Chapter II: Part 2

{16}_Upper Side._ Antennæ black, and very long. Thorax and abdomen dark
brown. Wings transparent, vitreous. Anterior ones with the posterior
edges bending as it were inwards. A small narrow border of dark brown
runs entirely round the edges of these wings; and on the anterior edges,
about a third from the tips, runs a dark brown streak towards the middle
of the wing, close to which is a small white spot joining to the anterior
edge. Posterior wings having also a very narrow border running about
two-thirds round them, and stopping at the abdominal edges; some long
yellowish hairs are placed on the anterior edges near the body.

_Under Side._ Palpi, breast, sides, ash-coloured. The dark brown borders
surrounding the wings appear on this side of an orange brown colour; the
rest as on the upper side. Margins of the wings entire.

PLATE VIII.

NYMPHALIS SALMACIS.

Plate VIII. fig. 1, 2.

ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Diurna. FAMILY: Nymphalidæ, _Sw._

GENUS. NYMPHALIS, _Latr. God._ Papilio (Nymphalis Phal.), _Drury, &c._

NYMPHALIS SALMACIS. Alis dentatis, supra nigris disco coeruleo-radiatis,
subtus fuscis; fasciâ strigâque maculari albidis ([female]). (Expans.
Alar. 4 unc. 3 lin.)

SYN. Papilio (Nymph. Ph.) Salmacis, _Drury, App. vol._ 2. _Herbst. tab._
166. _f._ 5. 6. _Fabr. Ent. Syst._ III. 1. _p._ 132. _No._ 408.

Papilio Omphale, _Stoll. Suppl. Cram. pl._ 26. _f._ 1. 1. A.

HABITAT: Sierra Leone (_Drury_). Amboina (_Stoll._).

_Upper Side._ Antennae black. Neck spotted with grey. Thorax and abdomen
black. Anterior wings next the body black brown, but at the tips russet,
or dark hair-coloured; about a quarter of an inch from thence are two
small white spots placed on each wing, near the anterior margin; near the
middle is a short white bar, crossed by the black nerves of the wing,
whose under part joins to a patch of blue which runs to the posterior
margin. Posterior wings next the body black brown, but along the external
edges a little lighter. A white bar on each rises at the abdominal
groove, and runs to the middle of the wing towards the anterior edge,
being margined with blue which seems to shoot in rays; a row of twelve
small white spots runs along the external edge in pairs.

_Under Side._ Palpi, neck, and breast black brown, spotted with white.
Anterior wings russet, darkest next the body; the white spots and bar
being very plain on this side, with the addition of a row of white spots
running half way along the external edges. Posterior wings russet, with
the same marks and spots as on the other side, but rather of a pearl
colour. Margins of the wings dentated, the indentings being white.

PIERIS PASITHOE.

Plate VIII. fig. 3, 4.

ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Diurna. FAMILY: Papilionidæ, _Leach_.

GENUS. PIERIS, _Schrank. Latr. God. Boisduval. Pontia p. Ochs._ Papilio
(Dan. Cand. or Heliconii), _Linn. Drury, &c._

PIERIS PASITHOE. Alis suboblongis nigris, suprà
coerulescenti-albo-maculatis, posticis subtùs disco flavo, nigro venoso,
fasciâque baseos ferrugineâ incurvâ. (Expans. Alar. 3 unc. 6 lin.)

SYN. Papilio (Helicon.) Pasithoe, _Linn. Syst. Nat._ 2. 755. _No._ 53.
_Fabr. Ent. Syst._ III. 1. _p._ 179.

Papilio (Dan. Cand.) Dione, _Drury, App. vol._ 2.

Papilio Porsenna, _Cramer, pl._ 43. _fig._ D. E. _& pl._ 352. _fig._ A.
B.

Pieris Pasithoe, _Enc. Méth._ ix. _p._ 148. _Boisduval Hist. Nat. Lep._
1. _p._ 451.

HABITAT: India (_Drury_). China, Bengal (_Boisduval_).

{17}_Upper Side._ Antennæ black. Head, thorax, and abdomen dirty black.
Wings soot-coloured, or dirty black, having a small white spot in the
middle of the anterior; a row of oblong white spots runs from the
anterior edge to the lower corner, some being pointed and placed a little
distance from the tips; base of the wings powdered with white dust,
increasing to a clear white as it recedes from the body. The posterior
wings powdered in the same manner; and having four pointed white spots on
each, crossing them from the upper to the abdominal corners. Abdominal
groove yellow, extending towards the middle of the wing.

_Under Side._ Palpi, sides, and breast sooty. Neck and abdomen grey.
Anterior wings as on the upper side, but the white more distinct.
Posterior wings next the body black, and surrounded by a red circle. The
remainder of the wings principally yellow, having the nerves and also a
margin running along the external edges soot-coloured. Margins of the
wings entire.

PLATE IX.

PAPILIO MENESTHEUS.

Plate IX. fig. 1, 2.

ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Diurna. FAMILY: Papilionidæ, _Leach_.

GENUS. PAPILIO, _Auct._ Papilio (Eq. Ach.) _Drury_.

PAPILIO MENESTHEUS. Alis dentatis, caudatis, nigris, fasciâ maculari
maculisque marginalibus flavis, omnibus subtus basi albido striatis,
posticis lunulis rufis coerulescentibusque. (Expans. Alar. 5 unc. 3 lin.)

SYN. Papilio (Eq. Ach.) Menestheus, _Drury, App. vol._ 2. _Cram. pl._
142. _fig._ A. B. _Fabr. Ent. Syst._ III. 1. _p._ 31. _Enc. Méth._ ix.
_p._ 59. _Boisd. Hist. Nat. Lep._ 1. _p._ 236.

HABITAT: Sierra Leone (_Drury_). India (erroneously, _Fabr._).

_Upper Side._ Antennæ brown. The head, thorax, and abdomen greenish
black. Anterior wings black, covered with minute green spots, the tips
like black velvet. Some long russet-coloured hairs, occupying a space the
size of a sixpence, are situated close to the posterior margin, near the
lower corner; there are also twenty lemon-coloured spots on each, eight
of which are very small and marginal; eight other oblong spots form a
bar, rising on the anterior margin and running obliquely across the
wings, meeting near the extremity of the body. Posterior wings velvety
black, covered at the base with small green spots, and having five lemon
spots running along the external edges. Each of these wings is furnished
with a tail, having a lemon spot on each side; and on the abdominal edge
is an eye, whose under part is red, and the upper blue. Near the upper
corner is a red spot, hidden in the figure by the superior wings.

_Under Side._ Head and breast ash-coloured. All the spots and marks which
on the upper side are lemon colour, on this are pale cream-coloured.
Anterior wings soot-coloured, the spots very distinct; those next the
external edges being larger, with many cream-coloured stripes at the base
running longitudinally parallel with the tendons both of the anterior and
posterior wings. These are adorned with several eyes of velvety black;
the upper sides being blue, and the under orange verged with cream. The
marginal spots are considerably larger than on the upper side.

{18}THECLA THETIS [female].

Plate IX. fig. 3, 4.

ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Diurna. FAMILY: Lycænidæ, _Leach_.

GENUS. THECLA, Fabr. Polyommatus p. _Latr. God._ Hesperia p. _Fabr.
Linn._ Papilio (Dan. Cand.), _Drury_.

THECLA THETIS. Alis integris; maris supra fulvis margine exteriori nigro;
foeminæ fuscis disco albo: subtus albis. (Expans. Alar. 1 unc. 9 lin.)

