Chapter XII: +The Decline of Indian Slavery+ (3)

La Hontan, 35, 37

La Salle, expedition of, 34, 35;
death of, 47;
urges Illinois against Iroquois, 70;
reports Indian slaves held by French, 75, 77;
advocates enslavement of Indians, 76;
given Indians, 81

Las Casas, opponent of Indian slavery, 65, 304

La Tore, Francis, kidnaps Indians, 162

Laudonnière, given Indians, 79;
intends using slaves as guides, 82

Laughton, John, captures and sells Indians abroad, 161;
indicted for the act, 161

La Vérendrye, 32;
sends Indian slaves to French settlements, 74

Law, customary, recognizes Indian slavery, 212

Leisler, Jacob, grievances against, 114

Le Jau, missionary, 266

Le Jeune, 28, 36

Le Page du Pratz, uses Indian slave as cook and interpreter, 83

Le Sueur, given Indians, 81

Levis, parish register of, 88

Little Compton, hired Indians in, 293

Little Sun, chief’s son, sent to West Indies, 68

Long, journal of, 98

Longfellow, Stephen, owns Indian slave, 274

Long Point, parish register of, 88

Louis de la Louisiane, Fort, 90

Louis XIV, edict of, 63;
orders captive Indians sent to France, 85

Louisiana, 57, 59, 64, 67, 77, 82, 83;
church records of, 88;
census of, 91;
report on, 91;
negro slaves in, 101

MacSparran, betters religious condition of slaves in Narragansett,
275

Madeira, Indian slaves in, 163

Maine, Indians from, carried to Massachusetts as slaves, 105;
carried to the Azores, 125

Maine, Thomas, on preying of tribe upon tribe for slaves, 171

Makah, tribe, 43

Mallet, expedition, uses slaves as guides, 82

Mandan, tribe, 43

Manumission of Indian slaves, 57, 94, 195, 276–282

Mantantons, tribe, 81

Marcy, Moses, owns Indian slave, 288

Markham, Governor William, owns Indian slave, 116

Marquette, Father, 27;
given an Indian slave, 80

Marriages, of slaves, 42, 43, 252;
of French and Indians, 87

Martha’s Vineyard, general court grants slaves right of appeal, 257

Maryland, Indian slaves in, 117;
indentured white servants in, 117;
assembly authorizes enslavement of Indians, 132;
act against kidnapping, 166;
decrees children shall follow condition of father, 208;
decrees slavery as condition of slave parents’ children, 209;
recognizes Indian slaves as property, 217;
permits owners to hire out slaves, 246;
forbids marriage of whites and slaves, 253;
permits slaves to testify at trial of slaves, 255;
remunerates owners of executed slaves, 259;
encourages baptism of slaves, 271

Mascoutens, tribe, 38

Mason, John, commander in campaign against Narraganset, 138;
authorized to enslave captives, 138;
on runaway Indian slaves, 218;
declares Pequot captives poor slaves, 288

Massachusetts, Indian slaves in, 123, 124, 126, 187;
exports Pequot captives, 124;
exports other Indians, 126;
act against kidnapping, 166;
act against importation of Indians, 188;
act against exportation of Indians, 188;
act to prevent abuse of apprenticeship, 198;
sentences Indians to slavery as punishment for crime, 202, 203, 205;
remunerates owner for Indian slave taken from him, 225;
courts settle disputed ownership of slaves, 225;
regards Indian slaves as taxables, 230–231;
forbids marriage of whites and negroes or Indians, 252;
provides for slave courts, 261, 262;
regulates sale of spirituous liquor to Indians, 264;
provides religious instruction for captives of King Philip’s War,
273;
remunerates owner for slave taken from him, 279, 280;
provides freedom as reward to slave, 280;
regulates actions of slaves, 290;
legislation shows Indian slaves unsatisfactory, 291;
requires license to hire Indians, 292

Matthews, deputy, removed by proprietors, 174

Mayhew, Experience, regrets lack of religious instruction for slaves,
273;
tells of Indian slave purchasing liberty, 277

Mdewakanton, tribe, 81

Medford, slaves in, 263

Mendoza, viceroy, 31, 52, 53

Menendez, 30, 48;
brings negroes to Florida, 59

Menominee, tribe, 32

Mexico, 26, 34, 56

Miami, tribe, 29

Miantonomo, chief, agreement with Massachusetts, 221

Michigan, Indian slavery in, 33

Middleton, deputy, removed by proprietors of Carolina, 174

Milton, Indian slaves in, 298

Mining, occupation of Indian slaves, 37

Ministry, of the colonies, 91

Minquae, tribe, have white slaves, 47

Miró, governor, frees slaves, 58

Missions, 59, 60, 66

Missionaries, as slave holders, 65, 66, 67;
advocate enslavement of Indians, 76

Missouri, tribe, 32, 33, 64

Mississippi, river, 31, 36;
valley, 92

Mistick Fight, captives enslaved, 123

Mistresses, Indian slaves used as by Indians, 36;
by Spaniards, 55;
by French, 83

Mobile, tribe, held as slaves by French, 75;
settlement, 73, 75;
church records of, 88, 89;
purposes of establishment of, 172

Modoc, tribe, 33

Mohawk, have white slaves, 47

Mohegan, tribe, at war with Narraganset, 138;
hired by English, 294

Monmouth, county, New Jersey, Indian slaves in, 117

Montreal, capitulation of, 64, 93;
slavery in, 92

Montagnais, tribe, 80

Moore, Governor, enslaves and exports Indians, 119, 120, 135;
Colonel, expedition of, to North Carolina, 122;
deputy, removed by proprietors, 174;
forces council to annul election of Moreton as governor, 179;
on traffic in Indians, 179;
employs Indian slaves in fields, 245

Moreton, Governor Joseph, instructed by proprietors not to allow
Indians to be carried from South Carolina, 175

Morton, Thomas, hires Indians, 293

Moscoso, leader after Soto’s death, 56;
treatment of slaves, 56

Moseley, Captain, captured Indians, 125

Mountgomry, Sir Robert, advocates use of indentured white servants,
289

Mutilation, punishment, 246

Nairn, Captain, expedition of to Florida, 120

Nanticoke, tribe, war of Maryland with, 132, 133

Narraganset, tribe, Pequot captives given to, 123;
at war with the Mohegan, 138;
campaign against, 138

Narragansett, slaves in, 110, 275;
hired servants in, 294

Nassoni, tribe, 30

Natchez, tribe, friendly with French, 67;
enslaved by French, 67, 68;
English traders purchase slaves from, 173;
enslave Shawnee, 173

Natchitoch, tribe, 30

Natchitoches, 30, 74;
report concerning, 75

Neau, pastor in New York, to S. P. G. F. P., 268

Negroes, use of a cause for decline of Indian slavery, 297, 298

Newbury, Indian slaves in, 298

New England, Indian slaves in, 105, 117, 187;
free Indians in, 283;
Indian slaves die of consumption, 285;
hired Indians in, 293

New England Confederation, decrees slavery as punishment for
Indians, 206, 207;
provides for enslavement of Narraganset captives, 207;
orders Indians seized for harboring runaway slaves, 223

New Hampshire, Indian slaves in, 111;
act against importation of Indians, 192–193;
levies import duties on Indians, 236;
grants slaves the right to life, 255;
finds Indian slaves unsatisfactory, 291

New Haven, act against exportation of Indians, 189

New Jersey, Indian slaves in, 116–117, 180, 300;
import duties on Indians, 236;
provides for trial of slaves, 257;
remunerates owners of executed slaves, 258;
punishments for slaves, 261, 262;
act concerning baptism of slaves, 271;
regulates action of freedmen, 280;
regulates manumission, 282;
indentured Indians in, 295

