Chapter VI: Preface: v (5)

Cave habitats, 112, 144

Cave-inhabiting bats, habits and sensory adaptations, 112

Cave life,
effect on Arthropods, 101
effect on nutrition, 101
effect on sense organs, 101

Cell and its medium, chemical studies, 88

Census,
bird, 59
invertebrates, 62
of four square feet, 58, 62

Centers of dispersal for beetles of North America, 145

Cerambycidæ, food habits, 72

Cestoda and Cestodaria, index to literature of, 129

Chætognatha,
classification, 115
distribution vertically, 115
San Diego region, 115

_Challenger_, 23

Change, laws of, 79

Changes, in fresh-water habitats, sequence, 86

Changes, in land habitats, sequence, 86

Chemical stimulations, responses to, 97

Chemical studies on the cell and its medium, 88

Chicago, physiographic ecology, 88

Chicago region, animal communities, 134

Chinch-bug, 20

Chorology, 2

Chrysomelid beetles, evolution, 119

Chrysomelidæ,
aquatic, 75
food habits, 72

Cicindela, 90

Cicindelidæ,
habits, 121
life histories and larval habits, 118

Ciliary action of shell-fish, 114

Circulars of U. S. Bureau of Entomology, Index to, 73

Clams,
eaten by _Fulgur_, 110
eaten by _Sycotypus_, 110
growth of the soft, 114
hard, 114
life history of the common, 114
soft, 114

Classification, 21
animal habitats, 138
genetic, 56
habitats, 139
mollusks’ habitats, 138
physiological, 21, 101, 133, 134

Climate, influence upon insects, 135

Climatic sequences, 91

Climax biotic associations, 30

Coccinellidæ, food relations, 127

Cocooning habits of spiders, 118

Cold-blooded vertebrates, digestion influenced by season and
temperature, 100

Cold Spring Beach, Collembola, 136

Cold Spring sand spit, animal ecology, 136

Coleoptera,
centers of dispersal, North American, 145
food, 76, 77
insectivorous, 127
of Isle Royale, 145
transformations described, 72

Collecting, 49, 50, 59, 61
directions for, 39
natural history specimens, 63
of specimens, 49, 50

Collembola, Cold Spring Beach, 136

Colonial forms, 132

Colonies founded by _Atta sexdens_, 128

Color changes of tree frogs, 112

Colors of insects, warning, 128

Commensals, 132
of ants, 120

Community,
biotic, 141
_Epinomia_, 139
gulls, 106
gulls, organization, 134
living beings, 6
social, 18, 123, 131
_See also_ Associations

Communities of land animals, 91, 124
vegetational control, 90, 133

Comparative method, 14, 15
limits, 56

Comparative physiology, 95

Comparative psychology, 120
French work in, 107
limits, 109

Competition of animals, in new territory, 126

Competition,
ants and plants, 126
cotton boll weevil, 125

Composition,
correct, 68
handbook of, 69
scientific papers, 66

Condition,
of stress, 30, 31
pathological, 26

Conditions,
artificial and “pathological,” 27
of existence, natural, 96
of production in the sea, 87

Conflict between organisms, geometrical representation, 125

Conjugation, lower organisms, 97

Contact, reactions of dragon-fly nymphs to, 118

Control of nature, 33

_Convoluta roscoffensis_, bionomics of green cells, 127

Cooking, manual, 58

Coöperation in study, 52

Coral, rose, feeding reactions, 109

Corn, 132
entomological ecology of Indian, 132

Corn plant, entomological ecology of Indian, 132

Correct composition, 68

Cotton boll weevil, insect enemies, 125

Cotton insects, 72
enemies, 72

Cotton worm, report on, 77

Courtship, _Acridiidæ_, 117

Cowbirds, 117

Crane flies, 76
larval habits, 76
life histories, 76

Crawfish,
breeding habits, 108
ecological catalogue, 113
egg-laying, 108
habit formation, 106
habitats, 116
Pennsylvania, 116
stream environment, references, 113

Cricket, western, 77

Criteria,
ecological, 16
in genetic studies, 56
of the psychic, 106

Criterion of imitation, 117

Crop rotation, 28

Crows, 117

Crustacea, in grave, 144

Cryptic coloration, 62
testing by experiment, 125

_Cryptobranchus Allegheniensis_,
habits, 119
life history, 119

Cryptozoic fauna of Australasia, 144

Cuckoo,
behavior, 113
life, 113

Cultivation of turtles, 110

Cycle of matter, in the sea, 87

Cycles, vegetative, causes, 88

Dace, horned, 63

Danish lakes, plankton investigations, 140

Danish waters, ecology of grass-wrack in, 89

Danube and its delta, biology affected by floods, 145

Death feigning,
_Belostoma_ (= _Zaitha_) _flumineum_ Say, 118
instinct, 113
_Nepa apiculata_ Say, 118
Ranatra, 113

Death of lower organisms, 97

Decrease of birds, 124

Describing environments, 45

Descriptive method, 14

Desert species,
of Amphibians, 148
of reptiles, 148

Determination,
of specimens, 49, 51
of specimens at museums, 52

Determined specimens, series of, 52

Development, 92, 93
ants, 120
effect of environment on mollusks, 100
environment, 45, 46
individual, 97
oysters, 112
optima, 94
problem, 98

Developmental or explanatory method, 14, 15

Digestion in cold-blooded vertebrates, influence of season and
temperature, 100

Diptera,
aquatic nematocerous, 75
catalogue of North American, 71
North American, catalogue, 71

Directions for collection, 39, 57

Directory, Naturalist’s, 53

Disadvantages of non-ecological surveys, 31

Diseases, mussels, 119

Distribution,
fish, 64
Planarians, local, 119
vertically of Chætognatha, San Diego region, 115

Domestic animals, 132
psychic development of young, 115

Dominance, 47

Dominant animals, 47, 48

Donaciinæ, natural history of larvæ, 109

Dragon flies, _vs._ mosquitoes, 72

Dragon-fly nymphs,
ecology, 118
keys, 75
reactions to contact and light, 118

Drinking habits,
butterflies, 119
moths, 119

_Drosophila_,
convulsive reflexes, 109
reactions, 109

Dunes, bee fauna, 139

Dynamic conceptions, 80

Dynamic principles, 86

Dynamic relation, 85

Dynamic relations,
of aggregations, 130
of associations, 130
of environment, 82

Dynamic standpoint, 91, 101

Dynamic status, 29, 31

Dynamic theory and physiological problems, 97

Dynamical interpretation, 82

Dynamics of living matter, 96

Earthworm,
behavior modifiable, 105
movements, 105
quantitative studies, 58

Echinoderms, food, 126

Ecological catalogue of crawfish, 113

Ecological criteria, 16

Ecological distribution of birds of Isle Royale, 148

Ecological features of evolution, 21

Ecological ideas, educational value, 146

Ecological organization of museums, 22

Ecological relations,
of entomophilous flora and anthophilous insect fauna of Illinois,
142
of invertebrate fauna of Isle Royale, 146

Ecological study,
of cave plankton, Shawnee Cave, 145
of lake plankton, 140

Ecological succession, 21, 90, 101, 124
birds, 124, 133
causes in ponds, 133
fish in ponds and streams, 133
land animals, 133
mammals of Isle Royale, 145
on an oyster reef, 112

Ecological surveys, 23, 24, 67

Ecological training for surveys, 32

Ecology, 1, 2, 18, 19, 20, 60
and economic problems, 114
and geology, 22
art of, 33
associational, 24
fish of Walnut Lake, 147
history, 133, 138
point of view, 8
relation to economic entomology, 21
relation to geology and paleontology, 10
relation to man, 10, 11
relation to physiology, 8
relation to sociology, 10
relation to teaching, 13, 14
research methods, 88

Economic entomology, 29, 71, 74, 75
bibliography, 74, 75
bibliography of American, 71, 75
relation to ecology, 21

