Chapter XVIII (4)

Jews, the, moral degeneracy of, 419-420, 422-3.
persecuted in Spain, 169.
poverty of, 205-6.
rejoice over the end of the Damascus affair, 661.
self-respect awakened in, 590-1, 598.
settlement of, in England, 18-19, 49-50.
treatment of, in Mahometan countries, 168.
wealth of, 205-6, 396-7.

Joel, Emanuel, organizer of the Breslau seminary, 700.

John Casimir, of Poland, and the Jews, 13, 14.

John George, elector of Brandenburg, expels the Jews, 173.

John Sobieski, of Poland, and the Karaites, 182.

Jollivet, French government commissioner, and the poll-tax in
Germany, 465.

Jonghe, de, Isaac, active in the emancipation of the Dutch Jews, 455.

Jonghe, de, Lublink, deputy to the Batavian National Assembly, 455-6.

Joseph I, of Austria, refuses to remove the ban from "Judaism
Unmasked," 193.

Joseph II, of Austria, abrogates the poll-tax on Jews, 415.
forbids anti-Jewish pamphlets, 359.
issues laws friendly to Jews, 357-358.
praised by Wessely, 368.

Joseph II, of Austria, reforms of, displease the orthodox, 369-70.
opposed by the Chassidim, 394.

Joseph Zevi, brother of Sabbataï Zevi, 145.

Jost, Isaac Marcus, historian of the Jews, 594-6.

Jourdan, French general, frees the Frankfort Jews from the Ghetto,
503-4.

Judah Chassid, Polish Sabbatian leader, 212-13.

Judah I, compiler of the Mishna, 725.

Judah of Galilee, chief of the zealot party, 723.

Judaism, a split in, 565-6.
characterized by Heine, 553-5.
degenerate features of, 558-9.
effect of reforms on, 626-7.
in the seventeenth century, 51-2.
Polonized, 16-17.

Judaism, reform of, begun in Germany, 560.
necessary, 559-60.

Judaism, reforms in, 561-3.
renaissance of, 291-2, 395-6, 558.
the science of, 590, 591-2.

"Judaism Unmasked," by Eisenmenger, contents and title of, 188.
second edition of, 193.
suppressed, 189-93.

Jülich, the blood-accusation in, 642.

July Revolution, the, and the emancipation of the Jews, 596.

"Jumpers, The," a Christian sect, 378.

Jurieu, Pierre, Huguenot preacher, defends the Jews, 176.

Jussuf Pasha, governor of Rhodes, investigates the charge against the
Jews, 640.
punishment of, 647.

Justinian, emperor, persecutes the Jews, 725.

Kabbala manuscripts, 53.

Kabbala, the, and Rabbinical Judaism, 144.
attacked, 67, 74.
defended, 78.
in the seventeenth century, 51-2.

Kabbala, the later, 120-1.

Kabbala, the, rise of, 728.
study of, forbidden, 277.

Kabbalistic terms, 120-1, 143.

Kabbalists, 52-5.

Kahana, Jacob, rabbi, and Moses Chayim Luzzatto, 241.
exposes Moses Meïr Kamenker, 229-30.

Kahtz, Christian, convert, maligns the Jews, 191.

Kamenker, Moses Meïr, Sabbatian emissary, 228-30.

Kant, Immanuel, and Marcus Herz, 405-6.
and Mendelssohn, 303, 398.
opinion of, of Mendelssohn's "Jerusalem," 365.

Karaism explained by Mordecai ben Nissan, 183-4.

Karaites, the, and Charles XI, of Sweden, 182-3.
and Joseph Delmedigo, 76-7.
ignorance of, 182-3.
reconciled with the Rabbanites in Cairo, 664.
rise of, 727.

Karl Ludwig, count palatine, patron of Spinoza, 108.

Karlinians, the, a branch of the Chassidim, 388.

Karo, Joseph, Rabbinical authority, 51.

Katzenellenbogen, Ezekiel, rabbi, denounces Moses Chayim Luzzato, 238.
proposes to forbid the study of the Kabbala to young men, 241.

Kelifoth, Kabbalistic term, 120.

Keller, Alexander, reformer of the Galician Jews, 394.

Kerem Chemed, a Hebrew journal, 621, 693.

Kewanoth, Kabbalistic term, 121.

Kley, Edward, introduces reforms in Hamburg, 563-4.

Kofrim (unbelievers), anti-Sabbatians, 144-50.

Kölbele, John Balthasar, writes against Mendelssohn, 316-17.

"Kol Sachal," by Leo Modena, 73-4.

Koniecpolski, a family of the Polish nobility, 3.

Königsberg, Jewish center of culture, 397-8.
Jews admitted to the university of, 398.
the confirmation ceremony introduced in, 573.

Kosmann, a defender of the Jews, 470.

Kotzebue, murder of, 528.

Krämer, August, a defender of the Jews, 521-2.

Krochmal, Nachman Cohen, Bible exegete, 607-10, 695, 699.
and Rapoport, 617-18.
charge of heresy against, 608-9.
contributor to the "Kerem Chemed," 622.
encyclopædic work of, 618.
method of teaching of, 609.
scientific work of, 609-10.

Krysa, Jehuda Leb, Frankist preacher, 275.
makes a Catholic confession of faith, 285.

Kryvonoss, Tartar leader, 9.

Kuranda, Ignatz, founder of the "Israelitische Allianz," 703.

Kussiel. See Yekutiel.

La Fare, bishop of Nancy, opposes the emancipation of the Jews, 441.

Laguna, Lopez, Marrano poet, translates the Psalms, 203.

Landau, Ezekiel, chief rabbi of Prague, leader of the orthodox party,
417.
mistrusts Eibeschütz, 289.
opposed to secular studies, 402.
opposes Mendelssohn's Pentateuch translation, 330.
partisan of Eibeschütz, 265-6.

"Language of Truth, The," compiled by Eibeschütz's enemies, 266.

Laniado, Joseph, arrested on the blood-accusation in Damascus, 636.
tortured to death, 638.

La Peyrère, Isaac, and Messianic expectations, 24-5.

Lathier, opponent of the Jews of Alsace, 524-5.

Laurilla, the Dutch consul, protects the Jews of Beyrout, 641.

Laurin, Austrian consul-general, and the Damascus affair, 647, 653.

Lavater, John Caspar, apologizes to Mendelssohn, 314.
challenges Mendelssohn to refute Bonnet, 308-10.
letter addressed to, by Mendelssohn, 311-13.

Law, the, 716-17.
translated into Greek, 722.

"La-Yesharim Tehilla," by Moses Chayim Luzzatto, 242-4.

"Lectures upon the Modern History of the Jews," by Solomon Löwisohn,
594.

Lee, Johanna, founder of the Shakers, 378.

Lefrank, a Jewish satirist, 471-2.

Lehren, Hirsch, rabbi, at Amsterdam, and the Damascus affair, 649-51.
protests against the Brunswick resolutions, 682.

"Leibzoll." See Poll-tax.

Leipsic, battle of, celebrated in the synagogue, 528.
reform synagogue at, 573.

Lemberg, culture strivings in, 612.
Jews of, suffer from the Cossack insurrections, 11.

Lemos, de, Henrietta. See Herz, Henrietta.

Leo (Judah) ben Isaac Modena rabbi at Venice, 56, 65-7, 71-4.
as author, 71-4.
as translator, 70.
attacks the Kabbala, 67, 74.
attainments of, 66.
characterized, 84.
convictions of, 66-7.
defends the Talmud, 72.
position of, 71.
youth of, 65.

Leon, Jacob Jehuda, Marrano author, 114-15.

Leon of Filnek, character in "Nathan the Wise," 325.

Leopold I, of Austria, banishes the Jews from Vienna, 169-71.
forbids the spread of "Judaism
Unmasked," 190.
permits Jews to settle in Vienna, 189.

