Chapter XX: Roman Lamps (2)

Potters’ signatures are almost invariably to be found on the under side of the lamp, where they are arranged on the diameter at right angles to the axis of the lamp; sometimes they are placed in a panel or tablet, or within the outline of a foot. In rare instances they are found on the handle, or on the top.[3044] Greek lamps which are not of Roman origin are never signed, nor are those of Christian origin; the oldest signatures are to be found on the Esquiline lamps, but they rarely appear before imperial times, when they become fairly general. Among these earlier instances are PRAESE(_ntis_)[3045] and FL(_a_)BIA (_Flavia_), the latter found at Carthage.[3046] More frequently, lamps of this kind have a single letter or monogram by way of stamp[3047]; a “delphiniform” lamp in the Musée Alaoui has a monogram of Α and Π. A single letter sometimes occurs above or below the inscription, which may be regarded as a sort of trade-mark indicating the potter (_figulus_), the full name being that of the _officinator_ or master; on a lamp in the British Museum from Knidos (No. 132) the name ROMANE(_n_)SIS is accompanied by the letter X; on another, FORTIS by the letter N. On the lamps signed by L · HOS · CRI, a Gaulish potter, are found the letters G, I, L, M, P, S, T, V, N, Z, and other signs.[3048] These trade-marks are not confined to letters; Fortis uses a wreath and palm-branch, as in Fig. 210; L. Caecilius Saevus a palm-branch or a foot-shaped stamp; L. Fabricius Masculus the letters H and X, a wheel, or a star.[3049] Other lamps have no name underneath, but some simple pattern, such as five circles in _quincunx_ form, or the favourite device of the foot-shaped stamp (cf. p. 333). These varieties of marks were probably intended to distinguish different series in the products of a single pottery.

The signatures are usually abbreviated, the full form being _ex officina_ (_officinatoris_), the name being consequently in the genitive. On a lamp from Rome is EX · OF · AIACIS, _ex officina Aiacis_.[3050] Sometimes, but rarely under the Empire, the nominative is used: _A.B. fecit_, or more commonly _A.B.f._ Thus we have AVGENDI, ATIMETI, C . IVLI NICEPHORI, or ASPRENAS, FELIX, TROPHIMVS. But where a single name occurs it is rarely full enough to show the case. On a lamp at Dresden the potter Diomedes calls himself LVCERNARIVS.[3051] From the second century down to the time of Augustus the name may be either in the nominative or genitive, either the _praenomen_ and _nomen_, or the _nomen_ or _cognomen_ only; these signatures were all incised while the clay was moist. In the period represented by the third class (see p. 401) nearly all the signatures are _cognomina_ simply, as ATIMETI, COMMVNIS, FORTLS, STROBILI, all in the genitive. In the fourth class, or lamps of the second century, the nominative is very rare; the names are usually abbreviated, and one (_cognomen_), two (_nomen_ and _cognomen_), or three may be found. Potteries were, as we have seen, often owned by women, hence female names are not uncommon. Abbreviations of a particular name vary considerably; for instance, L. Caecilius Saevus appears as L · CAEC · SAE, L · CAE · SAE, L · CA · SAE (see below, p. 428); L. Fabricius Masculus as L · FABRIC · MASC, L · FABRIC · MAS, L · FABR · MASC, FABRIC · MAS, and so on.[3052] Or the _praenomen_ may vary, and for C · OPPI · RES we find L · OPPI · RES; or, again, the _cognomen_, as in the case of C. Junius, where it may be Alexis, Bitus, or Draco,[3053] or of L. Munatius, found with Adjectus, Restitutus, Successus, Threptus, and Philemo.[3054] The variations in the names may denote potteries in connection, or successive holders of one business. In one instance the name of a workman PVLCHER occurs with that of Fabricius Masculus, in another that of PRIMVS with C. Oppius Restitutus.[3055] Greek names, where they occur, seem to imply that the potters were freedmen, as in the case of Dionysius, Phoetaspus, and others.

The following list gives the names most frequently found, with the localities in which they occur[3056]:—

_Annius Serapiodorus_ (ANNI · SER): Rome, Ostia.

_C. Atilius Vestalis_ (C · ATILI · VEST): Rome, Italy, Gaul, Britain.

_Atimetus_: Italy, Gallia Narbonensis, Pannonia.

_L. Caecilius Saevus_ (L · CAE · SAE): Rome, Southern Italy, Sicily,
Sardinia, Gallia Narbonensis, Britain.

_Clodius Heliodorus_ (CLO · HEL): Italy, Africa, Spain, Gaul.

_C. Clodius Successus_ (C · CLO · SVC): Rome, Gaul, Sardinia, Africa.

_Communis_: Rome, Pompeii, Gallia Cisalpina, Pannonia.

_Crescens_: Gaul, Pannonia.

_L. Fabricius Masculus_ (L · FABR · MASC): Rome, Gallia Cisalpina,
Africa.

_Florentius_ (FLORENT): Rome, Italy, Sicily, Tunis, Gaul, Germany,
Britain.

_Fortis_: Rome, Italy, Sicily, Dalmatia, Germany, Gaul, Britain.

_Gabinia_: Italy, Sardinia, Africa, Gaul.

_L. Hospidius Crispus_ (L · HOS · CRI): Gaul.

_C. Julius Nicephorus_ (C · IVLI · NICEP): Italy, Gaul.

_C. Junius Alexis_: Rome, Campania, Sicily, Sardinia, Africa.

_C. Junius Bito_: Italy, Sicily, Gaul.

_C. Junius Draco_: Rome, Italy, Sicily, Sardinia, Africa, Gallia
Narbonensis.

_L. Mar. Mi._: Rome, Campania, Sicily, Spain, Gallia Cisalpina.

_L. Munatius_ (with various _cognomina_): Rome, Africa.

_N. Naevius Luc._ (N · NAEV · LVC): Italy, Sardinia, Spain, Gaul.

_M. Novius Justus_ (M · NOV · IVST): Rome, Naples, Sicily, Sardinia,
Africa, Gallia Narbonensis.

_C. Oppius Restitutus_ (C · OPPI · RES): Rome, Italy, Sicily,
Sardinia, Africa, Gallia Narbonensis, Cyprus.

_Passenus Augurinus_ (PAS · AVG): Italy, Gaul.

