Chapter II: Introduction: v

BOOK X.

THE REFORMATION IN SCOTLAND.

CHAPTER I.

PREPARATION OF REFORM.

(FROM THE SECOND CENTURY TO THE YEAR 1522.)

Religion the Key to History--The same Life everywhere produced by
the Divine Spirit--Three successive Impulses: the Culdees,
Wickliffe, John Huss--Struggle between Royalty and the
Nobility--John Campbell, Laird of Cessnock--Charged with
Heresy--Acquitted by the King--Battle of Flodden--Death of
James IV.--Episcopal Election in Scotland--Alesius--Patrick
Hamilton--John Knox--Troubles during the Minority of the
King--Young Hamilton at the University of Paris--Becomes acquainted
with the Lutheran Reformation 1

CHAPTER II.

BEGINNING OF THE MOVEMENT OF REFORM.

(1522 TO APRIL 1527.)

John Mayor Professor at Glasgow--Patrick Hamilton at University of
St. Andrews--Luther’s Writings introduced into
Scotland--Prohibited by the Parliament--Character of the young
King--James V. declared of Age--Sides with the
Priests--The Clerical Party overcome--Tyndale’s New Testament
circulated--Evangelical Doctrines preached by Patrick
Hamilton--Renewed Influence of Archbishop Beatoun--Hamilton
declared a Heretic--Cited before the Archbishop--Escapes to the
Continent 18

CHAPTER III.

DEDICATION OF HAMILTON IN GERMANY TO THE REFORMATION
OF SCOTLAND.

(SPRING, SUMMER, AND AUTUMN, 1527.)

Hamilton at Marburg--His Introduction to Lambert
d’Avignon--University of Marburg--Science and Faith--Hamilton’s
Study of the Scriptures--Reason for his not visiting
Wittenberg--Luther’s Illness--The Plague at Wittenberg--Hamilton’s
Disputation at Marburg--His Theses--The Attack and the
Defence--Hamilton’s new Theses--The pith of Theology in
them--Hamilton’s Return to Scotland 30

CHAPTER IV.

EVANGELIZATION, TRIBULATIONS AND SUCCESS OF HAMILTON IN
SCOTLAND.

(END OF 1527 TO END OF FEBRUARY 1528.)

The New Testament proscribed--Hamilton’s Zeal--Reception of the
Gospel by his Kinsfolk--His Preaching near Kincavil--Eagerness
of Crowds to hear him--His Marriage--Plot of the Priests against
his Life--Summoned to St. Andrews by the Archbishop--His increased
Zeal--Snares laid for him by the Priests--His Disputation with
Alesius--Conversion of Alesius to the Truth--Hamilton betrayed
by Alexander Campbell--Hamilton’s Death determined on--The King
removed out of the Way--Attempt of Sir James Hamilton to save his
Brother--Armed Resistance of the Archbishop 42

CHAPTER V.

APPEARANCE, CONDEMNATION, MARTYRDOM OF HAMILTON.

(END OF FEBRUARY-MARCH 1, 1528.)

Hamilton’s Appearance before the Episcopal Council--His
Heresies--His Answer--Attempt of Andrew Duncan to rescue
him--Hamilton confined in the Castle--The Inquisitorial
Court--Hamilton in the Presence of his Judges--Debates--Insults--His
Sentence--Preparation of Execution--Hamilton at the Stake--Vexed and
insulted by Campbell--Hamilton’s Family and Native Land--Duration of
his Sufferings--The two Hamiltons 56

CHAPTER VI.

ALESIUS.

(FEBRUARY 1528 TO END OF 1531.)

The ‘Crowns of the Martyrs’--Various Feelings excited about the
Martyr--Escape of the King from his Keepers--The Reins of Government
seized by James V.--Victory of the Priests--Alesius confirmed by
death of Hamilton--His discourse before Provincial Synod--His
imprisonment in a Dungeon--Order of the King to liberate
him--Stratagem of Prior Hepburn--Removal of Alesius to a fouler
Dungeon--Plot of the Prior against his Life--Scheme of the Canons
for his Escape--His Flight by Night--Pursuit by the Prior--His
Flight to Germany 70

CHAPTER VII.

