Chapter XVIII (3)

Masses of new religious enactments now overlaid the law; fences, Synhedrial enactments, customs dating from more ancient or from recent times, which had been orally delivered, and had accumulated to an immense extent. These oral Halachas, as they were termed, ranked, if not higher than, certainly equal with, the written laws.

The Sadducæan opposition to these laws had ceased; young Christendom, which had sprung from the lap of Judaism, or, to speak more correctly, from Essenism, enhanced the value of the highly-prized and overrated laws, and was indifferent to their origin. In contradistinction to the Judæo-Christians, who thought that they could merge the old laws with the new faith, the apostle Paul created the Pagan-Christian idea, which rejected every prescription of the law as entrammeling, and proclaimed evangelical liberty. This attack on the law, and the mystic formulas evolved by the Gnostics from the letters of Holy Writ, caused all that bordered upon religious precepts to become more precious and to be more rigidly observed in Judæan circles.

The transmission of Halachic doctrines had been endangered by the divergence of opinion between the disciples of Hillel and of Shammai regarding their scope, limits, justification, and applicability, and in consequence of the fatal termination of the disastrous war. Those teachers of the law who had survived the catastrophe were the more eager to hand down such laws, which they claimed to have transmitted faithfully, and to rescue them from oblivion. Youths and men, now rid of political cares, thronged to the celebrated colleges in order to impress on their memories the traditions handed down to them. They vied with each other in teaching and learning. But this eagerness did not crush out zealotism and a desire to take up arms in the cause of freedom. Fiery youths, especially the disciples of the school of Akiba, quitted the school-house in order at an opportune moment to carry on a bloody feud with the Roman legions--in the first instance this occurred under Trajan, scarcely half a century after the fall of Jerusalem, and again two decades later under Hadrian. These attempts ended disastrously; Hadrian instituted a system of persecution directed more against Judaism than against the Judæans, and especially against teachers and disciples, in the hope of destroying the Law, the very soul of the nationality, but he did not succeed in his object. The fiery zeal for the traditional law was increased through the activity of Akiba's disciples, who had returned from exile.

The center was, however, transferred to Galilee, as Judæa, the southern portion of the country, had been laid waste, and was chiefly in the possession of pagan colonists. Here was situated the Patriarchate which represented the unity of the people, the post of Patriarch being occupied by a descendant of Hillel, who, as it was alleged, came from the royal house of David, and who, from the tiny territory of Galilee, from Sepphoris and Tiberias, governed the numerous communities of the Diaspora--beyond the land and the sea, in Egypt, Babylon, Asia Minor, and Europe. His encyclicals, which were sent by special messengers, were greeted with respect, and were obeyed like those of a spiritual chief. The Mishnah, the fundamental text of the voluminous Talmud, a collection of Halachic laws, and species of "corpus juris civilis canonici," which was compiled by the Patriarch Judah I, owed its universal recognition to that cause. This spiritual greatness, however, was destroyed through Byzantium, from the time that the Roman Empire worshiped, or was compelled to worship, Jesus instead of Jupiter, and the fanatical persecution practiced mutually amongst the Christian sects was visited upon the Jews.

The Byzantine emperors, Constantine, Theodosius II, and Justinian, treated the sons of Jacob even more mercilessly than their heathen enemies. They deprived them of their Roman rights of citizenship, of their rights as men, and also encroached upon their freedom in religious practices. This example was followed by the rulers in various European countries, more especially in France and Spain.

Fortunately, there had been formed a new center in another quarter, on the banks of the Euphrates and Tigris, where numerous Judæan communities occupied a favorable position, and lived almost in a state of political independence, under their own Judæan prince, the Exilarch. The schools which were here established replaced those which had been destroyed in the Holy Land. These schools exercised authority over the entire Jewish community, with but few interruptions, during seven hundred years. Here there arose the Babylonian Talmud, which was more fortunate than its companion-work, the Palestinian or Jerusalem Talmud, a religious code of a peculiar kind. This work with its phases of light and shade exercised an influence in Jewish circles (which continues to the present day), and it almost over-shadowed Holy Writ. Here also Talmudical dialectics became developed, and endowed the Jews who stood beneath the spell of the Talmud with peculiar characteristics, especially imbuing them with that love of hair-splitting which afterwards deteriorated into sophistic subtlety. The authority of the Talmud, however, was to some extent lessened through events which occurred on the Arabian Peninsula. Mahomet, the son of Abdallah, from Mecca, had established the Islamite religion on the basis of various fragments of Judaism. The Arabs at first lived on friendly terms with the Judæans who dwelt in their land, and who were warlike, lovers of freedom and of song, and superior to the Arabs by reason of their possession of Holy Writ. Mahomet, however, having been derided by them, afterwards waged war against one Judæan tribe after another, and exiled them from Arabia, which proscription was upheld by Caliph Omar.

The exiles settled in Palestine and Babylon, where they became acquainted with tribesmen and co-religionists, who, having followed the Talmudical precepts, had acquired totally different habits. They found the Talmudical restrictions incompatible with their hereditary and unquenched thirst for liberty. This Judæo-Arabic circle declared war against Talmudism. The contest, which in the first instance was only of a mild character, the needful ability to sustain it being wanting, afterwards became fiercer, when Anan, a connection of the Prince of Captivity, eagerly joined in the fray, asserting Holy Writ to be the sole source of religion, and the Talmud to be only the work of man.

Thus arose a new sect, the Ananites, or Karaites. Although small in numbers, yet by their energy and combativeness they aroused the less active minds, and stimulated the desire for a knowledge of Holy Writ, which had hitherto fallen into neglect. The impulse given to this study was so powerful that Saadiah, the representative of a Talmudical school, devoted his entire attention to it. Through him a philosophical tendency was introduced into Judæan circles. Until this time, as in Christendom and Islam, a belief in existing authorities had caused it to be considered heretical to speculate upon religion.

From Babylon there now emanated a spark of rational thought and scientific inquiry, which traveled as far as the Pyrenean Peninsula. This territory, being under Mahometan rule, was connected in spirit with the East. A long succession of eminent personages had during two centuries fostered and cultivated a spirit of deep research in Spain, whilst in Christendom a fanatical desire for persecution resulted in the destruction of the Jews, or in their banishment from the homes which they had possessed for so long a time. The culminating point of philosophical thought was attained by Moses Maimuni, who for centuries was "the Guide of the Perplexed," and who also, under the sanction of the Church, exercised a powerful influence on Dominican scholasticism. Where there is great light there must also be much shadow. The shadows caused by the light which had proceeded from Maimuni became embodied in the vagaries of the Kabbala, which confused the minds of the multitude by its forgeries, and corrupted the feelings by its excesses.

A deep gulf was created in Spain and Southern France between the Maimunists and anti-Maimunists, between faith based upon intellectuality, and faith based upon authority. This schism would have given rise to sectarianism, had not the accumulated sufferings of the people riveted their attention on what was proximate--the misery of all. Faith in authority proved victorious, under the influence of the Kabbala, and every scientific pursuit, excepting that of medicine, was proscribed in Spain, as if it were intended to undermine the continuance of Judaism. The fourteenth century ignored the tenth century. Solomon ben Adret, who had solemnly pronounced an interdict against philosophy, ranked Saadiah as to some extent a heretic. It seemed as if, with the decay of knowledge, the glory of the Spanish Jews were to be entirely extinguished.

The cup of sorrow, drained by the Jews throughout Central Europe--from the Rhine to the Vistula, and from the Alps to the marsh-lands of the German Ocean--in consequence of the Black Death, as if they had indeed been poisoners, also reached the Spanish Jews. Their grandees, who had been employed at the court as ministers of finance, diplomatists, private secretaries, or court physicians, were powerless to protect them, as they had formerly done.

The horrible massacre in 1391 had driven many Jews, with wild despair in their hearts, into the arms of the Church, and they deceived themselves with the idea that they could outwardly join the Church, whilst remaining inwardly faithful to the God of Israel.

Thus arose the Marranos. Their fanatical persecutors, however, knew no peace until they had succeeded in arousing the thunders of the Inquisition against the Jews, in lighting the stake, in causing them to be banished from Spain by hundreds of thousands, and in enforcing compulsory baptism in Portugal. But the Inquisition and the stake in both of these countries only awoke a deeper love for Judaism in the hearts of the Marranos. Great as was the number of those who perished at the autos-da-fé, or who pined away in prison, yet their offspring, who secretly continued to cherish their own faith at the risk of their lives, after one or two centuries sought to escape from the hell on the Pyrenean Peninsula.