SYN. Papilio Thetis, _Drury, App. vol._ 2. _Cramer, pl._ 238. _fig._ D.
[female].

Hesperia Phædrus, _Fabr. Ent. Syst._ III. 1. _p._ 307. [male].

Hesperia Æsopus, _Fabr. op. cit. p._ 307. [female].

Papilio Cinyra, _Cram. pl._ 238. C. [male].

Polyommatus Phædrus, _Enc. Méth._ ix. _p._ 675. _No._ 181.

HABITAT: Bombay (_Drury_). Bengal, Coromandel (_Enc. Méth._).

_Upper Side._ Antennæ black. Head, thorax, and abdomen dark brown. Wings
russet, or dark hair-coloured, with a white spot in the middle of each,
of an oblong shape in the anterior wings, and much smaller and placed
transversely in the posterior. Cilia and abdominal groove white.

_Under Side._ Palpi, breast, and legs white. Wings on this side fine
silvery white, immaculate. Margins of the wings entire.

I have reverted to the original name first proposed by Drury.

PLATE X.

BIBLIS UNDULARIS.

Plate X. fig. 1, 2.

ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Diurna. FAMILY: Nymphalidæ, _Sw._

GENUS. BIBLIS, _Fabr. Latr. God._ Papilio (Nymphalis), _Fab. olim._
Papilio (Nymph. Phal.), _Drury_.

BIBLIS UNDULARIS. Alis dentatis nigris aut fuscis; anticis suprà fasciâ
apicali cyaneâ, posticis externe ferrugineis, omnibus subtus ferrugineo
undulatis, punctoque costali posticarum albo. (Expans. Alar. 2 unc. 7
lin.)

SYN. Papilio (Nymph. Phal.) Undularis, _Drury, App. vol._ 2. _Cramer,
pl._ 256. _fig._ A. B. _Fabr. Ent. Syst._ III. 1. _p._ 127. _No._ 389.
_Enc. Méth._ ix. _p._ 326. (Biblis Und.)

HABITAT: East Indies (_Drury_). Coromandel, Java (_Enc. Méth._).

_Upper Side._ Antennæ brown. Head, thorax, and abdomen brown. Superior
wings dark brown, somewhat lighter along the external edges, with an
oblong subapical blue streak, beneath which are four oval blue spots
placed along the external edges, discernible only when the light falls in
a particular direction. Posterior wings reddish clay-coloured,
surrounding a dark brown patch placed on the upper part.

_Under Side._ Breast, abdomen, and legs brown. Wings dark reddish clay,
with short red streaks all over the wings, and a white spot placed at the
middle of the anterior edges of the posterior wings. Margins of the wings
dentated.

{19}NYMPHALIS (LIMENITIS) ARTHEMIS.

Plate X. fig. 3, 4.

ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Diurna. FAMILY: Nymphalidæ, _Sw._

GENUS. NYMPHALIS, _Latr._ Papilio (Nymphal. Phal.), _Linn. Drury, &c._
SUBGENUS: Limenitis, _Fabr. Steph._

NYMPHALIS (LIMENITIS) ARTHEMIS. Alis dentatis fuscis; utrinque fasciâ
communi albâ strigisque duabus lunularum coerulescentium, subtus
rufo-maculatis. (Expans. Alar. 2 unc. 6 lin.--3 unc.)

SYN. Papilio (Nymphal. Phal.) Arthemis, _Drury, Append. vol._. 2 _Say.
Amer. Entomol._ 2. _pl._ 23.

Papilio Lamina, _Fabr. Ent. Syst._ III. 1. _p._ 118. 361. _Enc. Méth._
ix. _p._ 380. (Nymphalis L.)

HABITAT: New York.

_Upper Side._ Antennæ, head, thorax, and abdomen black. Wings black, at
the base surrounded by a white band, separating it from the external
part, which is black likewise. On the anterior wings, near the tips, are
four small white spots, the two uppermost being largest; along the
external edges is a narrow marginal row of small blue crescents,
continued along the posterior wings, where it is double, having above it
a row of brown orange spots, verged at top with blue. A white bar begins
on the middle of the anterior edges of the anterior wings, which,
crossing them and the posterior, ends at the extremity of the body.

_Under Side._ Palpi, head, breast, and legs brown. The parts that on the
upper side are black, are of a fine red brown. The basal parts having
some brown orange spots on both wings, verged with black. Margins blue;
scollopings edged with white. Margins of the wings dentated; the inferior
ones most.

Mr. Say observes of this beautiful species that it occurred sparingly in the Northwestern territory, during the advance of Major Long's expedition toward Lake Winnepec. He also found it at that lake as well as at the Lake of the Woods, and in other parts of Upper Canada. He procured specimens likewise from Arkansaw, in the expedition to the Rocky Mountains, and received it from Cambridge (Massachusetts).

PIERIS EUCHARIS.

Plate X. fig. 5, 6.

ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Diurna. FAMILY: Papilionidæ, _Leach_.

GENUS. PIERIS, _Schrank. Latr. God. Boisduval_. Pontia p. _Ochs._ Papilio
(Dan. Cand. or Heliconii), _Linn._ _Drury, &c._

PIERIS EUCHARIS. Alis suboblongis integerrimis, supra albis, omnibus
utrinque venis limboque nigris: posticis subtùs flavis, maculis
marginalibus coccineis alboque cinctis. (Expans. Alar. 3 unc. 2 lin.)

SYN. Papilio (Dan. Cand.) Eucharis, _Drury, App. vol._ 2. _Cramer, pl._
201. B. C. [male]. 202. C. [female].

Papilio (D.C.) Hyparete, _Fabr. Ent. Syst._ III. 1. _p._ 176. (Exclus.
Syn. _Linn._)

Pieris Epicharis, _God. Enc. Méth_. ix. _p._ 153. _No._ 122. _Boisd.
Hist. N. Lepid._ 1. _p._ 456.

HABITAT: Bombay.

_Upper Side._ Antennæ black. Head grey. Thorax and abdomen grey. Anterior
wings white: nerves black, with seven white oblong spots placed along the
external edges and tips on a black ground. Posterior wings
cream-coloured, with six oval flesh-coloured spots placed along the
posterior margin on a black ground, separated by the black nerves.

{20}_Under Side._ Palpi, breast, and abdomen grey. Anterior wings white,
with very broad and black nerves, forming white oblong spots on the upper
side. Posterior wings yellow, with a broad black margin along the
external edges, whereon are placed six oval scarlet spots, edged or
surrounded with white. Nerves black and broad. Margins of the wings
entire.

Drury correctly considered this species as distinct from the Linnæan Hyparete, and accordingly named it Eucharis. Fabricius, notwithstanding, united the two species, and applied the name Eucharis to another Indian species (Anthocaris Eucharis of Boisduval, but which it would be more correct to name Aurora after Cramer). Godart, in order to obviate the confusion arising from two distinct species having the same specific name, altered the oldest name (Eucharis, Drury), instead of the incorrectly imposed name of Fabricius. I have therefore reverted to the name proposed by Drury, the other species being now removed to the genus Anthocaris.

PLATE XI.

SATURNIA PROMETHEA.

Plate XI. fig. 1, 2. [male].--Plate XII. fig. 1, 2. [female].

ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Nocturna. FAMILY: Bombycidæ, _Steph._

GENUS. SATURNIA, _Schrank._ Attacus, _Germar._ Phalæna (Attacus), _Linn._

SATURNIA PROMETHEA. Alis subfalcatis, maris fuscis, foeminæ ferrugineis,
fasciâ tenui undatâ communi pallidâ margine griseo, anticis utrinque
ocello atro. (Expans. Alar. 4 unc. [male]. 4 unc. 3 lin. [female].)

