, face down, arms slightly bent at the elbow, stretched over head so that wrists are a little beyond the head; the hands cut and are driven through the water, elbows still bent, until the hands reach the hip, then they are carried out the water and forward, elbows in air. The arms alternate, so that while one arm is traveling back under the water, the other is traveling forward in the air to resume the stroke.

The breathing in this stroke is hard to master. As the face is in the water, the breath is taken only every two or three strokes by turning the head quickly as the upper arm is being brought down; the exhaling is done under water, while the under arm goes forward. This is for racing; a breath may be taken at each stroke when the stroke is slower.

In the kick, the legs are stiff from the hip, knees close together, then they are moved up and down alternately with the feet close together. It is difficult at first to maintain the leg drive, to make the whole stroke smooth, and to breathe easily, but these difficulties may be conquered by practice.

_Plain Back Stroke._--The body is flat on the back in the water, the arms are straight over the head, the palms of hands upward; the palms are turned outward, then the arms, stiff at the elbow, are circled down close to the surface and parallel to it; after the arms are straight by the body, they are carried to the first position, perfectly straight, and clear of the water; the legs are straight, then as the arms clear the water for the recovery, they are bent as in the breast stroke kick, kicked out straight, then the heels are brought together.

This stroke is almost the same as the breast stroke.

Another stroke is the same positions for the arms as the plain back stroke combined with the leg drive of the crawl.

Still another is the same, except that the arms move alternately as in trudgeon stroke.

_Floating._--In order to float on the back, the balance of the body must be determined; hence it is often necessary if the feet sink to throw the head back and raise the arms over the head. In some cases, if the legs are bent, it helps the balance. After practice, the swimmer soon learns to float. Short breaths, keeping the lungs as full of air as possible, are better than long ones.

_Plunge for Distance._--In reality this is floating with the face flat down in the water. The first part of the plunge is the dive, which gives the impetus. The dive taken is the shallow dive. As the breath is held from the minute the head enters the water until the plunge is finished, it is necessary that the lungs be well filled. After the body is in the water, the muscles should be relaxed, and the swimmer should keep the air in the lower part of the lungs. The plunge should be as straight as possible; the direction may be changed by moving the arms (which are stretched straight out in front) or the head in the direction desired. This motion should be slight, as the least friction impedes progress, and distance is the desired result.

Diving

As diving is a very large subject, it is impossible to give in detail all the varied dives. There are three important dives everyone should know--the front, back, and shallow or racing dive. The beauty of diving is in the form.

_The Front Dive._--The diver stands erect at the end of the spring board, falls forward, then as the body passes the balance point, the arms are raised straight over the head, knees bent; then spring out so that the body is parallel to water, arms above head; the body is curved downward and enters the water, arms, head, body, and legs forming a straight line.

In springing, jump out parallel to the water. The running dive is very similar.

_Back Dive._--The diver turns with back to the water, heels over the edge of board into space; the arms are over head, body is curved backward; as the balance point is reached, spring out, turning body as it enters the water.

The position of the head is important. Ducking the head or throwing it too far back, added to stiffness of the body, makes the dive awkward. The legs should never be apart, but together; toes pointed, so that feet are not flat; the fingers should be together.

The shallow dive, known as the racing dive, is important for those interested in speed swimming, as is the racing turn.

_The Racing Dive._--The swimmer stands with the body bent forward, arms back; then, as body falls forward, the knees are bent and the spring out is taken; the body strikes the water arms over head, the whole body in a straight line with the arms and legs. Do not dive so that you sink into the water, but try to strike it at the right angle, so that you will sink only a few inches. The arms start the stroke as soon as they reach the surface, then the legs commence as the arms are recovering.

_The Racing Turn._--The wall is touched by the arm that the turn is to be made on. The previous strokes must be timed so that the arm may touch the wall stretched straight out in front. The hand touches the wall (above the water line) palm against the wall, fingers pointing the way the body is to turn.

The body is swung along the wall so that bottoms of the feet touch the wall (a little below the water); then with a backward stroke of the arms, which have been brought to the hip, palms pointing in front, fingers down, the body is brought right against the wall, nearly touching; then the arms are forward, the legs straightened, thus gaining impetus; the arms start the stroke, then the legs commence as the arms start the recovery.

For racing, constant practice of the start, stroke and turn is necessary. First the swimmer should perfect her form of stroke, then the speed may be increased by practice swims of a short distance at first, which may be increased slowly. A swimmer should always be in good condition. Never swim so much as to get stale; never over-exert. It doesn’t pay in the end.