Under the guise of Spanish or Portuguese merchants, they founded large communities in Bordeaux, Amsterdam, London, and in various parts of Italy. From their step-fatherland they brought with them a higher culture and an aristocratic demeanor. Consequently they did not suffer from the contempt with which other Jews were treated in political and social circles. In fact, the Jews of Marrano descent looked down upon their co-religionists as gypsies, on account of their external deterioration. With marvelous rapidity, however, did those who were considered as gypsies regenerate and elevate themselves; and, what was more marvelous, this change did not proceed from the aristocratic Sephardim. The personage to whom this transformation was due sprang from the midst of those who were so despised and contemned. He bore no trace of culture in his youth, but was deformed, awkward, and shy--this was Moses Mendelssohn, from the petty community of Dessau. Had the call reached him to become the leader of his co-religionists, he would have replied, like the great Prophet in Egypt--"Who am I?" It is remarkable that Mendelssohn, without desiring or intending to do so, paved the way for the emancipation of the Jews and the purification of Judaism. The present age has given the lie to the assertion of Jew-haters (who at the close of the eighteenth century and commencement of the nineteenth century were numberless), that generation after generation must pass away before any improvement could be expected in the debased condition of the Jews.

In two decades there appeared on the canvas of History a series of noble, if not of ennobled Jews, in Germany, France, Holland, and Italy, and these ranked as high as if they had been of equal birth with Christians of the aristocratic class.

The historic course of the Israelite nation not only shows, as with other nations, the stages of growth, bloom, and decay, but it exhibits the extraordinary phenomenon that the decay was succeeded, on three different occasions, by a new budding and blossoming time. The history of the crystallization of the Israelite family group into a nation, and their entry into the land of Canaan, until the establishment of a kingdom, constitutes the growth. The stage of bloom was in the days of the kings David and Solomon, who raised the condition of the Israelite people to that of a state of the first rank. The period of blossoming was short, and was followed by loss of power and by the downfall of the nationality. But again it gradually revived under the rule of the Persians and Greeks, developed under the Maccabees, only to decay away under the Romans. This decay, however, was merely superficial, and was destined to give place to a resuscitation in another form.

One of the prophets has represented the growth of the Israelite nation in Egypt by the picture of a deserted female child left lying in the fields, begrimed with blood and filth, but who, notwithstanding her desertion and misery, develops into a blooming maiden. The development of the race in Babylon is described by another prophet under the image of an unhappy and sorrowing widow, who has been robbed of her children, until, on the unexpected return of her numerous offspring from all ends and corners of the earth, she is comforted, and regains her lost youth with them. For the third rejuvenescence of the Jewish race tradition has likewise found a fitting picture.

At the gates of Rome there lies a human form, clothed in rags, leprous, half dead, an object of horror and pity. Suddenly this abject figure is touched with a staff, on which biblical sentences are inscribed. He rises, his hideous coverings and disfigurements vanish, and he stands erect in the beautiful glow of youth. Similes are but lame, and give no adequate representation of a phenomenon to which there is no equal in every-day existence. In any case, the Jewish nation is an extraordinary phenomenon, dating as it does from hoary antiquity, but possessing youthful vigor, having passed through numberless vicissitudes, yet remaining ever true to itself.

INDEX.

Aaron de la Papa, rabbi in Smyrna, anti-Sabbatian, 136.

Abdul Meg'id, sultan of Turkey, 634.
and the protection of the Turkish Jews, 662.
and the Rhodes accusation, 647.
emancipates the Jews of Turkey, 641.

Abendana, Jacob, rabbi in London, 214.

Abensur, Daniel, Jewish millionaire, 205.

Aboab, Immanuel, defends Talmudical Judaism, 55.

Aboab, Isaac, de Fonseca, rabbi at Amsterdam, and Spinoza's unbelief,
92-3.
Kabbalist, 52, 54, 88.
Sabbatian, 139, 160.

Aboab, Samuel, rabbi at Venice, excommunicates Moses Chayim Luzzatto,
240-1.

Abraham Ibn-Ezra, studied by Spinoza, 88.

Abraham Vita di Cologna. See Vita, Abraham, di Cologna.

Abt, Thomas, rival of Moses Mendelssohn, 303.

Abudiente, Abraham Gideon, Sabbatian, 155.

Abulafia, Moses, arrested on the blood-accusation in Damascus, 636.
converted to Islam, 638.

Abydos, Sabbataï Zevi at, 148-9, 151.

Acosta, Gabriel. See Da Costa, Uriel.

Act of Federation for the German states, and the Jews, 518-20.

Adam Kadmon, Kabbalistic term, 121, 143.

Adams, Hannah, historian of the Jews, 593.

Adath Jeshurun, a separatist community in Amsterdam, 457.

Admission of Jews into England, the feeling about, 44-7.

Adrianople, Sabbatians at, 159.

"Advice to the Representatives of the People," by Van Swieden, 453-4.

Aguilar, de, Baron, frees the Moravian Jews from a tax, 252.
intercedes for the Austrian exiles, 253.

Ahmed Coprili, grand vizir, and the Sabbatians, 146.
imprisons Sabbataï Zevi, 148.

Aix-la-Chapelle, Congress of, and the emancipation of the Jews, 525-7.

Akiba, disciples of, enthusiasm of, 724-5.

Alenu prayer, the, attacked, 185, 191-2.

Alexander I, of Russia, and the improvement of the condition of the
Jews, 472-3, 525, 527.

Alexandria, Jews of, and the Damascus blood-accusation, 647, 660.

Algazi, Moses Joseph, rabbi at Cairo, supports Crémieux, 664.

Algazi, Solomon, anti-Sabbatian, 144.

Ali Ibn-Rahmadan, mathematician, 76.

Alliance Israélite Universelle, the, foundation of, 664, 701-2.

"Almansor," by Heine, 548-9.

Almanzi, Jewish scholar, 622.

Alsace, Jews of, appeal to Mendelssohn, 351.
attacked, 437.
discussed in the French Chamber, 524-5.
impoverished by the Revolution, 474-5.
money-lenders, 475-6.
persecuted, 349-50.
protected by the National Assembly, 446.
restrictions imposed on, 347-9.
taxed, 446.

Amigo, Abraham, Talmudist, 126.

Amschel, representative of the Frankfort Jews, 505.

Amsterdam, Portuguese community of, prosperity of, 166-7.
Sabbatians in, 138-41, 155.
theological seminary at, 700.

Anan, founder of the Karaites, 727.

Ananites, the, rise of, 727.

Andrade, Abraham, rabbi, member of the Assembly of Notables, 484, 490.

"Anglo-Jewish Association, The," 703.

Anteri, Jacob, rabbi, charged with Father Tomaso's murder, 638.

"Anti-Phædon" by John Balthasar Kölbele, 316.

Anti-Semitism, prevalence of, 704.

Anti-Talmudists. See Frankists.

Anton, Charles, apostate, defender of Eibeschütz, 267.

"Apology for the Honorable Nation of the Jews," by Edward Nicholas,
28-9.

Apostasy among the Jews of Germany, 420-22.

Arari, David, and the Damascus blood-accusation, 636, 637, 638.

"Are there means to make the Jews happier and more useful in France,"
prize essay in Metz, 434-5.

Argent, d', intercedes for Moses Mendelssohn, 304.

Arias, Joseph Szemach, translator, 113-14.

Arnstein, von, Nathan Adam, husband of Fanny Itzig, 414.

Ascarelli, Deborah, poetess, 68.

Asher, Saul, defends the Jews, 463.

Ashkenazi, Jacob, father of Chacham Zevi, Sabbatian, 150.

Ashkenazi, Jacob Emden. See Emden, Jacob.

Ashkenazi, Zevi, chacham at Amsterdam, father of Jacob Emden,
anti-Sabbatian, cause of, espoused by the European rabbis, 227.
denounces Chayon, 221-2.
excommunicated, 226.
excommunicates Chayon, 223-4.

Asiré ha-Tikwah, by Joseph Penso, 112-13.

Asser, Amsterdam deputy to the Synhedrion, 497.