New London, Indian slaves in, 300

New Mexico, missions, 60

New Netherland, Indian slavery in, 112–113

New Orleans, 28, 74;
census of, 91;
report on, 92

Newport, Indians surrender at, 129

New York, Indian slaves in, 113–115, 187;
act to prevent importation of Indians, 193;
abuse of apprenticeship, 200;
decrees slavery as condition of slave mothers’ children, 209;
regards Indian slaves as taxables, 232;
levies import duties on Indians, 238–240;
forbids slaves to testify at trial of whites, 255;
provides for trial of slaves, 257;
decrees that baptism does not free slaves, 272;
regulates actions of freedmen, 280;
regulates manumission, 282;
free Indians in, 284;
regulates conduct of slaves, 290;
indentured Indians in, 295;
abolishes Indian slavery, 317

New York City, permits owners to hire out slaves, 246;
employs Indian slaves in military operations, 247;
restrictions on slaves, 260

Nez Percés, tribe, 33

Niagara, articles of peace drawn up at, 247

North Carolina, Indian slaves in, 36, 133, 301;
runaway Indian slaves, 222;
recognizes Indian slaves as property, 225, 226;
regards Indian slaves as taxables, 227;
forbids marriage of whites and Indians, 253;
forbids slaves to testify in court, 254;
punishments for Indian slaves, 261, 263, 264;
act regarding manumission of slaves, 278;
act regulating conduct of freedmen, 280, 281;
small-pox destroys Indians, 285

Northwest, 25, 27, 33, 36, 37, 39, 42, 85;
Indian slavery in, 45

Northwest Territory, slavery in, 33

Nova Scotia, 51

Oakinacke, tribe, slavery among, 46

Ohio, 29

Okechobee, Lake, 120

Oldmixon, on number of free Indians in New York, 284;
in New Jersey, 285

Old Town Creek, settlement, Indian children enslaved, 197

Opechancanough, chief, 119

Opinion, public, concerning Indian slavery, 303

Ordinance of 1787, 33

Oregon Indians, slavery among, 33, 45

O’Reilly, proclamation of concerning slaves, 58

Ortiz, Juan, enslaved, 46

Osage, tribe, 28, 31, 32, 73, 75

Ottawa, tribe, 27, 28, 32, 35, 36, 37;
area, 66, 70, 80

Ottogami, tribe, 38

Ouacha, tribe, 75

Outaouac, tribe, 32

Padouca, tribe, 31, 32, 86

Palfrey, estimate of number of Indians, 284

Pamunkey, 119

Panis, synonym for Indian slave, 89, 246

Paraguay, 67

Paris, 64, 66, 91

Pariss, Reverend, hires Indians, 293

Parliament, of Great Britain, 64;
of South Carolina, partly in sympathy with proprietors, 176;
of Canada, abolishes slavery, 97

Parris, Alexander, receiver of South Carolina, 202

Pawnee, tribe, 28, 31, 33, 73, 75, 99;
synonym for Indian slave, 32, 64, 93, 99

Payupki, enslavement of Indians of, 38

Pekkemeck, Indians, conceal runaway slaves, 222

Pemaquid, 160, 161

Penn, William, founder of a “free colony,” 115;
letter to Susquehanna, 224

Pennsylvania, kidnapping in, 161;
Indian slaves imported from South Carolina, 180, 187, 194;
acts against importation of Indians, 193–195;
act concerning runaway slaves, 221;
import duties on Indians, 236;
punishments for slaves, 262

Pensacola, English Indians attack, 171

Pequot War, captives, enslaved, 109, 110, 123, 124;
ran away, 218;
agreements to return runaways, 221–222;
unfitted for slaves, 288

Periér, governor of Louisiana, enslaves Natchez Indians, 68;
protests against trade in Indians, 98

Peter, Reverend Hugh, desires Indian slave, 310

Philadelphia, yearly meeting, action on Indian slavery, 308

Pierce, Captain, carries Indian slaves to the Bermudas, 124

Pima, tribe, 30

Pirates, work of, 163, 205

Plymouth, Indian slaves in, 109, 125;
sends Indians to Spain, 125, 126;
sentences Indians to slavery as punishment for crime, 204;
concerning runaway slaves, 224;
frees Indian slaves, 277;
provides remuneration for slave owners, 279;
hired Indians in, 293;
apprenticed Indians in, 295

Pollock, Governor, negotiates sale of Indians, 133

Popham, Lord, patron of Weymouth, 155;
given two Indians, 156

Portsmouth, forbids holding Indian slaves in the town, 152;
Indian slaves in, 299

Portugal, rival power, 71;
Indians carried to, 127

Potawatami, tribe, 38

Powder, object of barter, 27

Powhatan, chief, 36;
Indian freed by Virginia assembly, 186

Praying Indians, enslaved, 128, 143, 144;
hired, 293

Privateers, bring prizes to New Amsterdam, 163

Proprietors, of Carolina, grant privilege of selling Indians in West
Indies, 134, 174;
jealous of Governor West, 134;
power broken, 135;
forbid enslavement of Indians, 169;
play double game with reference to Indians, 173;
jealous of colonial officials, 174;
oppose Indian slavery, 175;
forbid Governor Moreton to allow exportation of Indians, 175;
oppose dealers in Indians, 177;
recognize usefulness of enslaving Indian captives, 178;
denounce Governor Moore’s Indian policy, 179;
sanction Indian slavery, 309;
caution West against appointing certain deputies, 174

Protection, to owners’ property in Indian slaves, 221, 222

Providence, island, Indians carried to, 124;
town, Indians surrender at, 129

Pueblo, tribe, 31;
missions, 60

Puritans, of Anne Arundel County, refuse to raise military levy, 133;
missionary scheme concerning Indians, 294

Quakers, at peace with Delaware, 115;
control government of Rhode Island, 129;
affect Indian slavery, 305;
oppose Indian slavery, 307–308

Quebec, 80;
parish register of, 88

Queen Charlotte Island, slave mart, 45

Quincy, slaves in, 109

Rancherias, practically enslave Indians, 61

Ransom, 44

Rappahannock, court, authorizes enslavement of Indians, 131

Rauch, missionary in New York, 162

Raudot, Jacques, intendant, authorizes

Indian slavery, 63;
issues ordinance against slaves’ running away, 99

Reaping, occupation of Indian slaves, 37

Renault, sent to Louisiana, 102

Rhode Island, slaves in, 110, 128–130, 187, 236;
limits bondage of Indians to term of years, 150;
general assembly so orders, 151;
sends Indians back to Plymouth, 151;
Indian slaves brought to from South Carolina, 180;
act against importing Indians, 191, 192;
act to prevent abuse of apprenticeship, 199;
sentences Indians to slavery as punishment, 205;
levies import duties on Indians, 235;
votes to enlist Indian slaves, 248;
religious condition of slaves in, 274;
legislation shows Indian slaves unsatisfactory, 292;
indentured Indians in, 295;
prices of Indian slaves in, 299;
abolishes Indian slavery, 316;
legislation concerning Spanish Indians, 319

Ribaut, instructions from Queen of France, 72;
seizes Indians, 72

Rowlandson, Mrs., taken prisoner by Indians, 47

Roxbury, Indian slaves in, 109

Rye, declares Indian slaves taxables, 232

Saguenay, 72, 79

St. Augustine, 30, 107;
expedition against, 119, 120, 135;
Indians captured at, 285

St. Denis, enslaved by Indians, 47

St. George, manor, Indian slaves in, 114

St. Lawrence, river, 36

St. Miguel, 53

St. Peters, Indian slaves in, 271

St. Thomas, parish, 107

Salem, indentured servants in, 295;
Indians slaves in, 298, 299

Salishan, tribe, 33

San Diego, 60

San Domingo, 102

Sandiford, Ralph, opposed to Indian slavery, 306

Sandwich, Indians in, 147;
court sentences Indians to slavery, 203

Sarrow, tribe, sells Indians in Virginia, 186

Sassacus, chief, 123

Sauk, tribe, 32

Savannah, tribe, prey on other tribes, sell captives, 170;
break treaty, 170;
reduced in numbers, 287