_Phoetaspus_: Italy, Gaul, Pannonia.

_Strobilus_: Rome, Italy, Africa, Pannonia, Dalmatia, Gaul, Britain.

_Vibianus_: Gaul, Pannonia.

_C. Viciri Agathopus_ (C · VICIRI · AGAT): Italy, Sardinia, Gallia
Cisalpina.

It will be noted that nearly all are found at Rome, but that the others fall into geographical groups; the same name is seldom found both in the north and south of the Empire. Thus Fortis is not found in Africa, Oppius Restitutus only rarely in Gaul. Certain names are entirely localised, as Annius Serapiodorus at Rome and Ostia, L. Hos. Cri. and Marcellus in Gaul, Q. Mem. Kar. and Pudens in Sardinia. The name of Vindex, a maker of terracotta figures at Cologne (see above, p. 383), is found on lamps at Trier and Nimeguen.[3057]

The distribution of the Fortis lamps in particular is remarkable. They have been found in several places in Gallia Cisalpina, such as Aquileia[3058]; at Lyons, Aix, Orange, and elsewhere in France[3059]; at Nimeguen in Holland[3060]; at Trier, Cologne, Mainz, and Louisendorf in Germany[3061]; in London[3062]; in Spain[3063]; and over the region of Dacia, Pannonia, and Dalmatia,[3064] as well as in Rome and Italy.[3065] The most natural conclusion to be drawn from these results is that the majority of the lamps seem to have been made in Italy, and it has been thought probable that there were three principal centres of fabric whence exportation went on in different directions—Rome and its environs, Campania for the lamps found in Southern Italy, Africa, and the Mediterranean, and Gallia Cisalpina for those found in Central Europe.[3066] It has also been suggested that the last-named fabric centred in Mutina (Modena) and that this was the place where the lamps of Class III. (see p. 401) were chiefly made.[3067] Outside Italy there may well have been manufactures in North Africa, where lamps are so plentiful, and in Gallia Narbonensis, to which region some signatures are peculiar. Evidence of a lamp-manufacturer in Africa seems to be afforded by the mention of _praedia Pullaenorum_ in an inscription from Tunis,[3068] the lamps of Pullaenus occurring in Sardinia and Africa. Local fabrics of very poor lamps were doubtless numerous.

A certain number of Roman lamps have Greek signatures, not differing in character but only in alphabet from the Latin inscriptions. The most curious instance is that of [ΚΕΛΣΕΙ] [ΠΟΜΠΕΕΙ] for _Celsi Pompeii_, which is found on lamps in Southern Italy[3069]; Πομπιλίου is also found at Naples, and even Ἀβασκάντου and Πρείμου, which are usually associated with lamps made in Greece (see Vol. I. p. 108), occur on some found in Italy.[3070] In Sicily we find the signatures of Apollophanes of Tyre ([ΑΠΟΛΛΟΦΑΝ] [ΤΥΡΙΟ]) at Himera and Proklos Agyrios ([ΠΡΟΚΛ ΑΓΥΡ]) at Gela and Catania[3071]; Ῥήγλου for Regulus occurs at Tarentum.[3072] Greek names are often found in Cyprus,[3073] and conversely a large number of lamps found at Knidos by Sir Charles Newton bore the signature ROMANE(_n_) [ROMANE(n)SIS], in Latin letters with the S reversed, apparently suggesting that the lamps were made by a Roman abroad.[3074] Greek signatures are even found in Gaul and Germany.[3075]

Mention must also be made here of the recent researches of Herr Fink[3076] with the object of ascertaining the chronological succession and general distribution of the signatures on lamps of the Imperial period. Starting with the four main classes of forms which have already been laid down as the basis[3077] (the distinction resting mainly on the various forms of the nozzle), he has obtained, by comparison chiefly of the lamps in the British Museum, Berlin, and Munich collections, the following interesting results.

Certain stamps appear to be peculiar, or almost peculiar, to each class: thus, in Class I. only, we find P. Cessius Felix and L. Munatius Successus; in Class II. only, L. Fabricius Masculus; in Class III. only, Atimetus, Fortis, Phoetaspus, and other single _cognomina_; in Class IV., which contains by far the larger number of stamps, Clodius Helvidius, C. Junius Bitus,[3078] L. Munatius Threptus, and C. Cornelius Ursus. The lamps of the Gaulish potter L. Hospidius Crispus are all of one peculiar form, a transition between Fink’s I. and IV.[3079] Cross-instances are very rare, but C. Junius Draco is found in Classes I. and IV., C. Oppius Restitutus in Classes II. and IV., Florentius and Celsus Pompeius in Classes III. and IV. It is also interesting to note that there are lamps in Class IV. with the Christian monogram and the figure of the Good Shepherd. In Class I., generally speaking, signatures are very rare; in Class III. they are almost invariable, but the total number of lamps is relatively small. Another curious result is that certain signatures, such as L. Caecilius Saevus, Bassus, Cerialis, Sextus Egnatius Aprilis, and Romanensis, are not confined to one type of lamp, but in these cases it is to be noted that each type has a variation of signature: thus, in Class I., L·CAEC·SAE; in II., L·CAE·SAE; in III., L·CA·SAE; while in IV., L·CAE·SAE occurs no less than 140 times.

His conclusions are that one workshop did not necessarily set itself to produce only one form, but that the differences in form are merely due to changes of fashion. In Class I. Greek technical instincts are still strong as regards form and choice of subjects, but in ornament the taste of Southern Italy prevails; the subjects are mainly mythological. In Class II. the typically Roman motives appear: gladiators, combats, and hunting-scenes; this form, according to Fink, is more developed than Class I. Evidence which has been obtained from Regensburg shows that Class III. belongs to the time from Augustus to Hadrian, and, as we have seen, it is chiefly confined to the north of the Apennines. Where provincial potteries can be traced, as at Westerndorf and at Westheim in Bavaria, the lamps are usually of this form, but it was doubtless imitated in Italy. Form IV. is essentially Italian, but is also found in Central Europe, and is evidently of late date.

-----

Footnote 2721:

See Macrobius, _Sat._ vi. 4, 18. Lucilius uses this word and
_lucerna_ in the same line.

Footnote 2722:

_L.L._ v. 119.