Asser, Carolus and Moses, active in the emancipation of the Dutch
Jews, 453, 454.

Astruc, Aristides, founder of the Alliance Israélite Universelle, 701.

Atias, Isaac, da Costa, president of the Batavian National Assembly,
458.

Attaman, Cossack chieftain, 2.

Auerbach, Jacob, preacher at the Leipsic reform synagogue, 573.

August, of Brunswick, and Jacob Jehuda Leon, 114-15.

Augustus III, of Poland, protects the Frankists, 283.

Austria, Jews of, emancipated, 697.
establish the "Israelitische Allianz," 703.
humiliated condition of, 508-9.
legislation friendly to, 357-8.
under restrictions, 579-80.

Austrian Succession, War of the, and the Jews, 251-2.

Autobiography by Solomon Maimon, 409.

Ayllon, Solomon, Sabbatian rabbi at Amsterdam, characterization of,
214-15.
distrusted by the Portuguese Council, 222.
espouses Chayon's cause, 222-3.
loose life of, 210.
on Chacham Zevi, 221.
passes judgment on Chayon's book, 224.
repudiates Chayon, 231.

Baal-Shem (Baal-Shemtob). See Israel of Miedziboz.

Babylonian exile, the, changes during, 719-20.

Baden, Jews of, show gratitude to Riesser, 601.
the "hep, hep" persecution in, 530.

Bail, defender of the Jews, 522.

Bailly, mayor of Paris, and the emancipation of the Jews, 445.

Baki, Simon, rabbi, superstition of, 201-2.

Bamberg, Jews of, persecuted, 529.

Barebones Parliament, the, Puritan character of, 34.

Barlæus, Caspar, and Manasseh ben Israel, 22.

Barnave favors the emancipation of the Jews, 441.

Barrios, de, Daniel, historian, 202, 204.

Baruch, Jacob, father of Börne, deputy of the Frankfort Jews in
Vienna, 513.

Baruch, Löb (Louis). See Börne, Ludwig.

Basnage, Jacob, historian of the Jews, 195-97.
banishment of, 196.

Bassan, Isaiah, teacher of Moses Chayim Luzzatto, 235, 238, 239, 241.

Batavian Republic, the. See Holland.

Baudin, secretary of Ratti Menton, 637.

Bavaria, Jews of, partially emancipated, 508.

Bayonne, the Jewish community of, 436.

Bayreuth, the "hep, hep" persecution in, 530.

Beer, Jacob, private synagogue of, 563.

Beer, of Mizricz, founder of the new Chassidim, 375, 379-83.
and Solomon Maimon, 407.
death of, 392.
introduces the Portuguese ritual among the Chassidim, 386-7.

Belgium, Catholic agitation in, hostile to Jews, 655.

"Belief of the Universe, The," by Nehemiah Chayon, 219-20.

Belillos, Jacob, rabbi at Venice, pronounces against Moses Chayim
Luzzatto, 239.

"Bellerophon" by Lefrank, 471-2.

Belmonte, Manuel, Marrano poet, 113.

Belmontes, the, Jewish millionaires, 205.

Ben-David, Lazarus, lecturer on Kant's philosophy, 409-10.
member of the "Society for the Culture and Science of the Jews,"
583.

Benedictus XIV, pope, petitioned to acquit the Jews of the
blood-accusation, 282.

Benet, Mordecai, rabbi, orthodox leader, 567.
protests against the Temple innovations, 572.

Benisch, Abraham, founder of the Anglo-Jewish Association, 703.

Ben Usiel, disciple of Bernays, opposes the reform movement, 627.

Benvenisti, Chayim, rabbi at Smyrna, Sabbatian, 136, 155.

Ben-Zeeb, one of the Measfim, 400.

Berachya, son of Jacob Querido, accepted successor of Sabbataï Zevi,
211.

Berish. See Beer of Mizricz.

Berlin, Jewish physicians of, restricted, 461.

Berlin, Jews of, apply to be baptized, 421-2.
converted, 587.
petition for the repeal of anti-Jewish laws, 414-15.
under Frederick the Great, 294-5.

"Berlin religion, the," 333.

Berlin, the progressive party in, 418.
the reform movement in, 563, 683, 686-7.

Bernal, Abraham Nuñes, martyr, 92.

Bernal, Marcos da Almeyda, martyr, 92.

Bernard, Isaac, employer of Moses Mendelssohn, 296.

Bernays, Isaac, chacham of the Hamburg congregation, 574-8.
and the Mendelssohn school, 575.
as a preacher, 577.
changes introduced by, 577-8.
characterization of, 574.
denounces the Hamburg Temple liturgy, 673.
influences Steinheim, 602.

Bernays, Jacob, organizer of the Breslau seminary, 700.

Bernstorff, Danish minister, decides against Eibeschütz, 265.

Bernstorff, deputy from Holstein to the Congress of Vienna, and the
emancipation of the Jews, 519, 527.

Berr, Berr Isaac, representative of the Lorraine Jews, 431.
has the Bible translated into French, 449.
in the National Assembly, 438, 440, 490.
member of the Assembly of Notables, 482, 486, 487.
urges improvements upon the French Jews, 448-9.

Berr, Cerf, representative of the Alsatian Jews, 351, 436.
and the emancipation of the French Jews, 430-31.
spreads Dohm's Apology, 431.
spreads Mendelssohn's Pentateuch translation in France, 430.

Berr, Lipmann Cerf, addresses the Assembly of Notables, 487.

Berr, Michael, first Jewish attorney in France, champions the Jews at
the Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, 527.
fills a position in Westphalia, 500.
intercedes for the Jews with the princes of Europe, 460-61.
member of the Assembly of Notables, 482.
member of the Westphalian consistory, 501.

Bertolio, abbé, favors the emancipation of the Jews, 445.

Besht. See Israel of Miedziboz.

Beugnot, state councilor under Napoleon, friendly to the Jews, 480.
helps to frame the Westphalian constitution, 500.

Beyrout, Jews of, protected by European consuls, 641.

"Bible for Israelites, The," by Sachs, 693.

Bible, the, characterized by Heine, 553-5.

Biblical exegesis, 695-6.

"Biblical Orient, The," ascribed to Isaac Bernays, 575-6.

Biester proposes a statue to Moses Mendelssohn, 372.

Bing, Isaiah Berr, refutes the charges against the Alsatian Jews, 434.

Bloch, Matathias, emissary of Sabbataï Zevi, 133, 137.

Blood-accusation, the, at Damascus. See Chap. XVII.
Benedictus XIV petitioned to acquit the Jews of, 282.
Clement XIII acquits the Jews of, 285-6.

Blood-accusation, the, groundlessness of, asserted by Moses Germanus,
177.
by Neander, 650.
by Simon, 176.
by the rabbis of London, 654-5.
by Wagenseil, 187.
by Wülfer, 185.

Blood-accusation, the, in Jülich, 642.
in Rhodes, 640-41.

Bohemia, Jews of, banished, 252-3.
taxed heavily, 508.
under restrictions, 523.

Bonafides, character in "Nathan the Wise," 325.

Bonafoux, Daniel Israel, Sabbatian, 207, 208.

Bonald, Louis Gabriel Ambroise, hostility of, to the Jews, 477-8.

Bonifaccio, Balthasar, accuser of Sarah Sullam, 70.

Bonnet, Caspar, a Geneva author, and Moses Mendelssohn, 309, 313-314.

Bordeaux, Jews of, unrestricted, 499.
the Jewish community of, 435, 436.
the Portuguese Jewish community of, 341-2.

Börne, Ludwig, a figure in Jewish history, 536-44.
and the reaction, 541-2.
as a political leader, 556.
attitude of, towards Judaism, 538, 540.
champions the Jews, 542-4.
characterization of, 538.
compared with Heine, 544.
converted, 542.
employed in the ducal police of Frankfort, 505, 541.
in German literature, 537.
Jewish qualities of, 538-9.
publishes a journal, 542.
's love of liberty, 538-9.
's opinion of the Jews, 539-40.
style of, 556.

Bourbons, the, and the emancipation of the Jews, 596.

Brancas, de, duc, derives an income from the Jews of Metz, 348, 446.

Brandenburg, Jews settle in, 173-4.

Breidenbach, Wolff, and the abolition of the poll-tax, 466-8, 472.

