Chapter CCXXXIX: Section IX: Comparative Nomenclature

Before entirely quitting our subject, it may be interesting to make a rapid comparison of the spirit of nomenclature, and the significative appellations that have prevailed most in each branch of the civilized family which we have been considering.

For instance—of religious names, the Hebrew race alone, and that at a comparatively late period, assumed such directly Divine appellations, as Eli, Elijah, Adonijah, Joel. The most analogous to these in spirit would be the heathen Teutonic ones, Osgod, Asthor, Aasir; but these were, probably, rather assertions of descent than direct proclamations of glory.

The very obvious and appropriate Gift of God is in all branches save the Keltic.

┌───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┐
│ Hebrew. │ Greek. │ Teutonic. │ Persian. │
│Jonathan │Theodoros │Godgifu │Megabyzus │
│Elnathan │Dorotheus │Gottgabe │ _i.e._ │
│Nathanael │ —————————— │ (late) │Bagabukhsha │
│Mattaniah │ Latin. │ —————————— │ │
│Nethaniah │ Adeodatus │ Slavonic. │ │
│ │ (late) │Bogdan │ │
└───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┘

Servant of God is everywhere but among Latins and the Slaves.

┌────────────┬────────────┬────────────┬────────────┬────────────┐
│ Hebrew. │ Greek. │ Teutonic. │ Keltic. │ Sanscrit. │
│Obadiah │Theodoulas │Gottschalk │Giolla-De │Devadasa │
└────────────┴────────────┴────────────┴────────────┴────────────┘

Greek and Gaelic likewise own the Service of Christ, by Christopheros (Christbearer), Gilchrist, and Malise; and the Arabic has Abd-Allah, and Abd-el-Kadir, servant of the Almighty. The name of the late Sultan, Abdul Medschid, signified the servant of the All-Famed.

┌────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │ THE LOVE OF GOD, OR BELOVED OF GOD. │ ├───────────┬────────────────┬────────────┬──────────────────┬───────────┤ │ Greek. │ Latin. │ Teutonic │ Slavonic. │ Persian. │ │Theophilus │Amadeus │Gottlieb │Bogomil │Bagadaushta│ │Philotheus │ │ (late)│ │ │ ├───────────┴────────────────┴────────────┴──────────────────┴───────────┤ │ HONOURING GOD. │ ├───────────────────────┬───────────────────────┬────────────────────────┤ │ Greek. │ Slavonic. │ Persian. │ │Timotheus │Çastibog │Megabazus │ ├───────────────────────┴───────────────────────┴────────────────────────┤ │ GOD'S JUDGMENT. │ ├───────────────────────────────────┬────────────────────────────────────┤ │ Heb. │ Greek. │ │ Daniel │ Theokritus │ │ Jehoshaphat │ │ │ Jehoiachim │ │ ├───────────────────────────────────┴────────────────────────────────────┤ │ GOD'S GLORY. │ ├───────────────────────────────────┬────────────────────────────────────┤ │ Greek. │ Slavonic. │ │ Theokles │ Bogoslav │ ├───────────────────────────────────┴────────────────────────────────────┤ │ GOD'S GLORY. │ ├───────────────────────────────────┬────────────────────────────────────┤ │ Hebrew. │ German. │ │ Eleazar │ Gotthilf │ └───────────────────────────────────┴────────────────────────────────────┘

The Greek and Slavonic have by far the most directly religious names, next to the Hebrew, from having been less pledged to hereditary names, and the time of the conversion. The Gaelic devotion was almost all expressed in the Giolla and Mael prefix.

Idol names are of course numerous, but comparison between them is not easy, as they vary with different mythologies. One point is remarkable, that the Supreme God, whether Zeus, Jupiter, Divas, or Woden, never has so many votaries as his vassal gods. Zeno, Jovius, and, perhaps, the Grim of the North, are almost exceptions. The Phœnician Baal had, indeed, many namesakes, and the Persian Ormuzd, giver of life, had several, of whom the pope, called Hormisdas, was one. In general, Ares, Mars, Thor, and Ranovit, the warlike gods, or the friendly Demeter and Gerda, the beneficent Athene, the brilliant Artemis, and Irish Brighde, the queens of heaven, Hera, Juno, Frigga, are chosen for namesakes. Mithras in Persia, and Apollo in Greece, have their share; but, in general, the sun is not very popular, though Aurora and Zora honour the dawn; and the North has various Dags.