Economic problems and ecology, 114

Economic value,
of birds, 126
of _Pecten irradians_, 108

Economic zoölogist, 29

Economic zoölogy, 29

Educational value of ecological ideas, 146

Effects, similar, of diverse stimuli, 98

Egg-laying crawfish, 108

Egg-laying sites, Orthoptera, 137

Eggs,
collecting birds’, 58
of birds of North America, 109

Elbe River, fauna of lower, 138

Emergency surgery, 65

Emotion in pigeons, 110

Enchytræidæ, 58

Encroachments of civilization, 26

Enemies, protection of animals from, 125

English in science, better, 67

English sparrow, 28, 117
psychology, 117

Entomological Commission,
of U. S., report on cotton and boll worm, 77
of U. S., report on Rocky Mountain locust, 76
of U. S., report on western cricket, 77

Entomological ecology of Indian corn plant, 132

Entomological work of Townend Glover, 73

Entomological writings of A. S. Packard, 74

Entomologists’ reports,
Illinois, index, 74
Missouri, 77
New York, 74

Entomology,
bibliography of American economic, 71, 75
catalogue of publications on, 71
economic, _see_ Economic entomology

Entomophilous flora, ecological relations to anthophilous insect
fauna, 142

Environment, 5
and the animal, adjustment between, 122
describing, 45
development, 45, 46
effect on development of mollusks, 100
effect on insects, 96, 97
effect on limpet, 101
effect on snails, 100
fish, 64, 118
fitness, 85
great changes, 26
gross evolution, 86
making to order, 33
natural, and behavior, 110
natural or normal, 34
orderly sequence, 79
original conditions, 25, 26
parasites, 126
sequence of changes, 104

_Epeira_, habits, instincts, 117

Ephemeridæ, 76

_Epinomia triangulifera_ Vachal, bee community, 139

Equilibrium, relative, 30, 31

Ethological maladjustments of ants, 126

Ethological observations on an ant, 120

Ethological study, comparative, of spiders, 138

Ethology, 18, 19, 21, 59
and mutation theory, 22
ants, comparative, 149
diagram of subdivisions, 133
history, 133
subdivisions, in diagrams, 133

Europe,
cave fauna, 144
plant galls, 143

Evaporating power of air, vegetational control of, relative, 90

Evaporation,
and plant societies, 90
and soil moisture, 62
open and wooded areas, 91
plant societies and, 64

Evolution, 9
and adaptation, 97
as a process, 10
ecological features of, 21
experimental, 96
mutual aid a factor of, 133
of life and _Salpa_, 123
organic, and baseleveling, 86

Existence,
natural conditions, 96
struggle for, 2, 122, 123

Experiment Station Record, 76

Experimental evolution, 96

Experimental morphology, 95

Experimental study, limits, 103

Experimental zoölogy, 96

Explanatory or developmental method, 14, 15

Exploration, scientific, 63

External relations, 1

Extremes, influence, 98

Eyes,
frog, 110
insects, 110
slug, 110
snail, 110
sow bug, 110
various types and image-forming powers, 110
worms, 110

Factor of evolution, mutual aid a, 133

Factors,
influence of the slowest, 98
limiting, 98

Family, 132

Fauna,
and flora of the sea bottom, 64
cave, 101, 112, 143, 144, 145
cryptozoic of Australasia, 144
Germany, classified by habitat, 134
grave, 144
Indiana caves, 144
Mayfield’s Cave, 143
of brackish waters of Lower Elbe, 138
of Kiel Bay, 138
pond, 148
quantitative determination in brackish waters, 137
salt water, 111

Faunal significance of baseleveling, 86

Feeding habits,
slugs, 125
snails, 125
_Venus mercenaria_, 114

Feeding reactions of rose coral, 109

Feeding reflexes of shell-fish, 114

Fertilization of flowers, 142

Field ants, 149

Field naturalist, 37

Field notes, 42
numbers in, 50, 51
recording, 42

Field study, 36, 37, 38
plan, 36

Field work, primary aim, 41

Fish,
associations of a lake, 147
associations of Illinois, 140
distribution, 64
ecological succession, 133
environment and distribution, 64
environment, index to, 118
feeding grounds, affected by vegetation, 90
food, 76, 123
food relations of fresh-water, 123
habitats of Illinois, 140
habits, 63, 112
Illinois, 140
lateral-line organs of, functions, 116
life histories, 112
marine vegetation, 89
metabolism, 100
methods of study, 39
of a small stream, 147
organ of sense, 113
organ of taste, 113
physiological responses of, 112
pond, 133
productivity in standing and running water, 101
reaction to atmospheric gases in water, 118
reaction to carbonic acid, 118
reaction to oxygen, 118
rheotropism in, 115
sense of hearing, 116
spawning habits of, 112
stream, 133
submerged vegetation affecting feeding ground, 90

Fitness of environment, 85

Floods of lower Danube affecting biological conditions, 145

Florida mangroves forming animal habitats, 89

Flowers,
and insects, 142, 143
animal visitors, 141, 142
bees and, 141
fertilization, 142
pollination of, in relation to animals, 141, 142

Food,
beetles, 126
birds, 126, 128, 130
butterflies, 77
Coleoptera, 77
Echinoderms, 126
fish, 123
insects, 128
lizards, 129
nestling birds, 128
oysters, 112
predaceous beetles, 130
serpents, 129
snails, 125
Turbellarian, 127
woodpeckers, 126

Food habits,
back beetles, 76
Cerambycidæ, 72
Chrysomelidæ, 72
Coleoptera, 77
grosbeaks, 128
larval Acalyptrate Muscidæ, 78
longicorn beetles, 77
Rhynchophora, 72
snout beetles, 76

Food of animals,
in Kiel Bay, 129
of sea-bottom, 63, 136

Food plants,
of Coleoptera, 77
of forest insects, 76

Food relations,
Carabidæ, 127
cave animals, 144
Coccinellidæ, 127

Forest influences, 90

Forest insects,
classified by food plants, 76
life histories, 74
literature, 74

Forest invasion on alluvial flats, 89

Forest types, determining, 89

Foresters, nature’s, 124

Forestry, 58

Forests, insect depredations in, 127

Form regulation, 97

Formation, 60

French work in comparative psychology, 107

Fresh-water Amphipods, 111

Fresh-water animals and plants, biological relations, 130

Fresh-water biology, keys to organisms, 78

Fresh-water biology, technique, 62

Fresh-water fish, food relations, 123

Fresh-water habitats, changes, 86

Fresh-water mollusks, habitats, 147

Fresh-water mussels, pearly, 119

Fresh-water Planarians, reactions, 116

Fresh-water plants and animals, biological relations, 130

Fruiting of blue flag, 142

_Fulgur_ eating oysters, mussels, and clams, 110

Function,
of lateral-line organs of fish, 116
of mucus of shell-fish, 114

Fungi,
and ants, 128
and bark beetles, 127

Galls,
animals in relation to plant, 141
insect, 143
on European plants, 143

Gases,
dissolved in water, biological significance, 87
reaction of fish to atmospheric, 118

General physiology, 95

General principles, value of, 41

Genetic classification, 56

Genetic method, 15

Genetic psychology, limits, 109

Genetic relation of types of action, 106

Genetic standpoint, 91, 101

Genetic studies, criteria in, 56

Geographic life centers, 99

Geologic processes, 86

Geological investigation, relation to biology, 22

Geology and ecology, 22

Glade,
ants, 149
associations of ants, 149

Glover, Townend, entomological work, 73

Governmental publications, catalogues, 65

Grackles, 109

Grasshoppers,
short-horned, associational groupings, 148
short-horned, habitats, 148

Grass-wrack, ecology of, in Danish waters, 89

Grave, fauna of the, 144

Green cells of _Convoluta roscoffensis_, bionomics, 127

Grosbeaks, food habits, 128

Gross environment, evolution, 86

Growth, 92, 93, 97
affected by environment, 100
influence of stimuli upon, 95
quahaug, 108
soft clam, 114
_Venus mercenaria_, 114