Bremen, Jews of, emancipated, 507.
expelled, 520.
under restrictions, 512.

Brendel, professor at Würzburg, friendly to the Jews, 528.

Breslau, a theological seminary founded in, 699, 700.
the confirmation ceremony introduced in, 573.
the reform movement in, 682.

Bresselau, Mendel J., one of the Measfim, Hebrew stylist, 398-9, 672.
opposes the omission of Hebrew from the prayers, 564.
writes against the orthodox party, 572.

Brieli, Jehuda Leon, rabbi at Mantua, condemns Chayon, 225, 226.
culture of, 200.

Brody, culture strivings in, 612.

Broglie, de, duc, opposes the emancipation of the Jews of Alsace, 447.

Bromet, Herz, active in the emancipation of the Dutch Jews, 453, 454,
458.

Brühl, Saxon minister, and the Eibeschütz controversy, 263.

Brunswick, conference of rabbis at, 677-8, 681-2.
Jews of, under restrictions, 512.

Buchholz, a writer hostile to the Jews, 468.

Buda-Pesth, theological seminary at, 700.

Buena, David, de Mesquito, Jewish millionaire, 205.

Buol Schauenstein, von, count, president of the Diet, and the
Frankfort Jews, 530.

Buxtorf, John, senior, Hebrew scholar, 21.

Byk, Jacob Solomon, member of the Galician school, 617.

Caballo, Jules, founder of the Alliance Israélite Universelle, 701.

Caceres, de, Simon, Marrano in London, 49.

Cairo, Jewish schools opened at, 664.

Calabrese. See Vital, Chayim.

Campo Formio, peace of, and the poll-tax, 464.

"Can the Jews remain in their present condition without harm to the
state?" an anti-Jewish tract, 469-70.

Cansino family, the, dragomans in Oran, 169.

Capo d'Istrias, and the emancipation of the Jews, 527.

"Captives of Hope, The," by Joseph Penso, 112-13.

Cardoso, Abraham Michael, Sabbatian, 163-5.
announces himself as the Ephraimite Messiah, 207-8.

Cardoso, Abraham Michael, works of, forbidden, 220-21.
studied by Eibeschütz, 248.

Cardoso, Isaac (Fernando), anti-Sabbatian, 163-4.
writer, 163, 188.

Carlsruhe, the confirmation ceremony introduced in, 573.
the "hep, hep" persecution in, 530.

Carpentras, the Jewish community of, 436.

Carvajal, Fernandez, Marrano in London, 38, 49.

Castellane, de, advocates freedom of conscience in the National
Assembly, 439.

Castro, de, speaker at the London meeting in behalf of the Damascus
Jews, 653.

Castro, de, Balthasar Orobio, Marrano physician, 115-17.

Castro, de, Bendito (Baruch Nehemiah), Marrano physician, Sabbatian,
140-1, 150.

Castro, de, Isaac Orobio, writer, character of, 199-200.
refutes Spinoza's philosophy, 167.

Castro-Tartas, de, Isaac, Marrano martyr, 31-2.

Ceba, Ansaldo, friend of Sarah Sullam, 69-70.

Chacham Zevi. See Ashkenazi, Zevi.

Chages, Jacob, scholar at Jerusalem, 126.
teacher of Nathan Ghazati, 130.
threatens Sabbataï Zevi with excommunication, 132.

Chages, Moses, and Moses Chayim Luzzatto, 238-9, 241.
and Nehemiah Chayon, 222-4, 227.
excommunicated, 226.
honored in Amsterdam, 231.
opposes Eibeschütz, 249-50.

Chamiz, Joseph, disciple of Leo Modena, 67, 74.

Charles VII, emperor, in Prague, 251.

Charles, of Baden, grants civil rights to the Jews, 502-3.

Charles X, of France, and the emancipation of the Jews, 596.

Charles X, of Sweden, against Poland, 15.

Charles XI, of Sweden, and the Karaites, 182-3.

Charles XII, of Sweden, and Karaism, 184.

Chasdaï Crescas, studied by Spinoza, 88.

Chassidim, a Polish Sabbatian sect, 212.
converted to Islam and Christianity, 213.
excommunicated, 392, 394.
writings of, 393.

Chassidism, attacked, 612.
founders of, 375.
in Wilna, 391.
opposed by Elijah Wilna, 394.
opposed to secular studies, 611.
opposes Talmudism, 379, 386.
origin and description of, 374-5.
persecuted, 393-4.
pilgrimages in the system of, 383-385.
propaganda of, 383.
ritual of, 386-7.
under Beer, of Mizricz, 380-1.

Chateaubriand, and the connection between Judaism and Christianity,
427-8.
reactionary, 477, 478.

Chaumette, atheist deputy to the National Assembly, 450.

Chaves, de, Jacob, pupil of Moses Chayim Luzzatto, 242.

Chaves, de, Moses, patron of Moses Chayim Luzzatto, 242.

Chaya, daughter of Elisha Schor, a Sabbatian, 275.

Chayim of Lublin, partisan of Eibeschütz, 261, 263.

Chayon, Nehemiah Chiya, Sabbatian, 215-31.
acquitted of the charge of heresy, 225.
at Amsterdam, 221-7.
at Constantinople, 227-8.
at Prague, 218.
countenanced by the Amsterdam council, 226.
death of, 231.
excommunicated, 216, 223-4.
freed from the ban, 228.
in Europe a second time, 230-1.
influences Eibeschütz, 248.
Kabbalistic theories of, 216-17, 219-20.
son of, converted to Christianity, 231.

Chebrath Dorshe Leshon Eber, society for the promotion of the Hebrew
language, 398.

Chelebi, Raphael Joseph, follower of Sabbataï Zevi, 124-5, 127-8, 129,
145, 160.

Chinuch Nearim, free school for Jews in Berlin, 416.

Chmielnicki, Bogdan, Cossack leader, allied with the Russians, 14.
and the Jews, 7.
cruelty of, 8.
his conditions of peace, 12.

Chorin, Aaron, rabbi, and innovations in Judaism, 569, 571.

Chosen people, the, meaning of, 718.

Christian IV, of Denmark, alluded to, 115.

Christian VII, of Denmark, subscribes to Mendelssohn's Pentateuch
translation, 334.

"Christian Denunciation, The," by Wagenseil, 186.

Christians study Hebrew, 178, 184.

Christians, the, under Mehmet Ali, 634.

Christina, of Sweden, and Manasseh ben Israel, 22, 23.
and the Jews of Vienna, 171.
Hebrew scholar, 21.

Cincinnati, theological seminary at, 700.

Circumcision regulated by the Frankfort Senate, 676-7.

"Citizen's Cry against the Jews, The," anti-Jewish pamphlet, 434.

"Claims of the Jews to German Citizenship," by Rühs, 517.

Clement IX, pope, death of, 171.

Clement XIII, pope, acquits the Jews of the blood-accusation, 285-6.

Clermont-Tonnerre, count, favors the emancipation of the Jews, 440,
441.

Cochelet, French consul-general, and the Damascus affair, 647, 649.
intrigues against Montefiore, 659, 660.

Coen, David, de Lara, philologist, 115.

Coen Belmonte, Bienvenida, poetess, 203.

Cohen, Malachi, rabbi at Leghorn, partisan of Eibeschütz, 264.

Cohen, Moses Gerson. See Anton, Charles.

Cohen, Naphtali, rabbi at Prague, and Nehemiah Chayon, 217, 218, 219,
227.

Cohen, Nehemiah, Messianic prophet, and Sabbataï Zevi, 152-4.

Cohen, Nehemiah Vital, rabbi at Venice, and Moses Chayim Luzzatto,
239.

Cohen, Raphael, rabbi of the "three communities," biography of, 570.
grandfather of Gabriel Riesser, 598.
opposed to secular studies, 402.
opposes Mendelssohn's Pentateuch translation, 330, 331, 333.

Cohen, Sabbataï, and the Cossack persecutions, 13.

Cohen, Shalom, employed by the orthodox party in Hamburg, 573.

Cohn, Isidore, founder of the Alliance Israélite Universelle, 701.

Collectants. See Rhynsburgians.

Collier, Thomas, defends the Jews, 46.

Commune, the Paris, favors the emancipation of the Jews, 443-445.

"Communities of the Friends of Light," established, 682.

