Chapter D: The Stomach Fungi (3)

In the soil or substrate the hyphae of agarics frequently grow in close contact with each other, indeed the intertwining of such hyphae to form small knots is common in many fungi. In these intertwining hyphae, those close together divide and branch, later branching again to form a heap of tissue. The fruit-body develops from, or within, this knot and at its earliest stage is usually covered by loosely branched and irregularly arranged hyphae. To the unaided eye the primordium, for this is what such a structure or early beginning is called, appears to be enveloped in a mass of pale hyphal strands, often giving the fruit-body a woolly appearance when seated on the soil, wood, herbaceous debris, etc. If more than one primordium develops in close proximity, usually all but one abort early in development, or they remain checked in formation at this stage until those close by have matured. Some species which grow on wood are caespitose, that is clustered together, and in these cases all or many more of the primordia develop fully and simultaneously.

Often it is possible to search and find these primordia in the fields and woods, and if they are examined under the low-power of a microscope it is possible to study how the fruit-body subsequently develops from its small beginnings and the part played by the ring and volva in the development determined. Thus the origin of the veil can be located, its development followed as well as its disintegration. When the fungus is grown in pure culture on sterile dung, or soil, or wood, or simply on artificial media prepared in the laboratory the full sequence of events can be more easily followed. This is how the professional mycologist conducts his observations. By very careful studies it has been found in recent years that the development of the fruit-body, the origin of the gills, etc. can assist in the classification of the higher fungi. Thus some species have no protective tissue around the developing gills (gymnocarpic) whilst others have one or even two, simple or complex, tissues around the developing gills or pores (hemiangiocarpic). It is these tissues which give rise to the ring, volva, cortina, etc. This most exciting part of the study of the higher fungi is illustrated in the accompanying figures (Figs. 12 & 13) along with the various types of gill-attachment mentioned in the text (Fig. 11 A-H). If the agaric has two tissues surrounding it as the cap expands and matures, first the outer tissue or skin breaks leaving pieces on the stem and/or cap and then the second skin breaks as the cap expands still further. The last skin leaves remnants on the stem and sometimes bits and pieces at the cap margin. Only now can the agaric shed its spores from the fully exposed gills.

Fig. 12

Fig. 13

Fig. 14]

(v) References

A. Reference Texts

Some references have already been given on p. 264. Findlay, Hvass & Hvass, Lange & Hora, Nicholson & Brightman, Wakefield and Dennis and Zeitlmayr.

In addition to these the following texts are suggested:

Henderson, D. M., Orton, P. D. & Watling, R. (1969). _British Fungus
Flora: Agarics and Boleti: Introduction_, H.M.S.O., Edinburgh.

Hennig, E. (1958-60). _Handbuch für Pilzfreunde_, Jena (in German).

Haas, H. (1969). _The Young Specialist looks at Fungi_, London.

Pilát, A. & Usak, O. (1951). _Mushrooms_, London.

Pilát, A. & Usak, O. (1961). _Mushrooms and other fungi_, London.

Ramsbottom, J. (1951). _Handbook of Larger fungi_, London.

Ramsbottom, J. (1953). _Mushrooms and Toadstools_, New Naturalist,
London.

Romagnesi, H. (1963). _Petit Atlas des Champignons_, Bordas (in
French).

Smith, A. H. (1963). _Mushroom Hunters’ Field-guide_, Michigan.

Wakefield, E. M. (1954). _Observer’s book of Common fungi_, London.

Watling, R. (1970). _British Fungus Flora: Agarics & Boleti_, Part I,
H.M.S.O., Edinburgh.

B. General Texts

Talbot, P. M. B. (1971). _Principles of Fungal Taxonomy_, London.

Webster, J. (1970). _Introduction to Fungi_, Cambridge.

C. Journals

_Bulletin Trimestriel de la Société Mycologique de France_, Paris.
(Official organ of the French Mycological Society.)

_Coolia_, Leiden. (Official organ of the Dutch Mycological Society.)

_Mycologia_, New York. (Official organ of the American Mycological
Society.)

_Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Pilzkunde._ (Official organ of the
Swiss Mycological Society.)

_Transactions of the British Mycological Society_, (Official organ of
the British Society: Hon. Sec. Dr B. E. Wheeler, Imperial College of
Science and Technology Field Station, Silwood Park, Sunninghill,
Ascot, Berks, also publishes a Bulletin intended for the amateur.)

D. Advanced Texts

Dennis, R. W. G., Orton, P. D. & Hora, F. B. (1960). _New Check List
of British Agarics and Boleti_, suppl. Trans. British Mycological Soc.

Moser, M. (1967). _in Gams Kleine Kryptogamenflora_, Band IIb
Stuttgart (in German).

Kühner, R. & Romagnesi, H. (1953). _Flore Analytique des Champignons
Supérieurs de France_, Paris (in French).

Rea, C. (1922). _British Basidiomycetae_, Cambridge.

_Revue de Mycologie_ (journal) Paris (in French).

INDEX

Numbers in bold italics refer to pages with illustrations.