Savoile, owns Indian slaves, 77

Sayle, governor of Carolina, 169

Schuyler, Arient, owns Indian slaves, 114, 217

Schuylkill, river, 29

Seabrook, Fort, Indian captives to be sent to, 138

Seneca, tribe, 29;
carry Indian slave boy from South Carolina, 224

Serpent, Nation of the, 75

Sewall, Samuel, intercedes to prevent enslavement of Indians, 204;
admires marriage of whites and Indians, 253;
on sale of Indians, 298;
opposed to Indian slavery, 305

Sharp, Granville, opposed to Indian slavery, 306

Sharpe, pastor in New York, to S. P. G. T. P., 268

Shawnee, tribe, 29;
enslaved, 173

Shekomeka, Indian town in New York, 162

Short, Elizabeth, purchases Indian, 270

Shrimpton, Mr., quarters Indians on Noddle’s Island, 143

Shurt, Abraham, prevents union of Massachusetts and Maine Indians, 160

Smallcomb, Thomas, owns Indian slaves, 119;
sells Indians, 301

Smith, Captain John, 36;
expedition to New England, 158;
William, owns Indian slaves, 114

Snake, tribe, 32

Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, purpose
of American missionaries, 265;
allows missionaries to work among slaves, 266;
response to missionaries, 268;
drafts bill to aid conversion of slaves, 268

Sonnagars, tribe, 29

Sonnontuan, tribe, 70

Soto, 31, 37, 49;
lands in Florida, 51;
captures Indians, 52;
a slave owner, 52;
uses Indian slaves as guides, 55;
death, 56

Southampton, hired Indians in, 204

Sowing, employment of Indian slaves, 37

South Carolina, report on, 107;
Indian slaves in, 109, 134–136;
sentences Indians to slavery, 201;
decrees condition of slavery for children of slave mothers, 207;
recognizes Indian slaves as property, 213;
Indian slaves disposed of by will, 217;
act concerning runaway slaves, 221;
esteems slaves as real property, 226;
as taxables, 232;
levies import duties on Indians, 234;
levies export duties on Indians, 240;
permits owners to hire out slaves, 246;
employs slaves in military operations, 247, 248;
rewards Tuscarora for military service by gifts of Indian slaves,
249;
permits slaves to testify, 254;
remunerates owners of executed slaves, 258;
averse to slaves being church members, 269;
directions to traders, 276;
allows Indian slaves to prove right to freedom, 277;
act regulating freedmen, 280;
small-pox destroys Indians, 285;
declares Indian slaves of less value than negroes, 302;
abolishes Indian slavery, 315

South Kingston, slaves in, 110

Southold, Indian apprentices in, 295

Spain, Indians carried to, 51, 125, 126, 158;
rival power, 71

Spanish Indians, in New York, 163;
in New England, 164;
in Pennsylvania, 164;
undesirable, 290

Spanish Main, 48

Spanish Succession, war of, 119, 172

Spiritual welfare of Indians, 59

Spotswood, Governor, to Lord Dartmouth, 198

Sprague, Captain, carries Indian slaves to Spain, 125

Stanton, Captain John, owns Indian slaves, 130

Status, slavery, servitude, 212–216

Statutory recognition of slavery, 212

Steevens, missionary of S. P. G. F. P., 183

Stono, tribe, war with, 106, 119;
captives enslaved, 119, 134

Stoughton, Captain, requests Indian slave, 210

Susquehanna, tribe, carry away Indian slaves from New York, 224;
war with Yoamaco, 286

Swamp Fight, captives enslaved, 123

Swanzey, Indian slave in, 145

Taensa, tribe, Chickasaw obtain slaves from, 173

Taiguragui, chief, 71

Talapoosa, tribe, preys on tribes for captives to sell, 171

Talbot, attorney-general of England, decides that baptism does not
free slaves, 275

Talcot, Major John, treasurer of Connecticut, 130

Tampa Bay, 51

Tartary, 27

Terre Haute, slavery in, 92

Terrisse, 81

Thacher, Reverend Peter, owns Indian slaves, 251, 298

Thomas, Samuel, to S. P. G. F. P., 266

Thompson, Indians, slavery among, 46

Tiguex, captured by Coronado, 53, 56

Timucua, tribe, enslaved by English, 121

Tisquantum, captured by Captain Hunt, 158

Tlingit, tribe, 33

Tonti, 28, 38;
urges Illinois against Iroquois, 69;
advocates enslavement of Indians, 76;
given Indians, 81

Toungletat, Indian slavery among, 45

Trade, leading employment of French-American colonists, 87;
means of obtaining Indian slaves, 168–195

Treasurer, of colony, authorized to sell Indians, 139, 140, 148

Treatment, of Indian slaves, 39–42, 55–57, 86–92, 250, 282;
not different from treatment of negroes, 250

Tusayan, tribe, enslave Indians of Payupki, 38

Tuscarora, war, captives enslaved, 121, 122, 133;
cause of, 197;
Indians, runaway, 222

Uncas, chief, exchanges land for Indian slave, 277

United Colonies of New England, authorize enslavement of Indians, 138;
recognize property rights in Indian slaves, 222;
letter to Governor Kieft, 223

Ute, tribe, slavery among, 45, 46

Vancouver Island, Indian slavery on, 45

Verrazano, kidnaps Indians, 71

Vesey, Reverend, on Indian slaves in New York, 114

Vincennes, church records of, 89;
slavery at, 92

Virginia, Indian slaves in, 30, 108, 118, 119, 127, 180, 187, 271,
301;
assembly authorizes transportation and sale of Indians, 131–132;
act against kidnapping Indians, 166;
early trade with Indians, 185;
policy regarding enslavement of Indians, 185;
act against enslavement of Indian children, 198;
sentences Indians to slavery, 202–203;
act concerning runaway slaves, 221;
regards Indian slaves as taxables, 227–230;
levies import duties on, 235, 237;
forbids marriage of free whites and Indian slaves, 252;
decrees child of an Indian to be a mulatto, 254;
forbids slaves to testify in court except at trial of slaves, 255;
provides special courts for trial of slaves, 256;
votes to educate Indian servants, 270;
legally designates slaves in 1670, 270;
repeals act of 1670, 272;
requires registration of slaves, 271;
act concerning manumission of slaves, 278, 279;
regulates actions of freedmen, 280;
decrease in number of Indians, 286;
requires license to hire Indians, 292;
indentured Indians in, 295;
abolishes Indian slavery, 312;
supreme court decision regarding abolition of Indian slavery, 313

Voyageurs, 64

Waineoke, King of, sells Indian to Elizabeth Short, 270, 301

Wakashan, tribe, 33

Waldron, Major, seizes Indians at Cocheco, 147;
issues warrants for seizure of Indians, 161;
indicted for stealing and selling Indians, 161

Wallawalla, river, 33

Wampum, 35, 37

Waniah, tribe, at war with South Carolina, 177

Washington, General George, proposes to enlist slaves, 248

West, Governor, sells Indians as slaves, 119, 134;
removed from office by proprietors, 174;
cautioned by proprietors against appointing certain deputies, 174

West Indies, 78;
Indians carried to, 68, 97, 119, 124, 127, 133–134, 169, 180, 185,
202, 302

West Virginia, slave courts in, 256

Western Company, charter of, 101;
imports negroes into Louisiana, 101

Westo, tribe, sell captives to English, 170;
break treaty, 170;
sell Indians to Carolina planters, 175;
reduced in numbers, 287

