Chapter V: Preface: v (4)

Valuable account of the habits of squirrels. Observations on hibernation, and on the psychic development of the young of some of the domestic animals.

MONTGOMERY, T. H.

1903. Studies on the Habits of Spiders, particularly those of the Mating Period. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1903, pp. 59-149.

Contains a valuable bibliography.

1908. Further Studies on the Activities of Araneads. Amer. Nat., Vol. XLII, pp. 697-709.

1910. Further Studies on the Activities of Araneads, II. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1909, pp. 548-569.

1910. The Significance of the Courtship and Secondary Sexual Characters of Araneads. Amer. Nat., Vol. XLIV, pp. 151-177.

NEWMAN, H. H.

1906. The Habits of Certain Tortoises. Jour. Comp. Neurol. and Psychol., Vol. XVI, pp. 126-152.

NEWMAN, H. H., and PATTERSON, J. T.

1909. Field Studies of the Behavior of the Lizard, Sceloporus Spinosus Floridanus. Bull. Univ. of Texas, No. 137, pp. 1-24.

ORTMANN, A. E.

1905. The Crawfishes of the State of Pennsylvania. Mem. Carnegie Mus., Vol. II, pp. 343-523.

Habits and habitats of crawfish.

PARKER, G. H.

1903. The Phototropism of the Mourning-cloak Butterfly, Vanessa Antiopa Linn. Mark Anniversary Volume, pp. 453-469. New York.

1903. The Sense of Hearing in Fishes. Amer. Nat., Vol. XXXVII, pp. 185-204.

1905. The Functions of the Lateral-Line Organs of Fishes. U. S. Bur. Fisheries, Bull. Vol. XXIV, pp. 185-207.

1908. The Sensory Reactions of Amphioxus. Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sciences, Vol. XLIII, pp. 415-455.

1910. The Reactions of Sponges, with a Consideration of the Origin of the Nervous System. Jour. Exp. Zoöl., Vol. VIII, pp. 1-41.

PEARL, R.

1903. The Movements and Reactions of Fresh Water Planarians. Quart. Jour. Micros. Sci., Vol. XLVI, pp. 509-714.

A good example of a very detailed study of behavior of a lower animal.

PEARSE, A. S.

1910. The Reactions of Amphibians to Light. Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sciences, Vol. XLV, pp. 161-208.

PECKHAM, G. W. and E. G.

1898. On the Instincts and Habits of the Solitary Wasps. Bull. No. 2, Wis. Geol. and Nat. Hist. Surv. pp. 245.

1905. Wasps, Social and Solitary. pp. 311. Boston and New York.

A revised and enlarged edition of the preceding reference.

PIERSOL, W. H.

1909. The Habits and Larval State of _Plethodon cinereus erythronotus_. Trans. Canadian Inst., Vol. VIII, pp. 469-493.

Contains a useful list of references on Amphibians.

PORTER, J. P.

1904. A Preliminary Study of the Psychology of the English Sparrow. Amer. Jour. Psychol., Vol. XV, pp. 313-346.

1906. The Habits, Instincts and Mental Powers of Spiders, Genera Argiope and Epeira. Amer. Jour. Psychol., Vol. XVII, pp. 306-357.

1906. Further Study of the English Sparrow and Other Birds. Amer. Jour. Psychol., Vol. XVII, pp. 248-271.

Includes the Vesper Sparrow, Cowbird, Common Pigeon, Passenger Pigeon, and Red-headed Woodpecker.

1910. Intelligence and Imitation in Birds, a Criterion of Imitation. Amer. Jour. Psychol., Vol. XXI, pp. 1-71.

Studies of English Sparrow, Cowbird, Snowbird, White-throated Sparrow, Field Sparrow, Bluebird, White-crowned Sparrow, Fox, Song and Tree Sparrows, Blue Jay, Baltimore Oriole, and Crows.

POULTON, E. B.

1896. On the Courtship of Certain Acridiidæ. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, pp. 233-252.

REIGHARD, J.

1903. The Natural History of _Amia calva_ Linnæus. Mark Anniversary Volume, pp. 57-109.

REYNAUD, G.

1900. The Laws of Orientation Among Animals. Smithsonian Report for 1898, pp. 481-498.

RILEY, C. F. C.

1912. Observations on the Ecology of the Dragon-Fly Nymphs: Reactions to Light and Contact. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., Vol. V, pp. 273-292.

SCHEFFER, T. H.

1905. The Cocooning Habits of Spiders. Kans. Univ. Sci. Bull., Vol. III, pp. 85-114.

SEITZ, A.

1891. Allgemeine Biologie der Schmetterlinge. Zool. Jahrb., Abth. Syst. Geog. Biol. der Thiere, Bd. V, pp. 281-343.

SETON, ERNEST THOMPSON.

1909. Life Histories of Northern Animals. Vol. I, pp. 673, and Vol. II, pp. 677-1267. New York.

Valuable for life histories and habits. Extensive bibliography.

SEVERIN, H. H. P. and H. C.

1911. An Experimental Study on the Death-Feigning of Belostoma (= Zaitha Aucct.) flumineum Say and Nepa apiculata Uhler. Behavior Monographs, Vol. I, No. 3, pp. 1-44.

SHELFORD, V. E.

1908. Life-Histories and Larval Habits of the Tiger Beetles (_Cicindelidæ_). Jour. Linn. Soc. Zoöl., Vol. XXX, pp. 157-184.

SHELFORD, V. E., and ALLEE, W. C.

1913. The Reactions of Fishes to Gradients of Dissolved Atmospheric Gases. Jour. Exp. Zoöl., Vol. XIV, pp. 207-266.

The reaction of fish to oxygen and carbonic acid; the latter is considered the best single index to the environment.

SIMPSON, C. T.

1899. The Pearly Fresh-water Mussels of the United States; their Habits, Enemies, and Diseases; with Suggestions for their Protection. U. S. Fish Comm. Bull. for 1898, Vol. XVIII, pp. 279-288.

SLADEN, F. W. L.

1912. The Humble-Bee, its Life-History and how to Domesticate it. pp. 283. London.

A very valuable account of the British species, with numerous suggestions on methods of studying them.

SMALLWOOD, M. E.

1903. The Beach Flea: Talorchestia longicornis. Cold Spring Harbor Monogr. I. pp. 27.

1905. The Salt-Marsh Amphipod: Orchestia palustris. Cold Spring Harbor Monogr. III. pp. 21.

Both of these papers discuss habits and life histories.

SMITH, B. G.

1907. The Life History and Habits of Cryptobranchus Allegheniensis. Biol. Bull., Vol. XIII, pp. 5-39.

Contains references to other salamanders.

STOCKARD, C. R.

1908. Habits, Reactions, and Mating Instincts of the “Walking Stick,” Aplopus Mayeri. Carnegie Inst. Pub. No. 103, pp. 43-59.

TOWER, W. L.

1906. Habits and Instincts in Leptinotarsa. pp. 229-257. In An Investigation of Evolution in Chrysomelid Beetles of the Genus Leptinotarsa, Carnegie Inst. Pub. No. 8. Washington, D.C.

TUTT, J. W.

1897. The Drinking Habits of Butterflies and Moths. Proc. South London Ent. and Nat. Hist. Soc., 1897, pp. [1-9].

VOIGT, W.

1904. Über die Wanderungen der Strudelwürmer in unseren Gebirgsbächen. Verhand. naturhis. Ver. der preuss. Rheinlande, Westfalens und des Regiersungsbezirks Osnabrück, Jahrg. 61, pp. 103-178.

Shows the relation of behavior to the local distributions of Planarians.

WAGNER, W.

1907. Psycho-biologische Untersuchungen an Hummeln mit Bezugnahme auf die Frage der Geselligkeit im Tierreich. Zoologica (Chun), Bd. XIX, Heft 46, pp. 1-239.

An important study of the behavior of _Bombus_.

WALTER, H. E.

1906. The Behavior of the Pond Snail, _Lymnæus Eleodes_ Say. Cold Spring Harbor Monogr. VI. pp. 35.

WASMANN, E. (Trans.)