_Latin Names_

Agaricales 21

_Agaricus_ 23, 240

_Agaricus arvensis_ ~108~, Plate 31 (109)
_bisporus_ ~133~, Plate 43 (134)
_campestris_ ~108~, Plate 31 (109)
_hortensis_ 133, Plate 43 (134)
_xanthodermus_ ~108~

_Agrocybe_ 23

_Aleurodiscus amorphus_ Plate 59 (177)

_Aleuria aurantia_ 198, Plate 67 (199)

_Alnicola_ 226

_Amanita_ 24, 56, 57, 100, 237

_Amanita caesarea_ 56
_citrina_ 56, ~57~
_citrina_ var. _alba_ 56
_excelsa_ ~57~
_fulva_ 56, 57, ~58~
_muscaria_ ~54~, Plate 9 (55), 56, 57, 249
_nivalis_ 237
_pantherina_ ~58~
_phalloides_ 56, 57, ~58~
_porphyria_ 56
_rubescens_ 56, 57, ~58~
_vaginata_ 57, ~58~
_virosa_ 56

_Amanitopsis_ 57

_Amyloporia xantha_ 156

_Anthracobia_ 220

_Anthracobia macrocystis_ Plate 74 (221)

_Apiocrea chrysosperma_ 248

Aphyllophorales 21, 135

_Armillaria_ 25

_Armillaria mellea_ ~59~, 60, Plate 10 (61)

_Astrosporina_ 84, 238

_Auricularia_ 179

_Auricularia judae_ 182
_mesenterica_ 182, Plate 60 (183)

Auriculariales 21, 179

Auriscalpiaceae 158

_Auriscalpium_ 76, 137, 158, 160

_Auriscalpium vulgare_ 158, Plate 52 (159)

_Ascobolus carbonarius_ Plate 74 (221)
_furfuraceus_ Plate 72 (215)

_Ascophanus microsporus_ Plate 72 (215)

_Asterostroma laxum_ Plate 59 (177)

_Athelia viride_ 236

_Baeospora myosura_ 94

_Bankera_ 160

_Bankera fuliginoalbum_ 160

_Bjerkandera_ 138

_Bjerkandera adusta_ 146

_Bolbitius_ 23

_Bolbitius vitellinus_ ~207~, Plate 70
(209)

_Boletus_ 26, 28, 31, 32, 34, 35, 100

_Boletus badius_ ~31~, 32, Plate 3 (33), 34
_chrysenteron_ 248
_edulis_ 32, 34, 35, 248
_erythropus_ 32
_parasiticus_ 35, Plate 64 (193), 247
_purpureus_ 35
_sphaerocephalus_ 35
_subtomentosus_ 248

_Botrydina vulgaris_ Plate 78 (235), 236

_Botryobasidium conspersum_ Plate 59 (177)

_Botryohypochnus isabellinus_ Plate 59 (177)

_Bovista nigrescens_ ~190~

_Byssonectria lateritia_ 247
_viridis_ 247

_Calocera_ 170, 180

_Calocera cornea_ Plate 57 (169), 181
_viscosa_ Plate 57 (169), 170, ~181~

_Calocybe_ 101

_Calocybe gambosum_ ~110~, Plate 32 (111)

_Calvatia caelata_ 190
_excipuliformis_ ~190~, Plate 63 (191)
_saccata_ 190
_utriformis_ ~190~, Plate 63 (191)

_Camarophyllus_ 98

_Cantharellus_ 24, 106, 136

_Cantharellus cibarius_ 106, ~162~, Plate 54 (163), 246
_friesii_ 162

_Cantharellula_ 25

_Chaetomium globosum_ Plate 72 (215)

_Cheilymenia_ 214

_Cheilymenia stercorea_ Plate 72 (215)

_Chondrostereum purpureum_ 176

_Chroogomphus_ 23, 36, 100

_Chroogomphus corallinus_ 36
_rutilus_ ~36~, Plate 4 (37)

_Claudopus_ 22, 77, 102

_Claudopus depluens_ 102
_parasiticus_ 77, 102

_Clavariadelphus_ 136

_Clavariadelphus pistillaris_ 172, Plate 58 (175)

_Clavaria_ 136, 173

_Clavaria argillacea_ ~234~, Plate 78 (235)
_fumosa_ 168, Plate 56, (167)
_vermicularis_ Plate 56 (167), ~168~

_Clavulina_ 136, 172

_Clavulina cinerea_ 166
_cristata_ 166, Plate 56 (167)
_rugosa_ ~166~, Plate 56 (167)

_Clavulinopsis_ 136, 168, 173

_Clavulinopsis corniculata_ Plate 57 (169), ~170~, 173
_fusiformis_ Plate 56 (167), 168
_helvola_ Plate 56 (167), 168

_Clitocybe_ 25, 242

_Clitocybe clavipes_ 80, 81
_fragrans_ 80
_infundibuliformis_ 80, Plate 19 (81)
_langei_ 80
_nebularis_ 80

