Chapter I

CHMIELNICKI AND THE PERSECUTION OF THE JEWS OF POLAND BY THE
COSSACKS.

Condition of the Jews in Poland before the Outbreak of
Persecution--Influence of the Jesuits--Characteristics of
Poles and Jews--The Home of the Cossacks--Repression of the
Cossacks by the Government--Jews appointed as Tax Farmers
--Jurisdiction of the Synods--The Study of the Talmud in
Poland--Hebrew Literature in that Country becomes entirely
Rabbinical--Character of Polish Judaism--Jews and Cossacks
--Chmielnicki--Sufferings of the Jews in Consequence of
his Successes--The Tartar Haidamaks--Fearful Massacres
in Nemirov, Tulczyn, and Homel--Prince Vishnioviecki--
Massacres at Polonnoie, Lemberg, Narol, and in Other Towns--
John Casimir--Lipmann Heller and Sabbataï Cohen--Renewal of
the War between Cossacks and Poles--Russians join Cossacks
in attacking the Jews--Charles X of Sweden--The Polish
Fugitives--"Polonization" of Judaism _page_ 1

1648-1656 C. E.

CHAPTER II.

SETTLEMENT OF THE JEWS IN ENGLAND AND MANASSEH BEN ISRAEL.

Obstacles to the Resettlement of Jews in England--Manasseh
ben Israel--His Character and Attainments--Christian
Students of Jewish Literature: Scaliger, the Buxtorfs,
Selden, and Vossius--Women devote themselves to Hebrew--
The Fifth-Monarchy Men: Expectation of the Millennium--
Enthusiastic Friends of the Jews--The Puritans--Cromwell
and Holmes--Nicholas' Protection of the Jews--"The Hope
of Israel"--Fresh Victims of the Inquisition--Manasseh
ben Israel's Negotiations with the English Parliament--He
journeys to London, and is graciously received by Cromwell
--A Council sits at Whitehall to decide the Question of
the Re-admission of the Jews--Prynne's anti-Jewish Work--
Controversial Pamphlets--Manasseh's "Vindication"--The
Re-admission of the Jews connived at _page_ 18

1655-1657 C. E.

CHAPTER III.

THE SCEPTICS.

Condition of Judaism--Complete Triumph of the Kabbala--
The Disciples of Isaac Lurya--Vital Calabrese, Abraham de
Herrera, and Isaiah Hurwitz--Immanuel Aboab--Uriel da
Costa; his Career and Death--Leo Modena; his Character and
his Writings--Deborah Ascarelli and Sarah Copia Sullam,
Jewish Authoresses--Leo Modena's Veiled Scepticism--The
Travels and Influence of Joseph Delmedigo--The Writings of
Simone Luzzatto _page_ 51

1620-1660 C. E.

CHAPTER IV.

SPINOZA AND SABBATAÏ ZEVI.

Spinoza's Youth and Education--His Intellectual Breach with
Judaism--Fresh Martyrs of the Inquisition--The Rabbis
and Spinoza--Excommunication--Spinoza's "Tractate" and
"Ethics"--Spinoza's Writings Concerning Judaism--Spinoza's
Contemporaries in Amsterdam--De Paz and Penso--The Mystical
Character of the Years 1648 and 1666--Sabbataï Zevi's Early
Career--The Jerusalem Community--Sabbataï's Travels--
Nathan Ghazati--Sabbataï announced in Smyrna as the Messiah
--Spread of Enthusiastic Belief in the pseudo-Messiah--
Manoel Texeira--Ritual Changes introduced by the Sabbatians
--Sabbataï proceeds to Constantinople--Nehemiah Cohen--
Sabbataï Zevi's Apostasy to Islam and its Consequences--
Continuation of the Sabbatian Movement--Death of Sabbataï and
Spinoza--Results of the Sabbatian Imposture _page_ 86

1656-1677 C. E.

CHAPTER V.

LIGHT AND SHADE.

Jews under Mahometan Rulers--Expulsion from Vienna--Jews
admitted by Elector Frederick William into the Mark of
Brandenburg--Charge of Child-murder in Metz--Milder
Treatment of Jews throughout Europe--Christian Champions
of the Jews: Jurieu, Oliger Pauli, and Moses Germanus--
Predilection of Christians for the Study of Jewish Literature
--Richard Simon--Interest taken by Charles XI in the
Karaites--Peringer and Jacob Trigland--German Attacks on
Judaism by Wülfer, Wagenseil, and Eisenmenger--Circumstances
of the Publication of _Judaism Unmasked_--The _Alenu_ Prayer
--Surenhuysius, Basnage, Unger, Wolf, and Toland _page_ 168

1669-1700 C. E.