Choose the event you are the most proficient in and stick to that one until you are perfect in it.

TREADING WATER.

It is necessary for the water polo player to know how to tread water, that is, to remain stationary in the water with the least effort. The body is upright in the water, as in a standing position. The legs are moved up and down, the arms are spread out, bent at the elbow, and moved up and down gently. The whole movement should be as slight as possible, so that the greatest possible amount of rest may be obtained.

SWIMMING MEETS.

For swimming meets there should be a set program of events. The contestants should be entered ahead of time. Handicaps may be granted if the swimmers are unevenly matched.

There should be a referee to conduct the meet; a clerk of the course, who sees that the participants are notified of the events; a scorer, who keeps an official score; three judges, who watch for fouls; three timers, a starter, and an announcer.

_Score._--The score is, as a rule, 5 for first place, 3 for second, 1 for third. Relay races are often counted in different ways: 5 points, 6 points, or 8 points are the most common for the first place.

The signal for the start should be: 1. “Get- on your marks.” 2. “Get set.” 3. “Go.” (Pistol shot.) There should be no stepping over or back from starting line.

Three false starts disqualify a competitor.

Each swimmer should keep in her own course. If she crosses into the course of another swimmer and touches her she is liable to disqualification.

In turning the swimmer should touch the end of the pool with one or both hands.

The swimmer must touch the finish line with a hand out of the water.

If the stroke is judged for form the competitor must dive into the water, swim a given distance, turn, all in perfect form.

In the plunge for distance the dive should be made from a firm take-off. The body must be kept motionless, face down, no longer than sixty seconds, however. The distance is measured from a line parallel to the diving base, at right angles to base, to the farthest point reached by any part of the body.

A certain number of plunges, usually two or three, is allowed to each competitor.

In diving there are usually a list of required and voluntary dives. The judges consider the form with which the dive was executed. (Form is treated under diving.) The scale of points usually is:

Unsuccessful attempt, 0; Poor dive, 3; Fair dive, 6; Good dive, 8; Excellent dive, 10.

SWIMMING TEST.

The all-around swimming test as practised at Bryn Mawr College in a 68-foot pool, the details of which have been contributed by Mr. Philip Bishop, Athletic Director of the Haverford School and Advisory Swimming Coach at Bryn Mawr College, is given herewith.

All-Around Swimming Test for Women

BY PHILIP BISHOP.

This test is taken in three sections: diving, plunge and object dive in one section; form and speed in another; endurance and underwater swim in the third.

Section 1.--Speed test, two lengths to be done in 44 seconds; form swimming, breast stroke, back stroke and trudgeon, or crawl stroke.

Section 2.--Endurance test, 150 yards in 3 minutes; underwater swim, 50 feet.

Section 3.--Diving, standing straight dive, running straight dive, standing high dive; fancy diving, four dives, which include jackknife, back dive and somersaults; plunge, 30 feet; object dive, must pick up 6 rings in 3 attempts.

The successful competitor must score 85 per cent to qualify as a first-class swimmer.

This test is by no means a hard one, but it requires practice. The object is to make all-around swimmers and to teach the correct method of diving and making the strokes employed.

Water Basket Ball and Water Polo

Water basket ball and water polo are two thrilling and interesting games. They are so similar in general characteristics that they are treated here in the same chapter.

From my own experience I believe them to be the most strenuous games played by women. By that I do not mean that they are necessarily harmful. I do believe, however, that they should be played only under the most careful supervision of a medical or physical training authority. Two points should be considered before a girl is permitted to participate in either of these games:

1. All players should be in perfect physical condition.

2. All players should be strong and capable swimmers.

3. Careful examination should be made of each player when she comes from the tank at the end of the first period and after the game, for that, after all, is the best test as to whether she is fit.

1. To be in good condition the player should have perfect heart action and good lung capacity, and she should be generally in good condition.

2. She should be a swimmer of endurance, experience and confidence. The beginner tires in the effort to swim strongly and constantly.

3. If the player is qualified in every respect she may try the game. If after playing she seems exhausted or chilled, and is tired the following day, then she has not the stamina to participate in water sports.

Water Basket Ball

[Reprinted from Spalding’s Athletic Library No.
361--Intercollegiate Swimming Guide.]