_Clitopilus_ 22, 77

_Clitopilus passackerianus_ 77
_prunulus_ 77, 101

_Collybia_ 26, 66, 86, 90, 92, 102, 120

_Collybia maculata_ ~90~, Plate 24 (91)
_peronata_ 92

_Coltricia_ 138

_Coniochaeta scatigena_ Plate 72 (215)

_Coniophora_ 136

_Coniophora puteana_ 156, Plate 51 (157)

_Conocybe_ 23, 126

_Conocybe dunensis_ ~242~, Plate 80 (241)
_lactea_ 116
_mairei_ 228, Plate 76 (229)
_tenera_ ~116~, Plate 35 (117), 242

_Coprinus_ 23, 128, 207, 212, 218, Plate 71 (213)

_Coprinus angulatus_ 218, Plate 73 (219)
_bisporus_ 212
_cinereus_ ~211~, 214, 218, Plate 71 (213)
_comatus_ ~126~, Plate 40 (127)
_ephemerus_ 212
_ephemeroides_ 212
_filamentifer_ 214
_fimetarius_ 211
_lagopides_ 218
_lagopus_ 211
_macrocephalus_ 211
_macrorhizus_ 211
_miser_ 212
_niveus_ 212
_patouillardii_ 212
_pellucidus_ 212
_pseudoradiatus_ 211, 214
_radiatus_ 211, 214
_urticicola_ ~227~, Plate 76 (229)
_vermiculifer_ 214

_Coprobia_ 214

_Coprobia granulata_ Plate 72 (215)

_Cora pavonia_ 237

_Cordyceps_ 206, 248

_Cordyceps capitata_ Plate 69 (205), ~206~
_militaris_ Plate 69 (205), ~206~
_ophioglossoides_ Plate 69 (205), ~206~

_Coriolus_ 139

_Coriolus versicolor_ ~145~, Plate 46 (147)

_Coriscium viride_ Plate 78 (235), 236

_Corticium fuciforme_ 178

_Corticiaceae_ 136

_Cortinarius_ 23, 40, 42, 43, 44, 74, 237

_Cortinarius_ sp. _Cortinarius_ 43
_hydrocybe_ 43
_phlegmacium_ 43
_sericeocybe_ 43
_telamonia_ 43

_Cortinarius anomalus_ 237
_armillatus_ 43
_elatior_ 40
_pinicola_ 40
_pseudosalor_ ~40~, Plate 6 (41), 42
_violaceus_ 44

_Craterellus_ 24, 136

_Craterellus cornucopoides_ ~164~, Plate 55 (165)
_sinuosus_ 164, Plate 55 (165)

_Crepidotus_ 22, 74, 102

_Crepidotus mollis_ Plate 17 (75), ~77~, Plate 49 (153)

_Cristella farinacea_ Plate 59 (177)
_sulphurea_ Plate 59 (177)

_Crucibulum_ 186, 196

_Crucibulum laeve_ ~196~, Plate 66 (197)

_Cryptoderma_ 137

_Cryptoderma pini_ ~150~, Plate 48 (151)

_Cyathipodia macropus_ Plate 68 (201), 203

_Cyathus_ 186, 196

_Cyathus olla_ 196, Plate 66 (197)
_striatus 196_, Plate 66 (197)

_Cystoderma amianthinum_ ~104~, Plate 29 (105)
_carcharias_ 104
_cinnabarinum_ 104
_granulosum_ 104

_Dacrymyces_ 180, 181

_Dacrymyces deliquescens_ 180
_stillatus_ ~180~, Plate 61 (185)

Dacrymycetales 21, 180

_Daedalea_ 137

_Daedalea quercina_ Plate 46 (145)

_Daedaleopsis_ 137

_Daldinia_ 204

_Daldinia concentrica_ ~204~, Plate 69 (205)

_Datronia_ 138

_Datronia mollis_ 145, Plate 46 (147)

_Deconica_ 114

_Eccilia_ 22, 102, Plate 28 (103)

_Eccilia sericeonitida_ 102

_Elaphomyces_ Plate 69 (205), 206, 237, Plate 81 (243)

_Elaphomyces granulatus_ ~244~, Plate 81 (243)
_muricatus_ 244, Plate 81 (243)

_Entoloma_ 22, 100, 101, Plate 28 (103), 124

_Entoloma clypeatum_ 101

_Entoloma helodes_ ~232~, Plate 77 (233)

_Exidia_ 158, 179

_Exidia glandulosa_ ~184~, Plate 61 (185)

_Femsjonia_ 180

_Fibuloporia_ 138, 156

_Fibuloporia vaillantii_ ~156~, Plate 51 (157)

_Fistulina_ 137

_Fistulina hepatica_ 152

_Flammula_ 72, 217

_Flammula carbonaria_ 217

_Flammulaster granulosa_ ~228~, Plate 76 (229)

_Flammulina_ 25

_Flammulina velutipes_ ~66~, Plate 13 (67)