Wethersfield, Indian slave in, 300

Wetmore, on opposition of owners to baptism of slaves, 273

Weymouth, kidnaps Indians, 155

Whipping, punishment, 262–263

Willard, Lieutenant, agreement of Massachusetts with, 222

Williams, Roger, on Indian slavery, 304;
requests an Indian slave, 310

Winthrop, John, owns an Indian slave, 216;
on number of free Indians, 248;
obtains licenses to employ Indians, 292

Wisconsin, 27, 32, 38, 94

Yamasee, tribe, 30

Yanan, tribe, 33

Yaqui, tribe, enslaved, 54

Yazoo, tribe, enslave Shawnee, 173

Yeamans, Sir John, chosen by proprietors to succeed West as
Governor, 174

Yoamaco, tribe, war with Susquehanna, 286

Yorke, solicitor-general of England, decides that baptism does not
free slaves 275

Yuma, tribe, 30

VITA

The author of this dissertation, Almon Wheeler Lauber, was born at Lawrenceville, St. Lawrence Co., New York, March 24, 1880. He was graduated from the New York State Normal School, Potsdam, New York, in 1900. During the academic year of 1900–1901 he was principal of the graded school at Lawrenceville, New York. In 1905, he was graduated from Syracuse University with the degree of Ph. B., and in the same year received the Ph. M. degree. During the three succeeding academic years he was instructor in history at George School, Bucks Co., Pennsylvania. In 1908, he entered Columbia University where he pursued graduate work. His major subject was American History, and his minors were Constitutional Law and European History. He took courses in American History under Professors Shepherd, Osgood and Dunning; in Constitutional Law under Professor Burgess; and in European History under Professors Osgood, Robinson and Sloane. He was a member of seminars under Professors Shepherd, Osgood and Dunning.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] In Mexico, a certain community of Indians was named “Esclavos” by the Spaniards, because the Aztec rulers had drawn so largely upon them for slaves. Gage, _A New Survey of the West Indies_, third edition, ii, p. 414.

[2] Hodge, _Handbook of American Indians north of Mexico, Bureau of American Ethnology_, Bulletin 30, pt. ii, p. 599.

[3] _Ibid._

[4] Fiske, _The Discovery of America_, i, p. 121; Prescott, _History of the Conquest of Mexico_, twenty-second edition, i, pp. 35, 41. See also Clavigero, _The History of Mexico_ (translated by Cullen), i, p. 157, ii, p. 154; Prescott, _op. cit._, i, pp. 63, 68, 147, 155, 168, 285; ii, pp. 82, 137.

[5] See Neill, _History of Minnesota_, p. 85, for the case of an Indian who wanted to enslave his daughter’s murderer. Brickell, _The Natural History of North Carolina_, etc., p. 355, tells of Indians enslaving one another for theft until reparation was made.

[6] _The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents_, edited by Reuben Gold Thwaites, xvi, pp. 199, 201. The same custom was followed by the Indians in later periods. See Parker, _A Journey Beyond the Rocky Mountains_ (1835), p. 53.

[7] _Jesuit Relations_, xv, p. 157.

[8] Margry, _Découvertes_, etc., i, p. 470; _Michigan Pioneer and Historical Society Collections_, xxiv, p. 182.

[9] Thwaites, _Father Marquette_, p. 85. The spelling of the Indian names in this dissertation is that used by Hodge in _Handbook of American Indians north of Mexico_.

[10] Hennepin, _A New Discovery of a Vast Country in America_, edited by Reuben Gold Thwaites, p. 631.

[11] French, _Historical Collections of Louisiana_, pt. i, p. 56; Margry, _op. cit._, i, p. 527.

[12] Shea, _Discovery and Exploration of the Mississippi Valley_, etc., pp. lvi, 32; Thwaites, _Father Marquette_, p. 81.

[13] _Jesuit Relations_, lix, p. 309.

[14] _Jesuit Relations_, lxvii, p. 171. In the south, the term “slave” was used by the Indians, not only in the sense in which it is commonly used, but as applied to dogs, cats, tame and domestic animals, and to captive birds. “So when an Indian tells you that he has a slave for you, it may, in general terms as they use, be a young eagle, a dog, or any other thing of that nature, which is obsequiously to depend upon the master for its substance.” Lawson, _The History of North Carolina, containing the exact description and natural history of that country_, p. 327.

[15] In 1694, the Illinois informed Tonti that during the preceding seven years they had killed and taken prisoners 334 men and boys and 111 women and girls. Margry, _op. cit._, iv, p. 5.

[16] Hennepin, _A New Discovery_, etc., ii, p. 631; Margry, _op. cit._, ii, p. 98; _Jesuit Relations_, liv, p. 191; lix, p. 127.

[17] Chappell, _A History of the Missouri River_, p. 25.

[18] _Jesuit Relations_, xxx, p. 133.

[19] French, _Historical Collections of Louisiana_, pt. i, p. 69.

[20] Hazard, _Annals of Pennsylvania_, p. 7.

[21] Discourse delivered before The New York Historical Association at the anniversary meeting, December 6, 1811, by the Honorable DeWitt Clinton; La Hontan, _New Voyages to North America_, edited by Reuben Gold Thwaites, ii, p. 504.

[22] Margry, _op. cit._, ii, pp. 141, 272; iv, p. 5.

[23] Hennepin, _op. cit._, ii, p. 659.

[24] Margry, _op. cit._, i, p. 527; ii, p. 141.

[25] _Jesuit Relations_, lxii, p. 67.

[26] _Ibid._, lxi, p. 195.

[27] Catesby, _The Natural History of Carolina, Florida, and the Bahama Islands_, etc., ii, p. xiii; Hodge, _op. cit._, pt. i, p. 532.

[28] Beverly, _The History of Virginia in Four Parts_, second edition, p. 179; Smith, _The General Historie of Virginia, New England, and the Summer Isles_, in Arber’s edition of Captain John Smith’s Works, ii, p. 570.

[29] _Memoir of Hernando de Escalante Fontanedo on the Country and Ancient Indian Tribes of Florida_, in French, _Historical Collections of Louisiana and Florida_, series ii, p. 253.

[30] French, _op. cit._, pt. iii. p. 68.

[31] Bulletin 43 of the _Bureau of American Ethnology_, p. 296.

[32] _Publications of the Mississippi Historical Society_, v, p. 305.

[33] _Twenty-sixth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology_, 1904–1905, p. 197.

[34] _Bureau of American Ethnology Publications_, xiv, pt. i, p. 548.

[35] _Ibid._, p. 449; Lowery, _The Spanish Settlements within the Present Limits of the United States, 1513–1561_, p. 314.

[36] French, _op. cit._, pt. iii, p. 74. Du Tisné meditated making peace between the Pawnee and Padouca, and thought it could be done by giving presents to each tribe, and by getting each to return the slaves which it held of the other nation. Chappell, _op. cit._, p. 26.

[37] Iberville, in 1702, found them to number 2,000 men. Margry, _op. cit._, iv, pp. 597–599.

[38] Thwaites, _Early Western Travels_, vi, p. 61; _Jesuit Relations_, lxix, p. 301.

[39] Margry, _op. cit._, vi, p. 416.

[40] _Narrative of De Boucherville_, in _Wisconsin Historical Society Collections_, xvii, pp. 42, 55, 89.

[41] _Michigan Pioneer and Historical Society Collections_, xxxiv, p. 182.

[42] Parkman, _A Half Century of Conflict_, ii, p. 46.

[43] The term “Pawnee” or “Panis” signifying an Indian slave was especially used in Canada. See J. C. Hamilton, _Slavery in Canada_, in _Transactions of the Canadian Institute_, 1890, pp. 102–108; “_The Panis_” in _Canadian Institute Proceedings_, 1899, pp. 19–27; Smith, _The Slave in Canada_, in _Nova Scotia Historical Society Reports_, x, pp. 3, 72.