SYN. Phalæna (Attacus) Promethea, _Drury, App. vol._ 2. _Fabr. Ent.
Syst._ III. 1. 411. _No._ 12. _Gmel. Linn. S. N._ 2403. 464. _Cram. Ins.
tab._ 75. A. B. [male]. 76. A. B. [female]. _Abbot & Smith Ins. Georgia_,
1. _tab._ 46. _Oliv. Enc. Méth._ 5. 27. 12. _Pal. Bauv. Ins. d'Afr. et
d'Amer. Lep. pl._ 21.

HABITAT: New York, Virginia, Georgia.

MALE.--_Upper Side._ Antennæ strongly pectinated, dark brown. Head,
thorax, and abdomen the same. Anterior wings very dark chocolate, hooked
at the tips; having a margin of light hair colour running along the
external edges from the tips to the lower corners, through the middle of
which runs a narrow black serpentine line like a hair, dividing the
margin into two shades, the external one being darkest; near the tips is
a black spot like an eye, partly surrounded by a blue iris; a narrow
waved line of a light hair colour begins at the anterior edge, about
one-third from the tips, and, crossing both the anterior and posterior
wings, ends about half an inch below the body. Posterior wings of the
same colour as the anterior, having a hair-coloured margin running round
them; being also divided in the middle by a waved narrow line, above
which are several dark-coloured spots and marks.

_Under Side._ Breast, legs, and abdomen of a beautiful dark chocolate
colour. Anterior wings at the base dark chocolate, with a small single
spot in the middle of each; about a third part of these wings, next the
external edges, is hair-coloured, appearing next the chocolate part to be
thickly powdered with grey, so as to form a margin along the chocolate
part of that colour. The black eye, and hair-coloured margin, as on the
upper side. The middle of the posterior wings fine chocolate, surrounded,
except at the abdominal edges, with hair colour, and like the superior
finely powdered and verged with grey; about the middle of the chocolate
field is a small transverse white streak; the hair-coloured margin less
distinct. Margins of all the wings entire.

{21}FEMALE.--_Upper Side._ Antennæ brown and pectinated. Thorax and
abdomen red brown. Anterior wings dark red next the body, from whence a
narrow light-coloured bar begins at the anterior edge, and running
towards the posterior suddenly turns off and ends at the body, forming an
obtuse angle; another light-coloured waved bar crosses the wings, ending
on the abdominal edges a little below the body; the inner side of this
bar is a dark chocolate, and between it and the angle of the first bar is
placed a light-coloured triangular mark; near the tips is placed a small
black eye, partly surrounded by a blue iris; along the external margins
of all the wings runs a dark buff edge, through the middle of which runs
a small narrow line; the space between this margin and the waved bar is
of a dark red, finely powdered next the bar with grey. Posterior wings,
within the waved bar, dark brown chocolate; the hairs along the abdominal
edges greyish; and on the middle of the chocolate ground is a
light-coloured triangular mark; several submarginal red spots of
different sizes, with a small narrow irregular line running between them
and the cilia; the space between this margin and the waved bar is dark
red, that next the bar is powdered as it were very thickly with small
grey spots like dust.

_Under Side._ Breast, legs, and abdomen dark red, the sides streaked with
white. Anterior wings having only two divisions, separated by the waved
bar mentioned above: the inner division of a fine bright chocolate,
whereon the small triangular marks are faintly seen; the external
division as on the upper side, but with the markings more distinct.
Posterior wings with the part answering to the dark brown chocolate being
of a fine dark red, verged with black and white, and surrounded entirely,
except the abdominal edges, by the grey powdered field. Margins entire.

The transformations to which Lepidopterous insects are subject are amongst the most remarkable phenomena of insect life. In the different states to which each is liable, a series of changes is exhibited which has been compared, by an admired writer, to what might be supposed to be undergone by an animal which for the first five years of its life, exhibited the form of a serpent, which then penetrated into the earth, spun for itself a silken coffin, contracting itself into a limbless form resembling, more than any thing else, an Egyptian mummy; and which, lastly, after remaining in this state for a length of time, burst into the air a winged bird. Of these states, it may well be conceived, that the second requires, from its inactivity and helplessness, a secure retreat, where, removed and secure from the attack of its enemies, it can rest its appointed period during which the organs of flight acquire their full development. We accordingly find that the varied manner in which the caterpillars of the different species prepare their retreats, affords one of the most interesting branches of investigation in the natural history of the Lepidoptera. And in this respect, the species now under consideration certainly exhibits one of the most interesting manoeuvres hitherto recorded amongst the insect tribes, and which is described by Mr. Peale in his beautiful "Lepidoptera Americana."[2] This moth is very abundant in the vicinity of Philadelphia, at least, judging from the number of cocoons seen hanging from the branches of the Sassafras (Laurus Sassafras), and Spice-wood (L. Benzoin); and which, by an ordinary observer, would be readily mistaken for withered leaves which had withstood the blasts of winter. After the caterpillar has attained its full size, and lost the voracious {22}appetite which had hitherto been its predominant character, it begins its preparation for the great transformation it has to undergo, by selecting a perfect leaf, the upper surface of which it covers with a fine light yellowish brown silk, extending this coating with great skill and foresight, _over the footstalk of the leaf_, and attaching it firmly to the branch, so as to secure the leaf from being separated by any accident. This preliminary operation having been accomplished, the caterpillar next draws the edges of the leaf together, thus forming a perfect external covering or mantle, in which it spins a fine strong and durable cocoon of fine silk. In this habitation the little architect passes the winter secure from birds and other enemies. As soon as the cocoon has been completed, the caterpillar sheds its skin, and is transformed into a chrysalis. At first the leaf enveloping the cocoon remains green, but soon changes to a red or brown, when it becomes brittle, and is gradually carried away by the winds and storms of winter, until, finally, nothing remains except the cocoon itself, which is firmly suspended by the silk which once covered the footstalk of the leaf.

Mr. Abbot states that the caterpillar also feeds upon the Snowdrop-tree (Halesia tetraptera, Linn.) Poplar, Bay, &c. Some individuals spin up in May, and the moth appears in June; others, as above described, pass the winter in the chrysalis state.

CALLIMORPHA? FAMULA.

Plate XI. fig. 3.

ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Nocturna. FAMILY: Arctiidæ, _Steph._

GENUS. CALLIMORPHA? _Latr._ Zygæna p. _Fabr._ Phalæna (Bombyx), _Drury_.

CALLIMORPHA FAMULA. Alis albis, dimidio apicali margineque externo
nigris, anticarum maculâ ovali obliquâ albâ, collo fulvo. (Expans. Alar.
2 unc.)

SYN. Phalæna (Bombyx spiriling.) Famula, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 2.

HABITAT: Calabar, in the Bight of Benin, Africa.

_Upper Side._ Antennæ long and pectinated. Thorax spiral. Neck
orange-coloured. Thorax and abdomen dusky grey. Anterior wings about half
way from the tips black, but at the base are of a pellucid white; being
surrounded along the anterior edge and part of the posterior with black;
an oblong white spot is placed near the tips on the black part. Posterior
wings black and white; the white entirely surrounded by the black, which
on the anterior and abdominal edges is very narrow.

_Under Side._ Palpi orange-coloured, black at the tips. Neck, breast, and
sides orange. Feet black. Thighs white. Abdomen white, annulated with
dusky grey. Anterior wings as on the upper side, the black parts being of
a russet hue. Posterior wings differ a little, the white part running
down to the middle of the external edges, with a white spot at the upper
corners. Margins of the wings entire.