1903. Instinct and Intelligence in the Animal Kingdom. A Critical Contribution to Modern Animal Psychology. pp. 171. St. Louis, Mo. From the second and enlarged German edition.

1905. Comparative Studies in the Psychology of Ants and of Higher Animals. pp. 200. St. Louis, Mo. Translated from the revised and enlarged second German edition.

WATSON, J. B.

1908. The Behavior of Noddy and Sooty Terns. Pub. 103, Carnegie Inst. pp. 187-255.

An excellent account of bird behavior in colonial species.

WHEELER, W. M.

1903. Ethological Observations on an American Ant (Leptothorax Emersoni Wheeler). Jour. für Psychol. und Neurol., Bd. II, pp. (1-31).

1910. Ants, their Structure, Development and Behavior. pp. 663. New York.

The most useful single work on ants, ant behavior, slaves, commensals, etc.; a very important work. Extensive references.

WHITMAN, C. O.

1899. Animal Behavior. Biol. Lectures, Marine Biol. Lab., Wood’s Holl, 1898, pp. 285-338.

Behavior of leech, Necturus, birds, etc.

WICKHAM, H. F.

1899. The Habits of American Cicindelidæ. Proc. Davenport Acad. Sci., Vol. VII, pp. 206-228.

YERKES, R. M.

1904. Space Perception of Tortoises. Jour. Comp. Neurol. and Psychol., Vol. XIV, pp. 17-26.

YOAKUM, C. S.

1909. Some Experiments upon the Behavior of Squirrels. Jour. Comp. Neurol. and Psychol., Vol. XIX, pp. 541-568.

IX. THE CONTINUOUS PROCESS OF ADJUSTMENT BETWEEN THE ENVIRONMENT AND THE ANIMAL, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO OTHER ORGANISMS

THE DYNAMIC OR PROCESS RELATION OF ANIMAL ASSOCIATIONS AND AGGREGATIONS

1. The Struggle for Existence.

2. The Dynamic Relations of Aggregations and Associations, with Special Reference to Animal Associations.

_a._ The Relation of Animals to Pollination and to Plant Galls.

_b._ Subterranean and Cave Associations.

_c._ Selected References on Aggregations and Associations.

“Nothing is easier than to admit in words the truth of the universal struggle for life, or more difficult--at least I have found it so--than constantly to bear this conclusion in mind. Yet unless it be thoroughly engrained in the mind, the whole economy of nature, with every fact on distribution, rarity, abundance, extinction, and variation, will be dimly seen or quite misunderstood.”--DARWIN.

“Every reflective biologist must know that no living being is self-sufficient, or would be what it is, or be at all, if it were not part of the natural world, although no truth is easier to lose sight of. Living things are real things, ... but their reality is in their interrelations with the rest of nature, and not in themselves.”--W. K. BROOKS. (1906.)

_1. The Struggle for Existence_

DARWIN, CHAS.

1876. Struggle for Existence. pp. 43-61. In On the Origin of Species, 6th ed. New York. (See Figures 2 and 3.)

BROOKS, W. K.

1893. Salpa in its Relation to the Evolution of Life. Studies Biol. Lab., Johns Hopkins Univ., Vol. V, pp. 129-211. See particularly pp. 129-170.

A remarkable and little known paper on the struggle for existence in the sea.

FORBES, S. A.

1887. The Lake as a Microcosm. Bull. Sci. Assoc. of Peoria, Illinois, 1887, pp. 77-87. Reprinted, with revisions, as from the Bull. Peoria Sci. Association, 1887, pp. 1-15.

An excellent picture of the struggle for existence in a lake, where the life is considered as a microcosm or social community.

1880. On Some Interactions of Organisms. Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. I, No. 3, pp. 1-18. Second Edition. 1903.

1882. The Ornithological Balance-Wheel. Trans. Ill. State Hort. Soc. for 1881, N. S., Vol. XV, pp. 120-131.

1883. The Regulative Action of Birds upon Insect Oscillations. Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. I, No. 6, pp. 3-32.

These three papers are very important for their discussion of the dynamic character of the struggle among organisms, and how the balance of nature is maintained.

1888. On the Food Relations of Fresh-Water Fishes: a Summary and Discussion. Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. II, pp. 475-538.

A summary of the food of fishes, based upon a detailed study of the contents of their stomachs.

RODWAY, J.

1911. In the Guiana Forest, Studies of Nature in Relation to the Struggle for Life. Second Edition, pp. 326. London.

A graphic account of the biotic competition in the tropics.

JOHNSTONE, J.

1908. Conditions of Life in the Sea. pp. 332. Cambridge, England.

An excellent study of the recent quantitative investigations of marine life.

ADAMS, CHAS. C.

1909. The Ecological Succession of Birds. Ann. Rep. Mich. Geol. Surv. for 1908, pp. 121-154.

Ecological succession is discussed from the process standpoint. References to literature on birds.

FORBUSH, E. H.

1899. Nature’s Foresters. Forty-sixth Ann. Rep. Sec. Mass. State Board Agr. for 1898, pp. 279-294.

1901. Birds as Protectors of Woodlands. Forty-eighth Ann. Rep. Sec. Mass. State Board Agr. for 1900, pp. 300-321.

1904. The Destruction of Birds by the Elements in 1903-1904. Fifty-first Ann. Rep. Sec. Mass. State Board Agr. for 1903, pp. 457-503.

1905. Special Report on the Decrease of Certain Birds, and its Causes, with Suggestions for Bird Protection. Fifty-Second Ann. Rep. Sec. Mass. State Board Agr. for 1904, pp. 429-543.

PALMER, T. S.

1898. The Danger of Introducing Noxious Animals and Birds. Yearbook U. S. Dept. Agr. for 1898, pp. 87-110.

RYDER, J. A.

1892. A Geometrical Representation of the Relative Intensity of the Conflict between Organisms. Amer. Nat., Vol. XXVI, pp. 923-929.

MCATEE, W. L.

1912. The Experimental Method of Testing the Efficiency of Warning and Cryptic Coloration in Protecting Animals from their Enemies. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1912, pp. 281-364.

JUDD, S. D.

1899. The Efficiency of Some Protective Adaptations in Securing Insects from Birds. Amer. Nat., Vol. XXXIII, pp. 461-484.

1902. The Birds of a Maryland Farm. U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Biol. Surv., Bull. No. 17. pp. 116.

A study in applied ecology. One of the best detailed studies of the birds of a small tract of land and their ecological relations.

STAHL, E.

1888. Pflanzen und Schnecken. Biologische Studie über die Schutzmittel der Pflanzen gegen Schneckenfrass. Jena. Zeitschr. für Naturwiss. herausgegeben von der med.-naturwiss. Gesell. zu Jena, Bd. XXII, pp. 557-684.

A study of the means by which plants are protected(?) from snails and slugs. Numerous feeding experiments.

DAHL, F.

1908. Die Lycosiden oder Wolfspinnen Deutschlands und ihre Stellung im Haushalte der Natur. Nova Acta der Ksl. Leop.-Carol.-Deutschen Akad. der Naturf., Bd. LXXXVII, pp. 175-678. Halle.

Not seen by writer. Mr. J. H. Emerton writes that this paper “gives tables of comparative collecting in all kinds of country.”

PIERCE, W. D., CUSHMAN, R. A., and HOOD, C. E.

1912. The Insect Enemies of the Cotton Boll Weevil. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent., Bull. No. 100. pp. 99.

An excellent example of the character of the competition with which an animal meets when extending its range into new territory. See diagram, p. 44.

WHEELER, W. M.

1906. An Ethological Study of Certain Maladjustments in the Relations of Ants to Plants. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. XXII, pp. 403-418.

Competition between plants and ants.

MASSART, J., and VANDERVELDE, E. (Trans. W. MACDONALD.)

1907. Parasitism Organic and Social. Second Edition. Revised by J. Arthur Thompson, pp. 124. London.

Contains many examples of responses to a parasitic environment.

_Selected References on the Struggle for Existence_

(Alphabetically arranged)

BEAL, F. E. L.