Footnote 2723:

_Ann. dell’ Inst._ 1880, p. 265 ff.: see below, p. 399.

Footnote 2724:

Cf. Dressel in _C.I.L._ xv. p. 784.

Footnote 2725:

Pliny, _H.N._ xxviii. 163.

Footnote 2726:

The corresponding Greek word was μύξα.

Footnote 2727:

Petronius, _Sat._ 30 (Teubner edn. p. 21); Orelli, _Inscr._ 3678.

Footnote 2728:

xiv. 41.

Footnote 2729:

Pliny, _H.N._ xxv. 121.

Footnote 2730:

_Moretum_, 11; Pliny, _H.N._ xix. 17, xxviii. 168, xxxv. 175.

Footnote 2731:

La Blanchère and Gauckler, _Mus. Alaoui_, p. 193, Nos. 487-88; _Ant.
di Ercolano_, viii. pl. 52.

Footnote 2732:

Daremberg and Saglio, _s.v._ Lucerna, p. 1335, fig. 4605.

Footnote 2733:

No. 393 and _Cat. of Terracottas_, C 421 (Plate IV. fig. 4); _Mus.
Alaoui_, No. 484.

Footnote 2734:

B.M. Nos. 2, 393.

Footnote 2735:

_C.I.L._ xv. 6609-10; Daremberg and Saglio, fig. 4607; _Ant. di
Ercol._ viii. pl. 12: see also p. 387.

Footnote 2736:

_Epigr._ xiv. 39; _Moretum._ 10 ff.

Footnote 2737:

Plutarch, _Ant._ 26; Suetonius, _Vit. Caes._ 37; Dio Cass. 63, 4.

Footnote 2738:

Suet. _Calig._ 18; _Domit._ 4.

Footnote 2739:

Lampridius, _Vit._ 24.

Footnote 2740:

_Apol._ 35: cf. _ad uxorem_, ii. 6.

Footnote 2741:

xii. 92.

Footnote 2742:

Cf. _C.I.L._ xv. 6221; and B.M. Nos. 476, 506, 507, 534, 535.

Footnote 2743:

Θεῷ ὑψίστῳ λύχνον εὐχήν, Boeckh, _C.I.Gr._ iii. p. 1169, No. 4380
_n_^2.

Footnote 2744:

_Notizie degli Scavi_, 1894, p. 205.

Footnote 2745:

_Mélanges de l’École franç. de Rome_, xii. (1892), p. 116 ff.

Footnote 2746:

Roach-Smith, _Collect. Antiq._ i. pl. 44, p. 123.

Footnote 2747:

Cf. Roach-Smith, _Ill. Rom. Lond._ p. 111, and _C.I.L._ vi. pt. 4,
No. 30102 (_semper vigilet lucerna nardo_).

Footnote 2748:

Ellis, _Townley Gallery_, ii. p. 250.

Footnote 2749:

Orelli, 4416.

Footnote 2750:

_C.I.L._ x. 633 (from Salerno).

Footnote 2751:

_Ibid._ ii. 2102.

Footnote 2752:

_Sat._ 111 (Teubner ed. p. 77).

Footnote 2753:

See _Athen. Mitth._ 1902, p. 257 ff.; and cf. _Amer. Journ. of Arch._
1903, p. 344.

Footnote 2754:

Virg. _Georg._ i. 390; Apul. _Metam._ ii. 28.

Footnote 2755:

_Homil. in Ep. ad Cor._ i. 12 (Pusey’s _Library of the Fathers_, p.
164).

Footnote 2756:

Cf. _C.I.L._ ii. 4969, 3; x. 8053, 5; xv. 6196-210: see also pp. 413,
420, and Plate LXIV. fig. 5.

Footnote 2757:

_Ibid._ xv. p. 785.

Footnote 2758:

_Cat._ p. 47, No. 26.

Footnote 2759:

Cf. _C.I.L._ ix. 6081, 1.

Footnote 2760:

See also the lamps from the altar of Saturnus Balcaranensis
(Daremberg and Saglio, iii. p. 1339).

Footnote 2761:

B.M. 27-30, 67, 68; _Ann. dell’ Inst._ 1880, pl. O; _Mus. Alaoui_,
pl. 34, Nos. 6-12, pp. 147-48.

Footnote 2762:

See _Ann. dell’ Inst._ 1880, p. 275.

Footnote 2763:

_C.I.L._ xv. 6631, 6900 ff.; _Ann. dell’ Inst._ 1880, p. 315.

Footnote 2764:

B.M. 25-26; _C.I.L._ xv. part 2, plate, No. 2; Daremberg and Saglio,
_s.v._ _Lucerna_, p. 1323.

Footnote 2765:

Cf. _Mus. Alaoui_, pl. 34, p. 149, Nos. 17-8: see also B.M. 69-82.

Footnote 2766:

See Dressel in _C.I.L._ xv. p. 782 ff.; Toutain in Daremberg and
Saglio, _art._ Lucerna; Fink, _Formen u. Stempel röm. Thonlampen, in
Sitzungsberichte d. Münchener Akad._ 1900, p. 685 ff.

Footnote 2767:

On the evidence yielded by the potters’ signatures see also below, p.
428.

Footnote 2768:

See the examples given on Plates LXIV.-LXV.

Footnote 2769:

I am inclined to agree with Dr. Dressel in placing this type earlier
than Fink’s Class I. It seems to be intermediate in form between the
delphiniform and other types with blunt nozzles, and the type given
in Fig. 204. Cf. _C.I.L._ xv. pl. 3.

Footnote 2770:

Cf. _C.I.L._ xv. pl. 2, No. 5 = Fig. 206, and Dressel, _ad loc._, p.
783.

Footnote 2771:

Cf. _C.I.L._ v. 8114.

Footnote 2772:

See Daremberg and Saglio, _s.v._ p. 1011, fig. 4381.

Footnote 2773:

Cf. for bronze examples, _B.M. Cat._ 2514 ff.

Footnote 2774:

B.M. 3, 13.

Footnote 2775:

Plate IV. fig. 4.

Footnote 2776:

_C.I.L._ xi. 6699, 5.

Footnote 2777:

In the Louvre.

Footnote 2778:

_C.I.L._ xv. 6701.

Footnote 2779:

_Ibid._ xv. 6513; Kenner, _Ant. Thonlampen_, No. 431.

