Chapter IV

THE AGE OF FAITH IN THE WEST--(_Concluded_).

EFFECT OF THE EASTERN OR MILITARY ATTACK.--GENERAL REVIEW OF THE AGE OF FAITH.

_The Fall of Constantinople.--Its momentary Effect on the Italian System._

GENERAL REVIEW OF THE INTELLECTUAL CONDITION IN THE AGE OF FAITH.--_Supernaturalism and its Logic spread all over Europe.--It is destroyed by the Jews and Arabians.--Its total Extinction._

_The Jewish Physicians.--Their Acquirements and Influence.--Their Collision with the Imposture-medicine of Europe.--Their Effect on the higher Classes.--Opposition to them._

_Two Impulses, the Intellectual and Moral, operating against the Mediaeval state of Things.--Downfall of the Italian System through the intellectual Impulse from the West and the moral from the North.--Action of the former through Astronomy.--Origin of the moral Impulse.--Their conjoint irresistible Effect.--Discovery of the state of Affairs in Italy.--The Writings of Machiavelli.--What the Church had actually done._

_Entire Movement of the Italian System determined from a consideration of the four Revolts against it._

CHAPTER V.

APPROACH OF THE AGE OF REASON IN EUROPE.

IT IS PRECEDED BY MARITIME DISCOVERY.

_Consideration of the definite Epochs of Social Life._

_Experimental Philosophy emerging in the Age of Faith._

_The Age of Reason ushered in by Maritime Discovery and the rise of European Criticism._

MARITIME DISCOVERY.--_The three great Voyages._

COLUMBUS _discovers America_.--DE GAMA _doubles the Cape and reaches India_.--MAGELLAN _circumnavigates the Earth.--The Material and intellectual Results of each of these Voyages._

DIGRESSION ON THE SOCIAL CONDITION OF AMERICA.--_In isolated human Societies the process of Thought and of Civilization is always the same.--Man passes through a determinate succession of Ideas and embodies them in determinate Institutions.--The state of Mexico and Peru proves the influence of Law in the development of Man._

CHAPTER VI.

APPROACH OF THE AGE OF REASON IN EUROPE.

IT IS PRECEDED BY THE RISE OF CRITICISM.

_Restoration of Greek Literature and Philosophy in Italy.--Development of Modern Languages and Rise of Criticism.--Imminent Danger to Latin Ideas._

_Invention of Printing.--It revolutionizes the Communication of Knowledge, especially acts on Public Worship, and renders the Pulpit secondary._

THE REFORMATION.--_Theory of Supererogation and Use of Indulgences. --The Right of Individual Judgment asserted.--Political History of the Origin, Culmination, and Check of the Reformation.--Its Effects in Italy._

_Causes of the Arrest of the Reformation.--Internal Causes in Protestantism.--External in the Policy of Rome.--The Counter-Reformation. --Inquisition.--Jesuits.--Secession of the great Critics.--Culmination of the Reformation in America.--Emergence of Individual Liberty of Thought._

CHAPTER VII.

DIGRESSION ON THE CONDITION OF ENGLAND AT THE END OF THE AGE OF FAITH.

RESULTS PRODUCED BY THE AGE OF FAITH.

_Condition of England at the Suppression of the Monasteries._

_Condition of England at the close of the seventeenth Century.--Locomotion, Literature, Libraries.--Social and private Life of the Laity and Clergy.--Brutality in the Administration of Law.--Profligacy of Literature.--The Theatre, its three Phases.--Miracle, Moral, and Real Plays._

_Estimate of the Advance made in the Age of Faith.--Comparison with that already made in the Age of Reason._