CONFESSORS OF THE GOSPEL AND MARTYRS MULTIPLIED IN
SCOTLAND.

(END OF 1531 TO 1534.)

Conspiracy of the Nobles against the Priests--Their Compact with
Henry VIII.--Intrigues of the Romish Party--Alexander Seaton,
Confessor to the King--His boldness--His Flight to England--Letter
of Alesius to the King--Reply of Cochlæus--Henry Forrest--His
Degradation--His Execution--David Straiton, of Lauriston--His
Conversion--His Trial--And Martyrdom--Trial of Catherine
Hamilton--Flight of Evangelicals from Scotland 84

CHAPTER VIII.

BREACH OF THE KING OF SCOTLAND WITH ENGLAND--ALLIANCE
WITH FRANCE AND THE GUISES.

(1534 TO 1539.)

Alliance of James V. sought by Henry VIII.--Failure--New attempts
of Henry VIII.--Thomas Forrest--His fidelity--His Interview with
the Bishop of Dunkeld--Discontent of the People--Negotiations at
Rome--Marriage of James V. with Madeleine of Valois--Death of the
young Queen--Second Marriage of the King with Mary of Lorraine 99

CHAPTER IX.

INFLUENCE OF DAVID BEATOUN PREDOMINANT--REVIVAL OF
PERSECUTION.

(1539.)

Cardinal David Beatoun--His complete Control of the King--War on
the Rich--The Ransom of Balkerley--Numerous
Imprisonments--Scotland watched by Henry VIII.--Killon’s
audacious Drama--Trial of Killon and Thomas Forrest--Their
Execution--Buchanan in Prison--His Escape--Kennedy and Jerome
Russel--Their Imprisonment--Trial--Courage--And Martyrdom 110

CHAPTER X.

TERGIVERSATIONS OF JAMES V.--NEGOTIATIONS WITH HENRY
VIII.--THEIR FAILURE.

(1540 TO 1542.)

Changed Inclination of the King of Scotland--His Censure of the
Bishops--Cleverness of the Cardinal--Colloquies of Bishops at St.
Andrews--Return of the King to the side of Rome--Birth of his
Son--Birth of a second Son--His Remorse--A Dream--Death of his two
Sons--Fresh Attempts of Henry VIII.--Project of an Interview at
York--Journey of the King of England to York--Efforts of the
Bishops to prevent the Interview--Absence of James V. from the
Rendezvous 124

CHAPTER XI.

WAR BETWEEN ENGLAND AND SCOTLAND.--DEATH OF JAMES V.

(1542.)

Anger of Henry VIII.--Skirmishes--Fears of James V.--Aim of Henry
VIII.--The Crown of Scotland--Invasion of Scotland by Duke of
Norfolk--Refusal of the Scottish Army to march--Proscription List
drawn up by the Bishops--Their Alliance with the King--Levy of a
new Army by Bishops--Oliver Sinclair named
Commander-in-Chief--Disgraceful Rout--Anxiety of James V.--His
Dejection--His Despair--Birth of Mary Stuart--Death of the King 136

CHAPTER XII.

REGENCY OF EARL OF ARRAN.--IMPRISONMENT OF BEATOUN.--TREATY
OF PEACE WITH ENGLAND.

(1542 TO MARCH 1543.)

Ambition of Beatoun--Pretended Will of the King--Assembly of the
Nobles--Earl of Arran proclaimed Regent--Evangelicals associated
with him--The two Chaplains--Projects of Henry
VIII.--Negotiations--Arrest of the Cardinal--Results of this
Act--Scotland laid under Interdict--Parliament of Edinburgh--The
Scriptures in the Vulgar Tongue--Debates on the Subject--Freedom
of the Scriptures--General Rejoicing--Treaty with
England--Confirmation of the Treaty 151

CHAPTER XIII.

LIBERATION OF BEATOUN--HIS SEIZURE OF POWER--BREACH OF
THE TREATY--FRESH PERSECUTIONS.

(MARCH 1543 TO SUMMER 1544.)