Of animals the choice is much smaller than would have been expected. The lion’s home is, of course, the East, and _Sinha_, his Sanscrit title, is represented by the Singh, so familiar in the names of Hindu chiefs. The Arabs have Arslan in many combinations; the Greeks introduced Leo, which has been followed by the Romans, and come into the rest of Europe; but many as were the lion names of Greece and later Rome, Leonard, and, perhaps, Lionel, alone are of European growth.

The elephant is utterly unrepresented, unless we accept the tradition, that the cognomen of Cæsar arose from his African name. Persia has a few leopards, such as Chitratachna.

The bear does not show himself in favourable colours in the South, and Ursus and Ursula are more likely to be translations of the northern Biorn—so extremely common—than original Latin names. The Erse, however, owns him as Mahon.

The wolf is the really popular animal. Even the Hebrews knew Zeeb through the Midianites, the Greeks used Lycos in all sorts of forms, the Romans had many a Lupus, the Teutons have Wolf in every possible combination, the Slaves Vuk; the Kelts alone avoid the great enemy of the fold, whose frequency is almost inexplicable. The Kelts are, however, the namesakes of the dog, the Cu and Con, so much loathed in other lands, that only a stray Danish Hund, Italian Cane, and the one Hebrew Caleb, unite in bearing his name in honour of his faithful qualities.

The horse is, of course, neglected in Judea, where his use was forbidden; but in Sanscrit was found Vradaçva, owning great horses; and the horse flourished all over Persia. Aspamithras, horse’s friend, Aspachava, rich in horses, Vishtaspa, and many more, commemorate the animal; and in Greece, Hippolytus, Hippodamos, Hippomedon, Hipparchus, and many more, showed that riding was the glory of the Hellenes. Rome has no representative of her _equus_, except in Equitius, a doubtful name, more likely to be named in honour of the equestrian order, than direct from the animal. Marcus may, however, be from the word that formed the Keltic March, which, with Eachan and Eochaid, and many more, represent the love of horses among the Kelts, answering to the Eporedorix, mentioned by Cæsar. The Slaves have apparently no horse names; but many of our modern Roses are properly horses, and Jostein, Rosmund, and various other forms, keep up the horse’s fame in northern Europe.

Rome dealt, to a curious degree, in the most homely domestic names; Mus, the surname of the devoted Decius, was, probably, really a mouse; for while the swine of other nations never descend below the savage wild boar of the forest—Eber, Baezan, Bravac, the Romans have indeed one Aper, but their others are but domestic pigs, Verres, Porcius, Scrofa.

Goats flourished in Greece in honour of the Ægis, and of Zeus goats, and Ægidios, with others, there arose; but Sichelgaita, and a few northern Geits, alone reflect them. The chamois, or mountain goat, named Tabitha or Dorcas, and is paralleled by an occasional masculine Hirsch, or stag, in Germany.

The sheep appears to be solely represented by Rachael, for though the lamb has laid claim to both Agnes and Lambert, it is only through a delusion of sound.

Serpents, as Orm and Lind, are peculiar to the North.

The eagle figures in Aias, Ajax, Aquila, the Russian Orlof, and many an Arn of the Teutons. It is rather surprising not to find him among the Gael; but the raven, like the wolf, is the fashionable creature, as an attendant upon slaughter—Oreb, Corvus, Morvren, Fiachra, Rafn, he croaks his name over the plunderer everywhere but among the Greeks and Slaves.

The swan has Gelges in Ireland, Svanwhit in the North; the dove named Jonah, Jemima in Palestine, Columba in Christian Latinity, Golubica in Illyria; but gentle birds are, in general, entirely neglected, unless the Greek Philomela, which properly means loving honey, were named after the nightingale. The Latin Gallus may possibly be a cock; but Genserich is not the gander king, as he was so long supposed to be.

The bee had Deborah in Hebrew, and Melissa in Greek; but, in general, insects are not popular, though Vespasian is said to come from a wasp; and among fishes, the dolphin has the only namesakes in Romance tongues, probably blunders from Delphi.