Footnote 2780:

B.M. 9-12: see also _Guildhall Mus. Cat._ p. 49, No. 50, for negro’s
head combined with camel’s.

Footnote 2781:

B.M. 18-21 (bulls’ heads); 22 (eagle); _Mus. Borb._ xiv. 38; C.I.L.
xv. 6739, 6334, 6393; _Ant. di Ercol._ viii. 27; Kenner, 437, 437a;
_Mus. Alaoni_, pl. 36, No. 485.

Footnote 2782:

B.M. 14-17; _C.I.L._ xv. 6287; Kenner, 434-35.

Footnote 2783:

Greek and Roman Department, from Cologne; British and Mediaeval
Department, from Britain; others in Guildhall Museum, and _C.I.L._
xv. 6450.

Footnote 2784:

_C.I.L._ xv. 6387, 6627; _ibid._ 6393 (artichoke); B.M. 24 (walnut);
_Ant. di Ercol._ viii. 5.

Footnote 2785:

_Metam._ xi. 245.

Footnote 2786:

No. 1 = _Cab. Durand_, 1777: cf. Lafaye, _Culte des Divinités
d’Alexandrie_, pp. 122, 303, No. 132; also Vol. I. pp. 209, 216.

Footnote 2787:

See for examples in B.M., Nos. 58-66.

Footnote 2788:

Cf. _Anzeiger_, 1889, p. 170, and B.M. Nos. 90, 91.

Footnote 2789:

See Dalton, _B. M. Cat. of Early Christian Antiqs._ pl. 32, p. 148.

Footnote 2790:

xiv. 114.

Footnote 2791:

See on the subject Daremberg and Saglio, iii. p. 1334; Blümner,
_Technologie_, ii. pp. 71, 108.

Footnote 2792:

_Cat. of Terracottas_, E 81-83: see Fig. 209.

Footnote 2793:

_Mus. Alaoui_, p. 253, Nos. 396-97 (Christian).

Footnote 2794:

_Cat._ p. 51, Nos. 117-18 (from London Wall).

Footnote 2795:

See also p. 395 above.

Footnote 2796:

Cf. Avolio, _Fatture di argille in Sicilia_, p. 123.

Footnote 2797:

Cf. _Rev. Arch._ xxxiii. (1898), p. 86; _Mus. Alaoui_, p. 148, No. 13.

Footnote 2798:

_Mus. Alaoui_, p. 156, Nos. 74-81: cf. the Roman lamps of the same
date (_C.I.L._ xv. p. 782).

Footnote 2799:

The numbers given in the following notes are those of the forthcoming
Catalogue of Roman lamps in the Department of Greek and Roman
Antiquities.

Footnote 2800:

See also _C.I.L._ xv. 6195-751 for mention of many interesting
subjects.

Footnote 2801:

_Röm. Mitth._ 1892, p. 144 ff.

Footnote 2802:

_Göttingische Gelehrte Anzeigen, Nachrichten_, 1870, p. 174: cf.
Roach-Smith, _Ill. Rom. London_, p. 111.

Footnote 2803:

B.M. 511; _Ant. di Ercol._ viii. 1.

Footnote 2804:

_Cyprus Mus. Cat._ 1394; B.M. 604 = Plate IV. fig. 1.

Footnote 2805:

B.M. 270, 315, 330, 331, 394, 472-475: cf. also Roach-Smith, _Ill.
Rom. Lond._ pl. 30, 1; _Ant. di Ercol._ viii. 1; Bartoli, ii. 4;
Kenner, _Antike Thonlampen_, Nos. 4-6.

Footnote 2806:

_Göttinger Nachrichten_, p. 177, No. 18; Kenner, Nos. 227, 228, 425.

Footnote 2807:

B.M. 605; _Ann. dell’ Inst._ 1866, pl. G.

Footnote 2808:

Kenner, No. 7: cf. _Cyprus Mus. Cat._ 1385-86.

Footnote 2809:

Kenner, No. 8; B.M. 358 (handle).

Footnote 2810:

B.M. 395; 360-363 on handle.

Footnote 2811:

Kenner, No. 137.

Footnote 2812:

No. 679 = _J.H.S._ xiii. p. 93.

Footnote 2813:

B.M. 307, 402, 466, 573: see also p. 415, note 2935.

Footnote 2814:

Kenner, No. 10.

Footnote 2815:

B.M. 607-609, 681, 707; _Cyprus Mus. Cat._ 1384.

Footnote 2816:

B.M. 271, 398, 571; _Cyprus Mus. Cat._ 1356.

Footnote 2817:

Kenner, Nos. 17-22; Bartoli, ii. 32-3; B.M. 332, 512, 680.

Footnote 2818:

Kenner, No. 230; _Guildhall Mus. Cat._ p. 48, No. 43 (from Royal
Exchange).

Footnote 2819:

B.M. 572; _Mus. Alaoui_, No. 151.

Footnote 2820:

Kenner, No. 229.

Footnote 2821:

_Mus. Alaoui_, No. 115.

Footnote 2822:

B.M. 94; with Sphinx, _ibid._ 574.

Footnote 2823:

_Mus. Alaoui_, No. 142.

Footnote 2824:

B.M. 69.

Footnote 2825:

B.M. 554, 614; Kenner, No. 28.

Footnote 2826:

B.M. 174.

Footnote 2827:

B.M. 175, 176, 333, 411-413; Kenner, No. 26; Bartoli, ii. 17.

Footnote 2828:

B.M. 432, 433; Kenner, Nos. 231-2; _Ant. di Ercol._ viii. 32.

Footnote 2829:

Kenner, No. 23.

Footnote 2830:

Masner, _Wiener Vasensamml._ No. 684: cf. _Anzeiger_, 1890, p. 27.

Footnote 2831:

B.M. 575; Kenner, Nos. 24-5; _Guildhall Mus. Cat._ p. 48, No. 46;
_Mus. Alaoui_, No. 181.

Footnote 2832:

_Mus. Alaoui_, No. 180.

Footnote 2833:

B.M. 70: cf. Clarac, _Musée de Sculpt._ iii. 343, 1399; _B.M.
Terracottas_, D 286.

Footnote 2834:

See Kenner, Nos. 37-57.

Footnote 2835:

B.M. 410, 477.