"Conciliador" by Manasseh ben Israel translated, 22.

Conference of rabbis at Brunswick, 677-8, 681-2.
at Frankfort, 683-4.

"Confessions" by Heine, 553-5.

Confirmation ceremony, the, in various communities, 573.
introduced by Jacobson, 562.

Conforte, David, Jewish historian, 202.

Constantine, emperor, persecutes the Jews, 725.

Constantinople, Sabbataï Zevi in, 146-8.

Conversions to Christianity, 7-8, 13, 213, 420-22, 587.
to Judaism, 177-8.

Copenhagen, the "hep, hep" persecution in, 531.

Copia, Sarah. See Sullam, Sarah.

Correa, Isabel (Rebecca), Marrano poetess, 114.

Cossacks, the, ill-treatment of, 6.
insurrections of, 6-15.
origin of, 2.
persecute the Jews, 7-11, 14, 388.
religion of, 2-3.

Creizenach, Michael, reformer, 674-675.

Crémieux, Adolf, and the Damascus blood-accusation, 644.
appealed to, by the Jews of the East, 651.
appeals to Louis Philippe in behalf of the Damascus Jews, 645.
attempts to emancipate the Egyptian Jews, 662-4.
attends London meetings in behalf of the Damascus Jews, 645, 653.
hampered by the French government, 658.
influences Mehmet Ali, 660.
influences the European consuls in favor of the Damascus Jews, 660.
medal struck in honor of, 670-1.
ovations to, 667-8.
president of the Alliance Israélite Universelle, 702.
received by Mehmet Ali, 659.
reception of, in France and Italy, 658.
's proposal to commemorate the Damascus affair, 671.

"Critical History of the Old Testament, The," by Richard Simon, 179.

Cromwell, Oliver, and Marrano merchants in London, 49.
and the Old Testament, 26-8.
favors the admission of Jews into England, 35, 42-3, 44, 45.
institutes a commission on the Jewish question, 43-5.
invites Manasseh ben Israel, 38.

Cuenqui, Abraham, biographer of Sabbataï Zevi, 212.

Czarnicki, Polish general, 15.

Da Costa, Joseph, president of the Amsterdam community, 34.

Da Costa, Uriel, and the Church, 56-7.
characterized, 84.
death of, 64.
excommunicated, 59, 62.
hostile to Judaism, 58-9.
humiliation of, 63-4.
in prison, 60.
philosophical system of, 61.
retracts, 60-2.
returns to Judaism, 57-8.

D'Aguilar, Raphael Moses, rabbi at Amsterdam, Sabbatian, 139, 160.

Dalberg, von, Karl, imperial chancellor, and the emancipation of the
Jews, 468, 504-5.

Damascus affair, the, how to celebrate, 671-2.

Damascus, Jewish women of, tormented, 637.

Damascus, Jews of, accused of the murder of Father Tomaso, 635.
antagonized by the Christians, 662.
cross-questioned and tortured, 636, 637.

Damascus prisoners, the, liberated, 660, 661.

Damascus, the blood-accusation at. See Chap. XVII.
the Jewish community of, 634.

"Danger to the Welfare and Character of the Germans through the Jews,"
by J. F. Fries, 521.

"Dangerous Courses, The," by Joseph Penso, 113.

Daniel Jehuda. See Oliver y Fullana, de, Nicolas.

Danz, Frankfort deputy to the Congress of Vienna, and the emancipation
of the Jews, 519.

Darmstadt, the "hep, hep" persecution in, 530.

Da Silva, Samuel, opponent of Uriel da Costa, 59.

Daub, professor at Heidelberg, protects the Jews, 531.

Daya, character in "Nathan the Wise," 324-5.

Dayanim, assistant rabbis, 566.

"Defense of the Rational Worshipers of God," by Hermann Samuel
Reimarus, 320-23.

Delaborde, count, on the Turkish Jews, 649.

De la Vega, Joseph Penso. See Penso, Joseph.

De Lemon, Herz, active in the emancipation of the Dutch Jews, 453-5.
deputy to the Batavian National Assembly, 458.

Delitzsch, Franz, devoted to neo-Hebraic literature, 628-9.

Della Volta, Samuel Vita, Jewish scholar, 622.

Delmedigo, Joseph Solomon, scholar, 56, 75-80, 84.
as mathematician, 76.
attacks the Talmud, 77.
defends the Kabbala, 78.
wanderings of, 76-80.

Dembowski, Nicolas, bishop of Kamieniec, and the Frankists, 278-280,
281, 282.

Descartes, inconsistency of, 90.
studied by Spinoza, 89.

Deutz, Menahem, member of the French central consistory, 502.

De Wette, Bible exegete, 695.

De Witt, John, friend of Spinoza, 107-8.

"Die Waage," journal published by Börne, 542.

Diebitsch, von, Freiherr, a defender of the Jews, 470.

Diez, Prussian ambassador to Turkey, friendly to the Jews, 358-9.

Djabar, Jews of, attacked, 641.

Dob Beer. See Beer of Mizricz.

Dohm, Christian William, military councilor, advocate of the Jews,
336.
draws up a memorial in behalf of the Alsatian Jews, 351-8.
enlists Mirabeau's sympathy for the Jews, 366.
friendship of, with Mendelssohn, 351-2.
helps to frame the Westphalian constitution, 500.

Dolmäh, the, a Sabbatian-Mahometan sect, 211.

Dominicus Haman Epiphanes, _nom de plume_ of a Jewish writer, 471.

Donmäh, the. See Dolmäh, the.

Dormido, David Abrabanel, petitions Parliament to admit Jews, 35.

Dresden, Jews of, threatened with expulsion, 344.

Dubno, Solomon, commentator on Mendelssohn's Pentateuch translation,
329-34.

Duchan, Jacob Israel, Sabbatian, 156.

Duport favors the emancipation of the Jews in the National Assembly,
441, 447-8.

Dury, John, opposes the admission of the Jews into England, 46.

Düsseldorf, the "hep, hep" persecution in, 530.

Du Vallié, Paul (Isaac), convert, hostility of, to Jews, 175.

East, the, Jews of, appeal for aid to the European Jews, 651.

Eastern question, the, 634.

Edzardus, Esdras, preacher, and David de Lara, 115.
and the Sabbatians, 151.

Eger, Akiba, rabbi, orthodox leader, 567.

Eger, Samuel, rabbi, protest of, against Jacobson's reforms, 562.

Egypt, Jews of, emancipation of, 662-4.

Eibeschütz, Jonathan, addresses a letter to his followers, 261-2.
amulets by, 256-7, 260.
and his disciples, 249-61.
and Rabbinical Judaism, 248.
characterization of, 247-8.
condemned by the Danish government, 265.
declared a secret Christian, 270-71.
declared innocent by the Danish government, 268.
employs Charles Anton, 267.
excommunicated, 263-4.
excommunicates his adversaries, 259-60.
excommunicates the Sabbatians, 249.
exposed as a Sabbatian, 229-30.
in communication with the Jesuits, 250.
in Metz, 251, 253-4.
Kabbalistic studies of, 246-7.
publishes an imperfect Talmud, 250-51.
rabbi of the "three communities," 254.
Sabbatian doctrines of, 248.
supposed author of a Kabbalistic work, 229.
suspected of Sabbatianism, 250-58.
the great Gaon of the Frankists, 289.
traitor to Austria, 252-3.
triumphs over his opponents, 271.

Eichhorn, Bible exegete, 695.

Eisenmenger, John Andrew, and the Jews, 187-8.
suppression of work of, 189-93.

"Eisenmenger the Second, an open letter to Fichte," by Saul Asher,
463.

Eisenstadt, Meïr, teacher of Eibeschütz, 250.

Elijah Wilna. See Wilna, Elijah.

Elijah Zevi, brother of Sabbataï Zevi, 145.

Elizabeth, of Brunswick, and Jacob Jehuda Leon, 114-15.

Emancipation, the, of the European Jews, 696-9.
of the French Jews, 596-8.

Emden, Jacob, and Moses Mendelssohn, 318-19.
anti-Sabbatian, 256.
appealed to by the orthodox Jews of Poland, 277-8.
biographer of Sabbataï Zevi, 266.
characterization of, 254-5.
criticises Eibeschütz's vindication, 270.
discovers Eibeschütz's Sabbatian
heresy, 257-8.
excommunicated, 261.
fails to be elected rabbi of the "three communities," 255-6.
on the Frankists, 278.
persecuted, 260.
proves the Zohar a forgery, 278.
rebuked by the council of the "three communities," 258-9.
returns to Altona, 265.
triumphs over Eibeschütz, 289.