Guiana forest, struggle for life in, 124

Gull community, organization, 106, 134

Gypsy moth, 74
enemies of, 74

Habitats, 5, 60
affected by baseleveling, 86
amphibians, 148
animal, formed by plants, 89, 91
animals classified by, 134
ants, 137, 149
beetles, 145
bird preferences, 148
birds, 137
birds in summer, 146
cave, 112, 143, 144
classification, 59, 138, 139
Collembola, 136
crawfish, 116
dune, 139
fish of Illinois, 140
formed by river floods, 145
fresh-water, 86
grasshoppers, 148
history of their recognition, 138
inland, 91
insects, 128, 135
invertebrate, 146
lake, 87
lake beach, 147
lake fauna, 140
lake, for fish, 147
land, 86
mammals, 145
marine animals, 135, 136, 146
marsh for mollusks, 137
mollusks, 138, 145, 147
mollusks, classification, 138
mollusks of land and fresh water, classification, 138
moor, 139
Oregon sea beach, 149
Orthoptera, 137
oyster, 111, 112, 131, 132
parasitic fauna, 129
pond, 148
preferences of birds, 148
reptiles, 148
sand areas, 146
sand prairie, 139
sandy sea flats, 136, 137
sea bottom, 136
shore animals, 139
spiders, 125, 138
stream, 147, 148
three dimensions, 46
Turbellarian, 127

Habits,
Amphipods, 119
_Amphithoe longimana_ Smith, 113
cave-inhabiting bats, 112
Cicindelidæ, 121
fish, 63, 112
formation in crawfish, 106
formation in the turtle, 105
Humble-bee, 118
_Leptinotarsa_, 119
mammals, 118
mammals of North America, 107
mating period of spiders, 115
_Plethodon_, 117
salamanders, 119
solitary wasps of Texas, 113
spiders, 117, 118
squirrels, 115
tortoises, 116
_Venus mercenaria_, 114

Halictus,
biocönose, 134
guests and parasites, 134

Hearing in fish, sense of, 116

Heath ants, 149

Hemiptera, seasonal succession, 141

Hemiptera-Heteroptera, catalogue of Nearctic, 71

Hibernation, 115
influence on animal parasites, 130
insects, 128

Holland, sandy flats of, animals, 136, 137

_Homarus Americanus_, behavior of immature stages, 105

Homing pigeons, methods, 113

Honey-bee, natural history, 109

Horde, 132

Human associations, 11

Human behavior, biological and psychological foundations, 133

Humble-bee,
domestication, 119
habits, 119
life history, 119

Humidity of air, vegetational control of relative, 90

Humus, effect on animal life of soil, 100

Huttonian theory, 80

_Hydroides Dianthus_ V., behavior modifiable, 106

Hydropsyche, photographing nets of, 64

Hymenoptera of N. America,
bibliography, 73
catalogue of species, 73

Hypermetamorphic beetles, 139

Hypotheses, multiple working, 55

Ideas,
biometric, 63
life history of scientific, 57

Illinois,
ecological relations of entomophilous flora and anthophilous insect
fauna, 142
fish, 140
sand areas, biology, 146
sand prairies, associational study, 139
State Entomologist’s reports, 74

Illinois River, entomology, 74
plankton, 147

Image-forming powers of eyes of various types, 110

Imitation,
and intelligence in birds, 117
criterion, 117

Index,
Agricultural reports of the U. S. patent office, 72
circulars, U. S. Entomology Bureau, 73
Experiment Station Record, 76
Illinois State entomologist’s reports,74
Insect Life, 72
Lintner’s New York State entomologist’s reports, 74
Missouri reports on insects, 77
Ontario entomological society reports, 72
Orthoptera of North America, 77
papers on biological survey of U. S., 128
Riley’s Missouri entomological reports, 77

Index catalogue of medical and veterinary zoölogy, 129

Indian corn, _see_ Corn

Indiana,
caves and their fauna, 144
insect galls, 143

Individual development, 97

Individual ecology, 3, 8, 23, 24
and the associational unit, 131

Influence,
of sessile habit, 100
of slowest factors, 98

Inland habitats, 91

Insect associations, changes in, 127

Insect depredations in forests, 127

Insect enemies of cotton boll weevil, 125

Insect fauna of the giant cactus of Arizona, 135

Insect galls,
Europe, 143
Indiana, 143
New York, 143

Insect guests of Florida land tortoise,135

Insect Life, 111
index, 72

Insect oscillations regulated by birds, 123

Insectivorous Coleoptera, 127

Insects,
affecting park trees, 74
affecting the orange, 75
affecting woodland trees, 74
and animal forms of Caledonia Creek, N. Y., 147, 148
aquatic, 74
aquatic in Adirondacks, 75
bibliography, 74, 75
bionomics of, 128
cactus, 135
carrion-feeding, 146
collecting, 58
environmental influences upon, 96, 97
eyes, 110
flowers and, 142, 143
food, 128
habitats, 128, 135
hibernation, 128
Illinois, 74
in grave, 144
influence in economy of nature, 135
influenced by animal substances, 135
influenced by climate, 135
influenced by environment, 135
influenced by man, 135
influenced by plants, 135
influenced by soil, 135
initiating successions, 127
instinct, 128
life histories, 70, 73
life histories in Lintner’s New York State entomologist’s reports,
74
mimicry of South African, 128
Missouri, 77
motions, 128
Neuropteroid, synopsis, catalogue, and bibliography, 71
New Mexico, 148
New York, 74
noises, 128
parasitic and other kinds of castration in, 130
parasitism, 129, 130
preserving, 58
protective adaptations against birds by, 125
seasonal succession, 141
senses, 111
social community, 135
social life, 111
societies, 128
stratagems, 128
study, 59
systematic literature, 71
warning colors of South African, 128

Instinct,
and intelligence, 120
birds, 113
blindness of, 103
death-feigning, 113
insects, 128
Leptinotarsa, 119
raccoons, 110
spiders, 117

Instruments, 57, 59

Integrative action of nervous system, 98

Intelligence,
and imitation in birds, 117
and instinct, 120
animal, of the raccoon, 111
birds, 113
evolution of animal, 114
nature and development of animal, 115
raccoons, 110, 111

Interactions of organisms, 49, 123

Internal relations, 1

Interpretation, dynamical, 82

Interrelations, 5
between forests and insects, 127
of the social community, 131
parasitic, of the bee community, 139

Introducing noxious animals, 124

Invertebrate animals of Vineyard Sound, 136

Invertebrate fauna of Isle Royale, ecological relations, 146

Invertebrates,
census, 62
life histories, 70, 136
marine, 136, 146

Investigation, methods of scientific, 56

_Iris versicolor_ L., fruiting, 142

Isle Royale,
as biotic environment, 91
birds, ecological succession, 124, 133
birds’ habitats, 148
ecology of Coleoptera, 145
ecological relations of invertebrate fauna, 146
mammals of, ecological succession, 145

_Isophyllia_, feeding reactions, 109

Isopods,
of ponds and streams, responses, 106
physiological states and rheotaxis, 106
reactions of surface and subterranean, 108
reactions to light, 108

Jutland, sandy flats of, animals, 136, 137

Kiel Bay,
fauna, 138
food of animals in, 129

Krakatau, new flora, 89

Lack of oxygen, resistance affected by carbohydrates, 99

Lake as a microcosm, 123, 131

Lake beach,
habitat, 147
débris, Sarcophagidæ with relation to, 147

Lake fauna,
associational study, 140
correlated with vegetation, 140
habitats, 140

Lake, fish associations of a, 147

Lake habitat,
changes in, 87
fish, 147

Lake, respiration of an inland, 87

Lake shore, animal associations, 134

Lakes,
gases dissolved in waters, 87
plankton investigations of Danish, 140

Land animal communities,
controlled by vegetation, 90
vegetation and control, 124, 133

Land animals,
ecological succession, 133
origin, 148

Land forms, changing, 86

Land habitats, changes, 86

Land tortoise of Florida, insect guests, 135

Larval habits of tiger beetles, 118

Larvæ,
catalogue, 77
classification of Lepidopterous, 73
Coleopterous, table of families, 75
Donaciinæ, natural history, 109
Lepidopterous, 73, 78
saw-fly, 78

Lateral-line organs of fish, functions, 116

Law of response to strain, 85

Laws of change, orderly sequence, 79

Laws of regulation,
in behavior, 105
in insect oscillations, 123
in metabolism, 85

Laws of sequence,
in adjustment between animal and environment, 122
in animals, 92, 93
in environment, 79
within the animal, 92

Leech, behavior, 121

Lepidoptera,
and temperature extremes, 99
field tables, 74
larvæ, 73, 78
larvæ, classification, 73
transformations of described, 73