Leopold II, of Austria, hostile to the Jews, 508.
refuses to remove the ban from "Judaism Unmasked," 193.

Leopoldstadt, Vienna Jews' quarter, 172.

Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim, advocate of the Jews, 297, 336.
and Göze, 322.
and Mendelssohn's dispute with Lavater, 319.
and "The Fragments of an Unknown," 320-3.
characterization of, 296.
charged with Spinozism, 372.
death of, 326-7.
estimate of, of Christianity, 319, 325-6.
opinion of, of Mendelssohn, 297.
publishes Mendelssohn's "Philosophical Conversations," 299.

"Letter of Zeal," by Jonathan Eibeschütz, 261-2.

Léven, Narcisse, founder of the Alliance Israélite Universelle, 701.

Levi, Aaron. See Montezinos, de, Antonio.

Levi, Elisha, emissary from Jerusalem, 130.

Levi, Gedaliah, and Vital Calabrese, 52.

Levi, Isaiah, Sabbatian, 152.

Levi, Nathan Benjamin. See Nathan Ghazati.

Levi, Raphael, accused of child murder, 175-6.

Levi, Wolf, one of the Chassidim, convert to Christianity, 213.

Levin, Rachel, leader in society and literary circles, 413.
immorality of, 425.
indifferent to the ill-treatment of the Jews, 533.
on Jewish history, 534.
scorn of, for Judaism, 546.
view of, of Judaism, 425.

Levy, Maurice, acquaints Napoleon with the agitation against the
Jews, 498.

Lewin, Hirschel, rabbi at Berlin, and Mendelssohn, 317.

Libermann, Eleazar, reform emissary, 568-9.

Liebmann, Jost, favorite of Frederick I of Prussia, 219.
permitted to have a private synagogue in Berlin, 191.
wife of, 190-1.

Lipmann, Solomon, temporary chairman of the Assembly of Notables, 487.

Lisbona, Samuel, father-in-law of Nathan Ghazati, 130.

Lissa, Jacob, rabbi, orthodox leader, 567.

London, Jews of, celebrate Montefiore's return from Damascus, 670.
determine to aid the Damascus Jews, 651-2, 653-4.

London, Mansion House meeting in, in behalf of the Damascus Jews,
655-7.
theological seminary at, 700.

Long Parliament, the, dissolution of, 34.

Lopes-Dubec, deputy to the National Assembly, 438.
member of Malesherbes' Jewish commission, 432.

Lopez, Balthasar, martyr, 91-2.

Lorraine, the Jewish community of, 435.

Louis XIV, of France, deeds away the Jews of Metz, 348, 446.
praises the Jews of Metz, 174.
protects the Jews, 176.

Louis XV, of France, confirms the statute expelling German Jews from
Bordeaux, 342.

Louis XVI, of France, abrogates the Jewish poll-tax, 415, 432.
and the emancipation of the Jews of France, 431, 448.
and the emancipation of the Portuguese Jews, 442.
appealed to by the Alsatians against the Jews, 350.
grants privileges to Cerf Berr, 431.

Louis XVIII, of France, and the emancipation of the Jews, 524, 596.
the clergy influential with, 512.

Louis Philippe, of France, and Montefiore, 668.
and the Damascus blood-accusation, 633-4, 645, 651.
and the emancipation of the Jews, 596-7.
and Thiers, 648.

Löwe, Joel, editor of Ha-Meassef, 400.

Löwisohn, Solomon, historian, 594.

Löwy, Albert, founder of the Anglo-Jewish Association, 703.

Lübeck, Jews of, expelled, 520.
under restrictions, 506-7, 512.

Lubienski, Wratislaw, archbishop of Lemberg, and the Frankists, 284.

Lüneville, peace of, and the poll-tax, 464, 465.

Lurya, Isaac, Kabbalist, 51-2.
ritual of, introduced among the Chassidim, 386-7.

Lurya, Solomon, Polish Talmudist, 4.

Luzzatto, Moses Chayim, dramatist, 203-4, 234, 235.
as Hebrew stylist, 234.
as hymn writer, 234.
asserts his orthodoxy, 238.
at Amsterdam, 242.
death of, 244.
excommunicated, 240-1.
imitates the style of the Zohar, 235.
Kabbalistic fancies of, 232-3, 236, 239.
promises to abandon Kabbalistic pursuits, 241.
replies to Leo Modena's work against the Kabbala, 240.

Luzzatto, Samuel David, Bible exegete, 622-5, 695, 699.
historical studies of, 624-5.
struggles of, 622.
style of, 623.

Luzzatto, Simone, rabbi at Venice, 56, 67, 80-4.
as mathematician, 80.
defends Judaism, 81-3.
defends the Jews, 83-4.
opposed to mysticism, 81.
parable by, 80-1.
quoted by Manasseh ben Israel, 41.

"Maccabee, The," by Miguel Silveyra, 111.

Maccabees, the, victories of, 722.

Mahomet, and the Jews, 726-7.

Maimaran, Joseph, adviser of Muley Ismail, 168.

Maimon, Solomon, and the Chassidim, 407.
autobiography by, 409.
character of, 408.
on Hirsch Janow, 331.
studies of, 407.

Maimuni, Moses, philosophy of, 728.
studied by Spinoza, 88.

Maimunists, the, 728.

Malach, Chayim, Polish Sabbatian leader, 212, 213-14.

Malesherbes, and the emancipation of the Jews of France, 431-2.

Malka Kadisha, Kabbalistic term, 143.

Manasseh ben Israel, rabbi in Amsterdam. See Chap. II.
and Lord Middlesex, 33.
and Lord Oliver St. John, 33-4.
and Messianic expectations, 24-5, 28-33, 36-8.
and the Hebrew studies of Christians, 22.
and the Ten Tribes, 31.
as author, 20.
characterization of, 19-20.
death of, 50.
defends the Jews, 47-9.
in London, 38-49.
inclined to mysticism, 55.
outlines a history of the Jews, 202.
petitions the Protector, 38-9.
proposal of, for admission of Jews into England, 44.
reasons of, for admitting Jews into England, 39-42.
son of, 38.
teacher of Spinoza, 87.
threatens to leave Amsterdam, 34.

Manchester, Jews of, determine to help the Damascus Jews, 654.
meeting at, in behalf of the Damascus Jews, 657.

Mannheimer, Isaac Noah, rabbi at Vienna, 578-82.
and the Revolution of 1848, 697.
as a preacher, 580, 581.
changes introduced by, 580.
characterization of, 578-9.
personality of, 582.

Mansion House meeting, the, in behalf of the Damascus Jews, 655-7.

Margalita, Aaron, convert, asperses the Midrash Rabba, 194-5.

Margaret, of Austria, and the Jews, 169-71.

Maria Anna, of Austria, banishes the Jews from the Spanish provinces,
169.

Maria Juliana, of Denmark, influenced in favor of Eibeschütz, 267.

Maria Theresa, of Austria, banishes the Jews from Bohemia and
Moravia, 252-3.
revokes decrees against the Jews, 252, 253.

Marini, Israel, disciple of Moses Chayim Luzzatto, 237.

Marrano authors, 109-18.

Marranos, the, origin of, 729.
persecution of, 90-2.

Marshall, lord mayor of London, calls a meeting in behalf of the
Damascus Jews, 655-6.

Marten, Harry, urges the admission of the Jews into England, 43.

Martinet, Adam, devotee of neo-Hebraic literature, 628, 629.

Maruni, Catholic patriarch, antagonizes the Damascus Jews, 662.

Masuel, Eugene, founder of the Alliance Israélite Universelle, 701.

Maury, abbé, opponent of the Jews, 441-2, 446.

Maximilian Joseph, of Bavaria, concedes some civil rights to Jews,
508.

Mayo, Moses, excommunicated, 261.