Water basket ball may be played in any pool, or if played in the open should not cover more than 2,500 square feet of space. The water should be of swimming depth, that is, the players must not be able to stand on the bottom. There should be lines drawn “across the bottom of the pool and up the sides 15 feet from the ends, called 15-foot lines.”

_Equipment._--The necessary equipment is a regulation water polo ball and two regulation Spalding baskets with a firm background, 6 feet by 4, extending at least 3 feet above the top of each basket. The baskets shall be hammock nets of cord, suspended from metal rings 18 inches in diameter. The rings shall be 5-1/2 feet above the water in the center of the ends of the pool. The inside rims shall extend 6 inches from a rigid supporting surface.

_Teams._--Each team consists of six players-three forwards and three backs. Captains toss for goals.

_Start._--Each team lines up at its own end; the ball is thrown into center of the pool; the forwards swim after the ball; the backs must play back and not swim up after ball. The forwards are the offensive players and should be the fastest swimmers. They should also be able to throw goals. The forwards advance the ball toward the opponents’ basket. The center forward should feed the two side forwards and guard the opposing center back.

_Score._--A goal thrown into the basket from the field counts two points, and a free throw granted for a foul by opposing side counts one point. Teams line up as in beginning after a score has been made. The backs each guard an opposing forward and try to prevent their scoring.

_Officials._--There is a referee who is in entire charge of game, calling fouls, free throws, time out and goals. There is a scorer, also a timer.

_Time._--There are two halves, not less than five minutes nor more than eight minutes each, with five minutes intermission. Ends are changed at the beginning of the second half. Time is taken out for disputes, accidents, free tries.

_Out of Bounds._--When the ball is sent out of bounds by one team it is given to a player of opposing team at place where it went out. Player must throw ball within five seconds or it is given to opposing side.

_Free Throw._--A free throw is granted to a forward upon a foul made by opposite side. The free throw is taken from the fifteen-foot mark by one of the forwards, who is unguarded at time of throw. If the goal is not made, the ball is in play. If goal is made, play begins according to start.

_Fouls._--The penalty for a foul is a free throw for opposing side. There are rough fouls such as kicking, striking, tackling, holding, deliberate splashings.

When an opponent has the ball she may be tackled and “ducked” under the water by one of the opposing players.

A player may not be held under water after she has let go of ball. A player may not tackle by or hold to opponent’s clothing, although blocking is allowed. There should be no holding with hands or legs. A player may not hang on to sides when she has the ball. The ball may not intentionally be held under water.

_Tie._--A tie may be played off in another three-minute period. If game ends after foul is made, the free throw is taken. No goal is counted after whistle has blown.

In both water basket ball and water polo the swimmer should use the easiest and least tiring stroke. Whenever there is an opportunity, a rest either by hanging on to sides or treading water (see Swimming) ought to be taken. Both games afford opportunity for team work in passing and dribbling. In dribbling, the ball is kept in front of body within easy reach for a good pass if the dribbler is attacked.

Water Polo

The main factor in water polo is learning how to handle the ball. The hand should be placed under the ball, then the ball is lifted in the air and thrown with all the strength of the shoulder and arm. It is ineffectual to try to grab the ball or push it. It must be picked up.

The ball is tossed to the middle of the pool, then the forwards swim up as fast as they can to get the ball. The forwards are chosen for their speed and endurance. Every forward should learn to shoot hard and accurately. The center forward is usually the fastest girl on the team. The center forward who gets the ball in the swim-up usually tosses it back to her center-half or to one of the side forwards. The forwards try to advance the ball, so that a good shot for their opponents’ goal may be obtained. If the field is clear the forward may dribble the ball, i. e., keep the ball moving close in front of her. Usually, however, it is better to advance the ball by passes. One forward at least should stay close to the goal, ready to send in any short shots.

The center half guards the opposing forward and feeds the ball to her forwards. There is a guard for each of the side forwards. It is the best policy for the guards to stay between the forwards and the goal. Stick to your opponent; never let her get a free shot.

The goal keeper must be able to reach out of the water and catch the high balls sent into the goal. She must also be quick. Remember, you can use both hands to handle the ball. The guards always must help the goal keeper cover the goal area, never leaving her unguarded, yet they must not interfere with her or prevent her seeing clearly.

WATER POLO RULES.

[Printed through courtesy of Mr. Philip Bishop, Physical Director
Haverford School and Advisory Coach of Swimming at Bryn Mawr
College.]

_Ball._--The ball used shall be a leather association football.