_Fomes_ 137

_Fomes fomentarius_ ~148~, Plate 48 (151), 249

_Fomitopsis_ 137

_Galerina_ 23, 224, 230

_Galerina calyptrata_ 231
_hypnorum_ ~230~, 231, Plate 78 (235)
_mniophila_ 231
_mycenopsis_ ~230~, 231
_paludosa_ ~224~, Plate 75 (225)
_sphagnorum_ 224, Plate 75 (225)
_tibiicytis_ 224, Plate 75 (225)
_vittaeformis_ 234, Plate 78 (235)

_Ganoderma_ 137, 146

_Ganoderma applanatum_ 146

_Ganoderma europaeum_ 146, 148, Plate 47 (147)

Gasteromycetes 21, 186, 187

_Geastrum_ 186, 192

_Geastrum rufescens_ 192, Plate 64 (193)
_triplex_ 192

Geoglossaceae 168

_Geoglossum_ 172, 206

_Geoglossum cookeianum_ Plate 57 (169)

_Geopyxis carbonaria_ Plate 74 (221)

_Gloeocystidium porosum_ Plate 59 (177)

_Gloeophyllum_ 137

_Gloeoporus_ 138

_Gomphidius_ 23, 34, 36

_Gomphidius glutinosus_ 36
_maculatus_ 36
_roseus_ 35, 36

_Grifola_ 139

_Gymnopilus_ 23

_Gymnopilus penetrans_ ~72~, Plate 16 (73)

_Gymnopilus sapineus_ 72

_Gyromitra esculenta_ Plate 65 (201), 202

_Gyroporus_ 26

_Hapalopilus_ 138

_Hebeloma_ 23, 82

_Hebeloma anthracophila_ 218, Plate 73 (219)
_crustuliniforme_ ~82~, Plate 20 (83)

_Helicobasidium_ 179

_Helminthosphaeria clavariae_ 166

_Helvella_ 203

_Helvella crispa_ ~202~, Plate 68 (201)
_lacunosa_ 203, Plate 68 (201)

Heterobasidion 137

_Heterobasidion annosum_ ~150~, Plate 46 (147), Plate 43 (151)

_Hirneola_ 179

_Hirneola auricula-judae_ ~182~, Plate 60 (183)

_Hirschioporus_ 138

_Hygrocybe_ 25, 93, 100, 237

_Hygrocybe calyptraeformis_ ~98~
_chlorophana_ ~98~
_cinerea_ 95
_coccinea_ ~98~
_conica_ ~98~, Plate 27 (99), 242
_conicoides_ 242, Plate 80 (241)
_flavescens_ 98
_lacma_ 95
_laeta_ 97
_lilacina_ 237
_metapodia_ ~100~
_nitrata_ ~98~
_nivea_ 95
_ovina_ 98
_pratensis_ ~95~, Plate 26 (96), 100

_Hygrocybe psittacina_ ~97~, Plate 27 (99)
_punicea_ ~98~, Plate 27 (99)
_russocoriacea_ 95
_subradiata_ 95
_subviolacea_ 237
_unguinosa_ ~98~
_virginea_ 95

_Hydnellum_ 137, 160

_Hydnellum scrobiculatum_ 160, Plate 53 (161)

_Hydnum_ 137, 160

_Hydnum repandum_ 153, ~160~, Plate 53 (161)
_rufescens_ 160

_Hygrophoropsis_ 25

_Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca_ ~106~, Plate 30 (109), 162, 249

_Hygrophorus_ 25, 97, 98

_Hygrophorus agathosmus_ 100
_bresadolae_ ~100~
_chrysaspis_ 98, Plate 27 (99), ~100~
_hedrychii_ ~100~
_hypothejus_ ~100~
_pustulatus_ ~100~

Hygrophoraceae 101, Plate 80 (241)

_Hymenochaete_ 136

_Hymenogaster_ 186, 243

_Hymenomycetes_ 21

_Hymenomycetous heterobasidiae_ 179

_Hyphoderma setigera_ Plate 59 (177)

_Hyphodontia_ 136

_Hyphodontia arguta_ Plate 59 (177)
_sambucii_ Plate 59 (177), 178

_Hypholoma_ 24, 130, 222

_Hypholoma capnoides_ 64
_elongatum_ ~222~, Plate 75 (225)
_ericaeum_ ~234~, Plate 78 (235)
_fasciculare_ ~64~, Plate 12 (65) 130
_lacrymabunda_ 130
_polytrichi_ 222
_sublateritium_ 64
_velutina_ 130

_Hypocrea pulvinata_ 248

_Hypocopra equorum_ Plate 72 (215)

_Hypomyces_ 248

_Hypomyces lactifluorum_ 247

_Inocybe_ 23, 84, 238

_Inocybe asterospora_ 84, Plate 21 (85)
_devoniensis_ 238, Plate 79 (239)
_dunensis_ ~238~, Plate 79 (239)
_geophylla_ ~84~
var. _geophylla_ ~84~, Plate 21 (85)
var. _lilacina_ 84
_halophila_ 238, Plate 79 (239)
_serotina_ 238, Plate 79 (239)

_Iodophanus_ 214

_Iodophanus carneus_ Plate 72 (215)

_Inonotus_ 138

_Inonotus hispidus_ ~142~, Plate 45 (143)