_Leptinotarsa_,
behavior, 119
habits, 119
instincts, 119

_Leptothorax Emersoni_ Wheeler, ethological observations, 120

Life and chemistry, 97

Life centers, geographic, 99

Life histories,
aquatic Nematocerous Diptera, 75
fish, 112
insects, 73
insects and allied invertebrates, 70
insects, in Lintner’s New York State entomologist’s reports, 74
mammals, 118
Odonata, 76
physiological, 17
salamanders, 119
tiger beetles, 118

Life history,
common clam, 114
humble-bee, 119
quahaug, 108
scientific ideas, 57

Life,
maintenance, 97
nature, 97
origin, 97

Light,
and behavior of organisms, 115
locomotor responses of animals to white, 107
reactions of Amphibians, 116
reactions of dragon-fly nymphs to, 118
reactions of Isopods to, 108
reactions of Planarians to, 105
white, locomotor responses of animals to, 107

Limiting factors, 98

Limpet, environmental studies, 101

Limulus, behavior of early stages, 105

Lists, local, 48

Literature, limitations and value, 82, 83, 84

Living matter, dynamics, 96

Lizards,
behavior, 116
food, 129
Pennsylvania, 129

Lobster,
behavior, 105, 113
natural history of the American, 113

Local lists, 48

Locomotion of starfish, direction, 110

Locomotor responses to white light, 107

Locust, Rocky Mountain, 77

Logs, fauna under, 144

Louisiana, marine food mollusks, 114

Lower organisms,
age, 97
behavior, 96, 105, 107
conjugation, 97
death, 97

Lycosidæ,
ecology, 125
habitats, 125

_Lymnæa Columella_ Say, effects of environment on growth, 100

Lymnæas, ecology, 108

Lymnæidæ, ecology, 108

_Lymnæus Eleodes_ Say, behavior, 120

Maize, _see_ Indian Corn

Maladjustments of plants and ants, 126

Mammal associations, 145

Mammal successions, 145

Mammals,
bibliography of North American, 107
collecting, 58
habits, 118
habits of North American, 107
Isle Royale, ecological succession, 145
life histories, 118
methods of study, 39

Man, influence upon insects, 135

Mangroves, Florida, 89

Manual of style, 68

Manuscript arrangement, 69

Marine animals,
and vegetation, 89
associational study, 136
associations, 135
collecting, 57
distribution, 139
food of, in Kiel Bay, 129
habitat study, 136

Marine food mollusks of Louisiana, 114

Marine habitats of animals, 135

Marine invertebrates, 146

Marine life, quantitative study, 124

Marine vegetation and animal associations, 89

Marsh habitats, mollusks, 137

Maryland farm, birds of a, 125

Massachusetts shell-fisheries, 108

Mating instincts, of walking-stick, 119

Mating period of spiders, habits, 115

Mayfield Cave fauna, 143

Mayfly nymphs, keys, 75, 76

Meadow ants, 149

Media, changes in, 88

Medical zoölogy, bibliography, 129

Metabolism, 92, 93
fish, 100
in the sea, 87

Method,
comparative, limitations, 56
genetic, 56
historical, 56
scientific, 55, 56, 57

Methods,
biometric, 63
of homing pigeons, 113
of investigation, energy, agent and process, 56
of microscopic anatomy, 62
of study, 14, 39
of studying birds, fish, mammals, 39

Microcosm, 4
lake as a, 123, 131

Microscopic anatomy, methods, 62

Migration,
influence on animal parasites, 130
of birds, 109
of birds, as a response, 109, 110

Migratory plant formations, 88

Mimicry, 42
of insects of South Africa, 128

Missouri,
insects, 77
insects, index of reports on, 77

Modifiability of behavior of _Hydroides Dianthus_ V., 106

Modifications,
of behavior, 93
of behavior by experience, 106

Molluscan associations, local, 137

Molluscan succession, associational study, 137

Mollusk fisheries of Massachusetts, 108

Mollusks,
associations, 138
collecting, 58
ecology, 147
effect of environment, 100
habitats, 138, 145, 147
habitats in fresh water, 147
of Louisiana, marine food, 114
of Skokie Marsh area, ecology, 137

Mongoose, 28

Morphology, experimental, 95

Mosquitoes, Dragonflies _vs._, 72

Moth, Yucca, 142

Moths,
drinking habits, 119
reactions, 106

Mourning-cloak butterfly, phototropism, 116

Movements, physiology, 107

Mucus, function of, in shell-fish, 114

Mud snail, behavior, 111

Multiple working hypotheses, 55

Muscidæ, Acalyptrate, 78

Museum exhibit of American birds, ecological, 145, 146

Museums,
determination of specimens at, 52
relation to ecology, 22
use of ecological ideas, 145, 146

Mussels,
artificial propagation of fresh-water, 114, 115
diseases, 119
eaten by _Fulgur_, 110
eaten by _Sycotypus_, 110
enemies, 119
pearly fresh-water, enemies and diseases, 119
pearly fresh-water, habits, 119
pearly fresh-water, protection, 119
reproduction of fresh-water, 114, 115

Mutation theory and ethology, 22

Mutual aid, a factor of evolution, 133

_Mya_ arenaria,
growth, 114
life history, 114

Myriapods,
collecting, 58
systematic literature, 71

_Nassa obsoleta_, 110

Natural conditions of existence, 96

Natural environments, 26

Natural history, 18
American lobster, 113
_Amia calva_ L., 117
Amphithoe, 113
honey-bee, 109
larvæ of Donaciinæ, 109
starfish, 115
surveys, 23, 30

Natural preserves, 34, 38

Naturalist’s Directory, 53

Nature,
and nurture, 17
control, 33

Nature’s foresters, 124

Nearctic Hemiptera-Heteroptera, catalogue, 71

Nearctic spiders, 72

_Necturus_, behavior, 121

Nematocerous Diptera,
aquatic, 75
aquatic, stages, 75

_Nepa apiculata_ Uhler, death-feigning, 118

Nervous system,
integrative action, 98
origin of, in sponges, 116
regulatory action, 98

Nestling birds, food, 128

Nests,
ants, 127
collecting birds’, 58

New Mexico,
ecological distribution of animal life in, 148
insects, 148
reptiles, 148

New York,
insect galls, 143
State entomologist’s reports, 74

Nomenclature,
ecological, for plants, 60
phytogeographical, 22

Non-ecological surveys, 31

Normal,
as ideal, 27
conditions, 27
departure from, 98
processes of nature, 26

North Carolina, oyster industry, 112

Notebook, aluminum, 44

Note slips, 37, 44

Note taking, 42, 45, 61

Noxious animals, introducing, 124

Numbering specimens, 50, 51

Numerals, 69

Nurmijärvi Lake, fauna and vegetation, 139

Nurture and nature, 17

Nutrition of Arthropods, affected by cave life, 101

Nymphs,
dragon-fly, 76
Mayfly, 76
Zygoptera, keys, 76

Oak gall flies, and oak galls, 143

Oceanography, 21

Odonata,
life histories, 76
transformations described, 72

Œcology, _see_ Ecology

Oligochæta, 58

Ontario, Entomological Society of, index to thirty annual reports, 72

Optima, 98
development, 94
of Chætognatha, 115
physiological, 27
vital, 27, 94

Optimum, 30, 94
associational, 94
departure from, 98
vital conditions, 99
vital, in caves, 144

Orange, insects affecting the, 75

_Orchestia palustris_, habits and life history, 119

Orderly sequence,
laws, 92, 93
of behavior, 113
of disturbances by man, 27
of environment, 79

Oregon beach, beetles of an, 149

Orientation among animals, 118

Origin of land animals, 148

Original conditions, 26, 27
of environment, 25, 26

Oriole, Baltimore, 117

Organ of taste, fish, 113

Organic parasitism, 126

Organism,
ant colony as an, 131
as agent, 4

Organisms,
behavior of lower, 96, 107
geometrical representations of the conflict between, 125
interactions, 49, 123
lower, behavior, 96, 107
physiology, 96
responses to light, 115

Organization of gull community, 106, 134

Organs, physiology, 96

Ornithological balance-wheel, 123

Orthoptera,
biology, 101
classification of, by egg-laying sites, 137
habitats, 137
index to North American, 77

Overfishing of oyster beds, 131

Oxygen,
effects of lack of, on sea-urchin, 99
physiological effects of lack, 99
reaction of fish to, 118
resistance to lack of, increased, 99