{23}ODONESTIS? SERVULA.

Plate XI. fig. 4.

ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Nocturna. FAMILY: Bombycidæ, _Steph._

GENUS. ODONESTIS? _Germar._ Phalæna (Noctua), _Drury._

ODONESTIS? SERVULA. Alis luteis, maculâ parva discoidali marginibusque
externis tenuè fuscis. (Expans. Alar. 4 unc.)

SYN. Phalæna (Noctua) Servula. _Drury_, _Append. vol._ 2.

HABITAT: Madras.

_Upper Side._ Antennæ slightly pectinated. Tongue short. Head, thorax,
and abdomen light yellowish sand-coloured. Wings yellow buff-coloured;
the anterior having a small brown spot in the middle of each, and the
external edges margined with brown. Posterior wings having a brown patch
in the middle of each, with the external edges of the same colour.

_Under Side._ Breast, legs, abdomen, and wings buff-coloured, immaculate.
Margins of the wings entire.

PLATE XII.

NOCTUA ANILIS.

Plate XII. fig. 3.

ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Nocturna. FAMILY: Noctuidæ.

GENUS. NOCTUA, _Auct._ SUBGENUS. ----?

NOCTUA ANILIS. Alis badio-fuscis; strigis duabus obliquis, externâ
abbreviatâ, albis. (Expans. Alar. 1 unc. 6 lin.)

SYN. Phalæna (Noctua) Anilis, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 2.

HABITAT: Virginia.

_Upper Side._ Antennæ small, filiform. Head, thorax, and abdomen dark
hair-coloured. Wings dark hair-coloured. Anterior having a narrow white
line crossing them, about the middle, from the anterior to the posterior
edges; between this and the tips is another short white streak placed on
the anterior edge. Posterior wings immaculate. Cilia ash-coloured.

_Under Side._ Palpi, breast, legs, and abdomen russet-coloured. Wings
also russet-coloured, with some faint marks, occasioned by the white
lines on the upper side appearing through. Margins of the wings entire.

NEMEOPHILA FIGURATA.

Plate XII. fig. 4.

ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Nocturna. FAMILY: Arctiidæ, _Steph._

GENUS. NEMEOPHILA, _Stephens_. Eyprepia p. _Ochs_. Chelonia p. _God._

NEMEOPHILA FIGURATA. Alis anticis nigris, fasciâ longitudinali duabus
alteris convergentibus connexâ, albis, posticis sanguineis margine
maculâque externâ nigris. (Expans. Alar. 1 unc. 6 lin.)

SYN. Phalæna (Bombyx) figurata, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 2. _Pal. Bauv. Ins.
d'Afr. et d'Amer. Lep. pl._ 24. _f._ 4. [female]. (Alis posticis nigris
puncto rufo.)

HABITAT: Virginia.

_Upper Side._ Antennæ dark brown and pectinated. Thorax cream-coloured
and black. Abdomen black, the sides red. Anterior wings black; having a
cream-coloured line running from the shoulders, {24}parallel to and at a
small distance from the posterior edge, towards the lower corner;
stopping at about one-third from the external edge, from whence near the
end of this line arises two others, which run almost to the anterior
edges. Posterior wings red in the middle; surrounded, except on the
abdominal edges, by a broad black margin.

_Under Side._ Palpi hairy and black. Breast, legs, and abdomen black.
Wings as on the other side; but the colours are not so bright and
distinct. Margins of the wings entire.

PLATE XIII.

SATURNIA EPIMETHEA.

Plate XIII. fig. 1.

ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Nocturna. FAMILY: Bombycidæ, _Steph._

GENUS. SATURNIA, _Schrank._ Attacus, _Germar._ Phalæna (Attacus), _Linn._

SATURNIA EPIMETHEA. Alis subfuscis strigâ communi subapicali albâ,
posticis acutè angulatis, ocello disci fulvo margine nigro.

SYN. Phalæna (Attacus) Epimethea, _Drury_, _Append. vol._ 2. _Fab. Ent.
Syst._ III. 1. 414. _No._ 23. _Gmel. Linn. S. N._ 2404. 472. _Cramer_,
_Ins._ 15. _tab._ 176. _f._ A. _Oliv. Enc. Méth._ 5. 29. 21.

HABITAT: New Calabar, Coast of Guinea.

_Upper Side._ Antennæ strongly pectinated; the extremities appearing like
threads. Thorax light brown, tinged with red. Abdomen grey brown.
Anterior wings light grey brown, tinged with red at the base; having a
narrow dark-coloured bar verged with grey running from the anterior to
the posterior edges, parallel and at a little distance from the external
margin. Posterior wings grey brown, terminating behind in points like
acute angles; a dark narrow bar, edged with white, crosses these wings
from the upper corners to the abdominal edges, dividing them into two
compartments; in the uppermost of which are placed two eyes, whose
centres are yellow, surrounded with black irides edged with red, and
which also are encircled with ash-coloured rings. Above these eyes the
wings are dark-coloured, almost black; but next the body are of a reddish
hue.

_Under Side._ Legs black. Thorax and abdomen same colour as on the upper
side. Wings nearly the same colour as on the upper side; the bars being
plain and distinct, but the eyes are not observable here.

DRYOCAMPA VIRGINIENSIS.

Plate XIII. fig. 2.

ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Nocturna. FAMILY: Bombycidæ, _Steph._

GENUS. DRYOCAMPA, _Harris in Hitchcock's Report on the Geology, &c. of
Massachusets_ (_Amherst Mass._ 1834. roy. 8vo.)

DRYOCAMPA VIRGINIENSIS. Alis cervinis, anticis puncto parvo discoidali
albo, fasciâque obliquâ pallidiori. (Expans. Alar. 2 unc. 7 lin.)

SYN. Phalæna (Bombyx) Virginiensis, _Drury_, _Append. vol._ 2.

Phalæna pellucida, _Abbot & Smith Ins. Georg. t._ 58?

Phalæna Astynome? _Oliv. Enc. Méth._ 5. 43. 73.

HABITAT: Virginia.

_Upper Side._ Antennæ setaceous. Head, thorax, and abdomen dark orange.
Wings faint fox-coloured; immaculate, except the anterior ones, which
have a faint light spot on each, about a third of {25}an inch from the
shoulders, and a faint line which runs from the tips to the middle of the
posterior edges.

_Under Side._ Legs, sides, thorax, and abdomen dark orange. Wings with a
faint narrow bar crossing them near their external edges, dividing the
wings into two partitions; the lower ones being of the same colour as on
the upper side, but those above the bar are of a yellowish fox-colour.
Margins of the wings entire.

It is questionable whether this figure represents the Phalæna senatoria or pellucida of Abbot and Smith, by whom the transformations of both species have been illustrated; Smith citing Drury's figure with doubt, as belonging to pellucida. I have much pleasure in adopting the present well-marked genus proposed by Dr. Thaddeus W. Harris, one of the most distinguished American entomologists, in the appendix to the work above referred to; and respecting which I am indebted to that gentleman for the following communications:--"The male of Dryocampa senatoria, of Abbot and Smith, has the basal half of the antennæ pectinated on both sides, and the apex simple, as in Bombyx (Cerocampa, Kirby; Ceratocampa, Harris's Cat.) regalis and imperialis; and as they are described to be in the genus Zeuzera. The larvæ are naked, striped, rigid, with acute tubercles, and two thread-like horns on the second segment. They devour the leaves of forest trees, particularly oaks, and enter the earth to become pupæ. The edges of the segments of the pupæ are denticulated. On account of these peculiar characters, I have ventured to assign to this a new generical name; under which will be included also Bombyces pellucida, and Stigma, Fabr., figured in Abbot and Smith's Lepidopterous insects of Georgia; together with B. rubicunda, F. all of which are now found to inhabit Massachusets."