_Goals._--The width of the goals to be 10 feet, the cross-bar to be 3 feet above the surface when the water is 5 feet or over in depth, and to be 8 feet from the bottom when the water is less than 5 feet in depth.

_Field of Play._--The distance between the goals shall not exceed 30 yards, nor be less than 19 yards; the width shall be not more than 20 yards and shall be of even width throughout the field of play. The goal posts shall be fixed at least 1 foot from the end of the bath or any obstruction. In baths, the halfway line and also the 4 yards penalty lines shall be marked on both sides.

_Time._--The duration of the match shall be 14 minutes, 7 minutes each way. Three minutes to be allowed at half time for change of ends. When the ball crosses the goal line, whether it be a goal, corner throw or goal throw, it shall be dead until the restart of the game or until it leaves the hand of the player taking the throw, and such time shall be deducted. Time occupied by disputes and fouls, or when the ball is thrown from the field of play or lodges on an obstruction, as per Rule for Out of Play, shall not be reckoned as in time of play.

_Officials._--The officials shall consist of a referee, a timekeeper, two goal scorers and two umpires.

_Teams._--Each side shall consist of seven players, two forwards, two halves, two fullbacks and one goal keeper.

_Starting._--The players shall enter the water and place themselves in a line with their respective goals. The referee shall stand in a line with the center of the course and, having ascertained that the captains are ready, shall give the word “Go,” and immediately throw the ball into the water at the center. A goal shall not be scored after starting or restarting until the ball has been handled (viz., played with the hand below the wrist) either by the members of one team, in which case the scorer shall be within half-distance of the goal attacked, or by a player of each team. The ball must be handled by more than one player before a goal can be scored.

_Scoring._--A goal shall be scored by the entire ball passing beyond the goal posts and under the cross-bar.

_Ordinary Fouls._--It shall be a foul:

(_a_) To touch the ball with both hands at the same time.

(_b_) To hold the rail or side during any part of the game, except for rest. Goal keeper cannot interfere while holding, but can hold all the time so long as she does not play.

(_c_) To stand or touch bottom during any part of the game, except for the purpose of resting.

(_d_) To interfere with an opponent or impede her in any way unless she is holding the ball.

(_e_) To hold the ball under water when tackled.

(_f_) To jump from the bottom or push off from the side (except at starting or restarting) in order to play the ball or “duck” an opponent.

(_g_) To hold, pull back, or push off from an opponent.

(_h_) To turn on the back and kick at an opponent.

(_i_) To assist a player at the start or restart.

(_j_) For the goal keeper to go more than 4 yards from her own goal lines.

(_k_) To throw the ball at the goal keeper from a free throw.

(_l_) To refuse to play the ball at the command of the referee after a foul or after the ball has been out of the field of play.

_Note._--Dribbling or striking the ball is not holding; but lifting, carrying, pressing under water or placing the hand under or over the ball when actually touching, is holding. Dribbling the ball lip through the posts is permissible.

_Wilful Fouls._--If, in the opinion of the referee, a player commits an ordinary foul wilfully, the referee shall at once order her out of the water until a goal has been scored. It shall be considered a wilful foul to start before word “go;” to deliberately waste time; to deliberately change position after whistle has blown with a view to taking an advantage of an opponent; to deliberately splash in the face of an opponent.

_Free Throws._--The penalty for each foul shall be a free throw to the opposing side from the place where the foul occurred. A goal cannot be scored from a free throw, unless the ball has been handled (viz., played with the hand below the wrist), by at least one other player, the goal keeper excepted.

_Penalty Throws._--A player wilfully fouled when within four yards of her opponents’ goal line shall be awarded a penalty throw, and the player who commits the offense must be ordered out of the water until a goal has been scored. The penalty throw shall be taken from any point on the four-yard line. In the case of a penalty throw it shall not be necessary for the ball to be handled by any other player before the goal can be scored, but any player within the four-yard line may intercept a penalty throw.

_Note._--A player ordered out of the water for committing a wilful foul must remain out until a goal has been scored, notwithstanding that half-time may intervene or extra time be played, except by permission of the referee.

_Declaring Fouls._--The referee or umpires shall declare a foul by blowing a whistle. The player nearest to where the foul occurred shall take the throw. The other players shall remain in their respective positions from the blowing of the whistle until the ball has left the hand of the player taking the throw. In the event of one or more players from each team committing a foul so nearly at the same moment as to make it impossible for the referee to distinguish who offended first, she shall have the ball out of the water and throw it in as nearly as possible at the place where the foul occurred in such a manner that one member of each team may have equal chance of playing the ball. In such cases the ball must be allowed to touch the water before it is handled and must be handled (i. e., played with the hand below the wrist) by more than one player before a goal can be scored.