Oyster, 18, 114, 131

Oyster bank, 18
as social community, 132

Oyster bed, 6
overfishing, 131
succession of animals on, 131

Oyster culture, 6, 18, 131

Oyster,
development, 112
food, 112

Oyster grounds of South Carolina, natural, 111

Oyster habitat, 111

Oyster industry of North Carolina, 112

Oyster reef affected by storms, 112

Oysters,
eaten by _Fulgur_, 110
eaten by _Sycotypus_, 110

Painted turtle, discriminative ability, 109

Papers, composition of scientific, 66

Papers, preparation for publication, 65, 68

Papilionidæ, seasonal succession, 140

Paragraphing, 69

Parasites, 132
a function of habitat, 129
American Rhynchophora, 76
burrowing bee, 134
influence of hibernation on animal, 130
influence of migration on animal, 129
Sebago salmon, 129

Parasitic castration in insects, 130

Parasitic environment, 126

Parasitic fauna, relation to habitat, 129

Parasitic interrelations of bee community, 139

Parasitism, 129
insect, 129, 130
organic, 126
social, 126

Park trees, insects affecting, 74

Parks for ecological study, 38

Parrots, 109

Passenger pigeon, 117

Pathological condition, 26

Pathological conditions, artificial and, 27

_Pecten irradians_,
economic value, 108
growth, 108
habits, 108
life history, 108

Pennsylvania,
crawfish, 116
lizards, 129
serpents, 129
turtles, 129

Phase rule, 85

Photography, 57, 59, 61, 65
aquatic animals, 63, 64
birds, 39
fish, 39
mammals, 39
nets of Hydropsyche (aquatic), 64

Phototaxis and random movements, 105

Phototropism of Mourning-cloak butterfly, 116

Phylogeny, 21, 96
of human behavior, 133

Physa, biology, 110

Physical change, influence upon animals, 85

Physiographic ecology of Chicago, 88

Physiological chemistry, 95

Physiological classification, and ecological succession, 21
in ecology, 101, 133, 134

Physiological conditions, 92, 93

Physiological life histories of plants, 17

Physiological problems and dynamic theory, 97

Physiological responses,
distribution due to, 101, 112, 136
of fish, 112

Physiological states and rheotaxis in Isopoda, 106

Physiology,
comparative, 95
general, 95
of organisms, 96
of organs, 96
of reproduction, 100

Phytogeographical nomenclature, 22, 60

Pigeon,
common, 117
homing, 113
passenger, 117

Pigeons,
emotion in, 110
methods of homing, 113
voices as means of social control, 106, 134

Planarians,
behavior, 120
distribution locally, 120
reactions of fresh-water, 116
reactions to light, 105

Plane table manual, 64

Plankton, 60, 148
ecological study, 140
investigations of Danish lakes, 140
of Illinois river, 147
of Shawnee Cave, ecological study, 145
organisms, 50

Plant animals, 128

Plant ecology, 59
bibliography, 89
general principles, 88, 89

Plant formations, stable and migratory, 88

Plant galls, 143
animals in relation to, 141
biology and causes of European, 143

Plant societies,
relation to evaporation, 64, 90
relation to humidity, 90
study of Chicago, 88

Plant succession, 90
relation to distribution of tiger beetles, 90

Plants,
and ants, 126, 127
and snails, 125
forming animal habitats, 89
influence upon insects, 135
life histories, physiological, 17
seasonal succession, 140
variation, 96

Play of animals, 112

_Plethodon cinereus erythronotus_,
habits, 117
larval state, 117

Poduridæ,
behavior and habitat, 136
movements, 136

Poisons, physiological effect of certain, 99

Pollination, animals in relation to, 141

Pollination of flowers, animals in relation, 141, 142

Pollination of Yucca, 142

Pond,
fauna, 148
fish, ecological succession, 133
habitat, 148
Isopods, 106

Pond snail, behavior, 120

Pond, solution, 148

Ponds, seasonal succession in old forest, 140

Porcupine mountains, 91

Postglacial dispersal of biota, 91

Potassium cyanide, effects on sea-urchin, 99

Potato beetles, _see Leptinotarsa_

Predaceous beetles, food, 126, 130

Preservation of specimens, 49, 50

Preserves, natural, 34, 38

Principles, value of general, 41

Process, animal behavior as a, 102

Process method,
application, 86
of investigation, 56

Process of adjustment, 30, 31
in organisms, 122

Process of response, 4

Process standpoint, 91, 101
applied to vegetation, 88

Processes,
geologic, 86
of behavior, 93
of development, 93
of growth, 93
of metabolism, 93
of research, 55
regulatory character of physico-chemical and physiological, 85
standpoint, 80, 81, 82

Production, conditions of, in the sea, 87

Proof, correction, 68

Proof-reading, 65, 68

Propagation, artificially, of fresh-water mussels, 114, 115

Protection,
of birds, 124
of useful birds, 127

Protective coloration, 62

Protoplasm, influence of stimuli upon, 95

Protoplasmic respiration, 97

Psychic,
criteria, 106
development of young domestic animals, 115

Psychology,
comparative, 120
comparative, French work in, 107
English sparrow, 117
limits of comparative and genetic, 109
of ants, 120

Publication, preparation of papers for, 65, 68

Punctuation, 68, 69

Quahaug,
growth, 108
life history, 108

Quantitative determination of fauna of lower Elbe, 138

Quantitative study, 61
animal life of sea-bottom, 63, 124, 136
of birds, 59, 60
of life of sea-bottom, 63, 124, 136

Quarnerian Gulf, animals associated in the, 135

Rabbits, 28

Raccoon, animal intelligence, 111

Raccoons,
instincts, 110
intelligence, 110
sense, 110
visual discrimination, 110

Ranatra, death-feigning, 113

Random movements and phototaxis, 105

Rations, 62

Record keeping, 61

Recording notes, 64

Red-headed woodpecker, 117

Reef, ecological succession on an oyster, 112

Regeneration as functional adjustment, 98

Regulation,
in behavior, 105
of insect oscillations by birds, 123
regeneration as functional, 98

Regulative action of nervous system, 98

Regulatory character of physico-chemical and physiological processes,
85

Relative equilibrium, 30, 31

Reproduction,
fresh-water mussels, 114, 115
physiology, 100

Reptiles,
Arizona, 148
associations of desert species, 148
collecting, 58
desert species, 148
food of desert species, 148
New Mexico, 148

Research methods,
in plant ecology, 59, 88

Research,
processes, 55
speculative method in, 55

Respiration,
of an inland lake, 87
protoplasmic, 97

Response,
bird migration as a, 109
to strain, 85

Responses,
Isopods of ponds and streams, 106
study, 15
to chemical stimulations, 97

Rheotaxis in Isopoda, 106

Rheotropism in fish, 115

Rhynchophora,
biologies, 76
food habits, 72
parasites, 76

Ring-dove, blond, 110

River entomology, Illinois, 75

River fauna,
Danube delta, 145
lower Elbe, 138

River habitat, flooded delta, 145

River plankton, Illinois, 147

Rocky Mountain locust, enemies, 77

Rodentia, 107

Rose coral, feeding reactions, 109

Running water, effect on productivity of fish, 101

Salamanders, habits, 119

Salmon, internal parasites of Sebago, 129

_Salpa_ and evolution of life, 123

Salt-marsh Amphipod, habits and life history, 119

Salt-water fauna, 111.
_See also_ Marine animals

San Diego region, Chætognatha of, 115

Sand,
ants, 149
areas of Illinois, biology, 146
prairies of Illinois, associational study, 139

Sandy flats of the sea coast as a biotic association, 136, 137

Sarcophagidæ, relation to lake beach débris, 147

Saw-fly, larvæ, 78

Scallop fishery, 108

Scallops, 114

_Sceloporus spinosus floridanus_, behavior, 116

Schleswig-Holstein oyster bank described, 132

Science, better English in, 67

Scientific exploration, 63

Scientific ideas, life history, 57

Scientific investigation, methods, 56

Scientific method, 55, 56, 57

Scientific papers, composition, 66

Scientific technique, 55

Sea anemone, behavior modifiable, 105

Sea beach, associational study, 136

Sea-bottom,
animal life, 63, 136
fauna and flora, 64
quantitative study of animals, 63