CHAPTER VI.

GENERAL DEMORALIZATION OF JUDAISM.

Low Condition of the Jews at the End of the Seventeenth Century
--Representatives of Culture: David Nieto, Jehuda Brieli--
The Kabbala--Jewish Chroniclers--Lopez Laguna translates
the Psalms into Spanish--De Barrios--The Race after Wealth
--General Poverty of the Jews--Revival of Sabbatianism--
Daniel Israel Bonafoux, Cardosa, Mordecai of Eisenstadt, Jacob
Querido, and Berachya--Sabbatianism in Poland--Abraham
Cuenqui--Judah Chassid--Chayim Malach--Solomon Ayllon
--Nehemiah Chayon--David Oppenheim's Famous Library--
Chacham Zevi--The Controversy on Chayon's Heretical Works in
Amsterdam _page_ 199

1700-1725 C. E.

CHAPTER VII.

THE AGE OF LUZZATTO, EIBESCHÜTZ, AND FRANK.

Poetical Works of Moses Chayim Luzzatto--Luzzatto ensnared
in the Kabbala--His Contest with Rabbinical Authorities--
Luzzatto's Last Drama--Jonathan Eibeschütz--Character and
Education of Eibeschütz--His Relations with the Jesuits in
Prague--The Austrian War of Succession--Expulsion of the
Jews from Prague--Eibeschütz becomes Rabbi of Altona--Jacob
Emden--Eibeschütz charged with Heresy--The Controversy
between Emden and Eibeschütz--The Amulets--Party Strife--
Interference by Christians and the Civil Authorities--Revival
of Sabbatianism--Jacob Frank Lejbowicz and the Frankists--
The Doctrine of the Trinity--Excesses of the Frankists
_page_ 232

1727-1760 C. E.

CHAPTER VIII.

THE MENDELSSOHN EPOCH.

Renaissance of the Jewish Race--Moses Mendelssohn--His
Youth--Improves Hebrew Style--Lessing and Mendelssohn
--Mendelssohn's Writings--The Bonnet-Lavater Controversy
--Kölbele--The Burial Question--Reimarus--Anonymous
Publication of his Work--Lessing's "Nathan the Wise"--
Mendelssohn in "Nathan"--Mendelssohn's Pentateuch--
Opposition to it--The "Berlin Religion"--Montesquieu--
Voltaire--Portuguese Marranos in Bordeaux--Isaac Pinto
--His Defense of Portuguese Jews--Dohm and Mendelssohn--
Joseph II of Austria--Michaelis--Mendelssohn's "Jerusalem"
--Wessely: his Circular Letter--Mendelssohn's Death
_page_ 291

1750-1786 C. E.

CHAPTER IX.

THE NEW CHASSIDISM.

The Alliance of Reason with Mysticism--Israel Baalshem, his
Career and Reputation--Movement against Rabbinism--The
"Zaddik"--Beer Mizricz, his Arrogance and Deceptions--
The Devotional Methods of the Chassidim--Their Liturgy--
Dissolution of the Synods "of the Four Countries"--Cossack
Massacres in Poland--Elijah Wilna, his Character and
Method of Research--The Mizricz and Karlin Chassidim--
Circumstances prove Favorable to the Spread of the New Sect--
Vigorous Proceedings against them in Wilna--Death of Beer
Mizricz--Progress of Chassidism despite the Persecution of
its Opponents _page_ 374

1750-1786 C. E.

CHAPTER X.

THE MEASFIM AND THE JUDÆO-CHRISTIAN SALON.

The Progressionists--The Gatherer (Meassef)--David Mendes
--Moses Ensheim--Wessely's Mosaid--Marcus Herz--
Solomon Maimon--Culture of the Berlin Jews--Influence of
French Literature--First Step for Raising the Jews--The
Progressive and Orthodox Parties--The Society of Friends--
Friedländer and Conversion--Depravity of Berlin Jewesses--
Henrietta Herz--Humboldt--Dorothea Mendelssohn--Schlegel
--Rachel--Schleiermacher--Chateaubriand _page_ 395

1786-1791 C. E.