[44] Grignon, _Seventy-two Years’ Recollections of Wisconsin_, in _Wisconsin Historical Society Collections_, iii, p. 256; Thwaites, _Early Western Travels_, i, pp. 304, 309. In the present state of Michigan, traces are found of Indians holding others as slaves, though the Ordinance of 1787 forbade slavery in the Northwest Territory. _Michigan Pioneer and Historical Society Collections_, xiv, p. 658.

[45] Hodge, _op. cit._, pt. ii, p. 598.

[46] _Ibid._, pt. ii, p. 598.

[47] _Ibid._, pt. ii, p. 598.

[48] Margry, _op. cit._, v, p. 506; French, _Historical Collections of Louisiana_, pt. iii, pp. 33, 34, 68; Cramoisy, _Journal de la Guerre du Micissippi contre les Chicachas_, pp. 65, 67, 68, 89; La Harpe, _Historical Journal of the Establishment of the French in Louisiana_, in French, _op. cit._, pt. iii, p. 27; Brickell, _op. cit._, p. 324.

[49] Douay, _Narrative of La Salle’s Expedition_, in Shea, _Discovery and Exploration of the Mississippi Valley_, p. 204; French, _op. cit._, pt. iv, p. 204.

[50] Shea, _op. cit._, pp. 205, 211, 216.

[51] French, _op. cit._, pt. i, p. 42.

[52] _Jesuit Relations_, xliii, p. 299; xliv, pp. 47, 49; l, p. 115.

[53] _Ibid._, xliii, p. 293.

[54] Hennepin’s _Narrative_, in Shea, _Discovery and Exploration of the Mississippi Valley_, p. 144.

[55] _Jesuit Relations_, liv, pp. 93, 95.

[56] La Hontan, _op. cit._, ii, p. 454. _A Memoir of La Salle to Frontenac_, November 9, 1680, declares that the Illinois forced their slaves to work. _The Historical Magazine_, v, p. 197.

[57] Bartram, _Travels through North and South Carolina, Georgia, East and West Florida_, p. 185.

[58] _Jesuit Relations_, xvi, p. 199.

[59] Hodge, _op. cit._, pt. ii, p. 598.

[60] _Jesuit Relations_, xliii, p. 293. It was the existence of this class of slaves among the Iroquois which the Jesuits deplored most of all.

[61] Carr, _The Mounds of the Mississippi Valley Historical Considered_, p. 8; Lowery, _The Spanish Settlements within the Present Limits of the United States, 1513–1561_, p. 32.

[62] Carr, _op. cit._, p. 18.

[63] _Purchas His Pilgrimes_, edition of 1908, iv, pp. 1699–1700.

[64] Brickell, _op. cit._, p. 321; Lawson, _op. cit._, p. 188.

[65] Lowery, _The Spanish Settlements within the Present Limits of the United States, 1513–1561_, p. 32.

[66] La Hontan, _op. cit._, ii, p. 432.

[67] Margry, _op. cit._, iii, p. 339.

[68] _Jesuit Relations_, lxi, p. 195; La Hontan, _op. cit._, i, pp. 94, 106, 111, 113; Hennepin, _op. cit._, ii, p. 509; Carr, _op. cit._, p. 18.

[69] _Jesuit Relations_, xvi, p. 199.

[70] _Ibid._, xvi, p. 199.

[71] La Hontan, _op. cit._, ii, p. 432.

[72] Hodge, _op. cit._, pt. ii, p. 598.

[73] _Wisconsin Historical Society Collections_, xvi, p. 345. For the legend of the enslaving and freeing of the Indians of Payupki by the Tusayan, see the _Bureau of American Ethnology_, Report for 1886–1887, p. 40.

[74] French, _op. cit._, pt. i, p. 56.

[75] _Wisconsin Historical Society Collections_, xvi. p. 284.

[76] _Ibid._, xvi, pp. 306, 429, 444, 447–451.

[77] _Ibid._, xvi, p. 123.

[78] _Ibid._, xvi, p. 276.

[79] _Wisconsin Historical Society Collections_, v, p. 79.

[80] Hodge, _op. cit._, pt. ii, p. 598.

[81] _Ibid._

[82] This statement implies that the term “slave” does not include prisoners of war who were tortured by their captors.

[83] Bartram, _op. cit._, p. 185.

[84] La Hontan, _op. cit._, ii, p. 439.

[85] French, _op. cit._, pt. i, p. 160.

[86] Brickell, _The National History of North Carolina_, p. 321; Irving, _The Conquest of Florida under Hernando de Soto_, i, p. 280; Shipp, _The History of Hernando de Soto and Florida_, etc., p. 367; Pickett, _History of Alabama_, p. 64. The statements of Irving, Shipp and Pickett are based on the account by Garcilaso de la Vega.

[87] Margry, _op. cit._, v, p. 95.

[88] Margry, _op. cit._, v, p. 95; Marshall, _Historical Writings Relating to the Early History of the West_, p. 211; La Hontan, _op. cit._, ii, pp. 420, 505.

[89] Marshall, _op. cit._, p. 212; Hennepin, _op. cit._, ii, p. 508; _Jesuit Relations_, xliii, p. 303.

[90] _Jesuit Relations_, xliii, p. 295.

[91] _Ibid._, xliii, p. 299; Shea, _Discovery and Exploration of the Mississippi Valley_, p. 34.

[92] Hodge, _op. cit._, pt. ii, p. 599.

[93] _Jesuit Relations_, xliii, p. 293.

[94] _Ibid._, xliii, p. 293.

[95] _Ibid._, 1, p. 115.

[96] Bartram, _op. cit._, p. 186.

[97] La Hontan, _op. cit._, ii, p. 613.

[98] Bartram, _op. cit._, p. 186.

[99] La Hontan, _op. cit._, ii, p. 474. These freed slaves were accustomed to go each day to visit their former masters’ graves to offer pipes and tobacco in acknowledgment of their freedom.

[100] Hodge, _op. cit._, pt. ii, p. 598.

[101] _Ibid._, pt. ii, p. 599.

[102] _Ibid._ For the Iroquois, see Carr, _op. cit._, p. 18; Margry, _op. cit._, v, p. 8; _Jesuit Relations_, lxii, p. 63. For the western Indians, see Hennepin, _op. cit._, p. 509; _Jesuit Relations_, lxix, p. 59. For the northern Indians, see Catesby, _op. cit._, ii. p. xiii (editor’s note).

[103] Hennepin, _op. cit._, ii, p. 508.

[104] _Fifteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology_, 1893–1894, p. cxii.

[105] Brickell, _op. cit._, p. 321; Lawson, _op. cit._, p. 323; Catesby, _op. cit._, ii, p. xiii.

[106] _Jesuit Relations_, liv, p. 237.

[107] La Hontan, _op. cit._, ii, p. 508.

[108] _Wisconsin Historical Society Collections_, xvi, p. 46.

[109] The holding of slaves by the Indians continued long after colonial times. It naturally died out first in the east, with the growth in power of the whites and the consequent decrease in the numbers and strength of the Indians.

The Indians of the Columbia River country held slaves till well into the nineteenth century. These they procured by trading beads and furs with the interior tribes. Franchère’s _Narrative_, in Thwaites, _Early Western Travels_, vi, p. 324; xxix, p. 242; xxx, p. 111. The Blackfeet, Cayuse, Crows, and Ute were accustomed to keep the women taken in war as slaves, (_Ibid._, xxiii, p. 118); and other neighboring tribes did the same. Travelers in Oregon in 1846 found that the Oregon Indians enslaved their war captives, and that they made war for the purpose of obtaining slaves. _Ibid._, xxix, p. 124. The Toungletat, who inhabited Vancouver Island, at the same time had Indian slaves, captives in war. _Ibid._, xxix, p. 149. The tribes of the section south of the Columbia River country were given over to the same custom. Both here, and in the Columbia River country, the Indians were heavy gamblers, and not infrequently staked their own freedom in their games. _Ibid._, xxx, p. 161; xxvii, p. 171; Parker, _Journey Beyond the Rocky Mountains_, p. 53. The Indians of the extreme northwest held slaves in 1840. Considerable numbers were owned by the chiefs. These were worth thirty blankets each, and were generally purchased from the natives of Queen Charlotte Island, the great slave mart of the northwest coast. Bancroft, _History of the Northwest Coast_, ii, pp. 647–649.