1911. Food of the Woodpeckers of the United States. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Biol. Surv., Bull. 37. pp. 64.

CHAPMAN, F. M.

1902. The Economic Value of Birds to the State. Seventh Rep. N. Y. Forest, Fish, and Game Comm., 1901, pp. 115-176. Reprint, pp. 66, 1903. Albany.

Contains an extensive list of papers on the food of birds.

EICHELBAUM, E.

1910. Über Nahrung und Ernährungsorgane von Echinodermen. Wiss. Meeruntersuch. heraus. von der Komm. zur wiss. Unter. der deutsch. Meere in Kiel. N. F. Bd. XI, Abth. Kiel, pp. 187-275.

FORBES, S. A.

1883. The Food Relations of Predaceous Beetles. Twelfth Rep. State Ent. Ill., pp. 105-120.

1903. The Food of Birds. Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Second Edition, Vol. I, pp. 86-161.

1903. Notes on Insectivorous Coleoptera. Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Second Edition, Vol. I, pp. 167-176.

1883. The Food Relations of the Carabidæ and Coccinellidæ. Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. I, No. 6, pp. 33-64.

FORBUSH, E. H.

1907. Useful Birds and their Protection. Mass. State Board Agr. pp. 437. Boston.

FOREL, A.

1896. Ants’ Nests. Smithsonian Report for 1894, pp. 479-505.

Ants’ nests, and symbiosis between plants and ants.

GAMBLE, F. W., and KEEBLE, F.

1903. The Bionomics of _Convoluta roscoffensis_ with Special Reference to its Green Cells. Quart. Jour. Micros. Sci., Vol. XLVII, pp. 363-431.

A study of the ecology of a Turbellarian worm, its food, habitat, and behavior.

HEIM.

1898. The Biologic Relations Between Plants and Ants. Smithsonian Report for 1896, pp. 411-455.

HOPKINS, A. D.

1909. Insect Depredations in North American Forests and Practical Methods of Prevention and Control. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent., Bull. No. 58, pp. 57-101.

Contains many facts of much ecological value showing the interrelations existing between forests and insects. Good examples of insects as initiators of successions and changes in insect associations.

HUBBARD, H. G.

1897. The Ambrosia Beetles of the United States. U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., Bull. No. 7, N. S., pp. 9-30.

The relations of bark beetles to fungi.

HUBER, J.

1907. The Founding of Colonies by Atta Sexdens. Smithsonian Report for 1906, pp. 355-372.

Ants and fungi.

JUDD, S. D.

1901. The Food of Nestling Birds. Yearbook U. S. Dept. Agr. for 1900, pp. 411-436.

KEEBLE, F.

1910. Plant Animals, A Study of Symbiosis. pp. 163. Cambridge, England.

KIRBY, W., and SPENCE, W.

1859. An Introduction to Entomology; or, Elements of the Natural History of Insects: Comprising an Account of Noxious and Useful Insects, of their Metamorphoses, Food, Stratagems, Habitations, Societies, Motions, Noises, Hybernation, Instinct, Etc., Etc. pp. 607. Seventh edition, London.

MARSHALL, G. A. K., and others.

1902. Five Years’ Observations and Experiments (1896-1901) on the Bionomics of South African Insects, chiefly directed to the Investigation of Mimicry and Warning Colours. Trans. Ent. Soc., London, 1902, pp. 287-584.

MCATEE, W. L.

1908. Food Habits of the Grosbeaks. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Biol. Surv., Bull. 32. pp. 92.

1913. Index to Papers Relating to the Food of Birds by Members of the Biological Survey in Publications of the United States Department of Agriculture, 1885-1911. U. S. Dept. Agr., Biol. Surv., Bull. No. 43. pp. 69.

The Bureau of Biological Survey, and its predecessor, the Division of Ornithology and Mammalogy, have published in the Annual Reports and in numerous bulletins elaborate studies of the foods and habits of birds and mammals.

RAUSCHENPLAT, E.

1901. Ueber die Nahrung von Thieren aus der Kieler Bucht. Wiss. Meeruntersuch. heraus. von der Komm. zur wiss. Unter. der deutsch. Meere in Kiel. N. F. Bd. V, Abth. Kiel, pp. 85-151.

RILEY, C. V.

1893. Parasitism in Insects. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., Vol. II, pp. 397-431.

STILES, C. W.

1893. Parasitism. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., Vol. III, pp. 1-7.

STILES, C. W., and HASSALL, A.

1902--. Index-Catalogue of Medical and Veterinary Zoölogy. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Animal Industry, Bull. No. 39, Parts 1-36 (1912).

1908, 1912. Index-Catalogue of Medical and Veterinary Zoölogy. Subjects: Trematoda and trematode diseases, Bull. No. 37, pp. 401, 1908.--Subjects: Cestoda and Cestodaria, Bull. No. 85. pp. 467, 1912. Hyg. Lab., U. S. Pub. Health and Mar.-Hosp. Serv., Washington.

These extensive bibliographies are very useful.

SURFACE, H. A.

1906. The Serpents of Pennsylvania. Penn. Dept. Agr., Monthly Bull., Vol. IV, pp. 113-208.

Observations on food of serpents.

1908. First Report on the Lizards of Pennsylvania. Penn. Dept. Agr., Zoöl. Bull., Vol. V, pp. 233-264.

Food of lizards.

1908. First Report on the Economy of Pennsylvania Turtles. Penn. Dept. Agr., Zoöl. Bull., Vol. VI, pp. 107-195.

Many observations on food.

WARD, H. B.

1910. Internal Parasites of the Sebago Salmon. U. S. Bur. Fisheries, Bull., Vol. XXVIII, pp. 1151-1194.

“The parasitic fauna of any animal is primarily a function of its habitat.” p. 1191.

1912. The Influence of Hibernation and Migration on Animal Parasites. Proc. Seventh Inter. Zoöl. Cong., Boston, 1907, pp. 673-684.

WASMANN, E.

1894. Kritisches Verzeichniss der Myrmekophilen und Termitophilen Arthropoden. pp. 231. Berlin.

A list of Arthropods found living with ants and termites.

WEBSTER, F. M.

1903. Notes upon the Food of Predaceous Beetles. Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Second Edition, Vol. I, pp. 162-166.

WEED, C. M., and DEARBORN, N.

1903. Birds in their Relations to Man. pp. 380. Phila. Extensive bibliography on the food of birds.

WHEELER, W. M.

1911. Insect Parasitism and its Peculiarities. Pop. Sci. Mo., Vol. LXXIX, pp. 431-449.

1910. The Effects of Parasitic and Other Kinds of Castration in Insects. Jour. Exp. Zoöl., Vol. VIII, pp. 377-438.

ZACHARIAS, O., and others.

1891. Die Tier- und Pflanzenwelt des Süsswassers. Bd. I, pp. 380; Bd. II, pp. 369. Leipzig.

Contains several valuable and suggestive papers on the general biological relations of fresh-water plants and animals.

_2. The Dynamic Relations of Aggregations and Associations, with Special Reference to Animal Associations_

“A group or association of animals or plants is like a single organism in the fact that it brings to bear upon the outer world only the surplus of forces remaining after all conflicts interior to itself have been adjusted. Whatever expenditure of energy is necessary to maintain the existing internal balance amounts to so much power locked up, and rendered unavailable for external use. In many groups this latent energy is so considerable and is liable to such fluctuations, that a knowledge of its amounts and kinds, and of the laws governing its distribution, is extremely important to one interested in measuring or foreseeing the sum and character of the outward-tending activities of the class.”

--S. A. FORBES (1883).

MÖBIUS, K.

1883. The Oyster and Oyster-Culture. U. S. Comm. of Fish and Fisheries, Report of Comm. for 1880, Part VIII, pp. 683-751.

On pp. 721-729 the oyster is discussed as a member of a social community or “biocönosis.” He describes the succession of animals due to the overfishing of the oyster beds and the invasion of cockles and edible mussels which close up the available space and prevent the return of the oyster. One of the earliest papers to recognize clearly a social community in animals. A very important paper, which also shows the method of applying the science of ecology.