CHAPTER XI.

THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AND THE EMANCIPATION OF THE JEWS.

Foreshadowing of the French Revolution--Cerf Berr--Mirabeau
on the Jewish Question in France--Berr Isaac Berr--The
Jewish Question and the National Assembly--Equalization of
Portuguese Jews--Efforts to equalize Paris Jews--Jewish
Question deferred--Equalization of French Jews--Reign of
Terror--Equalization of Jews of Holland--Adath Jeshurun
Congregation--Spread of Emancipation--Bonaparte in
Palestine--Fichte's Jew-hatred--The Poll-Tax--Grund's
"Petition of Jews of Germany"--Jacobson--Breidenbach--
Lefrank--Alexander I of Russia: his Attempts to improve the
Condition of the Jews of Russia _page_ 429

1791-1805 C. E.

CHAPTER XII.

THE JEWISH-FRENCH SYNHEDRION AND THE JEWISH CONSISTORIES.

Jew-hatred in Strasburg--Bonald's Accusations--Plots against
French Jews--Furtado--David Sinzheim--Assembly of
Notables--Italian Deputies--The Twelve Questions--Debate
on Mixed Marriages--The Paris Synhedrion--Its Constitution
--Napoleon's Enactments--Israel Jacobson--Consistory of
Westphalia--Emancipation in Germany--In the Hanse-Towns--
Restrictions in Saxony _page_ 474

1806-1813 C. E.

CHAPTER XIII.

THE REACTION AND TEUTOMANIA.

The Jews in the Wars for Freedom--The Congress of Vienna--
Hardenberg and Metternich--Rühs' Christian Germanism--
Jew-hatred in Germany and Rome--German Act of Federation--
Ewald's Defense of Judaism--Jew-hatred in Prussia--Lewis
Way--Congress at Aix--Hep, hep Persecution--Hartwig Hundt
--Julius von Voss--Jewish Avengers _page_ 510

1813-1818 C. E.

CHAPTER XIV.

BÖRNE AND HEINE.

Börne and Heine--Börne's Youth--His Attitude to Judaism--
His Love of Liberty--His Defense of the Jews--Heine: his
Position with Regard to Judaism--The Rabbi of Bacharach--
Heine's Thoughts upon Judaism--Influence of Börne and Heine
_page_ 536

1819-1830 C. E.

CHAPTER XV.

REFORM AND YOUNG ISRAEL.

Segregation of the Jews--Its Results--Secession and Obstinate
Conservatism--Israel Jacobson--His Reforms--The Hamburg
Reform Temple Union--Gotthold Salomon--Decay of Rabbinical
Authority--Eleazar Libermann--Aaron Chorin--Lazarus
Riesser--Party Strife--Isaac Bernays--His Writings--
Bernays in Hamburg--Mannheimer--His Congregation in Vienna
--Berlin Society for Culture--Edward Gans--His Baptism--
Collapse of the Society for Culture _page_ 557

1818-1830 C. E.

CHAPTER XVI.

AWAKENING OF INDEPENDENCE AND THE SCIENCE OF JUDAISM.

Dawn of Self-respect--Research into Jewish History--Hannah
Adams--Solomon Löwisohn--Jost--His History--The
Revolution of July (1830)--Gabriel Riesser--His Lectures--
Steinheim--His Works--His "Revelation"--Nachman Krochmal
--Rapoport--Erter--His Poems--Rapoport's Writings--
Zunz--Luzzatto--His Exegesis--Geiger--The "Nineteen
Letters" of Ben Usiel--New School of Reform--Joel Jacoby
_page_ 589

1830-1840 C. E.

CHAPTER XVII.

THE YEAR 1840 AND THE BLOOD ACCUSATION AT DAMASCUS.

Mehmet Ali--Ratti Menton--Damascus--Father Tomaso--His
Disappearance--Blood Accusation against the Jews of Damascus
--Imprisonment of Accused--Their Tortures and Martyrdom--
Blood Accusation in Rhodes--In Prussia--Adolf Crémieux--
Meeting of English Jews--Moses Montefiore--Nathaniel de
Rothschild--Merlato, the Austrian Consul--Plots--Thiers
--Steps taken by the Jews in Paris and London--Bernard van
Oven--Mansion House Meeting--Montefiore, Crémieux, and
others sent to Egypt--Solomon Munk _page_ 632

1840 C. E.