The Ultramontane Party--The Abbot of Paisley--Liberation of the
Cardinal--His Intrigues--Insults offered to the English
Ambassador--Refusal of the Regent to deliver the
Hostages--Armed Gatherings--Weakness of the Regent--His Abjuration
before the Cardinal--Coronation of Mary Stuart--Declaration of War
in Scotland by Henry VIII.--Earl of Lennox--Triumph of the
Cardinal--William Anderson, Hellen Stirke, James Raveleson, and
Robert Lamb--Sentence of death passed on them--Fruitless
Intercession--Affecting Death of Hellen Stirke--The English Fleet
at Leith--Landing of the English Army--Capture and Pillage of
Edinburgh--Plans of Henry VIII. postponed 166

CHAPTER XIV.

WISHART--HIS MINISTRY AND HIS MARTYRDOM.

(SUMMER OF 1544 TO MARCH 1546.)

Preaching of Wishart at Dundee--The Churches closed against
him--Open-air Preaching--The Plague of Dundee--Wishart’s Return
thither--Attempt of a Priest to Assassinate him--Snares laid for
him--His Announcement of his approaching Death--Wishart joined by
Knox--Approach of Wishart to Edinburgh--His redoubled
Zeal--Desertion of his Friends--His last Preaching--His
Arrest--Given up to the Cardinal--His Trial opposed by the
Regent--Persistence of the Cardinal--The Ecclesiastical Court--The
Accuser Lauder--Insults--Calumnies--Condemnation--Refusal of the
Sacrament--A true Supper--Wishart’s Address to the People--His
Martyrdom 185

CHAPTER XV.

CONSPIRACY AGAINST BEATOUN--HIS DEATH.

(MARCH TO MAY 1546.)

Triumph of the Cardinal--Conspiracy of his Enemies--Meeting of the
Conspirators at St. Andrews--Seizure of the Castle--The Cardinal’s
Servants driven away--Murder of Beatoun--Wishart’s Sentence--Siege
of the Castle--Capitulation of the Conspirators--Grounds of the
Triumph of the Reformation in Scotland--Two Kings and Two
Kingdoms--Priest and Pastor 207

BOOK XI.

CALVIN AND THE PRINCIPLES OF HIS REFORM.

CHAPTER I.

CALVIN AT GENEVA AND IN THE PAYS DE VAUD.

(1536.)

Geneva prepared for its Part--Calvin--His Desire for
Retirement--Reader in Holy Scripture--Calvin’s Teaching--Authorship
of Discipline--Application of Discipline before Calvin--Doctrine of
Jesus Christ the Soul of the Church--Calvin and the Huguenots--His
Engagement with the Council of Geneva--His Name not mentioned--The
Gospel in the Pays de Vaud--Viret at Lausanne--Images--Two Masses a
Week--Notice of a great Disputation--Prohibited by the
Emperor--Convoked by Council of Berne--Indecision of the Townsmen
of Lausanne 219

CHAPTER II.

THE DISPUTATION OF LAUSANNE.

(OCTOBER 1536.)

The Champions of the two Parties--Preparations of the two
Parties--Ten Theses of Farel--His Discourse--Opening of the
Disputation--Protest of the Canons--Farel’s Reply--Doctor
Blancherose--The Vicar Drogy--Justification by Faith--The Church
and the Scriptures--Caroli--The Real Presence--Testimony of the
Fathers--Calvin--His Statement of the Doctrine of the
Fathers--Christ’s Mortal Body and his Glorified Body--The Body and
the Blood--The Spiritual Presence of Christ--Conversion of Jean
Tandy--His Monastic Dress put off--The last Theses--The Trinity of
Doctor Blancherose--Lent--Ignorance of the Priests--Calvin and
Hildebrand--Closing Discourse by Farel--Jesus Christ and not the
Pope--Salvation not in Outward Things--Appeal to the
Priests--Address to the Lords of Berne 235

CHAPTER III.

EXTENSION OF THE REFORM IN THE PAYS DE VAUD.

(END OF 1536.)

Moral Reform at Lausanne--Images--Alarm of the Canons--Removal of
Images ordered by Berne--Success of the Disputation at
Lausanne--Reformation decreed at Lausanne--Caroli first
Pastor--Reformation at Vevey--At Lutry--Farel’s Search for
Evangelical Ministers--Ministers of the Pays de Vaud--Formula of
the Lords of Berne--Unworthy Ministers--Edict of
Reformation--Departure of Priests and Monks--Conference at
Geneva 260