Measfim, the, the Mendelssohn school, 397-404.
and Mendelssohn, 403.
mediocrity of, 417.

Mecklenburg, Jews of, emancipated, 507.

Medelsheim, Herz. See Berr, Cerf.

Medina, a Jewish capitalist, and Voltaire, 339.

Megerlin, David Frederick, declares Eibeschütz a secret Christian,
270-1.

"Mehemenuta de Cola," by Nehemiah Chayon, 219-20.

Mehmed Effendi, Mahometan name of Sabbataï Zevi, 154.

Mehmet Ali, pasha of Egypt, and the European powers, 647.
assents to the execution of the Damascus prisoners, 640.
liberates the Damascus prisoners, 660.
receives Montefiore, 659.
resumes the persecution of the Damascus Jews, 649.
surrenders Syria to Turkey, 661.
wrests Syria from Turkey, 633.

Meiningen, Jews of, expelled, 530.

Meisels, rabbi, and the Revolution of 1848, 697.

Meldola, David, rabbi, in London, swears to the groundlessness of the
blood-accusation, 654-5.

Melo, Francisco, Jewish millionaire, 205.

Mendelssohn, Dorothea, daughter of Moses Mendelssohn, and Schlegel,
424.
convert to Christianity, 424.
leader in society and literary circles, 413.

Mendelssohn, Henrietta, daughter of Moses Mendelssohn, convert to
Catholicism, 424.

Mendelssohn, Joseph, son of Moses Mendelssohn, supports the "Society
of Friends," 418.

Mendelssohn, Moses, accused of abandoning Judaism, 363.
admired by Mirabeau, 432.
æsthetic sense of, 300-1.
and the charge of Spinozism against Lessing, 370-1.
and the early burial question, 318-19.
and the Measfim, 402.
as a Talmud student, 294.
as a tutor, 296.
becomes acquainted with Lessing, 297.
challenged to refute Bonnet, 308-310.
criticises Dohm's Apology for the Jews, 361-2.
criticises Frederick the Great's poetry, 302-3.
criticises Reimarus' work adversely, 320.
daughters of, leaders in society, 412.
death of, 371-3.
Hebrew style of, 295-6.
house of, a literary center, 412.
influence of, 729-30.
influenced by Lessing, 297-8.
intercedes for the Saxon Jews, 344.
Jewish critics of, 317.
lacks appreciation for history, 301-302.
Lessing's ideal Jew, 323.
letter of, to Lavater, 311-13.
misunderstood, 417.
on the necessity of a Pentateuch translation, 332.
pamphlets against, 315-17.
proposed as a member of the Berlin Academy, 308.
proposed statue to, 372-3.
rejuvenates the Jewish race, 292-3.
relation of, to Judaism and Christianity, 310-13.
"Schutz-Jude," 304.
shows the untenability of Christian dogmas, 314-15.
studies German, 298.
studies "The Guide of the Perplexed," 295.
visit of, to Königsberg, 398.
wins a prize offered by the Berlin Academy, 303-4.
writes a preface to the "Vindiciæ Judæorum," 362-3.
youth of, 293-4.

Mendes, David Franco, one of the Measfim, dramatist, 244, 401.

Merari, Moses Menahem, rabbi, and Moses Chayim Luzzatto, 239.

Mérilhou, minister of education, proposes the equalization of Judaism
with the other religions in France, 597.

Merkel, secretary of the Westphalian consistory, 502.

Merlato, Austrian consul, and the Damascus blood-accusation, 639,
646, 653.

Messiah, the, Sabbatian view of, 142-143.

Messianic craze, the, in Moravia, 150-1.

Messianic expectations, 23-5, 28-33, 35-8, 120-1.

Metternich, and the Damascus blood-accusation, 646, 647, 653.
and the emancipation of the Jews, 519-20, 523, 527.
and the treatment of Jews in the Hanse Towns, 514.

Metz, Jews of, accused of child murder, 174-6.
deeded away, by Louis XIV, 446.
hindered from the Passover celebration, 452.
position of, 174-6.
taxed, 348.

Metz, the Jewish community of, 435.
theological seminary at, 597-8, 699-700.

Metz, Moses, follower of Joseph Delmedigo, 77.

Meyer, Edward, opponent of the Jews, and Riesser, 602.

Meyerbeer, composes the music for the reform synagogue at Leipsic,
573.

Michaelis, John David, Hebrew scholar, and Mendelssohn's "Jerusalem,"
365-6.
and "The Gatherer," 404.
opponent of the Jews, 359-60.
quoted, 414.

Michaelis, John Henry, defender of the Jews, 191.

Middlesex, Lord, and Manasseh ben Israel, 33.

Migdal Oz, Sabbataï Zevi's prison at Abydos, 148.

Mikulski, de, canon, and the Frankists, 285.

"Mirror of the Jews, The," by Hartwig Hundt, 532.

Mirabeau, admiration of, for Mendelssohn, 432.
and Henrietta Herz, 413.
favors the emancipation of the Jews, 432-4, 435, 441.
interested in the Jews, 366.
protests against a state religion, 439.
quoted, 419.

Mises, Jehuda Löb, patron of Galician students, 612-14.

Mishna, the, compiled by Judah I, 725.
translated by Surenhuysius, 193.

Mixed marriages, discussed by the Assembly of Notables, 491.
by the Synhedrion, 496-7.

Mizriczians, the, a branch of the Chassidim, 388.

Mochiach. See Mordecai of Eisenstadt.

Mochinger, John, mystic, and Manasseh ben Israel, 24.

Modena, Leo. See Leo ben Isaac Modena.

Mohammed, sultan of Turkey, death of, 634.

Mohammed El-Telli, and the Damascus blood-accusation, 633, 635, 636.

Moisling, Jews of, migrate to Lübeck, 506.

Molé, addresses the Assembly of Notables, 489-92.
imperial commissioner to the Assembly of Notables, 485.
member of Napoleon's council on the Jewish question, 479.

"Moniteur," the, on Jewish history, 485-6.

Montefiore, Judith, accompanies her husband to Damascus, 654.

Montefiore, Moses, addresses a meeting in behalf of the Damascus
Jews, 653.
and Louis Philippe, 668.
appealed to by the Jews of the East, 651.
attends a meeting for the Damascus Jews, 645.
chosen to go to Damascus, 652.
distinguished by Queen Victoria, 670.
journey of, to Damascus, 654-7.
ovations to, 668-9, 670.
received by Abdul Meg'id, 662.
received by Lord Palmerston, 669.
received by Mehmet Ali, 659.

Montefiore, Moses (continued), reception of, in France and Italy, 658.

Montesquieu, opposes the barbarous treatment of the Jews, 336.

Montezinos, de, Antonio, and the Ten Tribes, 30-31.

Moore, Dorothea, Hebrew scholar, 21.

Moravia, Jews of, banished, 252-3.
taxed, 251-2, 508.
under restrictions, 523.

Mordecai ben Nissan, explains the origin of Karaism, 183-4.

Mordecai of Eisenstadt, founder of the Polish Sabbatians, 208-9, 212.
poses as the Messiah, 208-9.

Mordecai Zevi, father of Sabbataï Zevi, 119-20.

Morpurgo, Elijah, one of the Measfim, 402.

Mortara case, the, 701.

Morteira, Saul, rabbi at Amsterdam, 32.
and Manasseh ben Israel, 34.
and Spinoza, 87, 92-3.

"Mosaic Law," by John David Michaelis, 359.

Moser, Moses, founder of the "Society for the Culture and Science of
the Jews," 583.
urges the conversion of the Jews, 587-8.

Moses da Rieti, alluded to, 112.

Muley Arshid, sultan of Morocco, oppresses the Jews, 168.

Muley Ismail, sultan of Morocco, patron of the Jews, 168.