Plants were now and then commemorated; Tamar, a palm tree, Hadassah, a myrtle, are among the scanty eastern examples. Rome had a Robur, and Illyria Dobruslav, in honour of the oak; but the Slaves have almost the only genuine flower names. Rhoda is, indeed, a true Greek Rose, but the modern ones are mistakes for _hross_, a horse. Violet, probably, rose out of Valens, and Lilias from Cæcilius, Oliver from Olaf. Primrose, Ivy, Eglantine, &c., have been invented in modern books at least, and so has Amaranth.

Passing to qualities, goodness is found in many an Agathos of the Greeks, with his superlative Aristos, but early Rome chiefly dealt in Valens, leaving Bonus and Melior for her later inventors to use. The _goods_ of the Teutons are rather doubtful between the names of the Deity and of war, but in passing them, the relation between Gustaf and Scipio should be observed. The Slaves have many compounds of both Dobry and Blago, and the Irish, Alma.

Love is everywhere. David represents it in Hebrew, Agape and Phile in Greek; but the grim Roman never used the compounds of his _amo_, only left them to form many a gentle modern name—Amabel, Aimée, Amy. Caradoc was the old Cymric, and Aiffe the Gadhaelic, beloved; and Wine and Leof in the German races, Ljubov, Libusa, Milica in the Slavonic, proved the warm hearts of the people. Indeed, the Slavonic names are the tenderest of all, owning Bratoljub and Çedomil, fraternal and parental love, unparalleled except by the satirical surnames of the Alexandrian kings.

Purity—a Christian idea—is found in Agnes and Katherine, both Greek; perhaps, too, Devoslava, or maiden glory, with the Slaves. Holiness is in the Hieronymus and Hagios of heathen Greece, meaning a holy name, and in the northern Ercen and Vieh, at the beginning and end of names, the Sviato of the Slavonians.

Peace, always lovely and longed-for, names both Absalom and Solomon, and after them many an eastern Selim and Selima. Greece had Irene and Irenæus, but not till Christian days, and the Roman Pacificus was a very modern invention; but the Friedrich, &c., of the North, and Miroslav of the Slav, were much more ancient.

The soul is to be found in Greece, as Psyche, and nowhere else but in the Welsh Enid. Life, however, figured at Rome, as Vitalis, and in the Teutonic nations as the prefix _fjor_; and the Greek Zoë kept it up in honour of the oldest of all female names, Eve.

Grace is the Hebrew Hannah or Anna, and the _charis_ in Greek compounds. Eucharis would not answer amiss to the Adelheid, or noble cheer, of Teuton damsels. Abigail, or father’s joy, Zenobia, father’s ornament, are in the same spirit.

_Eu_, meaning both happy and rich, wealthy in its best sense, is exactly followed by the Northern _ad_ and Anglo-Saxon _ead_. Eulalia and Eulogios are the same as Edred, Euphrasia would answer to Odny, Eucharis and Aine likewise have the same sense of gladness. Eugenois is, perhaps, rather in the sense of Olaf, or of the host of Adels and Ethels. Patrocles and Cleopatra, both meaning the father’s fame, have nothing exactly analogous to them in the Teuton and Keltic world.

Royalty is found in the Syriac Malchus, the Persian Kshahtra, or Xerxes, the Malek of the Arab, the early Archos, Basileus, and Tyrannos of the late Greek; even the Roman Regulus, with Tigearnach among the Kelts, and Rik in its compounds in the Teutonic world. The loftiness and strength of the royal power is expressed in the Persian prefix _arta_, first cousin to our Keltic Art and Arthur, akin to the root that forms Ares, Arius, Arteinus, and many more familiar names from the superlative Aristos. It is the idea of strength and manhood, perhaps akin to the Latin _vir_ and Keltic _fear_. Boleslav is the Wendic name, filling up the cycle of strength and manly virtue.

Majesty and greatness are commemorated by closely resembling words—the Persian Mathista or Masistes, Megas and Megalos in their Greek compounds, Latin Magnus and Maximus, Keltic Mor, Teutonic Mer; it is only the Velika of the Slav that does not follow the same root. The crown names Stephanas and Venceslas, or crown glory.

