Chapter XII: +The Decline of Indian Slavery+ (6)

[956] Allinson, _Acts of the General Assembly of the Province of New Jersey_, p. 309. Another act passed in 1768 provided for the trial in specified courts of slaves convicted of certain crimes. Indian slaves were not directly mentioned. Allinson, _op. cit._, p. 308; _New Jersey Archives_, series 1, xvii, p. 486; xxvi, p. 163.

[957] _New York Colonial Laws_, edition of 1894, i, p. 766.

[958] _Ibid._, ii, pp. 684–685.

[959] Nevill, _op. cit._, i, p. 21. The act was repealed, May 10, 1768. Allinson, _op. cit._, p. 309.

[960] _The Statutes at Large of South Carolina_, vii, p. 369. By this act nothing was awarded the owner if the slave was executed for murder.

[961] Bacon, _Laws of Maryland_. Other Maryland acts of 1737, 1740, 1744, 1747, 1751, 1754, 1757, and 1762, required that the full adjudged value be paid the owner of any slave executed by law. Bacon, _op. cit._

[962] Massachusetts, 1703, _Acts and Resolves_, i, p 535; Rhode Island, 1704, _Rhode Island Historical Society Collections_, vii, p. 230; 1750, _Records of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations_, v, p. 320; and 1770. _Rhode Island Laws_, edition of 1772, pp. 24, 25; Block Island, 1709, Livermore, _A History of Block Island from its Discovery_, etc., p. 61; New Hampshire, 1714, _Laws of New Hampshire_, edition of 1771, p. 52. Connecticut, in 1750, forbade Indian slaves being abroad after nine o’clock at night without the owner’s permission. _Acts and Laws of Connecticut_, edition of 1750, p. 230. New York City, in 1713, stated the latest time at which Indian slaves could be away from home without their masters’ permission as one hour after sunset. _Minutes of the Common Council of the City of New York_, iii, p. 177; and 1751, _Ibid._, iv, p. 87. Rhode Island, 1667, forbade any Indian to walk about in the night time. Livermore, _op cit._, 61. New Jersey, 1713, forbade any negro, Indian or mulatto slave to go five miles from home without his master’s permission. Nevill, _op. cit._, i, p. 21.

[963] Massachusetts, during King Philip’s War, Baylies, _op. cit._, pt. iii, p. 189; Block Island, 1675, Livermore, _op. cit._, p. 60; New Hampshire, 1689, _Laws of New Hampshire_, edition of 1904. i, p. 288 (The act referred simply to Indians without specifying bond or free); the city of Albany, 1686, Munsell, _Annals of Albany_, viii, 296; New York City, 1683, _Minutes of the Common Council of the City of New York_, i, 134; Pennsylvania, 1721, _The Statutes at Large of Pennsylvania_, iii, p. 254.

[964] Massachusetts, 1693, _Acts and Resolves_, i, p. 156; New York, 1715, _New York Colonial Laws_, edition of 1894, i, pp. 157, 519; New Jersey, 1682 and 1713, Leaming and Spicer, _Grants and Concessions_, p. 254; Nevill, _op. cit._, i, p. 18.

[965] Winsor, _The Memorial History of Boston_, ii, p. 485.

[966] Moore, _Notes on the History of Slavery in Massachusetts_, p. 191.

[967] _Connecticut Colonial Records_, i, p. 349; Stiles, _The History and Genealogies of Ancient Winsor_, i, p. 434.

[968] Watson, _Annals and Occurrences of New York City and State_, p. 158.

[969] Weise, _The History of the City of Albany_, p. 209.

[970] Dunlap, _History of the New Netherlands_, etc., ii, appendix, p. clxiii.

[971] The slave code of South Carolina was more elaborate than that of any other colony. But the various laws relating to trial and punishment of slaves make no mention of Indian slaves, though as has been seen, Indian slaves were more numerous in that colony than elsewhere.

[972] Martin, _The Public Acts of the General Assembly of North Carolina_, 1715–1803, i, p. 50.

[973] Nevill, _op. cit._, i, p. 19.

[974] Allinson, _op. cit._, p. 308. By the terms of the act, the court could, if it thought best, inflict punishment other than death for some of these crimes.

[975] Winthrop, _Journal_, in _Original Narratives of Early American History_, i, p. 226.

[976] _New England Courant_, June 17, 1723; _Pennsylvania Gazette_, October 12, 1738; _American Weekly Mercury_, August 28, 1729, and August 6, 1730; _New England Weekly Journal_, December 2, 1728. These marks may, in some instances, have been tattooed for decorative purposes. The South Carolina acts of 1712 decreed branding as punishment for specified crimes committed by “slaves.” _The Statutes at Large of South Carolina_, vii, pp. 359–360, 374, 376, 377.

[977] Martin, _The Public Acts of the General Assembly of North Carolina_, 1715–1803, i, p. 50.

[978] _The Statutes at Large of Pennsylvania_, iii, p. 254.

[979] _Ibid._, v, p. 109.

[980] Nevill, _op. cit._, i, p. 22.

[981] _Minutes of the Common Council of the City of New York_, i, p. 92.

[982] _Ibid._, i, p. 134.

[983] _Ibid._, iii, p. 30.

[984] _Ibid._, iv, p. 50. The whipping was to be given, if desired, by the master or owner of the slave.

[985] _Ibid._, iii, p. 177.

[986] _Ibid._, iv, p. 87.