FORBES, S. A.

1887. The Lake as a Microcosm. Reprint from Bull. Sci. Associa. of Peoria, Illinois, 1887, pp. 1-15.

Perhaps the first paper by an American naturalist recognizing the interrelations of the social community.

WHEELER, W. M.

1911. The Ant-Colony as an Organism. Jour. Morphology, Vol. XXII, pp. 307-325.

The ant colony is considered as a unit. This paper furnishes an excellent example showing how “individual ecology” may become transformed into an “associational” unit.

MÖBIUS, K.

1893. Ueber die Thiere der Schleswig-Holsteinischen Austerbänke, ihre physikalischen und biologischen Lebensvershältnisse. Sitzungsber. d. Kgl. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. zu Berlin, Jhrg. 1893, I, pp. 67-92.

The physical and biological relations of the Schleswig-Holstein oyster bank as a social community are carefully described. The animals associated are listed (in all about 100 kinds, p. 80) and their relation to the oyster is shown.

FORBES, S. A.

1909. The General Entomological Ecology of the Indian Corn Plant. Amer. Nat., Vol. XLIII, pp. 286-301.

ESPINAS, ALFRED.

1878. Des Sociétés Animales. Second Edition, pp. 588. Paris.

Discusses associations of different species--parasites, commensals, mutuals, domestic animals; associations of the same species and related through nutrition--the colonial forms, as corals; associations based upon reproduction--the family; and associations based upon relation--as in a horde. Contains an extensive historical introduction. Valuable, although somewhat old.

PETRUCCI, R.

1906. Origine Polyphylétique, Homotypie, et Non Comparabilité directe des Sociétés Animales. L’Inst. de Sociologie (Solvay). Notes et Mémoires, Fascicule 7. pp. 126. Bruxelles.

The multiple or independent origin of “social” life in diverse lines of descent is emphasized and viewed from the comparative and phylogenetic standpoint.

WAXWEILER, E.

1906. Esquisse d’une Sociologie. L’Inst. de Sociologie (Solvay). Notes et Mémoires, Fascicule 2. pp. 306. Bruxelles.

A very important survey of sociology as a branch of ethology or ecology. The history of ecology, and animal societies are parts which deserve special mention. A diagram, on p. 63, gives the subdivisions of ethology.

KROPOTKIN, P.

1903. Mutual Aid a Factor of Evolution. pp. 348. New York.

PARMELEE, M.

1913. The Science of Human Behavior. Biological and Psychological Foundations. pp. 443. New York. The Macmillan Company.

An important discussion of certain phases of animal and human responses. Communities are considered mainly from the standpoint of “aggregate ecology” and phylogeny. Little recognition is made of the “ecological association” as a fundamental unit in the study of human relations.

ADAMS, CHAS. C.

1909. The Ecological Succession of Birds. Ann. Rep. Mich. Geol. Surv. for 1908, pp. 121-154.

A study of changes in bird associations.

SHELFORD, V. E.

1911. Ecological Succession.

I. Stream Fishes and the Method of Physiographic Analysis. Biol. Bull., Vol. XXI, pp. 9-34.

1911_a_. II. Pond Fishes. Biol. Bull., Vol. XXI, pp. 127-151.

1911_b_. III. A Reconnaissance of its Causes in Ponds with Particular Reference to Fish. Biol. Bull., Vol. XXII, pp. 1-38.

1912. IV. Vegetation and the Control of Land Animal Communities. Biol. Bull., Vol. XXIII, pp. 59-99.

1912_a_. V. Aspects of Physiological Classification. Biol. Bull., Vol. XXIII, pp. 331-370.

A series of detailed studies on successions in standing and running water, and upon land. Intimately related to the following.

1913. Animal Communities in Temperate America as Illustrated in the Chicago Region; A Study in Animal Ecology. Bull. Geogr. Soc. of Chicago, No. 5. pp. (In press.)

This is the most comprehensive and detailed _local study_ of animal ecology thus far published from a distinctly modern standpoint.

CRAIG, W.

1908. The Voices of Pigeons Regarded as a Means of Social Control. Amer. Jour. Sociol., Vol. XIV, pp. 86-100.

HERRICK, C. L.

1904. The Beginnings of Social Reaction in Man and Lower Animals. Jour. Comp. Neurol. and Psychol., Vol. XIV, pp. 118-123.

HERRICK, F. H.

1912. Organization of the Gull Community. Proc. Seventh Inter. Zoöl. Cong., Boston, 1907, pp. 156-158.

WESENBERG-LUND, C.

1908. Die littoralen Tiergesellschaften unserer grosseren Seen. _a._ Die Tiergesellschaften des Brandungsufers. Inter. Revue der gesamten Hydrobiol. u. Hydrog., Bd. I, pp. 574-609.

Animal associations of a lake shore.

JÄGER, G.

1874. Deutschlands Thierwelt nach ihren Standorten eingetheilt. Bd. I, pp. 400; Bd. II, pp. 367 + XXIV. Stuttgart.

A popular account of the fauna of Germany arranged according to habitat. A suggestive book to the student of local associations. Worthy of imitation.

MELANDER, A. L., and BRUES, C. T.

1903. Guests and Parasites of the Burrowing Bee Halictus. Biol. Bull., Vol. V, pp. 1-27.

Gives a diagram of the Halictus biocönose on p. 27.

HUBBARD, H. G.

1894. The Insect Guests of the Florida Land Tortoise. U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., Insect Life, Vol. VI, pp. 302-315.

HUBBARD, H. G. (Appendix by SCHWARZ, E. A.)

1899. Insect Fauna of the Giant Cactus of Arizona: Letters from the Southwest. Psyche, Vol. VIII, Suppl., pp. 1-8, Appendix, pp. 8-14.

HUNTER, W. D., PRATT, F. C., and MITCHELL, J. D.

1912. The Principal Cactus Insects of the United States. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent., Bull. No. 113. pp. 71.

In addition to the insects feeding upon cacti, their enemies or parasites are listed and also the scavengers, flower visitors, and incidentally associated species. This is a social community composed of 324 species of insects, and it forms an excellent foundation for a study of their interrelations. This is more ecological than is usually the case in economic reports.

MÖLLER, L.

1867. Die Abhängigkeit der Insecten von ihrer Umgebung. pp. 107. Leipzig. W. Englemann.

A very interesting and suggestive work. An excellent local habitat study from the standpoint of insects. Apparently not known to Dahl (’98, ’03) in his brief outline of the history of ecology. Möller discusses the influence of climate, soil, plants, animal substances and man upon insects, and the influence of insects in the economy of nature.

LORENZ, J. R.

1863. Physicalische Verhältnisse und Vertheilung der Organismen im Quarnerischen Golfe. pp. 379. Wien.

An early and important study of the habitat and the plants and animals associated in the marine habitats. Apparently but little known. Also not mentioned by Dahl (’98, ’03).

VERRILL, A. E.

1873. Report upon the Invertebrate Animals of Vineyard Sound and the Adjacent Waters, with an Account of the Physical Characters of the Region. U. S. Comm. Fish and Fisheries. Rep. on the Condition of the Sea Fisheries of the South Coast of New England in 1871 and 1872. Part I. Senate Misc. Doc. No. 61, 42d Cong., 2d Sess., pp. 295-778.

An early descriptive associational and habitat study of the marine animals of our coast. A kind of work, in its standpoint, far in advance of the times. It is remarkable that this well-known work has not been a model for other similar studies on our coast.

DAVENPORT, C. B.

1903. The Collembola of Cold Spring Beach, with Special Reference to the Movements of the Poduridae. Cold Spring Harbor Monogr. II. pp. 32.

An excellent study of a single group in a habitat, and its relation to behavior.

1903_a_. The Animal Ecology of the Cold Spring Sand Spit, with Remarks on the Theory of Adaptation. Decennial Pub. Univ. Chicago, Vol. X, pp. 157-176.

An associational study of a sea beach.

PETERSEN, C. G. JOH., and JENSEN, P. B.