Justice and judgment are the prevalent ideas in the Hebrew Dan and Shaphat, Greek Archos, Dike, and Krite, Latin Justinus, Northern Ragn; perhaps, too, in the Irish Phelim and Slavonic Upravda. _Damo_, to tame, is in many Greek names; and _ward_, or protection, answers to the Latin Titus.

Venerable is the Persian Arsaces, with Augustus and Sebastian. Power figures in Vladimir and Waldemar, and the many forms of _wald_; and, on the other hand, the people assert themselves in the Laos and Demos of Greece, the _leutfolk_ and _theod_ of the Teuton, and even the _ljud_ of the Slave. The lover of his people may be found under the various titles of Demophilos, Publicola, Theodwine, and the Slavonic feminine Ludmila; their ruler, as Democritus, or Archilaus, or Theodoric; their tamer, as Laodamos; their justice, as Laodike.

Boulos, council, finds a parallel in the Teuton _raad_; but Sophia, wisdom, is far too cultivated for an analogy among the name-makers of the rude North.

But fame and glory were more popular than wisdom and justice. _Slava_ rings through the names of the Wends, and _klas_ through the Greeks; while _hluod_ and _hruod_ form half the leading names of Germanized Europe.

Clara is the late Latin name best implying fame, but answering best to Bertha, bright, like the Phlegon of Greece, and Barsines of Persia, which are all from one root. Lucius, light, translates some of these.

Conquest, that most desired of events to a warlike nation, is the Nike of the Greeks. Nikias, Victor, Sige, Cobhflaith, are all identical in meaning; and the Greek and Teuton have again and again curiously similar compounds. Nicephorous and Sigebot, Nikoboulous and Sigfred, Stratonice would perhaps be paralleled by Sighilda. Nicolas has not an exact likeness, because the Teutons never place either _sige_ or _theod_ at the end of a word.

War itself has absorbed the Teuton _spear_, and is _ger_ in our Teuton lands. But the Greek _mache_, and Teuton _hadu_, the Kelt _cath_, and the Slav _boj_ or _voj_, all are in common use. Telemachus, or distant battle, is best represented by Siroslav, or distant glory. Stratos, meaning both army and camp, Kleostralos and Stratokles, answer to Stanislav; and Cadwaladyr, in sound as well as sense, to Haduvald.

Cathair, the Irish battle-slaughter, has likeness in the Teutonic derivatives of Val, but the North stands alone in honouring the Thiof with namesakes.

The hero, the warrior himself, the _Hero_ as he really is of Greece, the _Landnama-bok_ of our Teutons, the _Landnama-bok_ and _Landnama-bok_ and _Landnama-bok_ of Ireland, the _Landnama-bok_ of the Roman, has namesakes in hosts. Herakles himself was not far removed from Herbert, Robert, or Lothaire, in meaning; and Sigeher is the conquering warrior, as Nikostratos is the victorious army.

In fact, warlike names are exhausting in similarity and multitude, and our readers will discover many more for themselves. The peaceful ones are far more characteristic.

See how the ocean figures in Pelagios, in Morvan, Muircheartash, Haflide,—all the formation of maritime nations, while the Slaves have no sea names at all, and the Latin Marina is mere late coinage. It is the Welsh, however, who have the most sea names: Guenever, Bronwen, Dwynwen, &c.

The earth makes Georgos and Agricola, and its cultivators have in Greece commemorated their harvest with Eustaches and Theresa; in Illyria, their vintage with Grozdana; but though the old farmer citizens of Rome were called Faber, Lentulus, Cicero, and the like, produce of their fields, these were much too homely for our fierce Teuton ancestry.

Gold is not in much favour; Chryseis, Aurelia, Orflath, and Zlata, just represent it; and silver is to be found in Argyro, Argentine, and Arianwen; but iron nowhere but with the Germanic races, Eisambart, &c., in accordance with the weapon names in which they alone delight. Nor are jewels many,—Esmeralda, Jasper (perhaps), Margaret, Ligach, are almost their only representatives. Spices we have as Kezia, Muriel, and strangest of all, Kerenhappuch, a box of stibium for the eyes. Whether the Stein of the North is to be regarded as a jewel does not seem clear, but it is more according to the temper of the owners to regard it as answering to Petros, a rock. Veig, Laug, and Øl, represent liquors, and are one of the peculiarities of the North.