The slaves of the Columbia River country were well treated as long as they were able to work. The district was a commercial one, and the slaves, as an article of commerce, were valuable. But when a slave grew old and was unable to work, he was neglected. The women of the tribe had several slaves who were dependent entirely upon their will. Slaves could be purchased by the male members of the tribes for wives. The Oackinacke Indians, at this time, possessed but few slaves, and these were adopted as children and as members of the family. _Ibid._, vii, pp. 103, 107, 303.

Until 1850, the Thompson Indians of British Columbia enslaved captive Indians. Teit, _The Thompson Indians of British Columbia_, in _Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History_, pp. 269, 290. In 1836, the Chinook Indians possessed Indian slaves. In 1855, the Ute sacrificed four slaves, and buried them with one of their chiefs. One of these slaves was buried alive. Thomas, _Indians of North America in Historic Times_, p. 369. In 1863, the Cherokee abolished slavery by law. This was amended in 1866, so as to permit it as a punishment for crime. Thwaites, _Early Western Travels_, xx, p. 303.

[110] Enslavement of the whites by the Indians was not uncommon. Cabeza de Vaca and other survivors of Narvaez’s expedition were made slaves by the Indians among whom they wandered. _Narrative of Cabeza de Vaca_, in _Narratives of Early American History_, i, pp. 64, 69. Soto found one of these survivors, Juan Ortiz by name, who had taken on Indian customs, and nearly forgotten his native language. “_Relation of Biedma_,” in Bourne, _Narratives of the Career of De Soto_, ii, p. 3.

Strachey, _The Historie of Travaile into Virginia_, speaks of a story that he had heard from the Indians, concerning an Indian chief, Eyanoco by name, living somewhere to the south of Virginia, who had seven white slaves who had escaped from the massacre at Roanoke. These slaves the Indians employed in beating copper. _Hakluyt Society Publication_, vi, p. 26. Whether the story is wholly or partly true has never been determined. That the Indians of the locality did enslave the whites captured in war or shipwrecked off the coast is shown by the preamble of an act of Carolina in 1707. _North Carolina Colonial Records_, i, p. 674. In the war of 1711, the Indians spared some of the women and children captured on the plantations so that they might serve as slaves. _Ibid._, i, p. 182.

Captain Hendrickson, in 1616, found three persons belonging to the Dutch West India Company, who were slaves of the Mohawk and Minquae, and who were traded to him for merchandise. Hazard, _Annals of Pennsylvania_, p. 7.

Father Bressani was captured in 1644 by the Iroquois, and given to a woman as a slave. She sent him to Fort Orange, where he was ransomed by the Dutch and returned to France. _Jesuit Relations_, xxvi, p. 49. Other Jesuits were enslaved by the Iroquois. Basqueville de la Potherie, _Histoire de l’Amérique Septentrionale_, iv, pp. 125–163. French men, women and children had a similar fate. _Jesuit Relations_, xl, p. 137; xlvi, p. 207. Some of them were ransomed and freed by the Dutch. Margry, _op. cit._, vi, pp. 123, 125. Joutel, in 1687, feared that he would be enslaved by the Cenis, and put to work in their mines along with their Indian slaves. Margry, _op. cit._, iii, p. 339. After the death of La Salle, and the massacre of most of his followers in 1687, the children who were spared were taken captive by the Spanish Indians, and sent to Mexico as slaves. Margry, _op. cit._, iii, p. 339. Saint Denis, in 1721, certified that he had been eleven months a slave among the savages of the west Mississippi country. Robinson, _Account of Discoveries in the West_, etc., p. 215. As late as 1754, the Indians of Virginia had French prisoners as slaves. _Virginia Historical Society Collections_, iii, p. 267.

In the time of King Philip’s War, Mrs. Rowlandson of Lancaster was taken prisoner by the Indians and sold to a Narraganset chief whose slave she became. Clark, _History of King Philip_, p. 290. During the various colonial wars, many Englishmen were taken by the Indians as slaves and sold to the French in Canada. _Massachusetts Archives_, lxxiv, p. 57.

[111] Prescott, _History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella the Catholic_, edition of 1838, i, p. 390; ii, p. 40.

[112] French, _op. cit._, series 2, p. 263.

[113] For slaves taken by Columbus on his three voyages, see _Journal of Columbus’ First Voyage_, in _Original Narratives of Early American History_, i, pp. 112, 306; Thacher, _Christopher Columbus, His Life, His Work, His Remains_, etc., ii, pp. 301, 357, 393, 585, 644, 685.

[114] Lowery, _The Spanish Settlements within the Present Limits of the United States, 1513–1561_, p. 136. According to the patent, the king was to name the individuals who should distribute the slaves. _Ibid._, p. 136.

[115] Lowery, _The Spanish Settlements within the Present Limits of the United States, 1513–1561_, p. 162.

[116] Shea, _The Catholic Church in Colonial Days_, p. 112; Lowery, _op. cit._, p. 136.

[117] For this reason he took no monks or priests with him. Lowery, _op. cit._, p. 136.

[118] The proclamation of Ponce de Leon is quoted in Helps, _The Conquerors of the New World and Their Bondsmen_, etc., ii, pp. 111–116. This peculiar summons to surrender had been used by the Spanish explorers and conquerors since 1509. After telling the Indians of the creation of the world, it traced the title thereto to St. Peter, and thence to the ruling pope. It cited also the grant of the Indies by the pope to the sovereigns of Castile; and after urging the Indians to acknowledge their fealty to these sovereigns, it threatened them with war and slavery if they refused.

[119] Lowery, _op. cit._, p. 169.

[120] _The Narrative of Cabeza de Vaca_, in _Original Narratives of Early American History_, ii, p. 25.

[121] _Ibid._, ii, p. 30.

[122] Bourne, _op. cit._, i, p. 20.

[123] Buckingham Smith, _Life of De Soto_, p. 170.

[124] Bourne, _op. cit._, ii, pp. 60, 94, 97, 103, 105.

[125] Bourne, _op. cit._, i, p. 34.

[126] _Ibid._, i, p. 45; ii, pp. 25, 121.

[127] _Ibid._, i, p. 70; ii, pp. 72, 75, 117, 129.

[128] Coronado, in his letter to Mendoza, August 3, 1540, mentions both negroes and Indians in the expedition. He does not allude to their being slaves. In other parts of the letter, he mentions friendly Indians accompanying the expedition. _Coronado’s Letter to Mendoza_, in the _Fourteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology_; Shea, _The Catholic Church in Colonial Days_, p. 114.

[129] _The Narrative of the Expedition of Coronado_, by Pedro de Castañeda, in _Original Narratives of Early American History_, ii, p. 324.

[130] Lowery, _op. cit._, pp. 156–157; Martin, _The History of North Carolina from the Earliest Period_, i, p. 2.

[131] _The Narrative of Cabeza de Vaca_ in _Original Narratives of Early American History_, i, pp. 25–118. Among the Indians of this region, who were carried away into captivity, were Yaqui who long afterwards remained hostile to the whites.

[132] Bancroft, _History of the North Mexican States_, i, p. 59.

[133] French, _op. cit._, pt. iv, p. 201; Shea, _Discovery and Exploration of the Mississippi Valley_, p. 201.