Sea,
conditions of life in, 134
conditions of production in, 87
cycle of matter in, 87
metabolism in, 87
struggle for existence in, 123
valuation of the, 136

Seashore,
animal ecology, 63, 64
animals, 146

Season, influence on digestion of cold-blooded vertebrates, 100

Seasonal succession,
animals, 140
beetles, 140
butterflies, 140
Hemiptera, 141
in old forest ponds, 140
plants, 140

Sea-urchin, 99
resistance to lack of oxygen, 99
resistance to potassium cyanide, 99

Sebago salmon, internal parasites, 129

Second-hand books, dealers in, 65

Sense organ,
Arthropods, effect of caves on, 101
of fish, 113

Senses of insects, 111

Sensory adaptations of cave-inhabiting bats, 112

Sensory reactions of Amphioxus, 116

Sequence of changes in environment, 104

Sessile habit, influence, 100

Serpents,
food, 129
Pennsylvania, 129

Sexual characters of Araneads, secondary, 115

Shawnee Cave plankton, ecological study, 145

Shell-fish,
ciliary action, 114
feeding reflexes, 114
food, 114
function of mucus, 114

Shell-fish industries,
biology, 114
culture, 114
utilization, 114

Shell-fisheries of Massachusetts, 108

Shore, animal ecology of the, 139

Shore animals, associational study, 139

Significance of courtship of Araneads, 115

Skokie Marsh area, ecology of mollusca, 137

Slaves of ants, 120

Slug,
eyes, 110
feeding habits, 125

Snail,
eyes, 110
mud, 111
pond, 120

Snails,
and plants, 125
feeding habits, 125
food, 125
in grave, 144
influence of environment on, 100

Snout-beetles, 76

Snowbird, 117

Social community, 18, 123
animals, 131
insects, 135
interrelations, 131
oyster bank, 132
sea-bottom, 136

Social control, by voices among pigeons, 106, 134

Social life,
from comparative and phylogenetic standpoint, 132
insects, 111
multiple origin, 132
origin, 132

Social parasitism, 126

Social reaction,
beginnings in lower animals, 134
beginnings in man, 134

Social wasps, 117
behavior, 111

Societies, insects, 128

Sociology,
a branch of ecology or ethology, 132
relation to ecology, 10, 11, 12

Soil,
animal life influenced by humus and tillage, 100
animals of the, 86
fauna of Alps, 144
influence upon insects, 135

Soils,
moisture, 62
study, 58

Solitary wasps,
habits, 116, 117
habits in Texas, 113
instincts, 116

Solution pond, fauna, 148

South Africa, insects, 128

South Carolina, natural oyster grounds, 111

Sow bug, eyes, 110

Space, perception by tortoises, 121

Sparrow,
field, 117
fox, 117
song, 117
tree, 117
vesper, 117
white-crowned, 117
white-throated, 117

Spawning habits of fish, 112

Specimens,
collecting natural history, 63
collection, 49, 50
determination, 49, 51
determined, 52
numbering, 50, 51
preservation, 49, 50

Spiders,
cocooning habits, 118
collecting, 58
habitats, 125, 138
habits, 117
instincts, 117
mating habits, 115
mental powers, 117
Nearctic, 72
systematic literature, 71

Sponges,
behavior, 116
reactions, 116

Squirrels,
behavior, 121
habits, 115

Stable plant formations, 88

Starfish,
behavior, 105
locomotion, 110
natural history, 115

Status, dynamic, 29, 31

Stimulations, responses to chemical, 97

Stimuli,
influence upon growth, 95
influence upon protoplasm, 95
similar effects of diverse, 98

Stones, fauna under, 144

Stratigraphy, relation of marine bionomy to, 22

Stream,
animals of a small, 147, 148
environment, references to, 113
fish, ecological succession, 133
fish of a small, 147
habitat, 147, 148
Isopods, 106

Stress, condition, 30, 31

Struggle among organisms, 123

Struggle for existence, 2, 122, 123
in a lake, 123
in Guiana forests, 124
in the sea, 123
references, 126

Studies, quantitative, 61

Style brief, Wistar Institute, 68

Style manual, 68

Subterranean. _See also_ Cave

Subterranean animals, 58, 86, 143, 144, 145

Subterranean Isopods, behavior, 108

Succession,
animals in oyster beds, 131
associations of inland habitats, 91

Succession,
beetles, 145
ecological, 101
ecological, birds, 21, 124, 133
ecological, in the grave, 144
ecological, on oyster reef, 112
in stages of decay, 144, 146
mammal, 145
mollusks, 137
seasonal, 140

Successions, initiated by insects, 127

Suggestions to authors, 68

Summer-bird life near Havana, Illinois, 146

Surgery, emergency, 65

Surveying, 65

Surveys,
ecological, 23, 67
ecological training for, 32
natural history, 23, 30
non-ecological, 31

_Sycotypus_ eating oysters, mussels, and clams, 110

Symbiosis, 127, 128, 130

_Talorchestia longicornis_, habits and life history, 119

Tanganyika problem, 89

Taste, fish’s organ of, 112

Taxonomy, 54
relation to ecology, 8

Teaching, relation to ecology, 13

Technique, 15, 57
of fresh-water biology, 62
scientific, 55

Temperature,
effect of extremes, 99
in open and wooded areas, 91
influence on digestion of cold-blooded vertebrates, 100
lowering of, and loss of water, 99
physiological effects of high temperature, 99

Termites, Arthropods living with, 130

Terns, noddy and sooty, behavior, 120

Terrapin, diamond-back,
cultivation, 110
natural history, 110

Texas,
habits of solitary wasps, 113
wasps, solitary, habits, 113

Theory, use, 40

Thermocline, biological significance, 87

Tiger beetles,
larval habits, 118
life histories, 118
relation of distribution to plant succession, 90

Tipulidæ, 76

Toad, American, 100

Tomahawk Lake, Wis., Mollusca of, 137

Tortoise,
Florida land, 135
habits, 116
perception of space, 121

Tracks and tracking, 58

Trapping, 39, 60

Tree frogs,
behavior, 112
color changes, 112

Trees,
insects affecting, 74

Trematoda and trematode diseases, index to literature, 129

Trial and error, 104

Tubicolous Annelids, behavior, 112

Turbellarian,
behavior, 127
ecology, 127
food, 127
habitat, 127

Turtles,
cultivation, 110
discriminative ability of painted, 109
food, 129
formation of habits, 105
natural history, 110
Pennsylvania, 129

_Turtur risorius_, 110

Types of eyes, image-forming powers of various, 110

Typography, 68

Use of theory, 40

Utah, 55

_Vanessa antiopa_ Linn., phototropism, 116

Variation,
in animals, 96
in plants, 96
statistical, 60

Vegetation,
and animal associations, 90
and control of land animal communities, 133
Caithness, 88
changes in, 88
controlling land animal communities, 90
correlated with lake fauna, 140
development and structure, 88
invading alluvial flats, 89
invading new land surface, 89

Vegetational change, influence upon animals, 85

Vegetational control,
of relative evaporating power of the air, 90
of relative humidity of air, 90

Vegetative cycles, causes, 88

_Venus mercenaria_,
growth, 108, 114
habits, 114
life history, 108

Veterinary zoölogy, bibliography, 129

Vineyard Sound, invertebrate animals of, 136

Visual discrimination in raccoons, 110

Vital conditions, optimum, 99

Vital optimum, 94

Voices of pigeons as means of social control, 106, 134

Volcanic activity and new land surface, 89

Volcanic islands, new flora, 89

“Walking stick,”
behavior, 119
habits, 119
mating instincts, 119
reactions, 119

Walnut Lake,
ecological relations of fish, 147
fish ecology, 147

Warning coloration, 62
testing by experiment, 125

Warning colors, insects of South Africa, 128

Wasps, social, 117
behavior, 110

Wasps, solitary,
habits, 116, 117
habits, of Texas, 113
instincts, 116, 117

Water,
loss of and lowering of temperature, 99
running, effect on productivity of fish, 101
standing, effect on productivity of fish, 101

Weights and measures, 69

Wild life,
photography, 61
study, 61

Windermere, Lake, 90

Wisdom, blindness of, 103

Wistar Institute, style brief, 68

Wood borers, 77

Woodcraft, 61

Woodland,
ants, 149
associations of ants, 149
atmospheric conditions about, 91
birds as protectors, 124