In addition to the characters mentioned by Dr. Harris, the peculiar form of the posterior wings of the males of these moths may also be noticed, and which are of a triangular form, somewhat like those of Erycina menetas (see vol. 3. pl. 8. fig. 3.), but extending to the extremity of the abdomen. This genus is not far removed, in its natural affinities, from that of Ceratocampa, (see vol. 1. pl. 9.)

ÆGOCERA AMABILIS.

Plate XIII. fig. 3.

ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Crepuscularia? FAMILY: Sesiidæ, _Steph._

GENUS. ÆGOCERA, _Latr. Boisduval._

ÆGOCERA AMABILIS. Alis anticis rufis, maculis (nigro marginatis)
margineque interno, albidis; posticis fulvis maculâ discoidali margineque
postico nigris. (Expans. Alar. 1 unc. 6 lin.)

SYN. Phalæna (Noctua) Amabilis, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 2.

Ægocera Amabilis, _Boisduval Hist. Nat. Lepid. pl._ 10. B. _f._ 6.

HABITAT: Coast of Guinea.

_Upper Side._ Head brown. Antennæ filiform. Thorax and abdomen yellow
brown. Superior wings fine darkish red, with several yellow spots thereon
of different shapes, each encircled with black; the posterior and
external edges having yellow margins. Posterior wings deep yellow,
inclining to {26}orange, with a black oval spot near the middle of each.
Along the external edges is a black margin, reaching from the upper to
the abdominal corners; the upper edge being scolloped.

_Under Side._ Legs, sides, thorax, and abdomen pale orange. Anterior
wings entirely pale orange and dusky black, without any mixture of red,
&c. Posterior wings as on the upper side; the colours being less
distinct. Margins of the wings entire.

TRIPHÆNA MATERNA.

Plate XIII. fig. 4.

ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Nocturna. FAMILY: Noctuidæ, _Stephens_.

GENUS. TRIPHÆNA, _Ochs. Treit. Steph._ Phalæna (Noctua), _Linn. Drury_.

TRIPHÆNA MATERNA. Alis anticis grisescentibus aut luteis, fusco irroratis
et undulatis, posticis fulvis, maculâ margineque (albo punctato) atris.

SYN. Phalæna (Noctua) Materna, _Linn. Syst. Nat._ II. 840. 117. _Drury_,
_App. vol._ 2.

Noctua Materna, _Fabr. Ent. Syst._ III. 2. _p._ 16. _No._ 27. _Gmel.
Linn. S. N._ 2533. 117. _Oliv. Enc. Méth._ 8. 259. 39.

Noctua hybrida, _Fabr. Ent. Syst._ 593. 11.

HABITAT: Bengal.

_Upper Side._ Antennæ setaceous. Tongue spiral. Palpi yellow, blue at the
tips. Head tinged with blue. Thorax olive. Abdomen yellow. Anterior wings
light brown and shining; appearing of several colours according to the
position they are held in. Posterior wings yellow, with a round black
central spot. Margins black, beginning at the middle of the anterior
edges, and ending at the abdominal corners where the margin is narrowest;
having eight small white spots thereon, placed on the external edges.

_Under Side._ Thorax, abdomen, and sides yellowish ash-coloured. Anterior
wings yellow; tips brown, and separated from the yellow by a black streak
running from the lower corner to the anterior edge. Posterior wings
coloured as on the upper side; the black margin being rather fainter.
Margins of the wings dentated.

PLATE XIV.

EREBUS FLUCTUOSUS.

Plate XIV. fig. 1.

ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Nocturna. FAMILY: Noctuidæ, _Steph._

GENUS. EREBUS, _Latr._ Thysania, _Dalm._ Noctua, _Fabr._

EREBUS FLUCTUOSUS. Alis fuscis, fasciâ communi pallidâ, marginibus latè
nigris internè dentatis, anticis ocello magno auriformi. (Expans. Alar. 3
unc. 1½ lin.)

SYN. Phalæna (Noctua) fluctuosa, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 2.

HABITAT: Sierra Leone.

_Upper Side._ Antennæ setaceous. Head and thorax brown. Tongue spiral.
Wings dark hair-coloured, or russet brown; divided into two compartments
by a clay-coloured line, which beginning at the anterior edges of the
anterior near the middle, and crossing them and the posterior, meets at
the extremity of the body: the inner compartment being brown, the outward
one clay; which is again separated by an irregular waved line, beginning
at the tips and ending at the abdominal corners. All the outward part is
brown. Two black spots are placed on the anterior wings next the anterior
edges, and near the middle.

{27}_Under Side._ Palpi distinct, and like bristles at their extremities.
Breast, legs, and wings light brown. A row of cream spots, angularly
shaped, are placed along the wings; the outward part being furnished with
about twenty-eight small cream spots irregularly placed. Margins of the
posterior wings dentated, of the anterior entire.

According to Mr. Smeathman this species is easily disturbed during the day. It flies exceedingly rapid, and has a method of striking a leaf or bough at two or three feet distance from the place where it really settles. Whether this be done to break the violence of its motion, and enable it to settle without injury to its body; or for the purpose of deceiving its pursuers, is not easily ascertained; it has, however, the latter, and probably both effects; most of the locusts do this, for they certainly strike some branch with a good deal of violence just before they alight, the motion of which deceives the eyes and baffles the pursuer.

GEOMETRA ARGENTATA.

Plate XIV. fig. 2.

ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Nocturna. FAMILY: Geometridæ, _Steph._

GENUS. GEOMETRA, _Auct._ Subgenus. ----?

GEOMETRA ARGENTATA. Alis pallidè griseis, anticis fasciis duabus,
posticis unicâ flavis, utrinque argenteo-marginatis his ocello marginali
obscuro. (Expans. Alar. 1 unc. 9 lin.)

SYN. Phalæna (Geometra) Argentata, _Drury, App. vol._ 2.

HABITAT: Jamaica.

_Upper Side._ Antennæ filiform. Body grey. Wings pale yellowish grey. A
narrow yellow bar rises near the middle of the anterior wings, which,
crossing them and the posterior, ends a little below the body on the
abdominal edges; another small bar crosses the anterior wings near the
shoulders, both of them being verged with silver. A small dark spot,
surrounded with silver, is also placed close to the external edges of the
posterior wings; and above it is a yellowish patch reaching to the upper
corners.

_Under Side._ Wings pale light-coloured, almost white, immaculate.
Margins of the wings entire.

PETASIA? MINISTRA.

Plate XIV. fig. 3.

ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Nocturna. FAMILY: Notodontidæ, _Steph._

GENUS. PETASIA? _Stephens._ Phalæna (Noctua), _Drury_.

PETASIA? MINISTRA. Alis anticis rufescenti-fulvis, strigis quinque
transversis, posticis pallidioribus [female]. (Expans. Alar. 2 unc.)

SYN. Phalæna Noctua Ministra, _Drury, App. vol._ 2.

Phalæna Ministra, _Abbot & Smith Ins. Georg. t._ 81. _Oliv. Enc. Méth._
5. 69. 155.

HABITAT: New York.