[134] For such instances in Soto’s journey, see Bourne, _op. cit._ For Coronado’s journey, see _Original Narratives of Early American History_, ii, pp. 289, 329, 342; _Narrative of Jaramillo_, in _Fourteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology_.

[135] Bourne, _op. cit._, ii, p. 11.

[136] _Ibid._, i, p. 20.

[137] _Ibid._, ii, p. 55.

[138] _The Narrative of the Expedition of Coronado_, by Castañeda, in _Original Narratives of Early American History_, ii, pp. 329, 342.

[139] Bourne, _op. cit._, ii, pp. 21, 117.

[140] _Ibid._, i, p. 45; ii, pp. 25, 121.

[141] _The Narrative of the Expedition of Coronado_, by Castañeda, in _Original Narratives of Early American History_, ii, p. 289.

[142] Bourne, _op. cit._, i, pp. 193–194.

[143] Fairbanks, _History of Florida from Its Discovery_, etc., p. 58.

[144] Lowery, _The Spanish Settlements within the Present Limits of the United States, 1513–1561_, pp. 249 (note), 357, 415, 417.

[145] _The Narrative of the Expedition of Coronado_, by Castañeda, in _Original Narratives of Early American History_, ii, p. 324.

[146] Bourne, _op. cit._, i, p. 177; ii, p. 60.

[147] _Ibid._, i, pp. 102, 139, 171, 191; ii, pp. 80, 121.

[148] _Ibid._, i, pp. 44, 84, 93; ii, pp. 94, 97, 103, 105, 106, 110, 112, 113, 115, 116, 117.

[149] See Lucas and Stevens, _The New Laws of the Indies_.

[150] Houck, _History of Missouri_, ii, p. 240; Wheeler, _A Practical Treatise of the Law of Slavery_, pp. 12–14. O’Reilly’s instructions to the various commandants at Natchitoches, the coast and elsewhere, are given in Gayarré, _History of Louisiana, Spanish Domination_, pp. 20, 25.

[151] Bancroft, _History of Arizona and New Mexico, 1530–1888_, p. 132.

[152] Lowery, _The Spanish Settlements within the Present Limits of the United States, Florida, 1562–1574_, pp. 145–160.

[153] Hodge, _op. cit._, pt. i, p. 874.

[154] Hodge, _op. cit._, pt. i, p. 893.

[155] _Ibid._, pt. i, pp. 894–895.

[156] _Ibid._, pt. i, p. 895; Bancroft, _History of California_, i, p. 111; Coman, _Economic Beginnings of the Far West_, i, pp. 100–101, 147–155.

[157] Hodge, _op. cit._, pt. i, p. 894.

[158] Coman, _op. cit._, ii, pp. 28–29, 31–32, 144.

[159] _Ibid._, i, pp. 40–44.

[160] _Ibid._, i, p. 99.

[161] Barrett, _The Ethno-Geography of the Pomo and Neighboring Indians_, in _University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology_, vi, p. 45.

[162] The edict of Louis XIV in 1688 authorizing the importation of slaves related only to negroes from Africa. Hamilton, _Slavery in Canada_, in _Transactions of the Canadian Institute_, 1890, i, p. 102.

[163] Hamilton, _op. cit._, in _Transactions of the Canadian Institute_, 1890, i, p. 102; _Mémoires et Documents Relatifs à l’Histoire du Canada_, p. 5.

[164] Margry, _op. cit._, vi, p. 316.

[165] Hamilton, _op. cit._, in _Transactions of the Canadian Institute_, 1890, i, p. 102.

[166] Hamilton, _op. cit._, in _Transactions of the Canadian Institute_, 1890, i, p. 102; _New York Colonial Documents_, x, p. 1118. General Amherst, the English commander and agent in the negotiations, wrote opposite the proposition: “Granted, except those who shall have been made prisoners.”

Though the word “Pawnee,” in the records, seems to have special reference to Indian slaves, it is sometimes used by the old Canadian writers to signify all persons in servitude, without regard to color. Hamilton, _op. cit._, in _Transactions of the Canadian Institute_, 1890, i, p. 107.

[167] In 1557, ten young Brazilian Indians were purchased by Villegaignon, and sent to France as a gift to King Henry II. The king distributed them among the nobles of his court. Lescarbot, _Histoire de la Nouvelle-France_, i, p. 174.

[168] See _Transactions of the Canadian Institute_, ii, p. 173.

[169] Parkman, _The Discovery of the Great West_, sixth edition, p. 27.

[170] Thwaites, _Father Marquette_, p. 34.

[171] It should be noted that the missions never attained the same prominence among the French, within the limits of the present United States, as among the Spaniards. “The neophyte was too much a child, too much a slave, too little a man” to please the Frenchman.

[172] Margry, _op. cit._, v, p. 162. La Salle, on his expedition, employed Indian hunters who were not slaves. Joutel’s _Journal of La Salle’s Last Voyage_, pp. 20, 76, 82, 94, 95, 97, 98; Parkman, _The Discovery of the Great West_, sixth edition, pp. 144, 356.

[173] _Jesuit Relations_, xxx, p. 133.

[174] _Archives du Ministre des Colonies, C. 13 ... Correspondance Générale_, ii, 1707–1712.

[175] Lowry and McCardle, _A History of Mississippi from the Discovery_, etc., second edition, p. 84.

[176] Thwaites, _Early Western Travels_, xiii, p. 179.

[177] Thomas, _The Indians of North America_, etc., p. 321.

[178] Garneau, _Histoire du Canada_, etc., fourth edition, ii, p. 95. “The number of the Natchez that escaped the grasp of Périer, at this time, has been put down by some writers as three hundred warriors.” French, _Historical Memoirs of Louisiana_, series 5, p. 102.

[179] Hodge, _op. cit._, pt. ii, p. 36; Monette, _History of the Discovery and Settlement of the Valley of the Mississippi_, etc., i, p. 272, states the number as four hundred and twenty-seven. Lowry and McCardle, _op. cit._, p. 85, place the number as forty-five male Indians, and four hundred and fifty women and children.

[180] Pittman, _The Present State of the European Settlements on the Mississippi_, Hodder edition, p. 80.

[181] On the passage, some of the Indians, for “showing their resentment by upbraiding the authors of their misery,” were thrown into the sea. _Ibid._, p. 80.

[182] Marbois, _op. cit._, p. 119, and appendix, No. 4.

[183] Ferland, _Cours d’Histoire du Canada_, seconde partie, p. 446.

[184] Landun, _Journal d’un Voyage à la Louisiane fait en 1720_, p. 247; Margry, _op. cit._, vi, p. 316; La Harpe’s _Journal_ in French, _op. cit._, p. 351.

[185] Martin, _The History of Louisiana from the Earliest Period_, i, p. 256.

[186] _Ibid._, i, p. 256.

[187] Dubroca, _L’Itinéraire des Français dans la Louisiane_, p. 81.

[188] Thomas, _The Indians of North America_, etc., p. 319; Cramoisy, _Journal de la Guerre du Micissippi contre les Chicachas_, p. 65.

[189] Cramoisy, _op. cit._, p. 65.

[190] Gayarré, _Louisiana, its History as a French Colony_, p. 64.

[191] Cramoisy, _op. cit._, pp. 49, 65, 67, 68, 89; Margry, _op. cit._, v, p. 432.

[192] Margry, _op. cit._, iii, p. 564.

[193] French, _op. cit._, pt. i, p. 42.

[194] Margry, _op. cit._, v, p. 476; French, _op. cit._, new series, i. p. 100. Hennepin, _A New Discovery_, etc., p. 631, mentions the French of Kaskaskia using both Indian and negro slaves.

[195] _Michigan Pioneer and Historical Society Collections_, xxxiii, p. 286.

[196] _Ibid._, pp. 324, 397.