1911. Valuation of the Sea. I. Animal Life of the Sea-Bottom, its Food and Quantity. Rep. of Danish Biol. Sta. to Board of Agriculture, Vol. XX, pp. 1-76. Transl. from Fiskeri-Beretning for 1910. Copenhagen.

The sea-bottom animals are studied as a community. The most important study of the kind known to the writer. Similar work should be done in American waters.

WARMING, E., WESENBERG-LUND, C., and others.

1904. Sur les ‘vads’ et les sables maritimes de la mer du nord. Kon. Danske Vid. Selsk. Skrift., Bd. VII, R. II, pp. 48-56.

The sandy flats of the sea coast of Jutland and Holland are treated as a biotic association, and from a modern ecological standpoint.

BAKER, F. C.

1910. The Ecology of the Skokie Marsh Area, with Special Reference to the Mollusca. Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. VIII, pp. 441-499.

A descriptive account of local molluscan associations near Chicago.

1911. The Molluscan Fauna of Tomahawk Lake, Wisconsin. Trans. Wis. Acad. Sci., Arts and Letters, Vol. XVII, pp. 200-246.

An associational study of molluscan succession. One of the very few of its kind.

HANCOCK, J. L.

1911. Nature Sketches in Temperate America, pp. 451. Chicago.

A discussion of the habitats of Orthoptera is given on pp. 317-418, and a classification of them on pp. 419-433, based upon the egg-laying sites.

DAHL, F.

1899. Das Leben der Vögel auf den Bismarckinseln nach eigenen Beobachtungen vergleichend dargestellt. Mitt. aus der Zoöl. Sammlung des Mus. für Naturk. in Berlin, Bd. I, Heft 3, pp. 107-222.

The bird habitats of the Bismarck Archipelago are discussed. This is the earliest detailed study of bird habitats known to the writer.

1901. Das Leben der Ameisen im Bismarck-Archipel, nach eigenen Beobachtungen vergleichend dargestellt. Mitt. aus. d. Zoöl. Mus. in Berlin, Bd. II, Heft 1, pp. 1-69.

An ecological study of ants, their nesting habitats, keys to their ecological relations, and quantitative data.

1902. Stufenfänge echter Spinnen am Riesengebirge. (Eine vergleichend ethologische Studie.) Sitz.-Ber. Ges. naturf. Freunde zu Berlin, 1902, pp. 185-203.

A comparative study of the habitats of spiders.

1903. Winke für ein wissenschaftliches Sammeln von Thieren. Sitzungs-Ber. der Gesell. naturfor. Freunde zu Berlin, 1903, pp. 444-475.

Gives a classification of animal habitats, associations, and a brief history of their recognition by zoölogists. Compare the habitats with those given by Shelford, Physiological Animal Geography, 1911.

1893. Untersuchungen über die Thierwelt der Unterelbe. Sechster Ber. Komm. zur Wissenschaft. Untersuch. der deutschen Meere in Kiel, Jahrg. XVII-XXI, Heft III, pp. 151-185. Berlin.

Lists the fauna of the brackish waters of the lower Elbe River, discusses their relation to the environment (salinity, etc.) and gives quantitative determinations of its frequency per square meter, as determined by digging at low tide.

MEYER, H. A., and MÖBIUS, K.

1865. Fauna der Kieler Bucht. Bd. I. Leipzig.

Not seen by writer.

LOCARD, A.

1881. De L’Habitat des Mollusques. pp. 88-128. Études sur les Variations Malacologiques d’après la Faune Vivante et Fossile de la Partie Centrale du Bassin du Rhone. Tome II, Paris et Lyon.

This is the most detailed study and classification of the habitats of mollusks of land and fresh-water which the writer has seen. It seems to be little known to students. The volume contains many ecological observations. The classification of habitats is often very artificial. See Von Marten’s comment (Zoöl. Record for 1881, Vol. XVIII, p. 18, Moll.), which refers to English and German works along similar lines, but these have not been found by the writer.

KING, L. A. L., and RUSSELL, E. S.

1909. A Method for the Study of the Animal Ecology of the Shore. Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. of Edinburgh, Vol. XVII, pp. 225-253.

An associational study of shore animals.

ORTMANN, A. E.

1896. Grundzüge der marinen Tiergeographie. pp. 96. Jena.

Contains much of ecological value.

ENDERLEIN, G.

1908. Biologisch-faunistische Moor- und Dünen-Studien. Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis-biosynöcischer Regionen in Westprussen. 30 Ber. des Westpreussischen Bot.-Zoöl. Vereins Danzig, pp. 54-238.

Adopts Dahl’s (1903) classification of habitats.

HÖPPNER, H.

1901. Die Bienenfauna der Dünen und Weserabhänge zwischen Uesen und Baden. Beitr. nordwest-deutsch. Volks- und Landesk. her. vom Naturwissen. Ver. zu Bremen, Bd. XV, pp. 231-255.

PIERCE, W. D.

1904. Some Hypermetamorphic Beetles and Their Hymenopterous Hosts. Univ. of Nebraska Studies, Vol. IV, No. 2, pp. 153-190.

This gives a description of the bee community of _Epinomia triangulifera_ Vachal, a list of insects in it and valuable data on their parasitic interrelations.

VESTAL, A. G.

1913. An Associational Study of Illinois Sand Prairies. Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. His., Vol. X, pp.

STENROOS, K. E.

1898. Das Thierleben im Nurmijärvi-See. Eine Faunistisch-Biologische Studie. Acta Soc. Pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, Vol. XVII, pp. 1-259.

A descriptive associational study of a lake fauna, correlating the fauna and the vegetation.

FORBES, S. A., and RICHARDSON, R. E.

1909. The Fishes of Illinois. Ill. State Nat. Hist. Surv., Vol. III. pp. 357.

Contains numerous observations on the habitats and associations of fish; a subject hitherto greatly neglected.

WESENBERG-LUND, C.

1908. Plankton Investigations of the Danish Lakes. Danish Freshwater Biol. Lab., Op. 5, Part I, pp. 389. Part II, Copenhagen.

The only fresh-water plankton study known to the writer, which takes up the plankton from a distinctly modern ecological standpoint. An excellent summary of the problems of the fresh-water lake plankton. Abundant references to the literature.

ALLEE, W. C.

1912. Seasonal Succession in Old Forest Ponds. Trans. Ill. Acad. Sci., 1911, Vol. IV, pp. 126-131.

To determine the complete composition of an animal association observations must cover all seasons of the year. This paper and the following ones will indicate the general character of the seasonal changes.

WOOD, J. G. and T.

1886. The Field Naturalist’s Handbook. pp. 167. Fourth Edition. London.

This is a British work. It gives by months the seasonal succession of moths, butterflies, birds, flowering of plants, notes on habitat, etc.

FRITSCH, C.

1850. Resultate dreijähriger Beobachtungen über die jährliche Vertheilung der Papilioniden. Sitzungsber. der math.-naturw. Classe der K. Akad. der Wissensch. zu Wien, Jahresganges 1850, Bd. V, pp. 426-433.

1851. Ueber die jährliche Vertheilung der Käfer. Sitzungsber. der math.-naturw. Classe der K. Akad. der Wissensch. zu Wien, Jahresganges 1851, Bd. VI, pp. 3-42.

1851. Resultate zweijähriger Beobachtungen über die jährliche Vertheilung der Käfer. Sitzungsber. der math.-naturw. Classe der K. Akad. der Wissensch. zu Wien, Jahresganges 1851, Bd. VII, pp. 689-710.

1852. Jährliche Vertheilung der Hemipteren. Sitzungsber. der math.-naturw. Classe der K. Akad. der Wissensch. zu Wien, Jahresganges 1852, Bd. IX, pp. 554-555.

A series of papers showing the seasonal succession in insects at Prague, Bohemia.

_a. The Relation of Animals to Pollination and to Plant Galls_

The relation of animals to the pollination of plants and to plant galls is a phase of the _associational relation_ of organisms, but it has rarely been considered (if at all) from the standpoint of a _biotic community_. The following list will probably aid one but little in gaining this general conception, but once the student has it he will find the list of much assistance. Undoubtedly a relatively new and fertile field for investigation would be to study the interrelations of plants and their pollinators as an ecological community, the association being taken as a unit rather than the individual species of plants or animals.