_Laccaria_ 24, 242

_Laccaria amethystea_ ~86~
_bicolor_ ~86~
_laccata_ ~86~, Plate 22 (87), 242, 249
_maritima_ 242
_proxima_ ~86~, Plate 22 (87), 242

_Lacrymaria_ ~130~

_Lacrymaria pyrotricha_ 130
_velutina_ ~128~, Plate 41 (129), 130

_Lactarius_ 46, 50, 52, 86, 237, 246, 247

_Lactarius camphoratus_ ~52~
_chrysorheus_ 52
_deliciosus_ 52, 247
_glyciosmus_ ~53~
_lacunarum_ 237
_quietus_ 52, ~53~
_rufus_ 52, ~53~
_torminosus_ 52, ~53~
_turpis_ ~50~, Plate 8 (51)
_uvidus_ 52

_Laetiporus_ 138

_Laetiporus sulphureus_ 140, Plate 44 (141), Plate 46 (147)

_Lamprospora astroidea_ Plate 74 (221)

_Langermannia gigantea_ ~190~, Plate 63 (191)

_Lasiobolus ciliatus_ Plate 72 (215)

_Lasiosordaria coprophila_ Plate 72 (215)

_Leccinum_ 26, 28, 34, 100

_Leccinum aurantiacum_ 34
_quercinum_ 34
_scabrum_ 27, Plate 1 (29), 34

_Lentinellus_ 26, 74, 76, 137, 158

_Lentinellus cochleatus_ Plate 17 (75), ~76~, 158

_Lentinus_ 26, 74

_Lentinus lepideus_ ~76~

_Lenzites_ 137

_Leotia lubrica_ 206

_Lepiota_ 24, 104

_Lepiota procera_ ~112~, Plate 33 (113)
_rachodes_ 112

_Lepista nuda_ ~131~, Plate 42 (132)

_Leptonia_ 22, 102, Plate 28 (103), 227

_Leptonia babingtonii_ ~227~, Plate 76 (229)
_serrulata_ 102

_Leptopodia elastica_ ~203~

_Leucopaxillus_ 25

_Limacium_ 98

_Lycoperdon_ 186, 188

_Lycoperdon perlatum_ ~180~, Plate 62 (189)
_foetidum_ ~188~
_pyriforme_ ~188~, Plate 62 (189)

_Lyophyllum connatum_ 128
_decastes_ 128

_Marasmius_ 26, 92, 120, 228

_Marasmius androsaceus_ ~92~, 120, 231, Plate 77 (233)
_buxi_ ~92~, Plate 25 (93)
_epiphylloides_ ~92~, Plate 25 (93)
_graminum_ ~92~, Plate 25 (93)
_hudsonii_ ~92~, Plate 25 (93)
_oreades_ 118, Plate 36 (119), ~120~, Plate 37 (121)
_perforans_ ~92~
_peronatus_ 92
_undatus_ ~92~

_Melanogaster_ 243

_Melanoleuca_ 25, 78

_Melanoleuca melaleuca_ ~78~, Plate 18 (79)

_Melanotus_ ~77~

_Melanotus bambusinus_ 77
_musae_ 77

_Meripilus_ 139

_Meripilus giganteus_ ~144~

_Merulius_ 136, 154

_Merulius tremellosus_ 154, Plate 50 (155)

_Micromphale_ 92

_Mitromorpha semilibera_ Plate 68 (201), 202

_Mitrula paludosa_ 203

_Monilia_ sp. Plate 74 (215)

_Morchella_ 202

_Morchella elata_ 220
_esculenta_ ~200~, Plate 68 (201), 202

_Multiclavula_ 236

_Mutinus_ 186

_Mutinus caninus_ ~194~, Plate 65 (195)

_Mycena_ 25, 68, 74, 88, 102, 104, 247

_Mycena bulbosa_ ~223~, Plate 75 (225)
_epipterygia_ 237
_galericulata_ ~68~, Plate 14 (69), 88
_galopus_ ~88~
_haematopus_ 88, Plate 23 (89)
_leucogala_ 88, 217
_olivaceo-marginata_ 237
_sanguinolenta_ 88, Plate 23 (89)

_Mycoacia_ 137

_Myxomphalia maura_ 236

_Naucoria_ 23, 226

_Naucoria escharoides_ ~226~, Plate 76 (229)

_Nectria cinnabarina_ 180

_Neurospora sitophila_ 220, Plate 74 (215)

_Nolanea_ 22, 102, Plate 28 (103), 124

_Nolanea cetrata_ 102, 237
_sericea_ ~122~, Plate 38 (123), 124
_staurospora_ 101, 102, 122, Plate 38 (123)

_Nyctalis_ 24, 247

_Nyctalis asterophora_ Plate 81 (245), 246
_parasitica_ Plate 81 (245), ~246~

_Odontia bicolor_ 236

_Oedocephalum Plate_ 74 (215)

_Oidium conspersum_ Plate 59 (119)