_Upper Side._ Antennæ filiform. Head and thorax reddish brown. Abdomen
clay-coloured. Anterior wings brown orange, with five small dark lines
crossing from the anterior to the posterior edges. Posterior wings
clay-coloured, fringed with orange brown.

{28}_Under Side._ Tongue indistinct. Breast and legs red brown. Abdomen
and posterior wings clay-coloured. Anterior ones brown orange, without
any marks or lines thereon. Wings a little dentated; especially in the
anterior wings.

The larva of this insect is long, smooth, and shining, of a black colour, with eight longitudinal continuous yellow lines, with the base of the legs and a spot on the neck red. When alarmed it throws up its head and tail into the air. From the structure of the larva it is therefore nearly allied to Ptilophora and Petasia, Steph., and not to the buff tip-moth (Pygæra bucephala). Its food, according to Abbot, consists of the Andromeda mariana, vulgarly called the male hackleberry, which grows round ponds and on the margins of running streams; it eats also several species of walnut and oak. One went into the ground on the 31st of July, and the moth came out the 23rd of August; another went in the 8th of June, and came forth the 3rd of July. They likewise sometimes go into the ground in autumn, and come out in the spring. The whole brood of caterpillars feed together in society. Abbot also states, that when they eat walnut leaves they are always black, with white hairs;[3] when their food is the oak, they are more yellow.

HYDROCAMPA? NIVALIS.

Plate XIV. fig. 4.

ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Nocturna. FAMILY: Pyralidæ, _Leach_.

GENUS. HYDROCAMPA? _Latr._ Cataclysta, _Hübn. Steph._ Phalæna (Pyralis),
_Drury_.

HYDROCAMPA? NIVALIS. Alis margaritaceo-albis, ciliâ anticarum fuscâ.

SYN. Phalæna (Pyralis) Nivalis, _Drury, App. vol._ 2.

HABITAT: New England.

_Upper Side._ Antennæ filiform and brown. Head, thorax, abdomen, and
wings white. The latter of a fine glossy hue, and immaculate. Cilia of
the anterior wings brown.

_Under Side._ Tongue spiral. All the parts on this side are of the same
white glossy colour as on the upper.

LIPARIS? RIVULOSA.

Plate XIV. fig. 5.

ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Nocturna. FAMILY: Arctiidæ, _Steph._

GENUS. LIPARIS? _Ochs._ Phalæna (bombyx), _Drury_.

LIPARIS? RIVULOSA. Alis fuscis, strigis transversis undulatis
pallidioribus et obscurioribus, anticis fasciâ latâ centrali alterâque
basali badiis. (Expans. Alar. 3 unc.)

SYN. Phalæna (Bombyx) rivulosa, _Drury, App. vol._ 2. _Oliv. Enc. Méth._
5. 38. 54. (Bombyx r.)

HABITAT: Surinam.

_Upper Side._ Antennæ pectinated. Head, thorax, abdomen, and wings pale
reddish brown, or {29}fawn-coloured. The latter with several indented and
waved lines, some being darker and some lighter than the general colour
of the wings. On the anterior is a large chocolate patch, situated on the
middle of the wings, and joining to the anterior edge; between which and
the shoulders is another that is much smaller.

_Under Side._ Tongue obsolete. Palpi, breast, abdomen, and wings brown,
as on the upper side; the latter immaculate, except a dark patch on each
wing near the shoulders. Margins of the wings slightly dentated.

PLATE XV.

NYMPHALIS ERITHONIUS.

Plate XV. fig. 1, 2.

ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Diurna. FAMILY: Nymphalidæ, _Swains_.

GENUS. NYMPHALIS, _Latr. God._ Papilio (Dan. Festivi), _Linn. Drury_.

NYMPHALIS MEDON. Alis dentatis, supra fuscis; anticis utrinque fasciâ
obliquâ luteâ, apice albo; posticis fasciâ violaceo-coerulescenti,
singulis subtùs punctis tribus. (Expans. Alar. 3 unc. 7 lin.)

SYN. Papilio (Nymph.) Erithonius, _Fabr. Ent. Syst._ III. 1. _p._ 82.
_No._ 255. _Latr. & God. Enc. Méth._ ix. _p._ 390. _No._ 142. (Nymphalis
Er.)

Papilio (Dan. Festivi) Eupalus, _Fabr. Ent. Syst._ III. 1. _p._ 48. _No._
148.

Papilio Harpalyce, _Cram. pl._ 145. _fig._ D. E.

Papilio (Equ. Achiv.) Medon, _Drury, App. vol._ 2. (Exclus. Syn. _Linn. &
Fabr._)

HABITAT: Sierra Leone.

_Upper Side._ Antennæ black, lighter at the tips. Head black. Thorax and
abdomen dark brown. Anterior wings dark red brown, tipped with white; but
next the shoulders of a purplish hue, with a dark yellow streak near the
tips, extending obliquely from the anterior towards the external edge.
Posterior wings also red brown; but towards the middle and shoulders of a
purplish blue, which they reflect more or less according to the position
they are held in.

_Under Side._ Palpi and breast yellow. Anterior wings olive brown, tipped
with white; but along the external edges of a hazel colour, and near the
shoulders having three round black spots on each. Posterior wings similar
to the anterior, being of a brown olive, variegated, and clouded, with
three small spots placed near the shoulders, as in the superior ones. All
the wings are a little dentated.

There are several African species closely allied to the present insect, which was regarded by Drury as the Medon of Linnæus. I have followed the Encyclopédie Méthodique in rejecting this reference; although it will be seen that the Linnæan description of that insect, "alis supra nigris primoribus fascia lutea apiceque albo; posticis disco coerulescentibus," does not disagree with the character of this insect.

According to Mr. Smeathman this species was taken at some distance inland upon the continent of Africa; adding, "there are several Papiliones nearly of this colour, that is to say, with the upper sides of the wings having a changeable purple, and the under sides being inclinable to green, sometimes with marks of the most beautiful crimson. The differences between them arise so gradually, that he thinks them varieties of the same species, some, apparently very different, being found coupled together. They are all found congregating in the paths, and in the thick shade of a forest, ten or a dozen in a circle round a little puddle or moist spot, and seem to like the most gloomy places."

{30}HESPERIA IPHIS.

Plate XV. fig. 3, 4.

ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Diurna. FAMILY: Hesperiidæ, _Steph._

GENUS. HESPERIA, _Latr. God._ Papilio (Pleb. Urbic.) _Linn. &c._

HESPERIA IPHIS. Alis supra viridi-atris; infra aureo-virescentibus venis
margineque postico nigris, capite sanguineo. (Expans. Alar. 4 unc.)

SYN. Papilio (Pleb. Urb.) Iphis, _Drury, App. vol._ 2.

Hesperia (Urb.) Jupiter, _Fabr. Ent. Syst._ III. 1. _p._ 336. _No._ 279.
_Enc. Méth._ ix. _p._ 733. (Hesperia J.)

Papilio Phidias, _Cram. pl._ 244. A. B.

HABITAT: Senegal, Gambia, Sierra Leone, Anamaboe, and the Bight of Benin,
on the Coast of Africa.

_Upper Side._ Antennæ thickest in the middle. Head scarlet. Thorax and
abdomen black. All the wings green brassy-coloured, the nerves black,
those parts that surround the body being of a raven black. The tips of
the anterior wings orange-coloured.

_Under Side._ Palpi scarlet and hairy, the extremities being small and
black. Breast, legs, sides, and abdomen black. Anus scarlet. Wings of a
yellower brassy hue than on the upper side. Superior wings tipped with
orange, but next the body greenish black; the same colour occupying the
external edges of the posterior wings.