BOUVIER, E. L.

1905. Bees and Flowers. Smithsonian Report for 1904, pp. 469-484. No. 1627.

KNUTH, P. (APPEL, O., and LOEW, E.)

1898-1899. Handbuch der Blütenbiologie. Unter Zugrundelegung von Hermann Müller’s Werk: “Die Befruchtung der Blumen durch Insekten.” Bd. I. Einleitung und Litteratur. 1898. Leipzig. Bd. II. Die bisher in Europa und im Arktischen Gebiet gemachten Blütenbiologischen Beobachtungen. Theil 1 und 2. 1899. Leipzig.

APPEL, O., and LOEW, E.

1904-1905. (Continues Knuth.) Bd. III. Die bisher in Aussereuropäischen Gebieten gemachten Blütenbiologischen Beobachtungen. Theil 1, 1904-1905, Leipzig; Theil 2, 1905, Leipzig.

This is an encyclopedia on the relation of animals to the pollination of flowers. Plants are arranged systematically and the visitors are listed. In Bd. II, Th. 2, pp. 559-672, and Bd. III, Th. 2, pp. 259-470, are given systematic-alphabetic lists of animal visitors to flowers. Full references.

MÜLLER, H. (Trans. by D. W. THOMPSON.)

1883. The Fertilization of Flowers, pp. 669. London.

NEEDHAM, J. G.

1900. The Fruiting of the Blue Flag (Iris versicolor L.). Amer. Nat., Vol. XXXIV, pp. 361-386.

RILEY, C. V.

1892. The Yucca Moth and Yucca Pollination. Third Ann. Rep. Mo. Bot. Garden, pp. 99-158.

ROBERTSON, C.

1897. Flowers and Insects. Contributions to an Account of the Ecological Relations of the Entomophilous Flora and the Anthophilous Insect Fauna of the Neighborhood of Carlinville, Illinois. Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, Vol. VII, pp. 151-179.

This is only one of a very extensive series of papers published in the Transactions of the St. Louis Academy, Vols. V, VI, VII, and in the Botanical Gazette--beginning with Vol. XIV, 1889, and extending to Vol. XXVIII, 1899.

TRELEASE, W.

1893. Further Studies of Yuccas and their Pollination. Fourth Annual Rep. Mo. Bot. Garden, pp. 181-226.

BEUTENMÜLLER, W.

1904. The Insect-Galls of the Vicinity of N. Y. City. Am. Mus. Jour., Vol. IV, pp. 89-124.

A descriptive illustrated catalogue. Beutenmüller has published several important papers on galls in the Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. History.

ADLER, H. (Trans. by C. R. STRATON.)

1894. Alternating Generations. A Bibliogical Study of Oak Galls and Gall Flies. pp. 198. Oxford.

COOK, M. T.

1905. The Insect Galls of Indiana. Twenty-ninth Ann. Rep. Dept. Geol. and Natural Resources of Indiana, 1904, pp. 801-867.

Descriptive illustrated catalogue.

HOUARD, C.

1908-1909. Les Zoocécidies des Plantes d’Europe et du Bassin de la Méditerranée. Tome I, pp. 569; II, pp. 573-1247. Paris.

KIRCHNER, O. VON.

1911. Blumen und Insekten, ihre Anpassungen aneinander und ihre Gegenseitige Abhängigkeit. pp. 436. Leipzig.

KÜSTER, E.

1911. Die Gallen der Pflanzen. Ein Lehrbuch für Botaniker und Entomologen. pp. 437. Leipzig.

ROSS, H.

1911. Die Pflanzengallen (Cecidien) Mittel- und Nord-Europas ihre Erreger und Biologie und Bestimmungstabellen. pp. 350. Jena.

_b. Subterranean and Cave Associations_

BANTA, A. M.

1907. The Fauna of Mayfield’s Cave. Carnegie Inst. Pub. No. 67. pp. 114.

The cave environment, the vital optimum, and the food relations are discussed. A valuable paper.

BLATCHLEY, W. S.

1896. Indiana Caves and their Fauna. Twenty-first Ann. Rep. Geol. and Natural Resources of Indiana, pp. 121-212.

DENDY, A.

1896. The Cryptozoic Fauna of Australasia. Austr. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 1895, pp. [1-21].

On animals living under stones, logs, and bark of trees.

DIEM, K.

1903. Untersuchungen über die Bodenfauna in den Alpen. Jahrb. d. St. Gallischen Naturwiss. Gesellsch. f. 1901-1902, pp. 234-414.

HAMANN, O.

1896. Europäische Höhlenfauna. Eine Darstellung der in den Höhlen Europas lebenden Tierwelt mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Höhlenfauna Krains. pp. 296. Jena.

MOTTER, M. G.

1898. A Contribution to the Study of the Fauna of the Grave. A Study of One Hundred and Fifty Disinterments, with Some Additional Experimental Observations. Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Vol. VI, pp. 201-231.

A list of invertebrates, snails, crustacea, insects, etc., found in graves. Table compiled from Megnin shows the kinds of animals which invade bodies at the different stages of decay. This is a form of succession comparable to the changes in the animals living in a log at different stages of decay.

PACKARD, A. S.

1888. The Cave Fauna of North America, with Remarks on the Anatomy of the Brain and Origin of the Blind Species. Memoirs Nat. Acad. Sci., Vol. IV, pp. 1-156.

Monographic treatment; extensive references to literature.

SCOTT, W.

1909. An Ecological Study of the Plankton of Shawnee Cave. With Notes on the Cave Environment. Biol. Bull., Vol. XVII, pp. 386-406.

_c. Selected References on Aggregations and Associations_

ADAMS, CHAS. C.

1909. The Coleoptera of Isle Royale, Lake Superior, and their Relation to the North American Centers of Dispersal. Ann. Rep. Mich. Geol. Surv. for 1908, pp. 157-215.

On pp. 159-163 the habitats and succession of beetles are briefly discussed.

1909. Notes on Isle Royale Mammals and their Ecological Relations. _Ibid._, pp. 389-422.

Brief mention of mammal associations and successions, pp. 390-393.

ANTIPA, G.

1912. Die Biologie des Inundationsgebietes der unteren Donau und des Donaudeltas. Verhand. VIII. Inter. Zoöl.-Kongresses zu Graz, 1910, pp.163-208.

Description of the biological conditions on the flooded lower Danube and its delta.

BAKER, H. B.

1911. Mollusca. pp. 121-176. In A Biological Survey of the Sand Dune Region on the South Shore of Saginaw Bay, Michigan. Ann. Rep. Mich. Board of Geol. and Biol. Survey for 1910. Lansing.

Rather full notes on mollusca, grouped by habitats.

CHAPMAN, F. M.

1909. The Habitat Groups of North American Birds in the American Museum of Natural History. Am. Mus. Nat. His., Guide Leaflet No. 28. pp. 48.

A descriptive illustrated account of the remarkable habitat exhibits in the museum. The most remarkable series of its kind in existence. An excellent example of the educational value of ecological ideas.

DAHL, F.

1896. Vergleichende Untersuchungen über die Lebensweise wirbelloser Aasfresser. Sitzungsber. d. K. Akad. Wissen. Berlin, 1896. I, pp. 17-30.

A study of carrion-feeding insects by the trapping method. The kinds of insects attracted change with the stage of decay. There is thus a succession. Compare with Moffat’s studies (1898).

GATES, F. C.

1911. Summer-bird Life in the Vicinity of Havana, Illinois, in its Relation to the Prominent Plant Associations. Wilson Bulletin, Vol. XXIII, No. 74, pp. 1-27.

One of the relatively few associational studies of birds.

GIROD, P.

1891. Les Sociétés chez les Animaux. pp. 342. Paris.

GLEASON, H. A.

1909. The Ecological Relations of the Invertebrate Fauna of Isle Royale, Michigan. Ann. Rep. Mich. Geo. Surv. for 1908, pp. 57-78.