Engel proposes a statue to Mendelssohn, 373.

England, civil war in, 25-6.

England, Jews of, emancipated, 698-699.
establish the "Anglo-Jewish Association," 703.
meet in the interest of the Damascus Jews, 645.
petition to be naturalized, 337-8.

England, settlement of Jews in, 18-19, 34-5.

Enriquez, Antonio, de Gomez, the Jewish Calderon, 110-11.

Ensheim, Moses, one of the Measfim, poem by, on the French victories,
450.
tutor in Mendelssohn's house, 401.

Ergas, Joseph, Kabbalist, accuses Chayon of heresy, 227.

Erter, Isaac, Hebrew poet, 612-17.
and Krochmal, 614.
excommunicated, 614.
joins the Chassidim, 613.
narrative by, of the Damascus affair, 671.
satires by, 615.
style of, 615-17.

Eskapha, Joseph, teacher of Sabbataï Zevi, 118, 122.

Eskeles, Issachar Berush, rabbi at Vienna, frees the Jews of Moravia
from a tax, 252.
intercedes for the Austrian exiles, 253.

Essenes, a Jewish sect, 722-3.

Essingen, Samuel, follower of Eibeschütz, 262.

"Esther," by Ansaldo Ceba, 69, 70.

Euchel, Isaac Abraham, one of the Measfim, Hebrew stylist, 398-9.

Ewald, Heinrich, Bible exegete, 696.

Ewald, Johann Ludwig, defends the Jews, 522.

"Examination of the Pharisaic Traditions, An," by Uriel da Costa, 60.

"Example of Human Life, An," Uriel da Costa's autobiography, 64-5.

Exilarchate, the, 726.

Faliachi, Jacob, Sabbatian, 156.

Falk, Jacob Joshua, rabbi at Metz and Frankfort-on-the-Main, 251.
against Eibeschütz, 262.

"Familianten," privileged Jews in Austria, 253.

Farchi, Chayim Maalem, minister of the pasha of Acco, 460.

Farchi family, the, charged with the murder of Father Tomaso, 638.

Farchi, Raphael Moses, charged with the murder of Father Tomaso, 639.
member of the Damascus city council, 661-2.

Fast of the seventeenth Tammuz abolished by the Sabbatians, 151.

Fast of the tenth of Tebeth abolished by the Sabbatians, 143-4.

Fauma Kadin, Mahometan name of Sarah, wife of Sabbataï Zevi, 154.

February Revolution, the, 696-8.

Felgenhauer, Paul, mystic, and Messianic expectations, 35-6.

Felix Libertate, a Dutch club, 453.

Ferber, von, cabinet councilor, appealed to in behalf of the Jews of
Dresden, 344.

Ferrajo, Lucio, proves the blood-accusation from the Talmud, 639.

Fichte, Johann Gottlieb, opposes the granting of civil rights to
Jews, 461-3.

Fifth Monarchy, the, and the Jews, 23.

"Five Evidences of the Faith," a Sabbatian work, 162.

Florentin, Solomon, Talmudist, supports Querido as the Messiah, 210.

Fonseca Pinto y Pimentel, de, Sarah, poetess, 203.

Fontanes, de, countess, derives an income from the Jews of Metz, 348,
446.

Fontanes, reactionary politician in France, 477, 479.

"Fool's Voice, The," by Leo Modena, 73-4.

Fould, Achille, questions Thiers on the Damascus affair, 649.

"Fragments of an Unknown, The," by Reimarus, published by Lessing,
320-23.

France, Catholic agitators in, hostile to Jews, 655.
Jewish communities of, 435-6.

France, Jews of, and the religion of Reason, 451-2.
consistory of, 502.
emancipation of, 430-52, 597.
establish the Alliance Israélite Universelle, 701-2.
in the National Guard, 438.
Napoleon's legislation for, 498-9.
position of, discussed in Napoleon's council, 479-81.
represented by Crémieux, 644.
send Crémieux to the East, 651.

France, the protector of Christianity in the East, 634.

Francis I, of Austria, and the emancipation of the Jews, 508, 523.

Franciscus, of Sardinia, a Capuchin, employed against the Damascus
Jews, 639-40.

Franconia, Jews of, persecuted, 529.

Frank, Eva, daughter of Jacob Frank, 289.

Frank, Jacob, Sabbatian, advises his followers to accept baptism,
278-9, 284.
baptized, 287-8.
declares himself the incarnation of the Messiah, 272-4.
imprisoned, 275-6, 288-9.

Fränkel, David, rabbi at Berlin, teacher of Moses Mendelssohn, 293-4.

Frankel, Jonas, patron of the Breslau seminary, 700.

Fränkel, Sæckel, opposes the omission of Hebrew from the prayers, 564.

Frankel, Zachariah, and the reform movement, 684-5.
characterization of, 684.
organizer of the Breslau seminary, 700.
Talmudic studies of, 684, 694.

Frankenberg, von, Abraham, mystic, and Manasseh ben Israel, 24.

Frankfort-on-the-Main, conference of rabbis at, 683-4.

Frankfort-on-the-Main, Jews of, and Eisenmenger, 189.
emancipated, 505-6.
freed from the Ghetto, 504.
protected by Karl von Dalberg, 504-5.
under restrictions, 503, 512, 520-21.

Frankfort-on-the-Main, seat of the reform movement, 674-5.
the "hep, hep" persecution in, 529-30.

Frankfurter, Naphtali, Kabbalist, 55.
defends the Talmud, 56.

Frankists, the, a Sabbatian sect in Podolia founded by Jacob Frank,
274-5.
accused of dissoluteness, 275-6.
baptized, 287-8.
believers in the Trinity, 279.
condemned by Emden, 278.
confession of faith of, 280-81.
denounced to the bishop of Kamieniec, 278.
disputation of, with Talmudists, 281-2, 286-7.
excommunicated, 276-7.
persecuted, 283.
petition for baptism, 284-5.
protected by Augustus III, of Poland, 283.
protected by Bishop Dembowski, 279-80.

Frederick Franz, duke of Mecklenburg, grants civil rights to the Jews,
507.

Frederick V, of Denmark, and the Eibeschütz controversy, 265, 267-8,
269, 271.

Frederick I, of Prussia, and the Alenu prayer, 191-2.
and the Jews, 190-91.
intercedes with the Emperor for "Judaism Unmasked," 192-3.
puts a ban on the Midrash Rabba, 195.

Frederick II (the Great), of Prussia, and French literature, 411.
and the wealth of the Jews, 396-7.
German life under, 410.
issues the "general privilege," 304.
poetry of, criticised by Moses Mendelssohn, 302-3.
refuses Mendelssohn as a member of the Berlin Academy, 308.
reputed patron of the Jews, 261.
writes against Voltaire, 339.

Frederick William, elector of Brandenburg, admits the Jews, 173-4.

Frederick William II, of Prussia, the emancipation of the Jews
expected from, 414-16.

Frederick William III, of Prussia, and the Berlin reform movement,
563.
and the emancipation of the Jews, 507, 508, 524.
attends Marcus Herz's lectures, 406.
forbids Jews to bear Christian names, 630.

French Revolution, the, influence of, on the Jews, 429-30.

Frenks. See Frankists.

Fresco, Moses, grand rabbi of Constantinople, urges the Jews to learn
Turkish, 664.

Friedländer, David, advises Israel Jacobson, 502.
and conversion to Christianity, 421-2.
conducts the Berlin Free School for Jews, 416.
house of, a literary center, 412.
imitator of Mendelssohn, 397.
member of the "Society for the Culture and Science of the Jews,"
583.
on the ill-treatment of the Jews, 534.
representative of the Berlin Jews, 415.
urges the repeal of anti-Jewish laws, 414.
works for the emancipation of the Jews, 508.

Friedländer family, the, 397.

Friedrichsfeld, David, one of the Measfim, Hebrew stylist, 400-1.
work by, defending the Jews, 454.

"Friends of Reform," the, principles of, 675-6.

Fries, J. F., writer against the Jews, 521.