Beauty is less common than might have been expected. Kallista is the leading owner of the word in Greece, but the Latin _bella_ must not be claimed for it, and, in spite of the _ny_ and _fridhr_ of the North, it is the Kelts who deal most in names of beauty,—Findelbh, Graine, and more than can here be specified.

Indeed, complexion names are chiefly found among the Kelts and Romans. The white, Albanus and Finn, (which last Finn passed to the North,) with Gwenn in Wales and Brittany; the light-haired, Flavius, Rufus, Ruadh, and Dearg. Fulvius, Niger, and Dubh, with the answering Swerker, paralleled only by the late Greek Melania have very few answering names in other lands, though the Bruno of Germany corresponds to Don, and the Blond, now Blount, of England is said to be meant to translate Fulvius.

On exceptional names, from the circumstances of the birth, we have not here dwelt. They were accidental, and never became national, except from the fame of some bearer of one. The names derived from places are almost all Latin, at first cognomina, then taken at baptism by converts. The number names are likewise Latin. Those of high Christian ideas, like Anastasius, Ambrosius, Alethea, are generally Greek; and when Latins as Benedictus, the blessed, and Beatrix, the blesser, are apt to be renderings of the Greek. The early Latin names are the least explicable, and the least resembling those of other nations; the Keltic are the most poetical; the Slavonic either tender or warlike; the Greek and the Teutonic are the most analogous to one another in sense, and are the most in use, except the more endeared and wide-spread of the Hebrew,—John and Mary deservedly have the pre-eminence in the Christian world above all others.

THE END.

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Transcriber’s Note

The author seems to distinguish between ‘Slave’ and ‘Slavonic’ (usually abbreviated as ‘Slav’). ‘Slave’ seems to indicate ethnic rather than language groups.

Please consult the author’s note about the typographical conventions she observes there.

The lengthy index of names (the Glossary) at the beginning of the text appears to be a work in progress, and few pains were taken to perfect it here.

● Many names are out of alphabetic order and remain so here.
● The punctuation in the Glossary is somewhat haphazard or unclear, and
has been regularized without further notice.
● There are incomplete entries, which may skip the meaning, page
references, or both. Missing page references may or may not indicate
that they do or do not appear in the text.
● Some entries include a question mark, indicating some uncertainty in
the author or editor’s mind.

Each entry is given as printed, save where there are obvious discrepancies between the Glossary and the referenced text. These are resolved based on the context, as noted below.

Notes

xxv.45 As an example, ‘Anuerin’, which has no page reference, is
mentioned multiple times as a Welsh bard, and the name
appears once in a list of Welsh names, but is not
otherwise remarked upon.

xliii.5 The entry for ‘Coralie’ ends with a comma, without a page
reference. The name appears on p. 456.

xlv.27 In the Glossary, ‘Darius’ includes a page number (followed
by a question mark) which refers to a section on Persian
names, where only ‘Cyrus’ is discussed.

lxii.6 There are two entries for ‘Gandolf’, once as a ‘primary
form’ (capitalized) and once in ‘Roman type’ as a form
‘since assumed’.

lxxxiii.31 The Lusatian name ‘Jjewa’ is not on p. 11 of the text, which
mentions only ‘Hejba or Hejbka’.

xciii.15 _Loiseach_ appears only on p. 133, and not on p. 405, as
printed. The page reference was corrected.

cxviii.23 An out-of-order entry for ‘Marl’ is duplicated in the proper
order.

78.50 The reference to ‘his’ father seems incorrect, since his
wife would be grateful to Phillip II of Spain (husband of
Queen Mary, and hence ‘King Consort’)for interceding in
the life of _her_ father.

100.19 The epsilon in Θεκλα (Thekla) on p. 100 was printed with an
invalid circumflex (~).

290.26 The Anglo-Saxon O character in ‘Ocscetyl’ is printed,
seemingly intentionally, with an interior triangular mark
[Odd Anglo-Saxon O].