Woodland trees, insects affecting, 74

Woodpecker, red-headed, 117

Woodpeckers, food, 126

Worms, eyes, 110

Yucca,
moth, 142
pollination, 142

Zoölogical Record, 70

Zoölogist, economic, 29

Zoölogy, experimental, 96

_Zostera marina_, ecology in Danish waters, 89

Zygoptera, life histories, 76

INDEX TO NAMES

Adams, Chas. C., 21, 22, 86, 91, 94, 99, 124, 133, 145

Adler, H., 143

Aldrich, J. M., 71

Allbutt, T. C., 66

Allee, W. C., 106, 118, 140

Andrews, E. A., 108

Antipa, G., 145

Appel, O., 141, 142

Bachmetjew, P., 96

Baker, F. C., 108, 137

Baker, H. B., 145

Baldwin, E. L., 112

Balfour, I. B., 89

Bancroft, W. D., 85

Banks, N., 58, 65, 71

Banta, A. M., 108, 143

Baskerville, C., 97

Bates, 23, 42

Beal, F. E. L., 126

Belding, D. L., 108

Belt, 23

Bendire, C., 109

Bethune, C. J. S., 72

Betten, C., 75

Beutenmüller, W., 72, 143

Birge, E. A., 87

Blackman, 94, 98

Blackwall, J., 108

Blatchley, W. S., 144

Boas, F., 56

Bohn, G., 107

Bouvier, E. L., 141

Böving, A. G., 109

Brandt, K., 87

Bretscher, K., 58

Brooks, W. K., 3, 17, 36, 42, 79, 82, 122, 123

Brues, C. T., 134

Brunner, J., 58

Buffon, 20

Burdon-Sanderson, J. K., 1, 18

Burns, F. L., 59

Buttel-Reepen, H. von, 109

Calkins, M. W., 109

Carpenter, F. W., 109

Case, E. C., 21

Cassell, 53

Casteel, D. B., 109

Caudell, A. N., 73

Chamberlin, T. C., 55, 86

Chapman, F. M., 39, 59, 61, 126, 145

Chittenden, F. H., 72

Clarke, W. E., 109

Clements, F. E., 21, 59, 61, 88

Clessin, S., 100

Coker, R. E., 110

Cole, L. J., 110

Cole, L. W., 110

Colton, H. S., 100, 110

Comstock, J. H., 43, 59, 72

Congdon, E. D., 107

Cook, M. T., 143

Cook, O. F., 30, 90

Coquillett, D. W., 73

Coues, E., 107

Cowles, H. C., 88

Craig, W., 106, 110, 134

Cramer, F., 56

Crampton, C. B., 88

Cresson, E. T., 73

Currie, R. P., 73

Curtis, W. C., 114

Cushman, R. A., 125

Dahl, F., 18, 59, 61, 125, 135, 137, 139, 146

Darwin, Charles, 2, 20, 23, 41, 56, 122, 123

Davenport, C. B., 60, 95, 136

Davis, H. B., 111

Davis, W. M., 67, 86

Dawson, J., 110

Dean, B., 111

Dearborn, N., 130

Dendy, A., 144

De Vinne, T. L., 68

Diem, K., 144

Dimmock, G., 73

Dimon, A. C., 111

Dodge, C. R., 73

Dyar, H. G., 73

Edwards, H., 73

Eichelbaum, E., 126

Embody, G. C., 111

Emerton, J. H., 125

Emery, C., 21

Enderlein, G., 59, 139

Enteman, M. M., 111

Ernst, A., 89

Espinas, Alfred, 132

Fabre, J. H., 111

Felt, E. P., 74

Fernald, C. H., 74

Fernald, J. C., 66

Fernow, B. E., 90

Fischer, E., 98, 99

Flahault, C., 22, 60

Florentin, R., 111

Folsom, J. W., 74

Forbes, S. A., 20, 21, 23, 49, 60, 74, 123, 126, 131, 132, 140

Forbes, W. T. M., 74

Forbush, E. H., 74, 124, 127

Forel, A., 111, 127

Fritsch, C., 140

Fuller, G. D., 90

Fürth, O. von, 95

Gamble, F. W., 127

Ganong, W. F., 17

Gates, F. C., 146

Geisler, M. H., 109

Gibson, W. H., 60

Gilbert, G. K., 55

Gill, T., 112

Girod, P., 146

Gleason, H. A., 146

Glover, Townend, 73

Grabau, A. W., 22, 146

Grave, C., 112

Greeley, A. W., 99

Groom, P., 89

Groos, K., 112

Gurley, R. R., 112

Hadley, P. B., 105

Haeckel, E., 2, 19

Hahn, W., 112

Hamann, O., 144

Hammarsten, O., 95

Hancock, J. L., 137

Hankinson, T. L., 147

Hargitt, C. W., 103, 112

Harrington, M. W., 90

Harris, J. A., 113

Hart, C. A., 75, 146

Hartman, C., 113

Hassall, A., 129

Hayden, F. P., 77

Heim, 127

Henderson, L. J., 85

Hensen, V., 60

Henshaw, S., 71, 75

Herdmann, W. A., 21

Herms, W. B., 147

Herrick, C. J., 113

Herrick, C. L., 39, 61, 97, 134

Herrick, F. H., 102, 106, 113, 134

Hodge, C. F., 113

Holmes, S. J., 97, 104, 105, 107, 113

Hood, C. E., 125

Hopkins, A. D., 43, 61, 127

Höppner, H., 139

Houard, C., 143

Hubbard, H. G., 75, 127, 135

Huber, J., 128

Huggins, G. E., 106

Hunter, W. D., 135

Huxley, T. H., 11, 12, 13, 17

Jacob, 19

Jager, G., 134

Jennings, H. S., 92, 96, 97, 102, 105, 107, 114

Jensen, P. B., 63, 96, 136

Jevons, S., 56

Job, H. K., 61

Johannsen, O. A., 75

Johnstone, J., 87, 124

Jordan, H., 147

Juday, C., 87

Judd, S. D., 125, 128

Kearton, R., 39, 61

Keeble, F., 127, 128

Keller, C., 100

Kellogg, J. L., 114

Kephart, H., 61

Keyes, C. R., 56

King, L. A. L., 63, 139

Kirby, W., 19, 128

Kirchner, O. von, 143

Knab, F., 73

Knauthe, K., 62, 100

Knuth, P., 141, 142

Kofoid, C. A., 147

Kropotkin, P., 133

Küster, E., 143

Lamborn, R. H., 72

Lane, E. C., 108

Lang, A., 100

Lankester, E. R., 19

LeBon, G., 57

Lee, A. B., 62

Lefevre, G., 114

Lewes, G. H., 66

Lillie, F. R., 97

Livingston, B. E., 62

Lintner, J. A., 74, 147

Locard, A., 100, 138

Loeb, J., 96

Loew, E., 141, 142

Long, F. M., 110

Lorenz, J. R., 135

Lyon, E. P., 99, 115

McAtee, W. L., 58, 62, 125, 128

McCreary, O., 148

Macdonald, W., 126

MacDougal, R., 57

MacGillivray, A. D., 75

Mandel, J. A., 95

Marshall, F. H., 100

Marshall, G. A. K., 128

Martin, J., 77

Massart, J., 126

Mast, S. O., 107, 115

Mathews, A. P., 97

Mayer, A. G., 106

Mead, A. D., 115

Melander, A. L., 134

Meldola, R., 55

Meyer, H. A., 138

Miall, B., 111

Michael, E., 115

Middleton, N., 77

Mill, J. S., 56, 79

Miller, N., 100

Mills, W., 115

Minot, C. S., 71

Mitchell, J. D., 135

Möbius, K., 6, 18, 29, 131, 138

Moffat, 146

Möller, L., 135

Montgomery, T. H., 115

Moore, J. E. S., 89

Morgan, T. H., 96, 97

Morse, A. P., 148

Motter, M. G., 144

Müller, H., 141, 142

Needham, J. G., 75, 76, 142

Neumayer, G. von, 63

Newman, H. H., 116

Orcutt, W. D., 69

Ortmann, A. E., 116, 139

Ostenfeld, C. H., 89

Packard, A. S., 74, 76, 144

Packard, W. H., 99

Palmer, T. S., 124

Parker, G. H., 116

Parmelee, M., 133

Patterson, J. T., 116

Pearl, R., 63, 105, 116

Pearse, A. S., 107, 116

Pearson, K., 56

Peckham, E. G., 116

Peckham, G. W., 116

Peters, A. W., 88

Petersen, C. G. Joh., 61, 63, 64, 136

Petrucci, R., 132

Pierce, W. D., 76, 125, 139

Piersol, W. H., 117

Playfair, J., 80

Porter, J. P., 117

Poulton, E. B., 117

Pratt, F. C., 135

Przibram, H., 96

Pütter, A., 95

Rauschenplat, E., 129

Reighard, J., 39, 63, 117

Reynaud, G., 118

Richards, H. M., 97

Richardson, R. E., 140

Rickard, T. A., 67

Riddle, O., 100

Riley, C. F. Curtis, 118

Riley, C. V., 76, 77, 129, 142

Robertson, C., 142

Rodway, J., 124

Rosenthal, J., 95

Ross, H., 143

Russell, E. S., 63, 101, 139

Ruthven, A. G., 91, 148

Ryder, J. A., 124

St. Hilaire, I. Geoffray, 19

Salisbury, R. D., 86

Sanderson, E. D., 44, 64

Schäfer, E. A., 97

Scheffer, T. H., 118

Schiemenz, P., 101

Schröter, C., 22, 60

Schwarz, E. A., 77, 135

Scott, F. N., 66

Scott, W., 145, 148

Scudder, S. H., 77

Seitz, A., 118

Semper, K., 96

Seton, Ernest Thompson, 118

Severin, H. C., 118

Severin, H. H. P., 118

Seward, A. C., 89

Shelford, V. E., 21, 90, 94, 101, 112, 118, 133, 138