"Fulfillment of Prophecy, The," by Pierre Jurieu, 176.

Furtado, Abraham, acquaints Napoleon with the agitation against the
Jews, 498.
addresses the Synhedrion, 495, 497.
deputy to the National Assembly, 438.
member of Malesherbes' Jewish commission, 432.
member of the Assembly of Notables, 483.
president of the Assembly of Notables, 487.
replies to Molé in the Assembly of Notables, 489-90.
representative of the French Jews, 436.
view of, of Judaism, 496.

Gad, Baruch, emissary from Palestine, 126.

Gaffarelli, Jacob, pupil of Leo Modena, 71.

Gailan, emir, persecutes the Jews, 151.

Galaïgo, Joseph Chayim, of Trieste, addresses Mendelssohn, 369.

Galante, Moses, Sabbatian, 132.

Galicia, Jews of, degradation of, 703.
heavily taxed, 508.
oppressed, 523.

Galicia, the new culture in, 611-12.

Galician school, the, 607.

Galileo, teacher of Joseph Delmedigo, 75.

Gans, David, criticises Eibeschütz's vindication, 270.

Gans, Edward, and Heine, 551-2.
conversion of, 587.
founder of the "Society for the Culture and Science of the Jews,"
583.
on Judaism, 585.
on the indifference of the Jews, 586.

"Gaon," title of Elijah Wilna, 389.

"Gate of Heaven, The," by Abraham de Herrera, 54.

"Gatherer, The," a Hebrew journal, 399-400.

Gaza, Jews of, flee before Napoleon, 459.
proclaimed the Holy City, 132.

Geiger, Abraham, rabbi and scholar, 626.
at the Frankfort conference, 685.
editor of the "Scientific Journal," 626.
hostility of, to the Talmud, 626, 669.

Geldern, von, Betty, Heine's mother, 545.

"Gemul Athalia," by David Franco Mendes, 401.

Gentz, von, Frederick, frequenter of Henrietta Herz's _salon_, 423.
quoted, 413.

George II, of England, ratifies the naturalization of the Jews, 337.

George, of Hesse, and the Jews, 185.

German Catholic Church, the, established, 682.

"German Jewish Church," a, established, 686.

Germanus, Moses. See Speeth, John Peter.

Germany, Jews of, and citizenship, 465-6, 517.
and the Damascus affair, 669-70.
apostatize, 420-22.
educated rabbis employed by, 582.
emancipated, 601.
endeavor to have the poll-tax removed, 466-8.
hostility to, 468-70, 521, 655.
indifference of writers to ill-treatment of, 533.
petition the Congress of Ratisbon, 465-6.
schism among, 672-91.

Germany, the reform movement in, 627-8, 674-91.

Gerson, Christian, convert, asperses the Talmud, 181.

Gerville, de, Cahier, favors the emancipation of the Jews, 444-5.

Gesenius, Bible exegete, 695.

Ghirondi, rabbi, Jewish scholar, 622.

Gleim, and Mendelssohn's "Phædon," 307.

Gley, a priest, establishes a journal for Jews, 494.

"Glorious Stone, The, or the Image of Nebuchadnezzar," by Manasseh
ben Israel, 37-8.

"Glory to the Virtuous," by Moses Chayim Luzzatto, 242-4.

Glynn, Lord Chief Justice, member of Cromwell's Jewish commission,
43.

Godard advocates the cause of the Jews before the National Assembly,
443.

Goldberg, Samuel Löb, founder of the "Kerem Chemed," 621.

Goldbergs, the, members of the Galician school, Hebrew style of, 617.

Goldschmidt, Moritz, founder of the "Israelitische Allianz," 703.

Goldsmid brothers, and the Damascus blood-accusation, 645.

Gomez, Isaac, de Sosa, Marrano poet, 113.

"Good News of the Messiah for Israel!" by Paul Felgenhauer, 36.

Goethe, and Mendelssohn's "Phædon," 307.
and Solomon Maimon, 409.
intolerant to Jews, 461.

Göze, opponent of Lessing, 322.

Gradis, David, deputy to the National Assembly, 438.
member of Malesherbes' Jewish commission, 432.
representative of the French Jews, 436.

Granville, Lord, English ambassador at Paris, 668.

Grattenauer, writer, hostile to the Jews, 468.

Grégoire, abbé, advocate of the Jews, 432, 440.
favors the emancipation of the Jews, 434-5, 436, 437.

Greeks, creative power of, 706-7.
inability of, to resist destruction, 707-8.

Grotius, Hugo, Hebrew scholar, 21.
and Manasseh ben Israel, 22.

Grund, Christopher (Christian), defends the Jews at the Congress of
Rastadt, 463.
draws up a petition for the Jews of Germany, 465-6.

Guarini, Italian dramatist, 114.

"Guide of the Perplexed, The," studied by Mendelssohn, 295.
studied by Solomon Maimon, 407.

Guidon, physician to the sultan, charged with the conversion of
Sabbataï Zevi, 153-4.

Guldberg, von, Danish minister, appealed to, in behalf of
Mendelssohn's Pentateuch translation, 333.

Gumpertz, Aaron Solomon, teacher of Mendelssohn, 295.

Gumprecht, representative of the Frankfort Jews, 505.

Hadrian, persecution by, 725.

Haidamaks, Tartar troops, 8.
persecute the Jews, 388.

Halevi, Elia, a Jewish poet in France, 460.

Halfen, Azaria and Solomon, rabbis, charged with the murder of Father
Tomaso, 638.

Halle, Aaron, editor of Ha-Meassef, 400.

Hamburg, Dayanim of, oppose the Temple, 569-70.
Jews of, emancipated, 506.

Hamburg Temple, the, 564-5.
and Chacham Bernays, 673-4.
new prayer-book compiled by, 672-3.

Hamburg, the reform movement in, 563-4.

Ha-Meassef, a Hebrew journal, 399-400.

Hanna Bachari Bey, and the Damascus blood-accusation, 633, 635.

Hanover, Jews of, under restrictions, 512.

Hanse Towns, the, Jew-hatred in, 506-8.

Jews of, send deputies to Vienna, 513.

Hardenberg, Prussian chancellor, and the emancipation of the Jews,
507, 520, 527.
and the treatment of the Jews in the Hanse Towns, 514.
intercedes for Edward Gans, 587.

Harrach, count, patron of Lazarus Ben-David, 410.

Harrison, Puritan general, 34.

Hartmann, Frederick Traugott, opponent of the Jews, 359.

Hasselbauer, bishop of Prague, friend of Eibeschütz, 250.

Hebert, atheist deputy to the National Assembly, 450.

"Hebrew Chrestomathy," by Adam Martinet, 628-9.

Hebrew language, the, renaissance of, 399.

"Hebrew Rites, The," by Leo Modena, 71.
translated, 180.

Hebrew scholarship in Holland, 20-21.

Hebrew studied by Christians, 178, 184.

Hegel, influence of, on Young Israel, 585.

Heidelberg, the "hep, hep" persecution in, 530-31.

Heidenheim, Wolf, one of the Measfim, student of the Masora, 400.

Heilmann, rabbi, proceeds against Eibeschütz, 262.

Heilperin, Jechiel, historian, 202.

Heine, Heinrich, a figure in Jewish history, 536.
and Edward Gans, 551-2.
and Jehuda Halevi, 555.
as a political leader, 556.
attachment of, to the Jewish race, 546.
attitude of, towards Judaism, 546-548.
characterization of, 544-5.
compared with Börne, 544.
conversion of, 550-51.
hatred of, towards apostates, 548-549.
Hellenism of, 555-6.
in German literature, 537.
member of the Berlin "Society for Culture," 547.
mother of, 545.
on Isaac Bernays, 577.
on Judaism, 552.
on Moses Moser, 583.
on Shylock, 552-3.
on the Bible, 553-5.
on the conversion of Edward Gans, 587.
on the journal for the Science of Judaism, 587.
on the shortcomings of modern Jews, 547-8.
religious education of, 545-6.
reverence of, for Judaism, 553-5.
studies of, in Jewish history, 549-550.
style of, 556.

Hell, persecutes the Jews of Alsace, 349-50.

Hellenism, the, of Heine, 555-6.

Heller, Lipmann, and the Cossack persecutions, 13.

Hengstenberg, Bible exegete, 695.