The male differs in having the upper side entirely of a fine raven black
without the orange tips; the under side is also darker, and less brassy
than the female.

Drury states, that when this insect is at rest it sits with its wings erect; and Mr. Smeathman considers it "very remarkable that this insect, which seems an intermediate species between Papilio and Phalæna, associates with the little assemblages of Nymphalis Erithonius, and is frequently seen sipping water with them."

PLATE XVI.

NYMPHALIS (LIMENITIS) SIBILLA.

Plate XVI. fig. 1, 2.

ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Diurna. FAMILY: Nymphalidæ, _Swains._

GENUS. NYMPHALIS, _Latr. God._ Papilio (Nymph. Phal.), _Linn. Drury._
Subgenus: Limenitis, _Fabr. Steph._ Naiades, _Hübn._

NYMPHALIS (LIMENITIS) SIBILLA. Alis subdentatis supra atro-coeruleis;
fasciâ maculari albâ; posticis subtus basi cinereo-coerulescente
immaculatis. (Expans. Alar. 1 unc. 9 lin.)

SYN. Papilio Sibilla, _Linn. Syst. Nat._ ii. 781.

N. Camilla, _Enc. Méth._ ix. _p._ 408. _and of the German
Lepidopterists_.

Papilio (Nymph.) Sibilla var. _Drury_.

HABITAT: Smyrna (_Drury_).

_Upper Side._ Antennæ black. Head, thorax, and abdomen black. Between the
eyes are four small white spots. Wings raven black, tinged with green.
Anterior with ten white spots, of different sizes, placed in various
parts; four being next the anterior edge, near the middle of the wings,
and divided only by the nerves. Posterior with a row of long white spots,
placed together, running from the middle of the anterior edges, and
ending a little above the abdominal corners, divided by the nerves. A
range of small black spots, edged with grey, runs parallel with the
external edges of the wings, from the tips to the abdominal corners,
where the last spot is encircled with orange.

{31}_Under Side._ Palpi, legs, breast, and abdomen grey. Anterior wings,
next the body, grey; the remaining parts being dusky olive, with some
dark red streaks placed on various parts; the white spots being very
distinct on this side. Posterior wings, at the base, light grey;
extending almost to the row of white spots, which are seen on this side
as well as on the upper. The remaining parts are dusky olive, with two
rows of faint dark red spots running along the external edges. A range of
small black spots runs parallel with the external edges of all the wings.
All the wings are dentated.

There is a diversity of opinion amongst the German and English Lepidopterists, relative to the names of this species and the English White Admiral, to which latter Haworth, Stephens, &c. give the name of Camilla, but which Illiger, Hubner, &c. term Sibilla. I have adopted the former nomenclature, although it will be seen that the figure of Drury, which is the Sibilla of the English nomenclature, exhibits a red spot at the anal angle, which Curtis considers as the most satisfactory mark of distinction between the two species. (Brit. Ent. p. 124.)

PAMPHILA METIS.

Plate XVI. fig. 3, 4.

ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Diurna, _Latr._ FAMILY: Hesperiidæ, _Steph._

GENUS. PAMPHILA, _Fabr._ Hesperia p. _Latr. & God._ Papilio (Pleb. rur.),
_Linn._

PAMPHILA METIS. Alis anticis utrinquè posticisque suprà nigro-fuscis,
maculis fulvis, plurisque punctiformibus; alis posticis subtùs
brunneo-fuscis immaculatis. (Expans. Alar. 1 unc. 1 lin.)

SYN. Papilio (Pleb. rur.) Metis, _Linn. Syst. Nat._ 2. 792. 245. _Fabr.
Ent. Syst._ III. 1. _p._ 329. _No._ 249. (Hesperia Th.)

Pap. Metis, _Cramer, pl._ 162. _f._ G.

HABITAT: Cape of Good Hope.

_Upper Side._ Antennæ brown, yellow beneath. Head hairy. Thorax and
abdomen brown; the extremity of the latter yellow. Wings dark brown.
Anterior having four orange spots, two of which next the body are double.
Posterior with a row of six orange marginal, and two discoidal spots.

_Under Side._ Tongue black. Palpi orange. Legs, breast, and abdomen
brown. Wings coloured as on the upper side. The anterior having five
orange spots, that next the body being long and double. The posterior
immaculate. Margins of the wings entire.

NYMPHALIS OPIS, VAR. [Greek: g].

Plate XVI. fig. 5, 6.

ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Diurna. FAMILY: Nymphalidæ, _Sw._

GENUS. NYMPHALIS, _Latr. God._ Papilio (Nymphalis), _Linn._

NYMPHALIS OPIS. Alis supra fuscis, fasciâ communi caracteribusque
ochraceis; anticis strigâ punctorum alborum. (Expans. Alar. 2 unc. 6
lin.)

SYN. Papilio (Nymph. Phal.) Crithea, _Drury, App. vol._ 2. _Fabr. Ent.
Syst._ III. 1. _p._ 132. _No._ 406. _Cramer, pl._ 16. _f._ 5. 6.

Nymphalis Opis, _Enc. Méth._ ix. _p._ 381. _No._ 104. _Fabr. Ent. Syst._
III. 1. _p._ 131. _No._ 405.

HABITAT: Sierra Leone.

{32}_Upper Side._ Antennæ brown. Thorax and abdomen dark brown, with four
yellowish lines crossing them. Anterior wings dark purplish brown, having
many marks and spots of different shapes and sizes placed thereon of a
deeper shade; four being round, and gradually diminishing in size, and
placed along the external edges; two others also, that are small, are
situated at the shoulders. Posterior wings dark brown; the upper parts
along the anterior edges dull yellow, reaching almost to the thorax. Two
indented ash-coloured lines cross these wings; one beginning at the upper
corners running circularly, and meeting below the body; the other running
in a straight line above the first, and meeting a little above the
extremity of it.

_Under Side._ Palpi, breast, and abdomen ash-coloured. Legs yellowish.
Anterior wings dull yellow, but next the tips brown, where there are some
greyish spots and marks; in the centre are two small round spots, almost
black; and along the anterior edges, next the shoulders, are some other
brown spots variously and irregularly shaped. Posterior wings entirely
dull yellow, immaculate; the margins of these being a little dentated,
the anterior ones entire.

The authors of the Encyclopédie Méthodique consider the insect here figured, and that represented in Pl. XVII. fig. 5, 6, as varieties of the same species. Mr. Smeathman states, that this species is found in the same gloomy recesses, and often congregated together in the same manner as Nymphalis Erithonius, figured in Pl. XV.

PLATE XVII.

BIBLIS ILITHYIA.

Plate XVII. fig. 1, 2.

ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Diurna. FAMILY: Nymphalidæ, _Swains._

GENUS. BIBLIS, _Fabricius, Latr. § God._ Papilio (Nymph. Phal.), _Drury_.

BIBLIS ILITHYIA. Alis rotundatis denticulatis fulvis fasciâ baseos
margineque fulvo maculato nigris; posticis subtus fasciis duabus albis
transversis nigro-punctatis. (Expans. Alar. 2 unc. 3 lin.)

SYN. Papilio (Nymph. Phal.) Ilithyia, _Drury, App. vol._ 2. _Fabricius
Ent. Syst._ III. 1. _p._ 131. _No._ 403. _Cramer, pl._ 213. _fig._ A. B.
[male].--214. C. D. [female].

Pap. Polinice, _Cramer, pl._ 375. _fig._ G. H. (var.)