Müller, von, Johannes, Swiss historian, friendly to the Jews, 359.
helps to frame the Westphalian constitution, 500.

Mulot, abbé, favors the emancipation of the Jews, 444, 445.

Munk, Solomon, scholar, accompanies Crémieux as interpreter, 658, 660.
and the emancipation of the Egyptian Jews, 663-4.
characterization of, 664-5.
quoted, 671-2.
work of, 665-6.
writer on Jewish philosophy, 699.

Murad el Fallat, servant of David Arari, accuses himself of the
murder of Father Tomaso, 637-638.

Musaphia, Dionysius, (Benjamin), physician and rabbi, 115.
Sabbatian, 139, 155, 161.

Mustapha Pasha, deputy-vizir, and Sabbataï Zevi, 147, 153.

Naar, Isaac, companion of Spinoza, 88, 92.
Sabbatian, 139, 150, 160.

Nachman ben Samuel Levi, Frankist preacher, 275.

Nancy, Jews of, threatened with pillage, 440.

Napoleon, calls an Assembly of Jewish Notables, 481-2.
council of, discusses the Jewish question, 479-81.
fall of, 510-11.
forms two new political divisions, 500.
hostility of, to Jews, 474, 476-7, 480.
in Palestine, 459-60.
influenced in favor of the Jews, 481.
legislation for the Jews proposed by, 498-9.
proposes a Synhedrion, 493.
return of, from Elba, 518.
satisfied with the Assembly of Notables, 492.
supremacy of, 474.

Napoleon III, protests against the Mortara abduction, 701.

Nathan Ghazati, follower of Sabbataï Zevi, 130-2, 137.
at Adrianople, 158-9.
death of, 161-2.
excommunicated, 157.
in Italy, 161.
in the rôle of Elijah, 131-2.

Nathan Nata, father of Jonathan Eibeschütz, 246.

Nathan, the hero of "Nathan the Wise," 323-4.

"Nathan the Wise," influence of, 326-7.

National Assembly, the Batavian, and the poll-tax, 458.

National Assembly, the French, abrogates exceptional regulations
against Jews, 448.
and freedom of conscience, 439.
and the Jewish question, 436, 440-443, 446-8.
and the Jews of Alsace, 447.
and the naturalization of the Portuguese Jews, 442.
considers the question of taxes, 446.
petitioned by the Jews, 437.
protects the Jews of Alsace, 446.

National Guard, the French, Jews in, 438, 443.

Natkes, member of the Galician school, excommunicated, 614.
Hebrew style of, 617.

Neander, Augustus, Church historian, asserts the groundlessness of
the blood-accusation, 650.

Neidhard, inquisitor-general, adviser of Maria Anna, of Austria, 169.

Nepi, Graziadio, rabbi, Italian deputy to the Assembly of Notables,
488.

Nesselrode, and the emancipation of the Jews, 527.

Netter, Charles, founder of the Alliance Israélite Universelle, 701.

Neumann, Andrew, ambassador at Vienna from Brandenburg, and the Jews,
173.

Nicholas, Edward, apologist for the Jews, 28-9.

Nicholas I, of Russia, and the Damascus blood-accusation, 657.

Nicolai proposes a statue to Mendelssohn, 372.

Nieto, David, rabbi at London, accuses Chayon of heresy, 227.
culture of, 200.

"Nineteen Letters on Judaism," by Ben Usiel, 627.

Nizuzoth, Kabbalistic term, 120.

Noel, French ambassador to the Batavian Republic, and the emancipation
of the Jews, 456.
interferes with the communal administration in Amsterdam, 457.

Nomologia, by Immanuel Aboab, 55.

Notables, the Assembly of, appoints a commission on the twelve
questions, 490.
called by Napoleon, 481-2.
disbands, 494.
discusses mixed marriages, 491.
Italian deputies to, 488.
meeting of, on the Sabbath, 486-7.
members of, 482-4.
presents its report to the authorities, 498.
proclamation by, 494.
purpose of, 484.
twelve questions propounded to, 489.

Notables, the Jewish, of Westphalia, 501.

Nuñes, Isaac. See Belmonte, Manuel, 113.

Nuñez da Almeida, Manuela, poetess, 203.

"Observations of an Alsatian upon the Present Quarrels of the Jews of
Alsace," by Hell, 350.

O'Connell, Daniel, on the Damascus blood-accusation, 653, 657.

Olam ha-Tikkun, Kabbalistic term, 121.

Old Testament, the, and the Puritans, 26-8.
exegesis of, 695-6.

Oldenburg, Heinrich, on Sabbatianism, 139.

Olianow, Elijah, follower of Moses Chayim Luzzatto, 245.
partisan of Eibeschütz, 262.

Oliver y Fullana, de, Nicolas, cosmographer, 113, 114.

Omar, caliph, and the Jews, 727.

"On the Speedy Glory of Judah and Israel," by Henry Jesse, 35.

Onias, Temple of, 722.

Oppenheim, painter, alluded to, 601.

Oppenheim, David, chief rabbi of Prague, Kabbalist, 217.

Oppenheim, Joseph, son of the preceding, patron of Nehemiah Chayon,
217.

Oppenheim, Samuel, philanthropist, and Eisenmenger, 189-90.
patron of the Chassidim, 213.

Oran, Jews of, banished, 169.

Orenstein, Jacob, rabbi of Lemberg, excommunicates Erter, 614-15.

"Orient, The," a German Jewish journal, 693.

Orthodox party, the, disorganization of, 567-8.
protests against the Temple innovations, 571.

Paalzow, a writer hostile to the Jews, 468.

Palestine, Napoleon in, 459-60.
wrested from Turkey, 633.

"Palingénésie," by Bonnet, 314.

Palmerston, Lord, and Montefiore, 669.
and the Damascus blood-accusation, 645-6, 652.

Pardo, Joseph, rabbi at Amsterdam, 58.

Paris, Jews of, praised by the Carmelites district, 444-5.

Pasquier, imperial commissioner to the Assembly of Notables, 485.

Pastor, a member of the Galician school, excommunicated, 614.

"Pastor Fido," translated, 114.

Patriarchate, the, 725.

Paul, apostle, influence of, 724.

Pauli, Oliger, espouses the cause of the Jews, 176-7.

Peel, Sir Robert, introduces the Damascus affair in the House of
Commons, 652-3.

Pelham, English minister, advocates the naturalization of the Jews,
337.

Penso, Isaac, philanthropist, 111.

Penso, Joseph (Felice), Marrano poet, 112-13.

Pentateuch, the, Mendelssohn's translation of, 328-9.
burnt, 332.
commentary on, 329.
in favor with the young, 334-5.
influence of, 395-6.
opposition to, 330-4.

Penya, Chayim, anti-Sabbatian, 136.
Sabbatian, 145.

Pereira, Abraham, Sabbatian, 139, 150, 160.

Pereira, Jacob Rodrigues, representative of the Bordeaux Jewish
community, 342-4.

Peringer, Gustavus, studies Karaism, 182-3.

Perl, Joseph, founds a High School in Tarnopol, 612.

Peters, Hugh, Cromwell's secretary, 43.
member of Cromwell's Jewish commission, 45.

Pfizer, opponent of the Jews, and Riesser, 602.

"Phædon, or the Immortality of the Soul," by Mendelssohn, 306-8.

Pharisees, the, a Jewish sect, 723.
activity of, 721.
Jost's view of, 594-5.

Philanthropin, school at Frankfort-on-the-Main, 674.

Philosoph, Joseph, Talmudist, father-in-law of Sabbataï Zevi, 166.
supports Jacob Querido as the Messiah, 210.

"Philosophical Conversations," by Mendelssohn, 298-9.

Philip IV, of Spain, and the Jews of Oran, 169.

Philippi, Francis Lothair. See Levi, Wolf, 213.