_Goal Keeper._--The goal keeper may stand to defend her goal, and must not throw the ball beyond half distance; the penalty for doing so shall be a free throw to the opposing side from half distance at either side of the field of play. She must keep within four yards of her own goal line or concede a free throw from the four-yard line to her nearest opponent. The goal keeper is exempt from clauses _a_, _c_, and _f_ in Rule for Ordinary Fouls, but she may be treated as any other player when in possession of the ball. Except when injury or illness compel her to leave the water, the goal keeper can only be changed at half time.

_Goal Line Corner Throws._--A player throwing the ball over her own goal line shall concede a free corner throw to her opponents, and such free corner throw shall be taken by the player of the opposing side nearest the point where the ball leaves the field of play; if the attacking side throw the ball over, it shall be a free goal throw to their opponents’ goal keeper.

_Out of Play._--Should a player send the ball out of the field of play at either side, it shall be thrown in any direction from where it went out by one of the opposing side, and shall be considered a free throw. The player nearest the point where the ball leaves the field of play must take the throw. Should a ball strike an overhead obstruction and rebound into the field of play, it shall be considered in play; but if it lodges on or in an overhead obstruction, it shall be considered out of play, and the referee shall then stop the game and throw the ball into the water under the obstruction on or in which it had lodged.

_Declaring Goals, Time, etc._--The referee shall declare fouls, half-time and time by whistle; the timekeeper may notify half-time and time by whistle.

Volley Ball

Volley ball is another team game which is rapidly becoming popular among girls. It may be played indoors or outdoors and can be enjoyed by large groups of girls. The game is a combination of tennis and hand ball and consists of keeping a ball in motion over a high net.

Many girls, particularly the young and those who are weakly, are compelled to refrain from indulging in many of our most popular games. These can play volley ball without running the risk of any serious injury. There is no bodily contact with opponents. The ball is soft and does not injure the one hitting it or anyone who may accidentally be hit with it.

The space, ball and net usually can be acquired with little difficulty, and the ball and net are very inexpensive when we consider how long they last and the number of games which can be enjoyed by a great many persons before they have to be repaired or replaced.

While the rules call for a definite size of court, it should be remembered that a good game can be played and lots of fun enjoyed in school rooms and other places that may be available, where the space and other requirements are less than those specified.

The rules for the game are revised annually by a joint committee of the Young Men’s Christian Association and the National Collegiate Athletic Association and are published in Spalding’s Athletic Library.

Philadelphia Hockey League

BY JOSEPHINE KATZENSTEIN.

[The Philadelphia Hockey League has been successfully organized
as is told by Miss Josephine Katzenstein, a member of the
Lansdowne hockey team. Miss Katzenstein has been chosen for the
All-Philadelphia team every year since its start. Previous to
this, she played on the Bryn Mawr ’varsity. It is needless to
say that she is one of the best forwards that ever played in the
Philadelphia League.--EDITOR.]

When we consider that before 1901 field hockey for women was hardly more than a name in and around Philadelphia, and that since that year enthusiasm for the game has so steadily grown that we have now perhaps the finest hockey league in the country, we may justly feel optimistic on the subject of athletics for women.

In 1907, there were eight hockey clubs in this vicinity--enough to organize an inter-club hockey league. Merion Cricket Club, Belmont Cricket Club, Lansdowne Country Club, Germantown Hockey Club, Philadelphia Cricket Club, Moorestown Field Club, Haddonfield Hockey Club, and Frankford Cricket Club composed the league. Later Belmont went out of existence, Frankford and Moorestown withdrew, and Temple College joined the league. Now Lansdowne, Germantown, Haddonfield, Philadelphia and Merion have second teams, while Riverton plays only in the second league.

The different teams must have distinguishing colors, and no club joining the league may use the colors already adopted by another club. So far Temple is the only club far-sighted enough to play in bloomers instead of in hampering skirts. It is hoped by many that all may soon follow her wise example. Professionals are barred from competition on any league team. A team may be admitted to the league upon application to and approval by the Executive Committee. Each team has to play two matches with every other club in the league--one on the home field and one on the opponent’s.