GRABAU, A. U.

1898. Zoölogy: Marine Invertebrates, pp. 67-96. Grabau, A. W., and Woodman, J. E. (editors). Guide to Localities Illustrating the Geology, Marine Zoölogy, and Botany of the Vicinity of Boston. Salem, Mass.

HART, C. A., and GLEASON, H. A.

1907. On the Biology of the Sand Areas of Illinois. Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. VII, pp. 137-272.

Insect associations are discussed on pp. 220-227. Habitats are figured, and associated plants and animals are listed.

HANKINSON, T. L.

1910. Ecological Notes on the Fishes of Walnut Lake, Michigan. Trans. Amer. Fisheries Soc., 1910, pp. 195-206.

One of the few papers dealing with the fish associations in a lake.

1910. An Ecological Study of the Fish of a Small Stream. Trans. Ill. State Acad. Sci., Vol. III, pp. 23-31.

HERMS, W. B.

1907. An Ecological and Experimental Study of Sarcophagidæ with Relation to Lake Beach Débris. Jour. Exper. Zoöl., Vol. IV, pp. 45-83.

JORDAN, H.

1883. Die Binnenmollusken der nördlich gemässigten Länder von Europa und Asien und der Arktischen Länder. Nova Acta der Ksl. Leop.-Carol.-Deutschen Akad. der Naturf., Bd. XLV, Nr. 4, pp. 181-402. Halle.

On pp. 201-253 there are many observations on molluskan ecology, including habitats, table of habitats of freshwater mollusks, and important observations on habitat variations or forms. Most of the paper is devoted to geographic problems.

KOFOID, C. A.

1903. The Plankton of the Illinois River, 1894-1899, with Introductory Notes upon the Hydrography of the Illinois River and its Basin. Part I, Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. VI, pp. 95-629.

The results of a prolonged, detailed study of the Illinois River plankton; capable of an associational interpretation.

LINTNER, J. A.

1878. Report on the Insects and Other Animal Forms of Caledonia Creek, New York. Tenth Ann. Rep. N. Y. Fishery Comm. for 1877, pp. 12-36.

One of the relatively few studies of the animals of a small stream; a census rather than an ecological study.

MCCREARY, O.

1909. The Ecological Distribution of the Birds of Isle Royale, Lake Superior. Ann. Rep. Mich. Geol. Surv. for 1908, pp. 81-95.

Habitat preferences of birds.

MORSE, A. P.

1904. Researches on North American Acridiidæ. Carnegie Inst., Pub. 18. pp. 55.

Associational groupings of the short-horned grasshoppers, with figures of habitats.

RUTHVEN, A. G.

1907. A Collection of Reptiles and Amphibians from Southern New Mexico and Arizona. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. XXIII, pp. 483-603.

Discusses the associations, habitats, and food of the desert species.

SCOTT, W.

1910. The Fauna of a Solution Pond. Proc. Ind. Acad. Science for 1910, pp. 395-442.

Includes a discussion of their interrelations.

SIMROTH, H.

1891. Die Entstehung der Landtiere. Ein Biologische Versuch. pp. 492. Leipzig.

STEUER, A.

1910. Planktonkunde. pp. 723. Leipzig.

A general treatise on plankton.

WATSON, J. R.

1911. A Contribution to the Study of the Ecological Distribution of the Animal Life of North Central New Mexico with Especial Attention to the Insects. First Ann. Rep. New Mexico Nat. Resource and Conserv. Comm., pp. 67-117.

Description, lists, and observations on the animal and plant associations of the arid region.

WHEELER, W. M.

1905. An Annotated List of the Ants of New Jersey. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. XXI, pp. 371-403.

Ants grouped in the following associations: woodland, glade, field, meadow, heath, and sand.

1908. Comparative Ethology of the European and North American Ants. Jour. für Psychol. und Neurol., Bd. XIII, pp. 404-435. (Festschrift Forel.)

WICKHAM, H. F.

1903. The Beetles of an Oregon Beach. Ottawa Naturalist, Vol. XVII, pp. 49-52.

INDEX

Abbreviations, 69

Acalyptrate Muscidæ, larval food-habits, 78

Accidents, 62

Acridiidæ,
courtship, 117
habitats, 148

Adaptation,
adjustive, 10
and evolution, 97
as a process, 9
as a product, 9
theory, 136

Adirondacks, aquatic insects, 75

Adjustment of organisms, process of, 122

Adjustment, process of, 5, 30, 31, 33, 122

Age of lower organisms, 97

Aggregate, 8
as agent or entity, 4
ecology, 4, 23, 24, 133

Aggregations, 27, 145
dynamic relations of, 130

Agricultural reports of the U. S. patent office, index, 72

Air, vegetational control of relative evaporating power of, 90
vegetational control of relative humidity, 90

Alluvial flats, vegetational invasion, 89

Alps, soil fauna, 144

Alternating generations of oak gall flies, 143

Ambrosia beetles, 127

American lobster, natural history, 113

_Amia calva_, natural history, 117

Amphibians,
associations of desert species, 148
collecting, 58
desert species, 148
food of desert species, 148
reactions to light, 116

Amphioxus,
behavior, 116
sensory reactions, 116

Amphipods,
distribution of fresh-water, 111
food of fresh-water, 111
reproductive capacity of fresh-water, 111
salt-marsh, habits and life history, 119

_Amphithoe longimana_ Smith, habits and natural history, 113

Animal and plant associations of arid region, 148, 149

Animal associations, and marine vegetation, 89
and vegetation, 90
of a lake shore, 134

Animal behavior, 107, 121
as a process, 102
Bohn’s studies in, 107
limits of study, 103

Animal communities, 133, 134

Animal ecology,
of Chicago region, 134
of Cold Spring sand spit, 136
of seashore, 63, 64
of shore, 139

Animal galls, 143

Animal geography, physiological, 101

Animal intelligence,
development, 115
evolution, 114
nature, 115
raccoon, 111

Animal life,
ecological distribution in New Mexico, 148
of sea-bottom, 63, 136
of sea-bottom, food, 136
of sea-bottom, quantity, 136
mind, 106
psychology, 106, 120
societies, 132, 133, 146
substances, influence upon insects, 135
visitors to flowers, systematic alphabetic list, 142

Animals,
adjustment between environment and, 122
and plant galls, 141
and pollination, 141, 142
collecting, directions, 57
competing in new territory, 126
distribution, physiological, 101
fresh-water, 78
of Lower Elbe, 138
of seashore, 146
of small stream, 147, 148
of soils, 86
orientation, 118
play, 112
responses (locomotor) to white light, 107
seasonal succession, 140
subterranean, 58
variation, 96

Annelids, behavior of tubicolous, 112

Ant, ethological observations on an American, 120

Ant-colony,
as organism, 131
as unit, 131

Anthophilous insect fauna, ecological relations to entomophilous
flora, 142

Ants, 111
and fungi, 128
and plants, 126, 127
Arthropods living with, 130
associations, 149
associations by habitats, 149
behavior, 120
bibliography, 120
development, 120
ecological study, 137
European, comparative ethology, 149
habitat associations, 149
habitats, 120
keys to ecological relations of, in Bismarck Archipelago, 137
nesting habits of, in Bismarck Archipelago, 137
nests, 127
North American, comparative ethology, 149
quantitative data on, 137
psychology, 120
slaves, 120
structure, 120

_Aplopus Mayeri_, habits, reactions, and mating instincts, 119

Applied ecology, 125, 131

Application of the process method, 86

Aquatic animals, photography, 63

Aquatic Chrysomelidæ, 75

Aquatic insects, 75
immature, keys, 75
in Adirondacks, 75

Aquatic nematocerous Diptera, 75

Aquatic resources, 24

Aquiculture, 21

Araneads,
activities, 115
courtship of, significance, 115
secondary sexual characters, 115

_Arbacia punctulata_, 99

_Argiope_, habits and instincts, 117

Arid region,
animal and plant associations, 148, 149
associations, 149
habitats, 149