_Omphalina_ 25, 100, 102, 232

_Omphalina ericetorum_ 232, Plate 7 (233), 236

_Omphalina hudsoniana_ Plate 78 (235), 236
_luteovitellina_ Plate 78 (235), 236
_sphagnicola_ 223, Plate 75 (225), 236
_umbellifera_ 232
_velutina_ 236
_wynniae_ 232

_Oudemansiella_ 26

_Oxyporus_ 137

_Oxyporus populinus_ ~150~, Plate 48 (151)

_Panaeolina_ 126

_Panaeolina foenisecii_ ~124~, Plate 39 (125), 126

_Panaeolus_ 23, 126

_Panaeolus campanulatus_ 210
_rickenii_ 126
_semiovatus_ 208, Plate 70 (209), ~210~, 211
_sphinctrinus_ 126, Plate 70 (209), ~210~, 211

_Panellus_ 26, 74

_Panellus stipticus_ Plate 17 (75), ~76~

_Panus_ 26, 74

_Panus torulosus_ ~76~

_Paxillus_ 23, 100

_Paxillus atrotomentosus_ 38
_involutus_ ~38~, Plate 5 (39), 106
_panuoides_ 38
_rubicundulus_ 38

_Peniophora_ 136

_Peniophora lycii_ Plate 59 (177)
_polygonii_ Plate 59 (177)
_quercina_ Plate 59 (177)

_Peziza_ 200, 204

_Peziza badia_ Plate 67 (199), 200
_echinospora_ 220
_petersii_ 220
_praetervisa_ 220, Plate 74 (215)
_repanda_ Plate 67 (199), ~200~, 220
_vesiculosa_ 216, Plate 67 (199)
_violacea_ 220

_Phaeolus_ 138

_Phaeolus schweinitzii_ Plate 45 (143), ~144~

_Phallus_ 186

_Phallus hadriani_ 194
_impudicus_ ~194~, Plate 65 (195)

_Phellinus_ 137

_Phellinus igniarius_ ~148~, Plate 48 (151)

_Phellodon_ 160

_Phellodon niger_ 160, Plate 53 (161)

_Phlebia_ 136

_Phlebia gigantea_ Plate 59 (177)

_Pholiota_ 23, 217

_Pholiota adiposa_ 62
_aurivella_ 62
_carbonaria_ 216, 217, Plate 73 (219)
_highlandensis_ ~216~, 217, Plate 73 (219)
_squarrosa_ ~60~, 62, Plate 11 (63)

_Piptoporus_ 138, 248

_Piptoporus betulinus_ ~142~, Plate 45 (143), Plate 46 (147)

_Pistillaria_ 135

_Pistillaria micans_ ~171~

_Pleurotellus_ 74, 102

_Pleurotaceae_ ~25~, 74

_Pleurotus_ 74

_Pleurotus ostreatus_ ~74~, Plate 17 (75)
_ostreatus_ var. _columbinus_ 76

_Pluteus_ 22

_Pluteus atromarginatus_ 70
_cervinus_ ~70~, Plate 15 (71)

_Podospora_ Plate 72 (215)

_Podospora curvula_ Plate 72 (215)

_Polyporus_ 138, 139, 140, 156

_Polyporus squamosus_ 77, ~140~, Plate 44 (141), 145

_Poria_ 156

_Porphyrellus_ 26

_Pouzaromyces_ 227

_Psathyrella_ 24, 130, 240, 242

_Psathyrella ammophila_ Plate 79 (239), ~240~
_flexispora_ Plate 79 (239), 240
_pennata_ ~218~, Plate 73 (219)

_Pseudohydnum gelatinosum_ 158, Plate 52 (159), 179

_Pseudotrametes_ 139

_Psilocybe_ 24, 126, 222, 240

_Psilocybe semilanceata_ ~114~, Plate 34 (115)

_Pycnoporus_ 138

_Pyronema omphalodes_ 220, Plate 74 (221)

_Radulomyces confluens_ Plate 59 (177)

_Ramaria_ 136, 172

_Ramaria ochraceo-virens_ Plate 57 (169), 170, 172

_Rhizina undulata_ ~203~, 204, Plate 69 (205), 220

_Rhizopogon_ 186, 243

_Rhizopogon roseolus_ ~244~, Plate 81 (245)

_Rhodopaxillus_ 131

_Rhodophyllaceae_ 101

_Rhodophyllaceae--spores_ Plate 28 (103)

_Rhodophyllus_ 101

_Russula_ 24, 45, 46, 50, 237, 246, Plate 81 (245)

_Russula alpina_ 237
_atropurpurea_ ~46~
_betularum_ 46
_claroflava_ 45, 46
_cyanoxantha_ ~48~
_emetica_ 46, ~48~
_fellea_ ~48~
_foetens_ ~48~
_lutea_ 45
_mairei_ ~49~
_nigrescens_ ~49~
_ochroleuca_ ~45~, Plate 7 (47)
_sardonia_ 46
_xerampelina_ ~49~
_xerampelina_ var. _pascua_ 237

_Saccobolus versicolor_ Plate 72 (215)

_Sarcodon_ 160

_Sarcodon imbricatum_ 160, Plate 53 (161)