Footnote 2836:

B.M. 172; Roach-Smith, _Ill. Rom. Lond._ pl. 30, 6 (Brit. and
Mediaeval Dept.).

Footnote 2837:

B.M. 516, 610, 611, 405, 515, 364, 553.

Footnote 2838:

B.M. 407-409, 461, 479, 612, 654.

Footnote 2839:

B.M. 478, 406.

Footnote 2840:

_Anzeiger_, 1889, p. 168.

Footnote 2841:

B.M. 308, 97.

Footnote 2842:

B.M. 170, 171.

Footnote 2843:

_Göttinger Nachrichten_, p. 179, No. 43.

Footnote 2844:

_Anzeiger_, _loc. cit._

Footnote 2845:

B.M. 92, 613; 98; 95, 96, 156; 403, 404.

Footnote 2846:

B.M. 272; Bartoli, i. 7.

Footnote 2847:

B.M. 173, 89, 576; Bartoli, ii. 25.

Footnote 2848:

_Anzeiger_, 1889, p. 168: cf. _C.I.L._ xv. 6230.

Footnote 2849:

B.M. 517, 577; Bartoli, ii. 20.

Footnote 2850:

B.M. 78.

Footnote 2851:

B.M. 273, 499.

Footnote 2852:

B.M. 616, 709.

Footnote 2853:

_Arch. Zeit._ 1852, pl. 39 (in Berlin).

Footnote 2854:

_Anzeiger_, 1889, p. 169.

Footnote 2855:

Kenner, No. 36.

Footnote 2856:

B.M. 481: cf. 316, 519.

Footnote 2857:

B.M. 102, 180, 579; 183; Kenner, No. 34.

Footnote 2858:

B.M. 101, 182; Kenner, No. 33.

Footnote 2859:

B.M. 518.

Footnote 2860:

B.M. 184, 274, 275, 326, 462, 500; Kenner, No. 35.

Footnote 2861:

B.M. 181.

Footnote 2862:

B.M. 58, 99, 578; 178, 179, 480, 618; _Bull. Comm. Arch._ 1887, p.
366, No. 8: cf. Hauser, _Neuattische Reliefs_, p. 154, Nos. 25-32.

Footnote 2863:

B.M. 100, 582.

Footnote 2864:

B.M. 476.

Footnote 2865:

B.M. 514.

Footnote 2866:

B.M. 513; Bartoli, ii. 13.

Footnote 2867:

B.M. 83, 334, 399, 400, 157, 606; Masner, _Wiener Vasens_. 695;
Bartoli, ii. 11.

Footnote 2868:

B.M. 401.

Footnote 2869:

No. 535: cf. also _C.I.L._ xv. 6221, 20.

Footnote 2870:

B.M. 463, 482, 615; _C.I.L._ x. 8053, 157.

Footnote 2871:

_Guildhall Mus. Cat._ p. 48, No. 40.

Footnote 2872:

B.M. 396, 397; _Göttinger Nachrichten_, 1870, p. 184, Nos. 103-4.

Footnote 2873:

B.M. 523; 191, 591 (bust); Kenner, No. 71; _Mus. Alaoui_, No. 164;
_Ant. di Ercol_. viii. 30.

Footnote 2874:

B.M. 167; Masner, 685; Fiedler, _Castra Vetera_, pl. 8, No. 3.

Footnote 2875:

B.M. 465; _Ant. di Ercol_. viii. 11; _Mus. Alaoui_, No. 113; _C.I.L._
xii. 5682, 71 (K. adored by a Gallus); Kenner, No. 3, and see No. 23.

Footnote 2876:

Kenner, No. 77.

Footnote 2877:

B.M. 370, 467, 508; 190, 297, 280; Kenner, No. 1; _Ant. di Ercol_.
viii. 2: cf. _B.M. Terracottas_, D 285.

Footnote 2878:

B.M. 337.

Footnote 2879:

B.M. 369; _Mus. Alaoui_, No. 134.

Footnote 2880:

Daremberg and Saglio, iii. p. 1011, fig. 4381.

Footnote 2881:

B.M 281.

Footnote 2882:

B.M. 468-470; Bartoli, ii. 42.

Footnote 2883:

B.M. 104, 185(?).

Footnote 2884:

_Mus. Alaoui_, No. 82.

Footnote 2885:

Kenner, Nos. 66-7.

Footnote 2886:

_Ibid._ Nos. 233-4.

Footnote 2887:

_Ibid._ Nos. 72-3.

Footnote 2888:

B.M. 276-278, 348, 484, 510, 586; Kenner, Nos. 58-9; Bartoli, ii. 46.

Footnote 2889:

See generally, _Ant. di Ercol._ viii. 6; Bartoli, iii. 3 (with
wreath).

Footnote 2890:

_E.g._ _B.M. Bronzes_, 1510 ff.

Footnote 2891:

B.M. 189 (see p. 420), 335, 367, 520; 336; 103, 187, 188, 483: cf.
Roach-Smith, _Collect. Antiq._ ii. pl. 15.

Footnote 2892:

_Rev. Arch._ xxxiii. (1898), p. 229.

Footnote 2893:

B.M. 583; Bartoli, iii. 2; _Arch. Zeit._ 1852, pl. 39.

Footnote 2894:

B.M. 186.

Footnote 2895:

See Marquardt, _Privatalterthümer_, p. 245; _C.I.L._ x. 8053, 5; ii.
4969, 3, and xv. 6196 ff; Ovid, _Fasti_, i. 189 ff. These lamps date
from the time of Augustus and his successors.

Footnote 2896:

B.M. 309, and cf. 368, 584, 585; Bartoli, iii. 5. For a similar
subject on a money-box see above, p. 389.

Footnote 2897:

B.M. 189; _Ant. di Ercol._ viii. pl. 6; Bartoli, iii. 4.

Footnote 2898:

_Guildhall Mus. Cat._ p. 47, No. 26. See for these two p. 398 above,
and p. 420 below.

Footnote 2899:

B.M. 84, 105, 485; Kenner, No. 83; Bartoli, i. 13-14.

Footnote 2900:

_Rev. Arch._ xxxiii. (1898), p. 229.

Footnote 2901:

B.M. 710 (archaic _xoanon_).