Since 1908 a committee formed of a representative from each club has chosen an All-Philadelphia team to play outside teams, after the inter-club games are over. This has proved an incentive to consistently good playing all season, as one knows that the critics’ eyes are on one in every game. It has also helped to spread the interest in hockey.

Bryn Mawr, New York, Baltimore and Rosemary Hall (Greenwich, Conn.) teams have been met repeatedly by the All-Philadelphia team.

Activity of Missouri Colleges

BY MISS LORENA L. PARRISH,

Physical Director Howard Payne College.

It is with pleasure that I take this opportunity to give you a glimpse of the work of the Junior Colleges of Missouri in Athletics.

In 1914, the organization known as the Junior College Athletic Association of Missouri was formed. Up until this time there were only a few of the colleges devoting much time to athletics. Howard Payne has for years been one of the strongest supporters of athletics for women, not only within her own college, but a strong advocate of intercollegiate sports. Since the organization there have been four out of the seven junior colleges which have taken up active intercollegiate basket ball-Christian College and Stephens College, both of Columbia, Mo., Lindenwood of St. Charles and Howard Payne of Fayette. I feel confident that in another year the remaining three will join our ranks. We also have our tennis tournaments every spring.

In the year 1915, we started for the first time work in track and field athletics. A dual meet was held here on May 17 between Howard Payne and Stephens. It met with such overwhelming success that we have planned to make it an annual event. There were several physicians present at the meet, and they were very enthusiastic in their praise of the work, saying that it was one of the finest moves that had been made within recent years for the development of our girls. Notwithstanding these facts, there is still a great deal of prejudice against this particular form of athletics, and the two questions that are uppermost in the minds of a great many are: “Are we taking chances with the girls’ future health by allowing these sports?” “Do the advantages gained overshadow the possible danger?” These questions should be given careful consideration by the physical directors and they should see to it that the girls under their charge receive careful training and supervision. It is only in this way that we shall be able to break down the prevailing prejudices. I should say that under proper conditions and supervision the gain in health and strength far outweighs the risks of danger. Here in our own school the girls who are most active in athletics are the healthiest and are rarely ever absent from classes because of illness.

Since the meet held here in Fayette in 1915 was the first intercollegiate meet of its kind for girls in this section of the country, it might be of interest to include in this article the various events used:

Target shooting
50-yard dash
Base ball throw
60-yard hurdles (3 hurdles)
Discus--2-l/2 pounds
75-yard dash
Shot-put--8 pounds
Running high jump
Basket ball throw
Running broad jump
220-yard dash

Girls’ Branch of the Public Schools Athletic League

Among the sanctioned activities of the Girls’ Branch of the Public Schools Athletic League are the following team games for the Elementary Schools: End Ball, Captain Ball, Basket Ball, Punch Ball, Indoor Base Ball.

_End Ball_ can be played by a varied number of players. The playing rules are to be found in the Official Handbook of the Girls’ Branch of the Public Schools Athletic League, published by the American Sports Publishing Company. This book says: “The object of the game is for the guards on one side to throw the ball over the heads of the guards on the opposite side to their own basemen, at the end of the opposite field. Each such ball caught by a baseman shall score one point for the side catching it.

“The object of the intervening guards is to intercept the ball before it can reach the basemen at their rear, and to throw it in turn to their own basemen at the rear of the opposite court, over the heads of the intervening opponents.”

_Captain Ball._--“The main object of the game is for the basemen of a team to pass the ball from one to another, each pass successfully made scoring for the team, as described under ‘Score.’

“The object of the guards is to intercept the passage of the ball and send it back to their own basemen for similar play.” For the rules and details see Official Handbook of the League.

_Basket Ball._--The Spalding Athletic Library rules for the line game are used.

_Punch Ball._--For this the league rules as set forth in Official Handbook. “The object of the batter is to hit the ball into the field in such a way that it may not be caught by the fielders, and to run to first base. The object of the fielders is to return the ball to their catcher, who shall stand on the home plate and hold the ball before the batter reaches first base. If the fielders muff the ball and are slow in returning it to home plate, the batter who has reached first may continue on to second or third base, or as far as in her judgement she can get before the ball reaches home plate. The player running the bases may always advance a base whenever the opportunity occurs and the ball is in play. The final object of the player running to the bases is to touch each base and to reach the home plate without being put out, thus scoring one run for her side.”