Picciotto, Isaac Levi, and the Damascus blood-accusation, 638-9.

Pinedo, de, Thomas (Isaac), philologist, 114.

Pinheiro, Moses, Kabbalist, 164.
Sabbatian, 123, 160.

Pinto, David, broker, partisan of Eibeschütz, 264.

Pinto, de, Aaron, espouses Chayon's cause, 222.
opposes Chacham Zevi, 223, 224, 225.

Pinto, Isaac, answers Voltaire's attack upon the Jews, 344-6.
defends the Portuguese Jews in France, 340-1, 345-7.
work of, quoted, 455.

Pintos, de, Jewish millionaires in Amsterdam, 205.

Pius VII, pope, and the emancipation of the Jews, 518.

Pius IX, pope, and the Mortara case, 700-1.

"Plaints of a Jew, The," by Joel Jacoby, 630-1.

Plantavicius, Jacob, bishop, pupil of Leo Modena, 71.

Podolia, Sabbatianism in, 228.

Poland, civil war in, 387-8.

Poland, Jews of, butchered by Cossacks, 7-11, 14.
character of, 5-6.
in the Swedish war, 15.
oppress the Cossacks, 3, 6.
persecuted by the Cossacks, 388.
position of, 1-2, 3-4.
revenue farmers, 3.
sufferings of, 15-16.
wanderings of, 16.

Poland, Rabbinical Judaism in, 385-386.
Talmud study in, 4-6, 567.

Poll-tax, the, on Jews, abolished in Austria, 357, 415.
abrogated in France, 432.
and the Batavian National Assembly, 458.
and the peace of Lüneville, 464, 465.
at the Peace Congress at Rastadt, 458.
efforts to abolish, 466-8.
in Germany, 464-5, 472.
Louis XVI abrogates, 415, 432.

Polytheism, weakness of, 709.

Poniatowski, Stanislaus Augustus, of Poland, issues laws against the
Jews, 387.

Portalis, imperial commissioner to the Assembly of Notables, 485.

Portugal re-admits Jews, 532.

Potocki, a family of the Polish nobility, 3.
Polish general, 7.

"Prayer-Book for Israelites" by the Hamburg Temple, 673.

Preteau, president of the National Assembly, defender of the Jews,
441.

Primo, Samuel, secretary of Sabbataï Zevi, 133, 213, 216.
activity of, 137.
adviser of Sabbataï Zevi, 151.
circular letter by, 143.
clings to the apostate Sabbataï Zevi, 156.
exaggerates the fame of Sabbataï Zevi, 147.
explains Sabbataï Zevi's apostasy, 157-8.

"Prophets of the Old Testament, The," by Ewald, 696.

Prophets, the, 719.

"Proposals in Favor of the Jews," by Grégoire, 437.

Prosnitz, Löbele, Sabbatian, and Jonathan Eibeschütz, 248.
exposed, 229-30.
impostures of, 218.

Prussia, constitution of, promises equality to Jews, 514.

Prussia, Jews of, emancipated partially, 507, 508.
emancipated wholly, 697.
forbidden to bear Christian names, 630.
hostility to, 524.
under Frederick I, 190-91.
under Frederick the Great, 411-12, 414.

Prynne, William, opposes the admission of Jews into England, 45-46.

Puffendorf, John, and Karaism, 183.

"Punishment of Athalia, The," by David Franco Mendes, 401.

Puritans, the, and the admission of Jews into England, 27-8.

Quadruple Alliance, the, formation of, 658.

Querido, Jacob. See Jacob Querido.

Rabbanites, reconciled with Karaites in Cairo, 664.

"Rabbi of Bacharach, The," by Heine, 549-50, 552.

Rabbinical Judaism. See Talmudical Judaism.

Rabbis, the, disregard of, in Germany, 566.
of the seventeenth century, 200-202.
Polish, 206.

Ragoczi, Transylvanian general, 15.

Ramson, a defender of the Jews, 470.

Rapoport, Solomon Jehuda, scholar, and Krochmal, 610, 617-18.
and Sachs, 690.
biographies by, 618.
characterization of, 610-11.
chief rabbi of Prague, 619.
contributor to the "Kerem Chemed," 621.
excommunicated, 614.
Hebrew style of, 617.
scientific research of, 618.
secular studies of, 611.

Rastadt, the Peace Congress at, and the emancipation of the Jews, 463.
and the poll-tax, 459.

Ratti Menton, the French consul in Damascus, and the blood-accusation,
633.
appealed to by the monks, 635.
circulates garbled reports, 643.
cross-questions the Damascus Jews, 636.
intrigues against the Damascus Jews, 639.
passes judgment upon the accused, 640.
protected by Thiers, 648.
tortures the accused, 637-8.

Reaction, the, 512-13.

Reason, the religion of, and the Jews, 450-52.

Rebbe, the, leader of the Chassidim, 392.
subordinate to the supreme Zaddik, 393.

Recha, character in "Nathan the Wise," 324.

"Reflections," by Isaac Pinto, 345.

Reform Association, the Berlin, at the Frankfort conference, 684,
685-6.
congregation of, 686-7.
established, 683.

Reform movement, the, in America, 702.

Reform party, the, aggressiveness of, 568.

Reform Temple Union, the, in Hamburg, 564.

Reformers, attitude of, towards Judaism, 629-30.

Reggio, Jewish scholar, 622.

Regnault, state councilor under Napoleon, favorable to the Jews,
480-81.

Reign of Terror, the, end of, 452.
Jews during, 450.

Reimarus, Eliza, friend of Lessing, 320.
interested in Mendelssohn's Pentateuch translation, 329.

Reimarus, Hermann Samuel, critic of Christianity, 319-23.

Reischer, Nehemiah, excommunicated, 261.

"Religious Poetry of the Jews in Spain, The," by Michael Sachs, 555,
694.

Rembrandt, illustrates one of Manasseh ben Israel's works, 38.

Renaissance, the, of Judaism, 291-292, 395-6, 558.

"Return of the Jewish Warrior, The," painting by Oppenheim, 601.

"Return of the Jews, The," by Isaac La Peyrère, 25.

Reubell, deputy to the National Assembly, opposes the emancipation of
the Jews, 441, 448.

"Revelation according to the System of the Synagogue," by Solomon
Ludwig Steinheim, 604-7.

Rhodes, the blood-accusation in, 640-41, 647.

Rhynsburgians, a Christian sect, 94.

Richelieu, de, duc, issues a command against the German Jews of
Bordeaux, 343-4.

Richter, Jean Paul, and the Jews, 533.

Riess, David, permitted to have a private synagogue in Berlin, 191.

Riesser, Gabriel, and Chacham Bernays, 673.
and the Damascus affair, 669.
and the emancipation of the Jews, 599-601.
and the Friends of Reform, 675-6.
awakens self-respect in the Jews, 602.
characterization of, 598-9.
honored by the Jews of Baden, 601.
member of the Prussian Landtag, 697.
opposes the Judæophobists, 601-602.
secretary of the Hamburg Temple, 672.
view of, of Judaism, 599.

Riesser, Lazarus, father of the preceding, affiliates with the
Hamburg Temple Union, 570-71.

Risaat Bey, presides over the inquiry into the Rhodes
blood-accusation, 570-71, 647.

Rivarola, cardinal, and the Damascus blood-accusation, 668.

"Roaring Lion, The," by Leo Modena, 74.

"Roaring of the Lion, The," by Leo Modena, 73-4.

Robert, Ludwig, letter to, from his sister, Rachel Levin, 534.

Robert, Rachel. See Levin, Rachel.

Robespierre favors the emancipation of the Jews, 441.

Robles, Antonio, Marrano merchant in London, 49.

Rocamora, de, Vincent, Marrano poet, 109-10, 113.

Rodrigues, Isaac, deputy to the National Assembly, 438.
member of Malesherbes' Jewish commission, 432.