Footnote 2902:

Kenner, No. 76; _Mus. Alaoui_, Nos. 139-40.

Footnote 2903:

B.M. 415.

Footnote 2904:

B.M. 521.

Footnote 2905:

B.M. 337 (Plate LXIII.), and 486.

Footnote 2906:

_Anzeiger_, 1889, p. 167; _Mus. Alaoui_, No. 131.

Footnote 2907:

B.M. 619.

Footnote 2908:

B.M. 192, 587.

Footnote 2909:

_Cyprus Mus. Cat._ 1358.

Footnote 2910:

B.M. 416.

Footnote 2911:

B.M. 620; 338, 339; _Ant. di Ercol._ viii. 4 (in the three latter
only with club and lion’s skin).

Footnote 2912:

_Cyprus Mus. Cat._ 1393.

Footnote 2913:

B.M. 506, 566, 588.

Footnote 2914:

B.M. 106, 417.

Footnote 2915:

B.M. 487.

Footnote 2916:

B.M. 621.

Footnote 2917:

B.M. 193; Kenner, No. 81.

Footnote 2918:

Kenner, No. 82; B.M. 107.

Footnote 2919:

_Mus. Alaoui_, Nos. 126-27; _Rev. Arch._ xxxiii. (1898), p. 229.

Footnote 2920:

_Göttinger Nachrichten_, 1870, p. 182, No. 72.

Footnote 2921:

B.M. 158, 589; Bartoli, ii. 24; _Ant. di Ercol._ viii. 33; _Guildhall
Mus. Cat._ p. 48, No. 39.

Footnote 2922:

B.M. 108; _Göttinger Nachrichten_, p. 188, Nos. 235-36.

Footnote 2923:

_Mus. Alaoui_, No. 100.

Footnote 2924:

B.M. 194 = _Arch. Zeit._ 1852, pl. 39.

Footnote 2925:

_Mus. Alaoui_, Nos. 153-56.

Footnote 2926:

_Ibid._ No. 123.

Footnote 2927:

Kenner, Nos. 79, 80.

Footnote 2928:

B.M. 371.

Footnote 2929:

B.M. 590 = Roscher, _Lexikon_, iii. p. 2338.

Footnote 2930:

Masner, _Wiener Vasens._ No. 674: cf. _Bull. Arch. Nap._ N.S. iv. pl.
10, fig. 4.

Footnote 2931:

B.M. 555; Von Rohden, _Terracotten von Pompeii_, p. 49: cf. _C.I.L._
xv. 6236.

Footnote 2932:

_Arch. Zeit._ 1865, pl. 194; B.M. 282: cf. 109, 195.

Footnote 2933:

B.M. 319-321; Bartoli, iii. 11.

Footnote 2934:

_Mus. Alaoui_, No. 192.

Footnote 2935:

Masner, No. 676. Cf. a lamp with Athena voting for him, Daremberg and
Saglio, _Dict._ iii. p. 1329, fig. 4601.

Footnote 2936:

B.M. 199, 623.

Footnote 2937:

_C.I.L._ x. 8053, 194.

Footnote 2938:

_Mus. Alaoui_, No. 110; _Guildhall Mus. Cat._ p. 48, No. 41 =
Roach-Smith, _Collect. Antiq._ ii. pl. 15 (from Colchester).

Footnote 2939:

_Mus. Alaoui_, No. 111.

Footnote 2940:

B.M. 196-198, 522, 622.

Footnote 2941:

B.M. 130, 340, 418; Kenner, No. 136: cf. Masner, No. 686.

Footnote 2942:

B.M. 524, 525; _Cyprus Mus. Cat._ 1351; Kenner, Nos. 68-70.

Footnote 2943:

B.M. 682.

Footnote 2944:

_Rev. Arch._ xxxiii. (1898), p. 230.

Footnote 2945:

B.M. 110, 593: see Plutarch, _Vit. Alexandri_, 14.

Footnote 2946:

_Mon. dell’ Inst._ iii. pl. 14, fig. 3; see Bernoulli, _Gr. Ikonogr._
i. p. 56.

Footnote 2947:

B.M. 128(?), 598; Kenner, Nos. 85-6, 88-90.

Footnote 2948:

_Arch. Zeit._ 1861, _Anzeiger_, p. 157; Kenner, No. 87.

Footnote 2949:

_Guildhall Mus. Cat._ p. 47, Nos. 14-15.

Footnote 2950:

_C.I.L._ xi. 6699, 4.

Footnote 2951:

_Bull. Arch. Nap._ iv. (1856), pl. 10, fig. 3, p. 166; examples also
in B.M. (No. 216 = Plate LXIV. fig. 3) and _C.I.L._ xv. 6240. The
companion lamp given in the _Bull. Arch. Nap._ pl. 10, fig. 4, does
not represent Meliboeus, as there supposed, but Ajax.

Footnote 2952:

B.M. 224; Roach-Smith, _Ill. Rom. Lond._ pl. 30, fig. 3; Jahn in
_Mitth. d. ant. Gesellsch. zu Zürich_, xiv. pl. 4, fig. 9; _Göttinger
Nachrichten_, 1870, p. 190, No. 282; and see Daremberg and Saglio,
_s.v._ Lucerna, p. 1326.

Footnote 2953:

B.M. 139: cf. _Bull. dell’ Inst._ 1867, p. 35 = _Mitth. d. ant.
Gesellsch. zu Zürich_, xvii. p. 149; in the latter instance a man
weighs an ant against an elephant.

Footnote 2954:

_Coll. H. Hoffmann_ (Paris, 1886), p. 39; and in B.M. (No. 59).

Footnote 2955:

See for example _Ant. di Ercol._ viii. 7; _Rev. Arch_, xxxiii.
(1898), p. 230; Daremberg and Saglio, _Dict._, ii., _s.v._ Gladiator,
with the bibliography on p. 1600; also B.M., _passim_. Similar types
occur on the Gaulish _terra sigillata_ (p. 507 below, and Déchelette,
_Vases ornés_, ii. p. 97 ff.).

Footnote 2956:

B.M. 111-114, 341, etc.

Footnote 2957:

B.M. 115-117, 201, etc.

Footnote 2958:

B.M. 121, 159, 160, 207, 285, 317, 342.

Footnote 2959:

_Mus. Alaoui_, No. 222.