Besides these team games, the league sanctions the following activities, which are conducted according to rules and regulations set forth in the Official Handbook: Folk Dancing, Walking, Swimming, Horseback Riding, Ice and Roller Skating, Rope Skipping, Bicycling, Coasting, Golf, Lawn Tennis, Hand Tennis, Heavy Gymnastics, Track and Field Events, Field Hockey, Volley Ball, Newcomb and Pin Ball.

Intercollegiate Alumnae Athletic Association

BY MISS LILLIAN SCHOEDLER,

Originator and Honorary President of the Intercollegiate A. A. A.;

Chairman of the Alumnae Committee on Athletics of Barnard College.

New York witnessed the establishment of the first Intercollegiate Alumnæ Athletic Association the world has known. And its organization proves beyond a doubt the strong grip that athletics are getting on the modern woman.

In 1913 a group of twenty-five alumnæ from Barnard College, which met for swimming and basket ball, sowed the seed for the present association. That seed grew so quickly that by 1916 there had been 974 enrollments for the athletic work which the Alumnae Committee on Athletics of Barnard College had originated, and the activities had grown until they included, besides basket ball and swimming, social, folk and æsthetic dancing, bowling, hand ball, gymnasium work, indoor and outdoor horseback riding, with drill work, polo and basket ball on horseback, field hockey, base ball, tennis, tramping, summer boat and trolley trips, swimming parties, and college picnics of all kinds.

Three factors have contributed to the success of the alumnæ athletic movement in New York. In the first place, its activities have been carried on outside of business hours--in evenings, or during week-ends--so that college women who work, as well as their more leisurely sisters, could enjoy the fun. In the second place, the social end as well as the athletic has been provided for in the making of all plans, and as a result alumnæ athletics, through their informality and atmosphere of “camaraderie,” are serving to bring together college individuals and groups as nothing else can. And, in the third place, everything has been planned as simply and inexpensively as possible, as witness the fact that horses are secured at one of the best New York academies for sixty-three cents an hour, including instruction, and that members who have no habits ride in middy blouses and bloomers. There is no pretense at “style,” but every emphasis on fun.

The new association is a pioneer in its field, and is being watched with much interest by college men and women alike. It is hoped that before long similar associations will spring up in various sections of the country, and that college women will soon have the organized facilities for exercise and recreation for the possession of which they have always envied their college brothers.

Which city will be the first to follow New York’s successful example?

* * * * *

Miss Schoedler has very kindly consented to give advice to any group of college women in any city who wish to form an organization for the purpose of continuing athletics. Communications to Miss Schoedler at 249 West 107th Street, New York City, will result in a prompt answer.--THE EDITOR.

THE SPALDING TRADE-MARK

GUARANTEES QUALITY]

When selecting apparel or implements for any pastime, it is well to bear in mind the synonymous meaning of “Spalding” and “Quality”

A. G. SPALDING & BROS. STORES IN ALL LARGE CITIES

FOR COMPLETE LIST OF STORES SEE INSIDE FRONT COVER OF THIS BOOK]

THE SPALDING TRADE-MARK

GUARANTEES QUALITY]

GYMNASIUM APPARATUS

Colleges and schools contemplating installing a gymnasium or adding to present equipment are invited to correspond with our Gymnasium Contract Department in relation to same. Our many years experience manufacturing gymnasium and playground apparatus render us peculiarly fitted to solve the problems that inevitably arise.

A. G. SPALDING & BROS., Inc.

Gymnasium Contract Department
CHICOPEE, MASS.

A. G. SPALDING & BROS. STORES IN ALL LARGE CITIES

FOR COMPLETE LIST OF STORES SEE INSIDE FRONT COVER OF THIS BOOK]

THE SPALDING TRADE-MARK

GUARANTEES QUALITY]

GIRLS’ SCHOOL AND COLLEGE OUTFITS

We are now furnishing a number of women’s colleges and schools--also girls’ camps--with complete uniform outfits and would be pleased to submit prices and samples on request.

The entire second floor of the new Spalding Building, 523
Fifth Avenue, is devoted exclusively to Women’s “Coverley
Clothes”--sport suits, tennis and golf wear, separate skirts,
sport hats, shirts, ties and shoes. Near Grand Central station
and convenient to leading hotels. Catalogue mailed.