Rohrer, Joseph, writer hostile to the Jews, 472.

Romanticism and the Jews, 515-16.

Rome, Jews of, return to the Ghetto, 518.

Rothschild, de, James, services of, in Damascus acknowledged, 653.

Rothschild, de, Lionel, elected member of Parliament, 698.

Rothschild, de, Nathaniel M., and the Damascus blood-accusation, 645.
created a peer, 698.
visits Rhodes on account of the blood-accusation, 647.

Rothschild, Mayer Amschel, founder of the house of Rothschild, 514.
representative of the Frankfort Jews, 505.

Rothschild, the house of, power of, 513-14.

Rothschilds, the, appealed to by the
Jews of the East, 651.
house of, in Frankfort, attacked, 529-30.

Rubio, Abraham, Sabbatian, 145.

Rückert, poet, the master of Sachs, 692.

Rühs, Friedrich, professor of history, writes against the Jews,
516-17.

Russia, Jews of, 472-3.
supports Turkey, 634.

Russians, the, allied with Chmielnicki, 14.

Sabbataï Raphael, emissary of Sabbataï Zevi, 133, 137, 157.
poses as prophet in Germany, 160.

Sabbataï Zevi, and Nehemiah Cohen, 152-3.
and Rabbinical Judaism, 152.
as Messiah, 122, 134, 162-3.
asceticism of, 119.
at Abydos, 148, 151.
brothers of, 145.
characterization of, 118.
converted to Islamism, 154.
death of, 166.
duplicity of, 165-6.
excommunicated, 122.
forms a Turkish-Jewish sect, 163.
homage paid to, 141-2.
in Cairo, 124-5, 128-9.
in Constantinople, 146-8.
in Jerusalem, 127, 132-3.
in Salonica, 124.
in Smyrna, 133-7.
marriages of, 128-9, 154, 166.
news of conversion of, how received, 155-6.
on his conversion, 155.
rewards his followers, 145.
studies of, 118.
wealth of, 123.

Sabbatian view, the, of the Messiah, 142-3.

Sabbatianism among Christians, 151.
and Rabbinical Judaism, 142.
effect of, on Judaism, 232.
in Amsterdam, 150.
in Europe, 149-50.
in Podolia, 228.
spread of, 245.

Sabbatians, converted to Mahometanism, 154, 211.
doctrines of the, 274.
excommunicated, 157.
in Adrianople, 159.
in Amsterdam, 138-41, 155.
in Constantinople, 146-8.
in Hamburg, 138-41, 155.
in London, 141.
in Poland, 271-2.
in Salonica, 211.
in Smyrna, 134-5.
Polish, emigrate to the Holy Land, 212.

Sabilenki, Zachariah, and Chmielnicki, 7.

Sachs, Michael, rabbi in Berlin, and Holdheim, 691.
and Rapoport, 690.
and the reform movement, 691-2.
as a preacher, 689-90, 692.
as a Talmudist, 690-91.
Bible exegete, 692, 693, 695, 699.
characterization of, 687-9.
contributions by, to Jewish literature, 692-4.
contributor to the "Kerem Chemed," 622.
translation of the Bible by, 693.
writer on the Jewish poetry of the Middle Ages, 555, 693-4.

Sadducees, a Jewish sect, 723.

"Sahaduta di Mehemnuta," a Sabbatian work, 162.

Saint Etienne, Rabaud, favors freedom of conscience, 439.

St. John, Oliver, and Manasseh ben Israel, 33-4.

Salins, François, persecutor of the Damascus Jews, 661.

Salman, of Lemberg, spy upon Moses Chayim Luzzatto, 240.

Salman, of Liadi, Chassidistic leader, 393, 394.

Salomon, Gotthold, preacher at the Hamburg Temple, 564-5.

Salomons, and the Damascus blood-accusation, 645.

Salomons, David, elected member of Parliament, 698.

Salonica, Sabbataï Zevi in, 124.
Sabbatians in, 211.

Saloniki, Moses, arrested on the blood-accusation in Damascus, 636.

Salvador, Jonah, and Richard Simon, 180.
saves the Jews of Metz, 175-6.

"Salvation of the Jews, The," Mendelssohn's preface to the "Vindiciæ
Judæorum," 362-3.

Samaritans, the first Judæan sect, 721.

Samson, the Syrian Hercules, 715.

Samuel ben Aaron, on Karaism, 183.

Samuel, son of Manasseh ben Israel, 38.

Samun, rabbi of Leghorn, and the Temple innovations, 571.

Sand, Karl, murderer of Kotzebue, 528.

Sarah, wife of Sabbataï Zevi, 128-9.
at Abydos, 149.
converted to Islam, 154.
influence of, 130, 135.

Saruk, Israel, Kabbalist, 54.

Sason, the Prussian consul, protects the Jews of Beyrout, 641.

Sasportas family, the, dragomans in Oran, 169.

Sasportas, Jacob, scholar and rabbi, anti-Sabbatian, 138, 141, 150,
161.
companion of Manasseh ben Israel, 38.
rabbi in London, 50.

Sasportas, Jacob, active in the emancipation of the Dutch Jews, 455.

Satanow, Isaac, one of the Measfim, 400.

Saubert, John, and Jacob Jehuda Leon, 115.

Savoy, Jews settle in, 169.

Saxony, Jews of, under restrictions, 509.

Scaliger, Joseph, philologist, 20, 21.

Schiller, and Solomon Maimon, 409.

Schimmelpenink, grand pensioner of the Batavian Republic, and the
emancipation of the Jews, 458.

Schlegel, Frederick, and Dorothea Mendelssohn, 423-4.

Schleiermacher, and Henrietta Herz, 423.
repudiates the connection between Judaism and Christianity, 426-427.

Schmidt, of Hildburghausen, defends the Jews, 522.

Schmidt, the Bremen deputy to the Congress of Vienna, opposes the
emancipation of the Jews, 519.

Schor, Elisha, a Polish Sabbatian, 275.
composes the Frankist confession of faith, 280.

Schudt, author of "Jewish Curiosities," 549.

Schurmann, Anna Maria, Hebrew scholar, 21.

"Schutz-Jude," a protected Jew, 304.
abolished in Prussia, 507.

Schwager, an author friendly to the Jews, 358.

"Scientific Journal, The," a German-Jewish journal, 625.

Segre, Joshua Benzion, Italian deputy to the Assembly of Notables,
488.
member of the commission on the twelve questions, 490.
vice-president of the Synhedrion, 495.

Ségur, state councilor under Napoleon, friendly to the Jews, 480-481.

Selden, John, Hebrew scholar, 21.

Selig (Selek), Eliakim, sent to Rome to obtain the acquittal of the
Jews from the blood-accusation, 282, 285.

Serach ben Nathan, Karaite, and Joseph Delmedigo, 76-7.

Sermon, the German, introduced into the synagogue, 562.

Serra, Nicolas, papal nuncio, credits the blood-accusation, 285-6.
opposed to the Frankist converts, 285.

Serrarius, Peter, and Messianic expectations, 24, 36.

Sèze, de, favors the emancipation of the Jews, 442.

"Shaagath Aryeh," by Leo Modena, 73.

Shäbs. See Sabbatians.

Shach. See Cohen, Sabbataï.

Shachna, Polish Talmudist, 4.

Shakers, the, founded, 378.

Shammai, work of, 723.

Sheloh. See Hurwitz, Isaiah.

Sherif Pasha, governor of Damascus, circulates Lucio Ferrajo's book
against the Jews, 639.
executed, 661.
ordered to stop the persecution of the Jews, 648.
orders a translation of Talmudical passages, 640.
permits the persecution of suspected Jews, 635.
releases the Damascus prisoners, 661.
tortures the accused Jews of Damascus, 636, 637.

Shibli Ajub, and the Damascus blood-accusation, 633.

