Chapter X

THE EUROPEAN AGE OF REASON--(_Continued_).

THE NATURE AND RELATIONS OF MAN.

_Position of Man according to the Heliocentric and Geocentric Theories._

OF ANIMAL LIFE.--_The transitory Nature of living Forms.--Relations of Plants and Animals.--Animals are Aggregates of Matter expending Force originally derived from the Sun._

THE ORGANIC SERIES.--_Man a Member of it.--His Position determined by Anatomical and Physiological Investigation of his Nervous System.--Its triple Form: Automatic, Instinctive, Intellectual._

_The same progressive Development is seen in individual Man, in the entire animal Series, and in the Life of the Globe.--They are all under the Control of an eternal, universal, irresistible Law._

_The Aim of Nature is intellectual Development, and human Institutions must conform thereto._

_Summary of the Investigation of the Position of Man.--Production of Inorganic and Organic Forms by the Sun.--Nature of Animals and their Series.--Analogies and Differences between them and Man.--The Soul.--The World._

CHAPTER XI.

THE EUROPEAN AGE OF REASON--(_Continued_).

THE UNION OF SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY.

_European Progress in the Acquisition of exact Knowledge.--Its Resemblance to that of Greece._

_Discoveries respecting the Air.--Its mechanical and chemical Properties.--Its Relation to Animals and Plants.--The Winds. --Meteorology.--Sounds.--Acoustic Phenomena._

_Discoveries respecting the Ocean.--Physical and chemical Phenomena.--Tides and Currents.--Clouds.--Decomposition of Water._

_Discoveries respecting other material Substances.--Progress of Chemistry._

_Discoveries respecting Electricity, Magnetism, Light, Heat._

_Mechanical Philosophy and Inventions.--Physical Instruments.--The Result illustrated by the Cotton Manufacture.--Steam-engine. --Bleaching.--Canals.--Railways.--Improvements in the Construction of Machinery.--Social Changes produced.--Its Effect on intellectual Activity._

_The scientific Contributions of various Nations, and especially of Italy._

CHAPTER XII.

CONCLUSION--THE FUTURE OF EUROPE.

_Summary of the Argument presented in this Book respecting the mental Progress of Europe._

_Intellectual Development is the Object of Individual Life.--It is also the Result of social Progress._

_Nations arriving at Maturity instinctively attempt their own intellectual Organization.--Example of the Manner in which this has been done in China.--Its Imperfection.--What it has accomplished._

_The Organization of public Intellect is the End to which European Civilization is tending._

THE INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT OF EUROPE.