Biblis Ilithyia, _Enc. Méth._ ix. _p._ 327.

HABITAT: Senegal, and Coast of Africa.

_Upper Side._ Antennæ brown. Thorax and abdomen dark brown. Wings fine
deep or brown orange. The anterior deeply verged with black along the
external and anterior edges; the former having a row of oblong orange
spots running parallel with them, which is continued, together with the
deep black margin, along the posterior wings to the abdominal corners;
the spots being larger along these wings than on the anterior. A black,
irregular, and indented line rises near the middle of the anterior wings,
and ends at the posterior edges.

_Under Side._ Palpi and breast orange. Legs brown. Anterior wings orange;
the external edges with a small, narrow, white indented margin. Four
small white spots are placed near the tips, that next the anterior edge
being least; and along the same edge are several other long black spots,
margined with white. Posterior wings with a row of white crescents placed
along the external edges; over this is an orange bar, next is a row of
cream-coloured spots almost round, being seven in number, with a row of
very small ones above them, consisting of fourteen; above this is an
orange bar, with a cream one {33}over it, being divided by a narrow black
line. Above these are two other bars; the first orange, the next cream
colour, separated by long narrow black spots; the colour of these wings,
next the body, being orange. All the wings are dentated.

PIERIS CALYPSO.

Plate XVII. fig. 3, 4.

ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Diurna. FAMILY: Papilionidæ, _Leach_.

GENUS. PIERIS, _Schrank. Latr. God._ Papilio (Dan. Cand.), _Linn. Drury_.

PIERIS CALYPSO. Alis rotundatis subintegris albis extimo nigro; posticis
subtus flavis seu nitenti-grisescentibus, limbo punctorum nigrorum serie
duplici, maculis flavis interjectis. (Expans. Alar. 2 unc. 6 lin.)

SYN. Papilio (Dan. Cand.) Calypso, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 2. _Fabr. Ent.
Syst._ III. 1. _p._ 191. _No._ 592. _Cramer_, _pl._ 154. C. D. ([male])
E. F. ([female]) _Enc. Méthod._ ix. _p._ 130. (Pieris C.) _Boisduval
Hist. Nat. Lep._ 1. 504.

HABITAT: Sierra Leone.

_Upper Side._ Antennæ brown. Thorax and abdomen nearly black. Wings
white; margined externally with dusky black. The anterior edges of the
anterior ones are also margined with black, from the middle of which runs
a black line to a round spot placed on the middle of the wings; the
mixture of the colours on these wings somewhat resembles the profile of a
human face. Posterior wings having a round spot placed near the middle of
each, with several fainter ones along the external edges, and two
stronger ones near the upper corners.

_Under Side._ Palpi and legs black. Breast ash-coloured. Anterior wings
as on the upper side; three oblong yellow spots being placed at the tips,
and four round white ones along the external edges. Posterior wings much
tinged with yellow, having a yellow margin running from the abdominal to
the upper corners along the external edges, appearing like crescents
placed on a row; above this is a row of seven square black spots placed
circularly with the margin, and in the centre is a conspicuous round
black spot.

Mr. Smeathman states that this insect loves chiefly to sport in the sunshine. It is therefore very difficult to catch at that time of the day when the sun is powerful; but towards sunset it is more easily caught, when it congregates in great numbers, in particular spots most sheltered from the breeze.

NYMPHALIS LAURE.

Plate XVII. fig. 5, 6.

ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Diurna. FAMILY: Nymphalidæ, _Swains._

GENUS. Nymphalis, _Latr. God._ Papilio (Nymph. Phal.), _Drury_.

NYMPHALIS LAURE. Alis suprà nigris; fasciâ mediâ anticarum fulvâ
interruptâ; posticarum albâ, et a latere coeruleo nitidâ. (Expans. Alar.
2 unc. 6 lin.)

SYN. Papilio (Nymph. Phal.) Laure, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 2.

Papilio (Nymph.) Laura, _Fabr. Ent. Syst._ III. 1. _p._ 134. _No._ 415.

Nymphalis Laure, _Enc. Méth._ ix. _p._ 376.

HABITAT: The Bay of Honduras, _Drury_.

{34}_Upper Side._ Antennæ brown. Thorax and abdomen brown. Anterior wings
fine ochre brown; having two faint, dark, indented lines running along
the external edges. An oblong yellow spot is placed on the anterior
margins near the tips. Three others, one being small, are situated near
the middle of the wings; beginning at the anterior edges and reaching
almost to the posterior, where it becomes white. Posterior wings ochre
brown; but when held in a certain position exhibiting a fine purplish
blue. A white bar crosses these wings obliquely from the middle of the
anterior edges, and meets a little below the body. Two indented black
lines are placed on the external edges, running from the upper to the
abdominal corners, where are placed two small crescent-like blue spots or
lines, one double, the other single.

_Under Side._ Palpi, breast, and legs white. Anterior wings having some
short black irregular lines placed cross-ways, and some brown orange
marks near the shoulders. Three small triangular black spots are placed
at a little distance from the external edges, near the lower corners;
above which is a brownish patch resembling polished metal. Posterior
wings entirely of the colour of polished metal, except the external edges
which are ash colour; and a white bar running from the middle of the
anterior edges to the abdominal corners. All the wings are deeply
angulated.

Latreille and Godart question whether this be not the female of Nymphalis Laurentia, of which they had only seen the males.

PLATE XVIII.

NYMPHALIS CADMA.

Plate XVIII. fig. 1, 2.

ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Diurna. FAMILY: Nymphalidæ, _Leach_.

GENUS. NYMPHALIS, _Latr. God._ Papilio (Nymph. Phal.), _Drury_.

NYMPHALIS CADMA. Alis denticulatis luteis, anticis utrinque areâ apicis
nigrâ, maculis duabus flavescentibus; posticis subtùs ocellis duobus
coeruleis. (Expans. Alar. 2 unc.)

SYN. Papilio (Nymph. Gemm.) Cadma, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 2. _Fabricius
Ent. Syst._ III. 1. _p._ 241. _No._ 751. (Papilio Sat. C.) _Enc. Méth._
ix. _p._ 421. (Nymphalis C.)

HABITAT: Jamaica.

_Upper Side._ Antennæ black. Head, thorax, and abdomen dark brown. Wings
tawny yellow. The anterior having the extreme parts, near the tips,
black; with two yellowish spots thereon, joining the anterior edges; also
a round black spot situated at the lower corners on the posterior edges.
Posterior wings immaculate, except a black streak placed on the anterior
edges next the upper corners.

_Under Side._ Tongue black. Breast, legs, and abdomen ash-coloured. The
superior wings marked and coloured as on the upper side, but less
distinctly. Posterior wings tawny orange, having a broad ash-coloured bar
crossing them from the anterior to the abdominal edges. On this bar are
placed two eyes, with double pupils; the lower one being of a fine blue
with a yellow iris; the upper one, next the anterior edges, blue and
black, with a brown iris. Margins of the wings dentated.

{35}VANESSA TEREA.

Plate XVIII. fig. 3, 4.

ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Diurna. FAMILY: Nymphalidæ, _Swains._

GENUS. VANESSA, _Fabr. Latr. God. Steph. &c._ Papilio (Nymph. Gemm.),
_Drury, &c._

VANESSA TEREA. Alis dentatis supra fuscis, fasciâ communi fulvâ lineâ
nigrâ divisâ; anticis subfalcatis punctis apicalibus albis, posticis
intus subcaudatis, ocello anali gemino. (Expans. Alar. 2 unc. 3 lin.)