Shlomel, Kabbalist, 55.

"Short Demurrer, A," by William Prynne, 45-6.

Short Parliament, the, dissolution of, 35.
Puritan character of, 34.

Sid Gailand, sultan of Morocco, oppresses the Jews, 168.

Sigismund III, of Poland, bigotry of, 2.

Silesia, Jews of, heavily taxed, 508.

Silveira, Isaac, companion of Sabbataï Zevi, 145.

Silveyra, Miguel, Marrano poet, 111.

Simon Episcopius, and Manasseh ben Israel, 22.

Simon, Richard, Father of the Oratory, as Bible critic, 178-9.
defends the Jews, 175-6, 180-81.
intercourse of, with Jews, 180.
scoffs at Kabbalistic superstition, 202.
translates Leo Modena's "Rites," 180.

Sinzheim, Joseph David, rabbi, addresses the Synhedrion, 495.
answer of, to the twelve questions, 490-91.
characterization of, 559.
forced to flee from Strasburg, 452.
member of the Assembly of Notables, 483-4.
member of the commission on the twelve questions, 490.
president of the French central consistory, 502.
president of the Synhedrion, 495.

Skytte, Swedish royal councilor, plans a university, 174.

Smith, member of parliament, addresses the Mansion House meeting in
behalf of the Damascus Jews, 656.

Smyrna, commercial importance of, 119.
Sabbataï Zevi in, 133-7.

"Society for the Culture and Science of the Jews, The," aims of,
584-586.
dissolution of, 587.
founded in Berlin, 583.
journal of, 585, 586.

"Society for the Good and the Noble, The," 403.

"Society for the Promotion of Christianity among Jews, The,"
foundation of, 587.

"Society of Friends, The," and the reform movement in Berlin, 563.
union against the orthodox party, 418-19.

Sofer, Moses, rabbi, orthodox leader, 567.
protests against the Temple innovations, 572.

Sofino, Raphael, Sabbatian, 160.

Solomon, Kabbalist, 55.

Solomon, of Rohatyn, makes a Catholic confession of faith, 285.

"Songs of Glory," by Wessely, 404.

"Songs of Obadiah ben Amos in Exile, The," by Steinheim, 603-604.

Spain, Jews expelled from, 728-9.
Jews of, 727-9.
persecution of Jews in, 169.

Spalding, translates Wessely's "Songs of Glory," 404.

Speeth, John Peter, defends the Jews, 177.

Spinoza, Baruch, attacked, 93-4.
character of, 107-8.
characterization of, 86.
death of, 167.
defends freedom of thought, 95-7.
doubts of, 89-90.
excommunicated, 93, 94-5.
explains the Jewish state, 103-7.
idea of, of God, 98-9.
idea of, of Judaism and Christianity, 101-3.
idea of, of man, 99-101.
studies of, 87-9.
theory of, of the state, 96-7.
trade of, 95.
youth of, 87.

Spira, Nathan, emissary from Palestine, 126.

"Spirit of the Laws, The," by Montesquieu, 336.

Stambuli, Aaron, suspected of the murder of Father Tomaso, 638.

"Stättigkeit," the Frankfort legislation against Jews, 503.

Steel, Lord Chief Baron, member of Cromwell's Jewish commission, 43.

Steinheim, Solomon Ludwig, physician, philosopher, and poet, 602-7,
699.
characterization of, 602-3.
first production by, 603-4.
isolation of, 606-7.
view of, of Judaism, 604-6.

Strasburg, Jews excluded from, 349.
Jews of, hostility to, 476-7.

Streckfuss, opponent of the Jews, and Riesser, 602.

"Stübel," hermitage of the Zaddik, 382.

Suasso, Isaac (Antonio), and William III, of England, 205.

Sullam, Sarah, poetess, 68-70.
and Ansaldo Ceba, 69.
on the immortality of the soul, 70.

Sulzer, musician in the Vienna temple, 581.

"Summons," addressed to the princes of Europe by Michael Berr, 460-61.

Surenhuysius, William, Hebrew scholar, and the Jews, 194.
translates the Mishna, 193-4.

Synhedrion, a, proposed by Napoleon, 493.

Synhedrion, the, composition of, 493.
dissolution of, 498.
enactments of, 497.
first meeting of, 495-6.
work of, 496-7.

Synod, the, of the Four Countries, 3-4.
not permitted to assemble, 387.

Syria, returned to Turkey, 661.
wrested from Turkey, 633.

"Tables of Testimony, The," by Jonathan Eibeschütz, 270.

Talleyrand, bishop of Autun, on the emancipation of the Jews, 442.

Talmud, the, attacked, 73-4, 77.
authority of, 726.
burned, 282.
denounced by the Frankists, 279, 280.
despised, 694.
of the Orient, attacked, 651.
scientifically treated, 694-5.
study of, in Poland, 4-6, 567.

Talmud Torah, the Amsterdam synagogue, 167.

Talmudical Judaism, and Sabbatianism, 142, 152.
and the Kabbala, 144.
attacked, 213, 727.
attacked by Holdheim, 680-81.
attacked by the "Moniteur," 485-486.
in Poland, 385-6.
opposed by Chassidism, 379, 386.

Talmudical schools, the, decay of, 566-7.
decline of, 699.

Talmudists, 4.

"Tantalus in the Lawsuit," comedy by Frederick the Great, 339.

Tarnopol, culture strivings in, 612.

Teller, consistorial councilor, and Jews desiring baptism, 421-22.

Temple, the Hamburg, 564-5.
opposition to, 569-70, 571-2.
prayer-book of, 570.

Templo. See Leon, Jacob Jehuda.

Ten Tribes, the, and Manasseh ben Israel, 31.
theories about, 30-31.

Teutomania, and the Jews, 515-16.

Texeira, Isaac (Manuel), appealed to by the Jews of Vienna, 171.
Sabbatian, 140.

Texeiras, Jewish millionaires, 205.

Theodosius II, emperor, persecutes the Jews, 725.

Theological seminaries, 699-700.

"Theologico-Political Treatise, The," by Spinoza, 95-109.

Thibaut, professor at Heidelberg, protects the Jews, 531.

Thiers, and Louis Philippe, 648.
and the Damascus blood-accusation, 648-50.
questioned by Achille Fould on the Damascus affair, 649.
reproached for protecting Ratti Menton, 658.

Thiery, favors the emancipation of the Jews, 434.

Tholuck, Bible exegete, 695.

Thompson, chairman of the Mansion House meeting in behalf of the
Damascus Jews, 656.

"To the Friends of Lessing," by Jacobi, 372.

Toland, John, champion of the Jews, 197-8.

Toledano, Daniel, adviser of Muley Ismail, 168.

Tomaso, Father, disappearance of, 634-5.

Trajan, persecution by, 725.

"Treatise on the Immortality of the Soul, A," by Samuel da Silva, 59.

"Treatise on the Position of the Hebrews, A," by Simone Luzzatto,
81-4.

Treves, Israel, disciple of Moses Chayim Luzzatto, 237.

Treves, pilgrimage to, 682.

Trier, Solomon, invites discussion on circumcision, 677.

Trieste, Jews of, addressed by Wessely, 370-71.
petition for a normal school, 369.

Trigland, Jacob, inquires into Karaism, 183-4.

"True Shepherd, The," translated, 114.

Tuch, Bible exegete, 695.

Tucker, Josiah, attacked for defending the Jews, 338.

Tugaï Bey, Tartar leader, 11.

Tugend-Bund, a Berlin society, 423.

Turkey, and the European powers, 634.

Turkey, Jews of, emancipated, 641.
treatment of, 168.
urged to learn Turkish, 664.

Tusti, Father, urges the blood-accusation against the Damascus Jews,
635.

Tyrol, Jews excluded from, 523.