Hennigs, von, Augustus, Danish state councilor, and Mendelssohn's
Pentateuch translation, 333-4.

"Hep, hep" persecutions, the, 528-532.

Herder, and Mendelssohn's "Phædon," 307.
feeling of, towards Jews, 462.

Herod, king of the Jews, 723.

Herrera, de, Alonzo (Abraham), Kabbalist, 54-5, 88.

Herschel, Solomon, rabbi in London, swears to the groundlessness of
the blood-accusation, 654-5.

Herz, Henrietta, and Schleiermacher, 423.
and William von Humboldt, 423.
conversion of, 425-6.
pernicious influence of, 422-3.
_salon_ of, 412-13.

Herz, Leb, Sabbatian, 152.

Herz, Marcus, physician, husband of Henrietta Herz, 412-3.
devotee of Kant's philosophy, 405-7.
translates Manasseh ben Israel's "Vindiciæ Judæorum," 362.

Heschels, Leb, rabbi, proceeds against Eibeschütz, 262.

Hess, Isaac, introduces Mendelssohn to Lessing, 297.

Hesse, the electorate of, emancipates the Jews, 601.

Hetman, Cossack chieftain, 2.

"High Tower, The, or the Innocence of the Virtuous," by Moses Chayim
Luzzatto, 235.

Hildesheim, Jews of, under restrictions, 512.

Hildesheimer, Frankfort deputy to the Synhedrion, 497.

Hillel, work of, 723.

Hirschel, jeweler, and Voltaire, 339.

"History of neo-Hebraic Poetry," by Franz Delitzsch, 628.

"History of the People of Israel, The," by Ewald, 696.

"History of the Religion of the Jews," by Basnage, 197.

Hodges, English consul, and the Damascus blood-accusation, 653, 659.

Hodki, Tartar leader, 9.

Holdheim, Samuel, and Sachs, 691.
and Talmudical Judaism, 680-81.
and Zachariah Frankel, 684.
as reformer, 679-80.
at the Frankfort conference, 685.
characterization of, 678-9.
chief rabbi of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, 679.
education of, 678.
influence of, over the Brunswick conference, 681-2.
rabbi in Berlin, 686-7.

Holland, and the settlement of the Jews in England, 46.

Holland, Jews of, emancipation of, 452-9.
restrictions of, 453.
the German community of the, 457.
the two communities of the, 456-458.

Holland, learning in, 20-21.
Portuguese Jews of, averse to emancipation, 454-5.

Holmes, Nathaniel, Puritan, and Messianic expectations, 29-30.
and the Jews, 27.

Holst, Dr. Ludwig, a Jew-hater, opposed by Börne, 543.

Holstein, Jews of, protected, 519.

Homberg, Herz, one of the Measfim, 402.
discredited with the orthodox, 369.
works on Mendelssohn's Pentateuch translation, 334.

"Homilies of the Jews in Divine Worship," by Zunz, 620.

Hooghe, de, Romeine, celebrates the Amsterdam synagogue, 167.

Hoornbeck, John, asperses the Jews, 46.

"House of God, The," by Abraham de Herrera, 54.

Howdon, Lord, addresses the Mansion House meeting in behalf of the
Damascus Jews, 656.

Huet, Peter Daniel, Jesuit, and Manasseh ben Israel, 22.

Hufnagel, translates Wessely's "Songs of Glory," 404.

Humboldt, von, William, and Henrietta Herz, 423.
framer of the Prussian constitution, 514.

Hundt, Hartwig, writer against the Jews, 532.

Hurwitz, Isaiah, Kabbalist, 52, 55.

Hurwitz, Phineas Levi, rabbi, opposes Mendelssohn's Pentateuch
translation, 331.

Hurwitz, Sabbataï, compiler of penitential prayers, 13.

Hurwitz, Salkind, deputy to the General Assembly of the Paris
Commune, 443.
urges the emancipation of the Jews, 434.

Ibn-Raz of Alkala, character in Leo Modena's work, 73.

Immortality of the soul, the doctrine of the, in the eighteenth
century, 305-6.

"Inquiry into Light and Truth," pamphlet against Mendelssohn, 363.

"Inquiry into Probability," by Mendelssohn, 299.

"Investigation into the Evidences of Christianity against
Unbelievers," by Bonnet, 309.

"Investigation of Van Swieden's Work in Reference to the Civil Rights
of the Jews," by David Friedrichsfeld, 454.

Isaiah Chassid, Sabbatian leader, 213, 229-30.

Isaiah, the second, characterized, 720.

Isambert, on the Damascus accusation, in the Chamber of Deputies, 650.

Israel, Abraham, envoy from Jerusalem, partisan of Eibeschütz, 264.

Israel, of Kozieniza, a prominent Chassidistic leader, 393.

Israel, of Miedziboz, founder of the new Chassidim, 375-9.
adherents of, 378-9.
occupations of, 377-8.
theory of, concerning prayer, 376-377.
youth of, 375-6.

"Israelitische Allianz," founded in Vienna, 703.

"Israel's Hope," by Manasseh ben Israel, 31, 32-3.

Isserles, Moses, Talmudist, 4, 51.

Itzig, Daniel, Berlin banker, 397, 415.

Itzig, Fanny, _salon_ of, 413-14.

Itzig, Itzig Daniel, conducts the Berlin Free School for Jews, 416.

Jacob Ashkenazi. See Ashkenazi, Jacob.

Jacob de Perpignan, permitted in Bordeaux, 344.

Jacob Querido, supposed son of Sabbataï Zevi, accepted as the
Messiah, 209-10.
makes a pilgrimage to Mecca, 211.
theory of, of redemption, 210.

Jacob, Syrian priest, antagonizes the Jews of Damascus, 662.

Jacobi, charges Lessing with Spinozism, 372.

Jacobson, Israel, reformer, and the poll-tax, 466-7.
characterization of, 500-1.
influence of, over the Westphalian consistory, 562.
leader of the reform movement, 561-3, 568.
organizes the Jews of Westphalia, 501-2.
private synagogue of, 562-3.
reforms of, 502, 562.

Jacoby, Joel, writer on the Jews, 630-31.
quoted, 632.

Jaffa, Marcus Schlesinger, court factor in Vienna, 172.

Jankiev, Lejbovicz. See Frank, Jacob.

Janow, Hirsch, rabbi, opposes Mendelssohn's Pentateuch translation,
330-31.

Jaroslav, Aaron, works on Mendelssohn's Pentateuch translation, 334.

Jehuda Halevi, and Heine, 555.

Jerome (Bonaparte), of Westphalia, friendly to the Jews, 500.
reprimands Jacobson, 562.

Jerusalem, Jews of, distress of, 16.
Kabbalistic center, 125.

"Jerusalem, or upon Ecclesiastical Power and Judaism," by Mendelssohn,
364-5.

Jeshurun, Isaac, accused of child murder, 42.

Jesse, Henry, and Messianic expectations, 24, 35.

Jessel, Sir George, Master of the Rolls, 699.

Jessica, Shakespeare's, characterized by Heine, 553.

Jesuits, the, in Poland, 1, 2, 3, 6.

Jewish colonies, 722.

Jewish conception, the, of God, 709-710.

"Jewish Curiosities," by Schudt, studied by Heine, 549.

"Jewish Letters," addressed to Voltaire by a Catholic priest, 346-347.

Jewish millionaires, 205.

Jewish morality, 710-12.

Jewish race, the, solidarity of, 632-3.

"Jews' porcelain," 415.

Jews, the, and French literature, 411-12.
and the Fifth Monarchy, 23.
and the other Semites, 712-13.

"Jews, The, and their Just Claims on the Christian States," by August
Krämer, 521-2.

"Jews, The," by Lessing, 297.

Jews, the, cessation of persecution of, 176.
chastity of, described by Heine, 553.
cognizant of their mission, 708.
condition of, at the end of the seventeenth century, 199-200.
defects of, 713-14.
defended by German and French writers, 521-2.
degeneration of, 204-5.
emancipation of, opposed by Fichte, 461-3.
histories of, 592-3.
in the Act of Federation for the German states, 518-20.
in the European armies, 511.
lack of æsthetic sense in, 300-1.
literature of, 714.
literary tastes of, 397.
maligned by Eisenmenger, 187-8.

Jews, the modern, described by Heine, 547-8.