_Schizophyllum_ 26, 152

_Schizophyllum commune_ ~152~, Plate 49 (153)

_Scleroderma_ 35, 186, 247

_Scleroderma aurantium_ 192, 247
_citrinum_ ~192~, Plate 64 (193)
_verrucosum_ 192, Plate 64 (193)

_Sebacina_ 179

_Sebacina incrustans_ 182

_Sepedonium chrysospermum_ 248

_Serpula_ 136

_Serpula lacrymans_ ~154~, Plate 50 (155)

_Sistotrema commune_ Plate 59 (177)

_Sordaria_ 214

_Sparassis_ 135

_Sphaerobolus stellatus_ ~196~, Plate 66 (197)

_Spinellus megalocarpus_ 247

_Sporodina grandis_ 247

_Sporormia_ 214, Plate 72 (215)

_Stereum_ 136, 176

_Stereum fasciatum_ 236
_gausapatum_ 176
_hirsutum_ Plate 59 (177), 178
_purpureum_ 176
_rugosum_ 176
_sanguinolentum_ 176, 248

_Strobilomyces_ 26, 35

_Strobilomyces floccopus_ 35

_Strobilurus_ 94

_Strobilurus esculentus_ ~94~
_stephanocystis_ Plate 25 (93), ~94~
_tenacellus_ Plate 25 (93), ~94~

_Stropharia_ 23, 208

_Stropharia coronilla_ ~240~, Plate 80 (241), 242
_semiglobata_ ~208~, Plate 70 (209)

_Suillus_ 26, 31, 34, 100

_Suillus aeruginascens_ 34
_bovinus_ 34
_grevillei_ ~28~, Plate 2 (30), 31, 34
_luteus_ 31, 34

_Tephrocybe anthracophila_ ~217~, Plate 73 (219)
_atrata_ 217, Plate 73 (219)
_palustris_ ~223~, Plate 75 (225), 247

_Thelephora_ 136

_Thelephora palmata_ 174, Plate 58 (175)
_terrestris_ ~174~, Plate 58 (175)

Thelephoraceae 174

_Tomentella_ 174

_Tomentella fusca_ Plate 58 (175)

_Trametes_ 139

_Tremella_ 158, 179

_Tremella encephala_ 248
_foliacea_ 184, Plate 61 (185), 248
_mesenterica_ 184, Plate 61 (185), 248

Tremellales 21, 179

_Tremellodon gelatinosum_ 158

_Trichophaea_ 220

_Trichophaea woolhopeia_ Plate 74 (221)

_Trichodelitschia bisporula_ Plate 72 (215)

_Tricholoma_ 25, 74, 78, 110, 131

_Tricholoma georgii_ 110
_personatum_ 131

_Tricholomataceae_ 104

_Tubaria autochthona_ Plate 25 (93), 94
_dispersa_ 94

_Tuber_ 243

_Tuber aestivum_ 244, Plate 81 (245)
_melanospermum_ 243
_rufum_ Plate 81 (245), 246

_Tubulicrinis glebosus_ Plate 59 (177)

Tyromyces 139, 146

_Tylopilus_ 26

_Tylosperma asterophorum_ Plate 59 (177)

_Typhula_ 135, 173

_Typhula erythropus_ 171

_Volvariella_ 22

_Volvariella surrecta_ 80, 247

_Vuilleminia comedens_ Plate 59 (177)

_Xylosphaera_ 172

_Xylosphaera hypoxylon_ Plate 69 (205), ~206~
_polymorpha_ ~204~, Plate 69 (205)

_Common Names_

Agaric, fly 54

_Amanita_ 56

Basidiolichens 237

Blewits, common 131
wood 104, 131

Blusher 56

Bog-beacon 203

Boot-laces 59

Boletes 32
bay-coloured 31
brown birch 27
larch 28

Brittle-cap, bonfire 218
sand-dune 240

Candle snuff 76, 206

Cap brown cone 116
common funnel 80
death 56
false death 56
hay brown 56
ink, _see_ Inky cap
liberty 114
milk, _see_ Milk cap
shaggy 128

Chanterelle, common 106, 162, 246
false 106, 162

Clubs, fairy 76, 135, 166, 172
wrinkled 166

Cone cap, sand dune brown 242

_Cortinarii_ 42

Cramp balls 204

Cup, elf 200
scarlet elf 193

Deceiver 86

Destroying angel 56

Earth-ball 186, 192
common 192

Earth fan 174

Earth star 186, 192

Earth tongue 168, 172

Elephant’s ear 202

Fairy ring 118, Plate 36 (119), 264
champignon 120

Fingers, dead man’s 204

Fomes, root 150
willow 148

Fungus
beef steak 152
bird’s nest 186, 187, 196
bracket 135
candle snuff 76, 206
cellar 156
cup 198
dry rot 154
ear pick 158
gum drop 206
hedgehog 135, 158
honey 59
jelly 179
orange peel 198
pine fire 203
resupinate 176
scarlet caterpillar 206
silver leaf (disease) 176
stomach 186, 187
split gills 152
subterranean 243
tinder 148
tripe 182
turban 202
wet rot 156
white wash 178
yellow brain 184