[197] _Ibid._, pp. 328, 439, 544.

[198] _Ibid._, p. 550.

[199] _Ibid._, pp. 365, 396.

[200] _Wisconsin Historical Society Collections_, xvi, pp. 434, 436.

[201] Bossu, _Nouveaux Voyages dans l’Amérique Septentrionale_, p. 100.

[202] _Wisconsin Historical Society Collections_, xvi, p. 343.

[203] Kohl, _Documentary History of Maine_, i, p. 255. Verrazano says of the Indians of this region: “They are suspicious, hostile and desirous of obtaining steel implements for defense against kidnappers, who frequent the coast to seize and transport them to the Spanish Islands of the West Indies.”

[204] Hakluyt, _Voyages_, iii, pp. 209, 213; Lescarbot, _Histoire de la Nouvelle-France_, ii, p. 350; Kohl, _Documentary History of Maine_, i, pp. 327, 330; Douglas, _Old France in the New World_, pp. 22, 23, 27, 28, 30; Robinson, _An Account of Discoveries_, etc., p. 359. _Early English and French Voyages, chiefly from Hakluyt_, 1534–1608, in _Original Narratives of Early American History_, p. 81.

[205] Lescarbot, _Histoire de la Nouvelle-France_, ii, p. 364; Douglas, _op. cit._, pp. 39, 40, 42.

[206] Lescarbot, _op. cit._, ii, pp. 363–367; Kohl, _Documentary History of Maine_, i, p. 336; Douglas, _op. cit._, p. 37; Robinson, _op cit._, p. 369. _Early English and French Voyages, chiefly from Hakluyt_, 1534–1608, in _Original Narratives of Early American History_, p. 81. The promise of Cartier that the prisoners should be well treated was evidently kept. In the archives of St. Malo for the year 1538, is noted the baptism of three savages brought there by Cartier. Winsor, _Narrative and Critical History of America_, iv, p. 57. These Indians were questioned by Francis I, (Thevet, _Cosmographie Universelle_, Tome II, p. 1013), and thus served the purpose for which they had been brought. They never returned to America, for all of them, except one little girl, died in Brittany before Cartier’s third voyage in 1540. Kohl, _Documentary History of Maine_, i, p. 342; Robinson, _op. cit._, p. 406.

[207] Hakluyt, _op. cit._, iii, pp. 303–319; Lescarbot, _op. cit._, i, p. 44; _Narrative of Jean Ribaut’s Whole and True Discovery of Terra Florida_, reprinted in Courtnay, _The Genesis of South Carolina_, p. xxiv.

[208] Hakluyt, _op. cit._, iii, p. 320, says, “by permission of the king”; Robinson, _op. cit._, p. 431.

[209] French, _op. cit._, p. 74; Margry, _op. cit._, vi, pp. 282, 370, 371. An instance of kidnapping Indians in Canada by military officials is worthy of mention. In 1687, a number of Iroquois chiefs went to a French camp near Montreal, on the invitation of the French officials, to confer with the governor of Canada. The intendant, Champigny, had these chiefs seized and by the king’s orders sent to France to serve in the galleys. Brodhead, _History of New York_, first edition, ii, p. 476.

[210] Margry, _op. cit._, vi, p. 314.

[211] Margry, _op. cit._, vi, p. 29.

[212] _Ibid._, vi, p. 315.

[213] _Ibid._, vi, p. 406.

[214] _Ibid._, vi, p. 410.

[215] _Ibid._, vi, p. 593.

[216] Farmer, _The History of Detroit and Michigan_, p. 344.

[217] Margry, _op. cit._, vi, p. 601.

[218] _Ibid._, iv, p. 230; _Mississippi Provincial Archives, French Domination, Correspondance Générale_, ix, 1720–1722, p. 111; _Archives du Ministre des Colonies_, C. 13, vi, p. 50.

[219] _Archives du Ministre des Colonies_, C. 13, 1707–1712, p. 398.

[220] French, _op. cit._, pt. iii, p. 36.

[221] _Ibid._, pt. iii. p. 36.

[222] Carver, _Travels through the Interior Parts of North America_, etc., p. 346.

[223] Margry, _op. cit._, iii, p. 564.

[224] French, _op. cit._, pt. i, p. 42; _A Memoir of La Salle to Frontenac_, November 9, 1680, states: “The young bisons are easily tamed, and may be of great help, as well as the slaves in which the natives are accustomed to trade.” _Historical Magazine_, v, p. 197.

[225] Margry, _op. cit._, v, p. 476; French, _op. cit._, new series, i, p. 100; Hennepin, _A New Discovery_, etc., p. 631, mentions the French of Kaskaskia using both negro and Indian slaves.

[226] _Wisconsin Historical Society Collections_, xvi, pp. 434, 436.

[227] Savoile reported from Ft. Biloxi, August 4, 1701, that he possessed some slaves from the territory to the west and one Illinois slave, who was probably a runaway, and then adds that the French “voyageurs” would not miss this one runaway since they had so many. _Mississippi Provincial Archives, French Domination, Correspondance Générale,_ 1678–1701, i, p. 152; _Archives Nationales, Colonies_, C. 13, _Louisiane, Correspondance Générale_, 1678–1708, i, p. 315.

[228] _Archives Nationales, Colonies_, C. 12, second series, Carton I—_Louisiane, Correspondance Générale_, 1699–1773. (Transcript in Mr. Peter J. Hamilton’s library); Charlevoix, _History and General Description of New France_, (Shea’s Translation), vi, p. 32.

[229] _Mississippi Provincial Archives, French Domination, Correspondance Générale_, 1713–1714, iv; _Archives du Ministre des Colonies_, C. 13, 1710–1712, iii.

[230] Margry, _op. cit._, v, p. 476; French, _op. cit._, new series, i, p. 100.

[231] Kingsford, _The History of Canada_, iii, p. 226.

[232] _Ibid._

[233] _Mississippi Provincial Archives, French Domination, Correspondance Générale_, 1716, vii, p. 23; _Archives du Ministre des Colonies_, C. 13, iv, p. 248.

[234] Carver, _Travels through the Interior Parts of North America_, etc., p. 347.

[235] Robinson, _An Account of Discoveries in the West until 1519_, etc., p. 369; _Early English and French Voyages, chiefly from Hakluyt_, 1534–1608, in _Original Narratives of Early American History_, p. 50.

[236] Lescarbot, _op. cit._, ii, p. 352.

[237] Robinson, _op. cit._, p. 369; _Early English and French Voyages, chiefly from Hakluyt_, 1534–1608, in _Original Narratives of Early American History_, p. 55.

[238] Lescarbot, _op. cit._, i, p. 71; Hakluyt, _op. cit._, iii, pp. 319–349.

[239] Lescarbot, _op. cit._, i, p. 74; Hakluyt, _op. cit._, iii, p. 396.

[240] Sagard-Theodat, _Histoire du Canada et Voyages_, etc., new edition, iv, p. 829; Le Clercq, _The First Establishment of the Faith in New France_, Shea’s translation, i, p. 283; Douglas, _op. cit._, pp. 181, 195; Laverdière, _Oeuvres de Champlain_, seconde édition, vi, pp. 154–158.

[241] _Purchas His Pilgrimes_, xviii, p. 225; Bourne, _The Voyages and Explorations of Samuel de Champlain_, etc., i, p. 229.

[242] Bourne, _op. cit._, i, pp. 226, 229; Laverdière, _op. cit._, seconde édition, vi, pp. 154–158; Marshall, _Historical Writings Relating to the Early History of the West_, p. 22. It will be seen that these Indians were not considered as slaves by Champlain. They were to be educated and trained in religious duties for their own good, for that of the faith and the future good of the French. Yet they illustrate the readiness with which the Indians parted with members of their own tribe, as well as with those whom they held captive.