Unger, Christian Theophilus, disciple of Basnage, 197.

"Union of American Hebrew Congregations, The," 702.

United States, the, Jews of, 702.

"Upon Mendelssohn and the Political Reform of the Jews," by Mirabeau,
432-3.

"Upon the Aim of Jesus and His Disciples," one of the "Wolfenbüttel
Fragments," 321.

"Upon the Civil Amelioration of the Condition of the Jews," by Dohm,
352-8.

"Upon the Inutility of the Jews in the Kingdoms of Bohemia and
Moravia," pamphlet against the Jews, 359.

Usque, Solomon, dramatist, alluded to, 70.

Uziel, Isaac, rabbi at Amsterdam, 58.

Vaad Arba Arazoth. See Synod, The, of the Four Countries.

Valensino, an Alexandrian Jew, supports Crémieux in the establishment
of schools, 663.

Van den Enden, Franz, teacher of Spinoza, 88-9.

Vanni, mufti, converts Sabbatians, 154.
instructs Sabbataï Zevi, 162.
proposes to convert Sabbataï Zevi to Islamism, 153.

Van Oven, Bernard, addresses the London meeting in behalf of the
Damascus Jews, 653.

Van Swieden, a writer against the Jews, 453.

Vantabiet, Armenian bishop, antagonizes the Damascus Jews, 662.

Varnhagen von Ense, and the Jews, 533, 534.

Vega Enriques, de, Rachel, wife of Jacob de Chaves, 242.

Veit, member of the Prussian Landtag, 697.

Veit, Simon, husband of Dorothea Mendelssohn, 424.

Veitel, Ephraim, jeweler, and Voltaire, 339.
founder of a school, 405.

Venice, the Jewish community of, 68.

Victoria, of England, and Montefiore's journey to Damascus, 654.
and the emancipation of the Jews, 698.
distinguishes Montefiore, 670.

Vienna, Congress of, and the emancipation of the Jews, 513-15, 518-20.

Vienna, Jews of, 170-72.
heavily taxed, 508.
petition the emperor, 172.

Vienna, the new temple in, 581.

Viennet, proposes the abolition of a state religion in France, 597.

Villa-Real, de, Manuel Fernando, martyr, 91.

"Vindiciæ Judæorum," translated into German, 362.

Vishnioviecki, a family of the Polish nobility, 3.
Polish prince, protects the Jews, 10-11.

Vita, Abraham, di Cologna, rabbi, characterization of, 559.
Italian deputy to the Assembly of Notables, 488.
member of the commission on the twelve questions of the Synhedrion,
490.
member of the French central consistory, 502.
vice-president of the Synhedrion, 495.

Vital, Chayim, Calabrese, Kabbalist, in Damascus, 52-3.

Vital, Moses, brother of Chayim, and Kabbala Mss., 53.

Vital, Samuel, son of Chayim Vital, 53, 125.

Viva, Isaac, writer, 188.

Vladislav, of Poland, death of, 8.

Voltaire, de, Arouet, and the Jews, 338-40, 345.
answered by Isaac Pinto, 344-6.
criticises Judaism, 340.

Von Bohlen, Bible exegete, 695.

Voss, von, Julius, writer of comedies, defends the Jews, 533.

Vossius, Dionysius, translator of the "Conciliador," 22.

Vossius, Isaac, and Manasseh ben Israel, 22, 37.

Vossius, John Gerard, senior, and Manasseh ben Israel, 22.

Vries, de, Simon, a friend of Spinoza, 107.

Wagenseil, John Christopher, Hebraist, and the Jews, 185-7.

Way, Lewis, champions the cause of the Jews at the Congress of
Aix-la-Chapelle, 525-7.

Wenzel, Francis, convert, maligns the Jews, 191.

Werry, the English consul, and the Damascus blood-accusation, 639.

Wertheimer, Joseph, founder of the "Israelitische Allianz," 703.

Wessely, Hartwig (Naphtali-Herz), Hebrew poet, 366-71.
addresses the Jews of Trieste, 370-371.
attacked by the orthodox, 369-71.
compared with Mendelssohn, 367.
on general culture for the Jews, 368-9.
praises Emperor Joseph II, 368.
works of, 404.
works on the Pentateuch translation, 334.

Wessely, Moses, patron of Lessing, 326.

Westphalia, consistory of, Jacobson's influence over, 562.

Westphalia, Jews of, consistorial organization of, 501-2.
emancipated, 500.
under restrictions, 525.

William III, of England, and Isaac Suasso, 205.

Wilna, Chassidim in, 391.

Wilna, Elijah, scholar, antagonizes Talmudic subtlety, 389.
character of, 389.
extra-Talmudic studies of, 390.
introduces the Mendelssohn Pentateuch translation into Poland, 329.
opinion of, on the Kabbala, 390-391.
opponent of Chassidism, 391-2, 393-4.

Wolf, Aaron Benjamin, rabbi at Berlin, and Chayon, 219, 220.

Wolf, Christopher, disciple of Basnage, 197.

"Wolfenbüttel Fragments, The," by Reimarus, 320-23.

Wolfssohn, Aaron, editor of Ha-Meassef, 400.

"Wonderworker, The, by means of the Invocation in the Name of God,"
Israel of Miedziboz, 375.

"Word to the Impartial, A," by Ransom, 470.

"Words of Peace and Truth," by Hartwig Wessely, 368-70.

Wülfer, John, Hebraist, and the Alenu prayer, 184-5.

Würzburg, the "hep, hep" persecution in, 528-9.

Yachini, Abraham, Sabbatian, 123, 145.

Yavan, Baruch, opponent of Eibeschütz, 263.

Yekutiel, of Wilna, disciple of Moses Chayim Luzzatto, 237-8, 245.

Yizchaki, Abraham, anti-Sabbatian, 220.

Young Germany, and the emancipation of the Jews, 602.
led by Börne and Heine, 556.

Young Israel, influenced by Hegel, 585.

Zacut, Moses, Kabbalist, companion of Spinoza, 87-8.
Sabbatian, 138.
superstition of, 201-2.

Zaddik, the, Chassidean leader, 380-383.
chosen from the family of Beer of Mizricz, 393.
pilgrimages to, 383-5.

Zamosc, Israel, teacher of Mendelssohn, 295.

Zaporogians. See Cossacks.

Zemach, Jacob, Marrano physician, 125-6.

Zevi Ashkenazi. See Ashkenazi, Zevi.

Zevi, Jacob. See Jacob Querido.

Zevi, Joseph. See Joseph Zevi.

Zevi, Mordecai. See Mordecai Zevi.

Zevi, Sabbataï. See Sabbataï Zevi.

Zinzendorf, count, petitioned by the Jews of Trieste, 369.

Zion, a Hebrew journal, 693.

Zohar, the, predictions of, 121-2.
proved a forgery, 278.

Zohar Tinyana, by Moses Chayim Luzzatto, 237.

Zoharites. See Frankists.

Zunz, Leopold, Jewish scholar, 619-621.
contributor to the "Kerem Chemed," 622.
critical work by, 620-21.
disproves the blood-accusation, 669.
founder of the "Society for the Culture and Science of the Jews,"
583.
on mediæval Jewish literature, 694.
on the science of Judaism, 588.

Transcriber's Notes:

Punctuation, hyphenation, and spelling were made consistent when a predominant preference was found in this book; otherwise they were not changed.

Simple typographical errors were corrected.

Ambiguous hyphens at the ends of lines were retained.

Inconsistent use of small-caps and Proper caps in names unchanged.

Inconsistent use of periods after Regnal numbers not changed.

The Index was not checked for correct page references.

Page 46: "John Hoornbeek" is spelled "John Hoornbeck" on page 747 of the Index.

Page 312: "he ask Lavater" was printed that way.

Page 710: "conscience at sighs of a" is printed as "sight" in another edition of this book.