Sherrington, C. S., 98

Simpson, C. B., 64

Simpson, C. T., 119

Simroth, H., 148

Sladen, F. W. L., 119

Smallwood, M. E., 119

Smith, B. G., 119

Soule, C. G., 106

Spence, W., 19, 128

Spencer, Herbert, 92

Sprengel, 19

Stahl, E., 125

Stenroos, K. E., 139

Steuer, A., 148

Stiles, C. W., 129

Stockard, C. R., 119

Straton, C. R., 143

Strong, 20

Sumner, F. B., 64

Surface, H. A., 129

Thomas, C., 76, 77

Thompson, D. W., 142

Tower, W. L., 119

Townsend, C. H. T., 78

Transeau, E. N., 64, 90

Trelease, W., 142

Turner, 107

Tutt, J. W., 119

Uexkuell, J. von, 107

Vandervelde, E., 126

Van Hise, C. R., 40, 43, 55, 56, 86

Varigny, H. de, 96

Vaughan, T. W., 89

Vaux, C. B., 68

Vergil, 19

Vernon, H. M., 96

Verrill, A. E., 136

Verworn, M., 95

Vestal, A. G., 139

Vire, A., 101

Voigt, W., 119

Von Marten, 138

Vosseler, J., 101

Wagner, W., 120

Wainwright, D. B., 64

Wallace, 19, 23, 41

Walter, H. E., 105, 120

Walther, J., 22

Ward, H. B., 78, 129

Warman, P. C., 67

Warming, E., 89, 136

Washburn, M. F., 106, 107

Wasmann, E., 18, 120, 130

Watson, J. B., 107, 120

Watson, J. R., 148

Waxweiler, E., 132

Webster, F. M., 130

Weed, C. M., 130

Weiss, F. E., 90

Wendell, B., 66

Wesenberg-Lund, C., 134, 136, 140

Wheeler, W. M., 18, 19, 22, 107, 111, 120, 126, 130, 131, 149

Whipple, G. C., 78

White, C. A., 22

Whitman, C. O., 103, 121

Wickham, H. F., 121, 149

Wilson, E. B., 98

Wilson, H. M., 65

Winterstein, H., 95

Wood, G. M., 68

Wood, J. G., 140

Wood, T., 140

Woodman, J. E., 146

Woodworth, J. B., 86

Woolley, E. C., 69

Wright, A. H., 64

Yearsley, M., 111

Yerkes, A. W., 106

Yerkes, R. M., 105, 106, 107, 121

Yoakum, C. S., 121

Zacharias, O., 130

Zoethout, W. D., 99

Zon, Raphael, 89

The following pages contain advertisements of a few of the Macmillan books on kindred subjects.

=Genetics.= An Introduction to the Study of Heredity

BY HERBERT EUGENE WALTER
Assistant Professor of Biology, Brown University

_Cloth, 12mo, $1.50 net; postpaid, $1.63_

In his “Genetics” Professor Walter summarizes the more recent phases of the study of heredity and gives to the non-technical readers a clear introduction to questions that are at present agitating the biological world.

Professor Walter’s conception of sexual reproduction is that it is a device for doubling the possible variations in the offspring, by the mingling of two strains of germ plasm. The weight of probability, he concludes, is decidedly against the time-honored belief in the inheritance of acquired characters. Professor Walter also predicts that the key to this whole problem will be furnished by the chemist, and that the final analysis of the matter of the “heritage carriers” will be seen to be chemical rather than morphological in nature. In the practical application of this theory to human conservation or eugenics, it would follow that the only control that a man has over the inheritance of his children is in selecting his wife. Professor Walter holds, if only modifications of the germ plasm can count in inheritance, and if these modifications come wholly from the combination of two germ plasms, then the only method of hereditary influence is in this selection.

“I find that it is a very useful study for an introduction to the subject. Professor Walter has certainly made one of the clearest statements of the matters involved that I have seen, and has made a book which students will find very useful because he keeps everything in such entirely simple and clear outlines, and at the same time he has brought the book up to date.”--PROFESSOR LOOMIS of Amherst College.

“I am much pleased with it and congratulate you upon securing so excellent a treatment. It is one of the most readable scientific books I have, and goes unerringly to the fundamentals of our most recent advances in the experimental study of heredity as well as those of the older studies.”--PROFESSOR GEORGE H. SHULL, Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island, N. Y.

“There was a decided need for just such a work. The book strikes me as most excellently done.”--PROFESSOR H. S. JENNINGS, Johns Hopkins University.

THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
=Publishers= =64-66 Fifth Avenue= =New York=

The Fitness of the Environment

BY LAWRENCE J. HENDERSON
Assistant Professor of Biological Chemistry in Harvard University

_Cloth, 12mo, $1.50 net_

“Darwinian fitness is compounded of a mutual relationship between the organism and the environment. Of this, fitness of environment is quite as essential a component as the fitness which arises in the process of organic evolution; and in fundamental characteristics the actual environment is the fittest possible abode of life.” Such is the thesis which this work seeks to establish through discussions of the physical and chemical characteristics of life and cosmogony, and through critical study of the properties of matter in their biological relations.

Water and carbonic acid are shown to be the primary constituents of the environment. Analysis shows their properties, together with those of the component elements, hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon, to make up a series of maxima, among all known compounds and elements, so numerous, so varied, and so highly favorable, to the organic mechanism that the fitness of the world for life assumes an importance not less than the fitness which has been won by adaptation in the course of organic evolution.

A final chapter discusses the bearing of these conclusions upon theories of organic evolution, modern vitalism, including the views of M. Bergson, and the old natural theology, and seeks to harmonize implications of design with the mechanistic view of nature.

THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
=Publishers= =64-66 Fifth Avenue= =New York=

COLLEGE ZOÖLOGY

By

ROBERT W. HEGNER, Ph.D.

Assistant Professor of Zoölogy in the University of Michigan

_Illustrated, Cloth, 12mo, xxiv + 733 pp., $2.60 net_

This book is intended to serve as a text for beginning students in universities and colleges, or for students who have already taken a course in general biology and wish to gain a more comprehensive view of the animal kingdom. It differs from many of the college text-books of zoölogy now on the market in several important respects: (1) the animals and their organs are not only described, but their functions are pointed out; (2) the animals described are in most cases native species; and (3) the relations of the animals to man are emphasized. Besides serving as a text-book, it is believed that this book will be of interest to the general reader, since it gives a bird’s-eye view of the entire animal kingdom as we know it at the present time.