Ganoderma, common 146

Grisette, common 57
tawny 56

Hedgehog, wood 160

Helvella, slate grey 203

Herald of the Winter 98

Horn of Plenty 164

_Hygrophorus_, parrot 97

_Hygrophori_ 97

Inocybe, common white 84

Inky caps 212
bonfire 218
dung 211
shaggy 128

Jew’s ear 182

Judge’s wig 128

King Alfred’s Cakes 204

_Lactarii_ 50

Lawyer’s wig 126

Lorel 202

Marasmius 92

Milk-caps 50
coconut-scented 53
curry-scented 52
oak 53
rufous 53
saffron 52
ugly 50
woolly 53

Miller, The 77

Morel, common 200

Mushroom
butter 95
Caesar’s 56
common field 133
cultivated 133
fairy cake 82
field 108
horse 108
oyster 74
parasol 104, 112
St. George’s 110
soft slipper 77
yellow staining 108

Mycena, bonnet 68
small bleeding 88

Nolanea, silky 122

Old Man of the Woods 35

Panther 58

Pâté de Foie Gras 243

Pholiota, charcoal 216
shaggy 60

Pluteus, fawn 70

Polypore
birch 142
giant 144
many-zoned 145
scaly 32, 140
shaggy 142

Puff ball 186
giant 190
stump 188

Roll-rim, brown 38

Rough Stalk 28
birch 27

Round head, dung 208

Russula 45
blackening 49
common yellow 45
emetic 48
foetid 48
geranium scented 48

Shank, spotted tough 90
velvet 66

Slippery Jack 31

Spike cap, pine 36

Spindles
golden 168
white 168

Stag’s horn 76, 172, 206

Stinkhorn 186, 187, 194
common 194
dog’s 194

Toadstool
horse-hair 231
pick-a-back 246
yellow cow pat 207

Truffle 243
English 244
false 186, 243
French 243
Hart’s 244
perigord 243
red 244

Tuft, sulphur 64

Weeping widow 128

Witch’s butter 184

Transcriber’s Notes

Inconsistent formatting, spelling and hyphenation have been retained,
except as listed below.

The differences between the Table of Contents and the body text have
not been standardised, except as mentioned below.

The name Léville may be a variant or misspelling of (Joseph-Henri)
Léveillé.

Page 10, where man has distributed the habitat: possibly an error for
... disturbed the habitat.

Page 49, changing soot-colour: possibly an error for changing to
soot-colour.

Page 68, to reclaim Helen his wife: Helen was his brother’s wife.

Page 88, blotched age: there may be one or more words missing.

Page 104, Many authorities prefer ...: a closing parenthesis is
missing.

Page 187, non-violent disposal of spores: possibly an error for
dispersal.

Changes made:

Illustrations have been moved out of text paragraphs and some lists
and tables.

Some obvious minor misprints and typographical and punctuation errors
have been corrected silently.

Page 22: reference to key 24 changed to key 25

Page 27: width 70-200 mm; length 20-30 mm changed to length 70-200 mm;
width 20-30 mm

Page 45: Stem: changed to _Stem_:

Page 52: mm inserted after 20-50

Page 95: H. subradiat changed to H. subradiata;

Page 98: H. calytraeformis changed to H. calyptraeformis

Page 158: Hyndum changed to Hydnum

Page 174: 8-9 · 6-7 µm changed to 8-9 × 6-7 µm

Page 202: Marchella changed to Morchella; Léveille changed to Léville

Page 207: (i) added in section heading Fungi of dung and straw heaps

Page 212: patoullardii changed to patouillardii

Page 222: (a) added in section heading Sphagnum bogs

Page 231: (a) added in section heading Moorland fungi

Page 236: (b) added in section heading Mountain fungi and the
so-called Basidiolichens

Page 256: G. glutinosum changed to G. glutinosus; Marchella changed to
Morchella

Page 257: Hebeoloma anthracophilum changed to Hebeloma anthracophilum;
Tephrocybe arthracophila changed to Tephrocybe anthracophila;
Myxomphalina changed to Myxomphalia

Page 262: closing parenthesis added after fruit-body

Page 269, _Bulletin Trimestriel ..._ formatted as other journals

Page 270: _Flore Analytique des Champignons_ Superiéurs de France
changed to _Flore Analytique des Champignons Supérieurs de France_

Index: some entries moved to proper alphabetical order

Page 271: Baespora changed to Baeospora; Bjerkandera adjusta changed
to Bjerkandera adusta; pantharina changed to pantherina

Page 273: serioceocybe changed to sericeocybe

Page 274: tibiicytis changed to tibiicystis

Page 275: chrysorhaeus changed to chrysorheus

Page 276: Myxomphalina changed to Myxomphalia

Page 277: vesciculosa changed to vesiculosa

Page 280: Paté de Foi Gras changed to Pâté de Foie Gras

End of Project Gutenberg's Identification of the Larger Fungi, by Roy Watling