Footnote 2960:

_Ant. di Ercol._ viii. 9.

Footnote 2961:

_C.I.L._ xii. 5682, 74.

Footnote 2962:

B.M. 558.

Footnote 2963:

B.M. 318; _Rev. Arch._ xxxiii. (1898), p. 231, fig. 27.

Footnote 2964:

B.M. 557, and cf. 165; 208, 531; 311 and _Cyprus Mus. Cat._ 1364. See
under the first-named head, _Zeitschr. für Numism._ xxiv. p. 357, for
an athlete placing a prize vase on his head.

Footnote 2965:

B.M. 507; 122, 211, 422; 209, 210; 125, 213, 214.

Footnote 2966:

B.M. 75, 123, 124, 154, 212, 421.

Footnote 2967:

_C.I.L._ x. 8053, 127.

Footnote 2968:

_Mus. Alaoui_, No. 223 = Daremberg and Saglio, iii. p. 1327, fig.
4590.

Footnote 2969:

Kenner, No. 98; _Mus. Alaoui_, No. 200.

Footnote 2970:

_Cyprus Mus. Cat._ 1339.

Footnote 2971:

B.M. 328: cf. _Cyprus Mus. Cat._ p. 80, No. 1365.

Footnote 2972:

See B.M. 423, 424, 532, 533, 701; and cf. p. 415, note 2933.

Footnote 2973:

_Mus. Alaoui_, Nos. 233-34; also B.M. 79. Cf. _B.M. Cat. of Bronzes_,
No. 884.

Footnote 2974:

_Mus. Alaoui_, No. 227; B.M. 625 (hunter only).

Footnote 2975:

B.M. 126, 425; Kenner, Nos. 117-122.

Footnote 2976:

B.M. 79 = Plate LXV. fig. 1; _Rev. Arch._ xxxiii. (1898), p. 230.

Footnote 2977:

B.M. 217; _Rev. Arch._ xxxiii. (1898), p. 233; Urlichs, _Verzeichn.
d. Antikens. d. Univ. Würzburg_, p. 39, No. 37.

Footnote 2978:

_C.I.L._ xv. 6718.

Footnote 2979:

Roach-Smith, _Collect. Antiq._ ii. pl. 15.

Footnote 2980:

_Rev. Arch._ xxxiii. (1898), pp. 230, 231.

Footnote 2981:

B.M. 534, 218, 219: cf. Kenner, Nos. 123-24.

Footnote 2982:

Roach-Smith, _Ill. Rom. Lond._ pl. 30, fig. 4: cf. the well-known
_graffito_ at Pompeii, and _Collect. Antiq._ iv. pl. 11.

Footnote 2983:

B.M. 27; 222; 127; 74.

Footnote 2984:

B.M. 215, 489; _Rev. Arch._ xxxiii. (1898), p. 230.

Footnote 2985:

_C.I.L._ xv. 6221, 24.

Footnote 2986:

_Ibid._ x. 8053, 126 and 192.

Footnote 2987:

_Anzeiger_, 1889, p. 169.

Footnote 2988:

Roach-Smith, _Ill. Rom. London_, pl. 30, 2.

Footnote 2989:

_Göttinger Nachrichten_, 1870, p. 186, No. 182.

Footnote 2990:

B.M., _passim_; Kenner, No. 139 ff.

Footnote 2991:

_Mus. Alaoui_, No. 278.

Footnote 2992:

B.M. 441, 494, 501; Masner, _Wiener Vasens._ No. 694; _Cyprus Mus.
Cat._ 1379.

Footnote 2993:

Kenner, No. 181.

Footnote 2994:

_Ant. di Ercol._ viii. 23.

Footnote 2995:

B.M. 560, 226, 561.

Footnote 2996:

B.M. 562.

Footnote 2997:

Fiedler, _Castra Vetera_, pl. 7, No. 2.

Footnote 2998:

B.M. 544.

Footnote 2999:

B.M. 135, 291, 563; _C.I.L._ x. 8053, 127.

Footnote 3000:

B.M. 230, 493; _Guildhall Mus. Cat._ p. 49, No. 57; _Cyprus Mus.
Cat._ 1341.

Footnote 3001:

_Rev. Arch._ xxxiii. (1898), p. 232.

Footnote 3002:

B.M. 234, 293, 439, 545; Kenner, Nos. 163-166.

Footnote 3003:

B.M. 238-241, 296, 443, 444; Masner, No. 693.

Footnote 3004:

_Ant. di Ercol._ viii. 5.

Footnote 3005:

_Rev. Arch_. xxxiii. (1898), p. 232.

Footnote 3006:

_Ibid._; B.M. 242, 295, 626.

Footnote 3007:

B.M. 76, 82; Masner, Nos. 654-59.

Footnote 3008:

B.M. 77: cf. 145.

Footnote 3009:

Roach-Smith, _Ill. Rom. London_, p. 110.

Footnote 3010:

See generally Dalton, _B.M. Cat. of Early Christian Antiqs._ p. 139
ff.; Daremberg and Saglio, iii. p. 1328; _Mus. Alaoui_, Nos. 497 ff.;
_Ant. di Ercol._ viii. 45-7; De Rossi, _Roma Sotterr._ ii. p. 498
ff.; Delattre, in _Revue de l’Art Chrétien_, 1889-93, etc. (Carthage).

Footnote 3011:

_C.I.L._ x. 8053, 36, 143, 193; B.M. 201, 310, from Pozzuoli.

Footnote 3012:

_Guildhall Mus. Cat._ p. 47, No. 26.

Footnote 3013:

See B.M. 189 and _C.I.L._ xv. 6211-18; these all date from the time
of Augustus: cf. his coins and those of his successors.

Footnote 3014:

_C.I.L._ xv. 6195.

Footnote 3015:

_C.I.L._ xv. 6219.

Footnote 3016:

_Ibid._ 6222.

Footnote 3017:

See _ibid._ 6221; B.M. 164, etc.

Footnote 3018:

_Ibid._ x. 8053, 4.

Footnote 3019:

_Ibid._ xv. 6223.

Footnote 3020:

_Ibid._ xiii. 10001, 4.

Footnote 3021:

_Ibid._ xiii. 10001, 2.

Footnote 3022:

_Inscr. Gr._ xiv. 2405, 6. This and the preceding are bronze lamps.