305.43 The author gives a rune as ‘thorn’ resembling a capital
Greek lambda (Λ). The thorn rune is actually [thorn].

Other errors deemed most likely to be the printer’s have been corrected, and are noted here. The references are to the page and line, or indicates that the issue appears in a footnote in the original.

Corrections

vi.32 far greater difficulties[.] for Removed. xxi.1 Teu[,/.] elf ruler, Replaced. xxiii.4 _Sl[o/a]v._ Gr. helper Replaced. xxiii.52 Fr. with w[h]iskers Inserted. xxiv.5 Ama[ oe/deo], Corrupted. xxv.35 Andreze[k/j] Replaced (probable). xxxi.14 BALDETRUD, _[m/f]._ Replaced. xxxiv.19 Bérang[erè/ère] Replaced. lx.32 _Fra[ncy/cyn]tje_ Transposed. lx.44 _Fran[z/s]je_ Replaced. lxxiii.2 _Netherland[s]_ Added. lxxiv.15 H[e/é]lène Replaced. lxxix.22 I[ñ]igo Restored. lxxxiii.9 Jo[a]qui[n/m]a From p. 37. xci.47 Le[a/o]nhardine Replaced. cxiii.12 RADEG[U/O]NDA Replaced. cxxvi.18 SWANH[WITE/VIT] Replaced. cxxxii.7 _Tone[e]k_ Removed. cxlii remembrance of the [Lord] Restored. cxliii.8 ZLATI[D/B]OR Replaced. cxliii.11 ZLATOLJU[D/B] Replaced. 13.12 Atalik, [(]fatherlike or paternal,) Removed. 14.42 Rebekah’s two daughters-in-law[s] Removed. 27.23 is used els[e]where Inserted. 29.34 are men[it/ti]oned in the pedigree Transposed. 30.35 N[eu/ue]stra Señora del Pilar Transposed. 30.41 a vision of N[eu/ue]stra Señora Transposed. 36.note _Deutsch[a/e] Mythologie_ Replaced. 43.9 pa[rt/tr]iarch St. Joannes the Silent Transposed. 60.23 a maiden[)] Added. 65.17 still more magnific[i]ent Removed. 65.40 the deacon[n]ess Removed. 67.46 the hateful A[c]quitanian grandmother Removed. 72.19 and ὄρνυμ[υ/ι] (to raise) Replaced. 86.14 Andreje[e]k Removed (probable). 88.14 [Feminine] Presumed. 88.44 Ε[ὔ/ὐ]στᾶθηος (steadfast) Diacritic removed. 93.41 Attalus Phila[l]dephus Inserted. 95.14 feminine Λα[ό/ο]δ[α/ά]μεία Misplaced diacritics. 95.31 Κλ[έ/ε]οπ[α/ά]τρα Misplaced diacritics. 138.36 merged this unwield[l]y title Removed. 167.48 that[.] after having served Removed. 187.note Michaelis[,/.] Replaced. 191.40 and to France, a[t/s] St. Hilaire. Replaced. 222.note _Deutsch[a/e] Mythologie_ Replaced. 227.12 to interp[r]et his Keltic speech Inserted. 231.39 Lear and [Mananàn/Mănănnán] Replaced. 256.35 mild-tempered or peac[e]able man Inserted. 275.47 one of the kings of Ireland[,/.] Replaced. 277.13 who had quar[r]elled about Added. 285.30 and thus passed away[.] Added. 295.26 Freygerdur [ö/o]f the North Replaced. 314.45 drawn from Wil[eh/he]lm Transposed. 328.12 the Thuringian Irmanfrit, or Ir[u/n]vrit Replaced. 334.12 rime or frost [name/mane] Transposed. 367.5 by the Markgraf Rudiger[.] Added. 368.42 the same whose de[s]cendant Inserted. 377.37 ‘the Confessor[’] Added. 378.26 Ric[k/h] kettle Replaced. 379.30 in the _Nieb[e]lungenlied_ Added. 405.28 Eri[e/c] Probable. 407.note _Récits des Temps Mérovingien[s]_ Added. 408.18 that which i[n]dentifies his appellation Removed. 413.note Turn[n]er Removed. 426.5 a border wolf[.] Added. 444.23 [B/D]ear peace Replaced. 446.24 by the l[e]ast remarkable one Inserted.