A. G. SPALDING & BROS.

School and College and
Camp Departments

523 Fifth Avenue, New York

A. G. SPALDING & BROS. STORES IN ALL LARGE CITIES

FOR COMPLETE LIST OF STORES SEE INSIDE FRONT COVER OF THIS BOOK]

THE SPALDING TRADE-MARK

GUARANTEE QUALITY]

SPALDING FIELD HOCKEY STICKS

No. =2-A=. Head of fine grained selected oak. Handle spliced to
reduce risk of breakage, and built up of strips of rattan cane,
with strip of pure Para rubber intersecting to prevent stinging
of the hands.

“Applebee OO” Regulation Stick

No. =2S=. Ash head, with bulge back of striking surface, rattan
cane handle, with whipping. Finest material and workmanship
throughout.

“Applebee O” Regulation Stick

No. =2B=. Plain ash, turned knob, wound with twine.

Spalding “Club” Stick

No. =1=. Plain ash, turned knob, scored handle.

No. 2S

No. 2B]

A. G. SPALDING & BROS.

STORES IN ALL LARGE CITIES

FOR COMPLETE LIST OF STORES SEE INSIDE FRONT COVER OF THIS BOOK]

THE SPALDING TRADE-MARK

GUARANTEES QUALITY]

Spalding Field Hockey Balls

No. =7=. “Grand Prix” Ball as used by best players in England.

With two coats special elastic white enamel.

Per ball, extra.

No. =B=. Seamless, white enameled leather cover; excellent quality.

No. =C=. Rubber Cover Composition Ball; superior quality.

Spalding Regulation Field Hockey Goals

No. =2=. Heavy japanned tubing frame, with tarred nets complete,
so that goal may be set up quickly and taken down just as readily.

Field Hockey Shin Guards

No. =F=. Canvas. With ankle protectors.

No. =40=. Leather. With ankle protectors.

Spalding Field Hockey Gloves

No. =P=. Made skeleton style. Fingers and thumb well protected
with rubber.

Rubber Ring Finger Protection

No. =R=. Pure gum ring. Will fit any stick, and prevent
opponent’s stick from slipping up and injuring the fingers.

A. G. SPALDING & BROS.

STORES IN ALL LARGE CITIES

FOR COMPLETE LIST OF STORES SEE INSIDE FRONT COVER OF THIS BOOK]

Standard Quality

An article that is universally given the appellation “=Standard=” is thereby conceded to be the criterion, to which are compared all other things of a similar nature. For instance, the Gold Dollar of the United States is the Standard unit of currency, because it must legally contain a specific proportion of pure gold and the fact of its being Genuine is guaranteed by the Government Stamp thereon. As a protection to the users of this currency against counterfeiting and other tricks, considerable money is expended in maintaining a Secret Service Bureau of Experts. Under the law, citizen manufacturers must depend to a great extent upon Trade-Marks and similar devices to protect themselves against counterfeit products--without the aid of “Government Detectives” or “Public Opinion” to assist them.

Consequently the “Consumer’s Protection” against misrepresentation and “inferior quality” rests entirely upon the integrity and responsibility of the “Manufacturer.”

A. G. Spalding & Bros. have, by their rigorous attention to “Quality,” for forty years, caused their Trade-Mark to become known throughout the world as a Guarantee of Quality as dependable in their field as the U. S. Currency is in its field.

The necessity of upholding the Guarantee of the Spalding Trade-Mark and maintaining the Standard Quality of their Athletic Goods, is therefore, as obvious as is the necessity of the Government in maintaining a Standard Currency.

Thus each consumer is not only insuring himself but also protecting other consumers when he assists a Reliable Manufacturer in upholding his Trade-Mark and all that it stands for. Therefore, we urge all users of our Athletic Goods to assist us in maintaining the Spalding Standard of Excellence, by insisting that our Trade-Mark be plainly stamped on all athletic goods which they buy, because without this precaution our best efforts towards maintaining Standard Quality and preventing fraudulent substitution will be ineffectual.

Manufacturers of Standard Articles invariably suffer the reputation of being high-priced, and this sentiment is fostered and emphasized by makers of “inferior goods,” with whom low prices are the main consideration.

A manufacturer of recognized Standard Goods, with a reputation to uphold and a guarantee to protect must necessarily have higher prices than a manufacturer of cheap goods, whose idea of and basis of a claim for Standard Quality depends principally upon the eloquence of the salesman.

We know from experience that there is no quicksand more unstable than poverty in quality--and we avoid this quicksand by Standard Quality.

A. G. Spalding & Bros.]

[Transcriber’s Note:

Obvious printer errors corrected silently.

Inconsistent spelling and hyphenation are as in the original.]