Footnote 3023:

_C.I.L._ xv. 6239 = _Ann. dell’ Inst._ 1866, pl. G.

Footnote 3024:

_C.I.L._ xv. 6236.

Footnote 3025:

_Ibid._ xi. 6699, 4.

Footnote 3026:

_Ibid._ 6699, 5.

Footnote 3027:

_Ibid._ xv. 6241-49.

Footnote 3028:

_C.I.L._ xv. 6250: cf. Pliny, _H.N._ viii. 160.

Footnote 3029:

_Ibid._ 6257, 6261.

Footnote 3030:

Daremberg and Saglio, _Dict._, _s.v._ Lucerna, p. 1330.

Footnote 3031:

_C.I.L._ xv. 6254-55.

Footnote 3032:

_Ibid._ x. 8053, 8; xv. 6230: see above, p. 411.

Footnote 3033:

_Ibid._ xv. 6234.

Footnote 3034:

_Ibid._ x. 8053, 6.

Footnote 3035:

_Ibid._ xi. 6699, 8-10.

Footnote 3036:

_Ibid._ xiii. 10001, 14.

Footnote 3037:

_Ibid._ 10001, 20.

Footnote 3038:

_Ibid._ xv. 6232.

Footnote 3039:

_Ibid._ viii. 10478, 1; xiii. 10001, 19. The meaning of _colatas_ is
doubtful. Mr. F. H. Marshall suggests “well-made,” _lit._ “sifted,”
referring to the quality of the clay.

Footnote 3040:

_Ibid._ xv. 6752; xi. 6699, 7.

Footnote 3041:

_Bull. dell’ Inst._ 1868, p. 59: see Vol. I. p. 107.

Footnote 3042:

_C.I.L._ ii. 4969, 1.

Footnote 3043:

_Ibid._ xv. 6265: see _Arch. Zeit._ 1861, p. 167.

Footnote 3044:

_Mélanges de l’École Franc. de Rome_, xii. (1892), p. 118, Nos. 31-3,
pl. 4, No. 5; _C.I.L._ xv. 6520; _Mus. Alaoui_, No. 369; and see
above, p. 420, for examples on Campanian lamps.

Footnote 3045:

_Ann. dell’ Inst._ 1880, p. 291.

Footnote 3046:

Daremberg and Saglio, _Dict._, _s.v._ Lucerna, p. 1330.

Footnote 3047:

_E.g._ A, B, C, H, I, R: _C.I.L._ x. 8053, 209-14; xii. 5682, 131;
xv. 6266, 6334, 6342.

Footnote 3048:

_C.I.L._ xii. 5682, 57.

Footnote 3049:

See Fink in _Münchener Sitzungsberichte_, 1900, p. 690, for examples.

Footnote 3050:

_C.I.L._ xv. 6282.

Footnote 3051:

_Anzeiger_, 1889, p. 170 = _C.I.L._ xv. 6263.

Footnote 3052:

_C.I.L._ xv. 6350, 6433.

Footnote 3053:

_Ibid._ 6501-03.

Footnote 3054:

_Ibid._ 6560-65.

Footnote 3055:

_Ibid._ 6434, 6593.

Footnote 3056:

See Daremberg and Saglio, _s.v._ Lucerna, p. 1331; also the lists
given by Fink in _Sitzungsb. d. Münch. Akad._ 1900, pp. 689, 692 ff.,
and the various volumes of the _Corpus_ under Instrumentum
Domesticum, especially vol. xv.

Footnote 3057:

Blanchet, _Mélanges Gallo-romaines_, ii. p. 112.

Footnote 3058:

_C.I.L._ v. 8114, 54.

Footnote 3059:

_Ibid._ xiii. 10001, 136; xii. 5682, 50; B.M. 383, 391.

Footnote 3060:

_C.I.L._ xiii. 10001, 136.

Footnote 3061:

_Ibid._: also Steiner, _Cod. Inscr. Rom. Danub. et Rheni_, i. p. 185,
ii. p. 238.

Footnote 3062:

_C.I.L._ vii. 1330, 15; Roach-Smith, _Ill. Rom. London_, p. 112;
_Guildhall Mus. Cat._ p. 47, Nos. 27-8.

Footnote 3063:

_C.I.L._ ii. p. 665, No. 24.

Footnote 3064:

_Ibid._ iii. 3215, 7; _ibid._ Suppl. 1, 8076, 16.

Footnote 3065:

_C.I.L._ ix. 6081, 33; x. 8053, 83; xi. 6699, 89; xv. 6450.

Footnote 3066:

Daremberg and Saglio, _s.v._ p. 1332: cf. _C.I.L._ xv. p. 783.

Footnote 3067:

From vol. v. of the _Corpus_ it may be seen how common the signatures
peculiar to this class are in this region; _e.g._ 8114, 11, 28, 54,
126, 137.

Footnote 3068:

Carton, _Découvertes_, p. 254: cf. _C.I.L._ viii. 10478, 33-4.

Footnote 3069:

_C.I.L._ x. 8053, 46; _Inscr. Graec._ xiv. 2405, 18. Cf. _Proc. Soc.
Antiqs._ xx. (1904), p. 96.

Footnote 3070:

_C.I.L._ xv. 6869, 6886.

Footnote 3071:

Boeckh, _C.I.Gr._ iii. p. 660, No. 5685; _Inscr. Graec._ xiv. 24053,
34; and B.M. 303.

Footnote 3072:

_Inscr. Gr._ xiv. 2405, 35.

Footnote 3073:

Cf. Cesnola, _Salaminia_, p. 284.

Footnote 3074:

See _C.I.L._ iii. Suppl. 1, 7310, and Vol. I. p. 108. He also occurs
in Africa (_C.I.L._ viii. 10478, 37) and elsewhere.

Footnote 3075:

_Inscr. Graec._ xiv. 2574.

Footnote 3076:

_Münchener Sitzungsberichte_, 1900, p. 685 ff. On p. 692 a table of
signatures on the British Museum lamps is given.

Footnote 3077:

See above, p. 400.

Footnote 3078:

The names of this and other potters in Class IV. also occur on
terracotta money-boxes (see above, p. 389).

Footnote 3079:

See _C.I.L._ xv. pt. 2, pl. 3, No. 15.