Chapter XXXI

GRECIAN AFFAIRS AFTER THE EXPULSION OF THE PEISISTRATIDS. — REVOLUTION OF KLEISTHENES AND ESTABLISHMENT OF DEMOCRACY AT ATHENS.

State of Athens after the expulsion of Hippias. — Opposing
party-leaders — Kleisthenês — Isagoras. — Democratical revolution
headed by Kleisthenês. — Rearrangement and extension of the
political franchise. — Suppression of the four old tribes, and
formation of ten new tribes, including an increased number
of the population. — Imperfect description of this event in
Herodotus — its real bearing. — Grounds of opposition to it in
ancient Athenian feeling. — Names of the new tribes — their
relation to the demes. — Demes belonging to each tribe usually
not adjacent to each other. — Arrangements and functions of the
deme. — Solonian constitution preserved, with modifications. —
Change of military arrangement in the state. — The ten stratêgi,
or generals. — The judicial assembly of citizens, or Heliæa,
subsequently divided into fractions, each judging separately. —
The political assembly, or ekklesia. — Financial arrangements.
— Senate of Five Hundred. — Ekklesia, or political assembly. —
Kleisthenês the real author of the Athenian democracy. — Judicial
attributes of the people — their gradual enlargement. — Three
points in Athenian constitutional law, hanging together: —
Universal admissibility of citizens to magistracy — choice by lot
— reduced functions of the magistrates chosen by lot. — Universal
admissibility of citizens to the archonship — not introduced
until after the battle of Platæa. — Constitution of Kleisthenês
retained the Solonian law of exclusion as to individual office. —
Difference between that constitution and the political state of
Athens after Periklês. — Senate of Areopagus. — The ostracism.
— Weakness of the public force in the Grecian governments. —
Past violences of the Athenian nobles. — Necessity of creating a
constitutional morality. — Purpose and working of the ostracism.
— Securities against its abuse. — Ostracism necessary as a
protection to the early democracy — afterwards dispensed with.
— Ostracism analogous to the exclusion of a known pretender to
the throne in a monarchy. — Effect of the long ascendency of
Periklês, in strengthening constitutional morality. — Ostracism
in other Grecian cities. — Striking effect of the revolution
of Kleisthenês on the minds of the citizens. — Isagoras calls
in Kleomenês and the Lacedæmonians against it. — Kleomenês and
Isagoras are expelled from Athens. — Recall of Kleisthenês —
Athens solicits the alliance of the Persians. — First connection
between Athens and Platæa. — Disputes between Platæa and Thebes
— decision of Corinth as arbitrator. — Second march of Kleomenês
against Athens — desertion of his allies. — First appearance of
Sparta as acting head of Peloponnesian allies. — Signal successes
of Athens against Bœotians and Chalkidians. — Plantation of
Athenian settlers, or klêruchs, in the territory of Chalkis. —
Distress of the Thebans — they ask assistance from Ægina. — The
Æginetans make war on Athens. — Preparations at Sparta to attack
Athens anew — the Spartan allies are summoned, together with
Hippias. — First formal convocation at Sparta — advance of Greece
towards a political system. — Proceedings of the convocation
— animated protest of Corinth against any interference in
favor of Hippias — the Spartan allies refuse to interfere. —
Aversion to single-headed rule — now predominant in Greece. —
Striking development of Athenian energy after the revolution of
Kleisthenês — language of Herodotus. — Effect of the idea or
theory of democracy in exciting Athenian sentiment. — Patriotism
of an Athenian between 500-400 B. C. — combined with an eager
spirit of personal military exertion and sacrifice. — Diminution
of this active sentiment in the restored democracy after the
Thirty Tyrants. 126-181