Arizona,
Amphibians, 148
cactus and insect fauna, 135
reptiles, 148

Army cooks’ manual, 58

Art,
of ecology, 33
of presentation, 67

Arthropods,
effect of caves on, 101
living with ants, 130
living with termites, 130

Artificial and “pathological” conditions, 27

Association, 4, 5, 6, 8, 27, 60, 132, 139, 145

Associational ecology, 5, 24, 29

Associational optimum, 94

Associational relation, of pollination, 141, 142

Associational study,
of birds, Illinois, 146
of lake fauna, 140
of sand prairies of Illinois, 139
of sea beach, 136
of shore animals, 139

Associational unit, and individual ecology, 131

Associations,
amphibian, 148
animal, 137, 138
animal, local, 134
ants, 149
as agent, 5
biotic, 29
biotic, of sand areas, 146
cave, 143
climax biotic, 30
dynamic relations of, 130
fish, of Illinois, 140
fish, in lake, 147
human, 10, 11
lake fish, 147
making to order, 33
mammal, 145
marine animals, 135, 136
methods of studying local, 14
mollusks, 137, 138
natural or normal, 34
reptiles, 148
resemble plays, 47
sand flats, 136, 137
short-horned grasshoppers, 148
succession, 91

_Asterias Forbesi_, direction of locomotion, 110

_Asterias Forreri_ De Loriol, behavior, 105

Atmospheric conditions about woodlands, 91

_Atta sexdens_, colonies founded by, 128

Authors,
guide, 68
suggestions to, 68

Australasia, cryptozoic fauna, 144

Balance of nature, 28, 29, 123

Bark beetles, 76
and fungi, 127

Bark of trees, fauna under, 144

Baseleveling, 86
faunal significance, 86

Bass, black, as a microcosmic center, 49

Bats, habits and sensory adaptations of cave-inhabiting, 112

Beach,
associational study of a sea, 136
beetles of an Oregon, 149

Beach flea,
habits, 119
life history, 119

Beach, sea, as animal habitat, 136

Bee,
burrowing, 134
community of _Epinomia triangulifera_ Vachal, 139
community, parasitic interrelations, 139
fauna of dunes, 139
humble, 119

Bees,
and flowers, 141
as reflex machines, 109

Beetles,
Ambrosia, 127
bark, 76
evolution in Chrysomelid, 119
food of predaceous, 126, 130
habitats, 145
hymenopterous hosts, 139
hypermetamorphic, 139
immature stages, 75
longicorn, food habits, 77
of an Oregon beach, 149
predaceous, food, 126, 130
seasonal succession of, 140
snout, 76
succession of, 145

Behavior, 92, 93
Amphioxus, 116
and natural environment, 110
animal, 167
animal. _See also_ Animal behavior
animal, as a process, 102
ants, 120
birds, 121
_Bombus_, 120
Collembola, 136
cuckoo, 113
fixed and changeable responses, 104
human, 133
_Hydroides Dianthus_ V., modifiability, 106
ideals and conclusions, 114
Isopods, surface and subterranean, 108
laws, 103
leech, 121
_Leptinotarsa_, 119
_Limulus_, 105
lizard, 116
lobster, immature stages, 105
lower organisms, 96, 105, 107
method of regulation, 105
modifiability, 93, 105, 106
mud snail, 111
nature, study of in, 39
_Necturus_, 121
orderly sequence, 113
organisms, 115
physiology, 107
Planarians, fresh-water, 116, 120
pond snail, 120
social wasps, 111
sponges, 116
squirrels, 121
terns, noddy and sooty, 120
tree frogs, 112
tubicolous annelids, 112
Turbellarian, marine, 127
“walking stick,” 119

_Belostoma_ (= _Zaitha_) _flumineum_ Say, death-feigning, 118

Bibliography, 71
animals and pollination, 141, 142
ants, 120
bark beetles, 76
caterpillars, 74
ecological succession of birds, 124
economic entomology (American), 71, 75
environmental influences upon insects, 96, 97
flowers and insects, 141, 142
food of birds, 130
forest insects, 74
fresh-water biology, 78
Hymenoptera of N. America, 73
insects, 74, 75
mammals, North American, 107
medical zoölogy, 129
plant ecology, 89
snout beetles, 76
veterinary zoölogy, 129

Biocœnose, 18
or community, 7

Biocœnosis, 6, 7, 29

Biocönose, 18
_Halictus_, 134

Biocönosis, 131

Biocönotic, 18

Biologia Centrali-Americana, 23

Biologic relations of plants and ants, 126, 127

Biological significance,
of dissolved gases of water, 87
of thermocline, 87

Biological survey,
of U. S., index to papers on, 128
ecological in methods, 114

Biology, 1, 2, 18, 60
butterflies, 118
lower Danube delta, 145
Orthoptera, 101
Physa, 110
relation to geological investigation, 22
relation to man, 11, 12
sand areas of Illinois, 146

Biometric ideas, 63

Biometric methods, 63

Bionomic base line, 30

Bionomics, 19, 21
green cells of _Convoluta roscoffensis_, 127
insects, 128

Bionomy, marine, and stratigraphy, 22

Biota, postglacial dispersal, 91

Biotic associations, 29, 91
sand areas, 146
sandy flats of seacoast, 136, 137

Biotic base, 30

Biotic community, 141

Biotic competition in tropics, 124

Biotic succession in media, 88

Bird census, sectional, 59

Bird habitats of Bismarck Archipelago, 137

Birds,
adaptations by insects to, 125
and man, 130
associational studies, 146
behavior, 121
breeding habits of North American, 109
collecting, 58
colonies, 120
decrease, 124
destruction by elements, 124
ecological succession, 21, 124, 133
economic value, 123, 126
eggs of North American, 109
food, 126, 128, 130
food of nestling, 128
habitat groups, 145, 146
habitat preferences, 148
habitats in summer, 146
instinct, 113
intelligence, 113
life histories of North American, 109
methods of study, 39, 60, 61
migration, 109
migration as a response, 109
noxious, introduction, 124
of a Maryland farm, 125
of Isle Royale, ecological distribution of, 148
photographing, 59, 61
protecting woodlands, 124
protection, 124
protection of useful, 127
quantitative study, 59, 60
regulative action upon insect oscillations, 123
statistical study, 59, 60
stomach contents, estimating, 62
study 39, 60, 61

Birds’ eggs, collecting, 58

Birds’ nests, collecting, 58

Bismarck Archipelago, bird habitats, 137

Black bass as a microcosmic center, 49

Blind species of cave fauna, origin, 144

_Blissus leucopterus_ Say, 20

Blond ring-dove, 110

Blue flag, fruiting, 142

Bluebird, 117

Bluejay, 117

Bohn’s studies in animal behavior, 107

Boll worm, report on, 77

_Bombus_,
behavior, 120
_see also_ Humble-bee

Borers, wood, 77

Brackish waters of Lower Elbe, fauna, 138

Breeding habits,
bark beetles, 76
birds, of North America, 109
crawfish, 108
horned dace, 63
snout beetles, 76

_Bufo lentiginosus americanus_ Le Conte, 100

Bumble-bee,
see _Bombus_
_see also_ Humble-bee

Burrowing bee, 134

Butterflies,
biology, 118
drinking habits, 119
food plants, 77

Cactus, Arizona, insect fauna, 135

Cactus,
giant, and its insect fauna, 135
insects, 135

Caithness, vegetation, 88

Caledonia Creek, N. Y., insects and animal forms, 147, 148

_Cambarus_, 113

_Cambarus affinis_, habit formation, 106

Camp cooking, 62

Camping, 57, 60, 61, 65

Capitalization, 69

Carabidæ,
early stages, 73
food relations, 127

Carbohydrates, effect on resistance to lack of oxygen, 99

Carbonic acid, reaction of fish to, 118

Card-index system for records, 64

Carrion-feeding insects, 146

Castration, parasitic, in insects, 130

Catalogues of governmental publications, 65

Caterpillars, 74
reactions, 106

Cave associations, 143

Cave environment, 144, 145

Cave fauna,
European, 144
origin of blind species, 144