[987] _Ibid._, iv, p. 88.

[988] _Minutes of the Common Council of the City of New York_, iv, p. 89.

[989] _Ibid._, vi, p. 157.

[990] _Ibid._, vi, p. 177. The city ordinances were usually continued one year and were then renewed. In this way the ordinances mentioned were in many cases continued into the Revolutionary period. The records of the early eighteenth century show the frequent punishment of “slaves, negroes and Indians” for being out too late at night, collecting in too large groups, noisy reveling and gambling. On such occasion the owner of the slaves was fined. Watson, _Annals and Occurrences of New York City and State_, etc., p 162.

[991] _Acts and Laws of Connecticut_, edition of 1750, p. 240.

[992] _Ibid._, p. 230.

[993] _Acts and Resolves_, i, p. 156.

[994] _The Medford Historical Register_, iii, 1900, No. 3, p. 121. The master also was to be fined for his negligence.

[995] Livermore, _A History of Block Island from its Discovery_, etc., p. 61.

[996] The South Carolina act of 1690 provided various sorts of mutilation for any slave convicted of specified crimes. _The Statutes at Large of South Carolina_, vii, pp. 359–360.

[997] Martin, _The Public Acts of the General Assembly of North Carolina_, 1715–1803, i, p. 50.

[998] _Massachusetts Historical Society Proceedings_, series 2, xiii, p. 252.

[999] _Laws of New Hampshire_, edition of 1904, i, p. 117.

[1000] Weise, _The History of the City of Albany_, p. 209.

[1001] _New York Colonial Manuscripts, Instructions_, etc., 1660, quoted in Baird, _History of Rye_, p. 185.

[1002] The instructions to Governor Dongan, 1686; Andros, 1688; Sloughter, 1689; Fletcher, 1691–1699; Bellomont, 1709, of New York; Cornbury of New Jersey, 1702, are cases in point.

[1003] Morgan Godwyn, writing to Governor Berkeley of general religious conditions in Virginia, says: “All things concerning the church and religion were left to the mercy of the people. And, last of all, to propagate Christianity among the heathen, whether natives or slaves brought from other ports, although (as must piously be supposed) it were the only end of God’s discovering these countries to us, yet is that lookt upon by our new race of Christians, so idle and ridiculous, so utterly needless and unnecessary, that no man can forfeit his judgment more than by any proposed looking or tending that way.” Tiffany, _History of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States_, p. 33.

[1004] Incorporated June 16, 1701.

[1005] Humphreys, _An Historical Account of the Incorporated Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts_, p. 90.

[1006] _South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine_, v, p. 26. The Society ordered the secretary to lay the matter before the Bishop of London and ask his lordship’s advice regarding such abuse.

[1007] _Ibid._, v, p. 37.

[1008] _Ibid._, v, p. 47.

[1009] _Ibid._, v, p. 98. Mr. Thomas was appointed in 1702 the first missionary of the Society in South Carolina.

[1010] Hawkins, _Historical Notices of the Missions of the Church of England in the North American Colonies_, pp. 50, 73.

[1011] Letter of Le Jau, February 18, 1708–1709, to the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts. Humphreys, _op. cit._, pp. 83, 84.

[1012] Letter of Le Jau, June 13, 1710, to the S. P. G. F. P.

[1013] Letter of Le Jau, February 20–21, 1711, to the S. P. G. F. P.

[1014] Letter of Le Jau, September 5 and 18, 1711, to the S. P. G. F. P.

[1015] Letter of Le Jau, December 11, 1712, to the S. P. G. F. P.

[1016] Letter of Le Jau, October 20, 1709, to the S. P. G[. F P.]

[1017] Letter of Haskell, March 12, 1711, to the S. P. G. F. P.

[1018] Letter of Haskell, September 4, 1711, to the S. P. G. F. P.

[1019] _Records of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts_, vol. xxiii, bk. vii.

[1020] Letter of Dunn, April 21, 1707, to the S. P. G. F. P.

[1021] Letter of Sharpe, June 23, 1712, to the S. P. G. F. P.

[1022] Letter of Neau, July 4, 1704, to the S. P. G. F P.

[1023] Letter of Neau, August 29, 1704, to the S. P. G. F. P.

[1024] Letter of Chuardens, July 15, 1726, to the S. P. G. F. P.

[1025] Kennet, _An Account of the Society for Propagating the Gospel in Foreign Parts_, etc., p. 61.

[1026] _Ibid._, p 61.

[1027] _Journal of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts_, vol. i, April 19, 1705–1706.

[1028] Perry, _Historical Collections relating to the American Colonial Church_, i, p. 344; Meade, _Old Churches, Ministers and Families of Virginia_, i, p. 265.

[1029] Poore, _The Federal and State Constitutions. Colonial Charters_, etc., ii, pp. 1407, 1408.

[1030] Trott, _Laws of the British Plantations in America_, etc., p. 17.

[1031] Ramage, _Local Government and Free Schools in South Carolina_, p. 12, in _Johns Hopkins University Studies_, i.

[1032] _The Statutes at Large of South Carolina_, vii, pp. 364–365.

[1033] Hening, _op. cit._, i, p. 410.

[1034] _William and Mary College Quarterly_, vi, p. 215; Hening, _op. cit._, ii, p. 155.

[1035] Hening, _op. cit._, ii, p. 260.

[1036] _Ibid._, ii, p. 283.

[1037] _Ibid._, ii, p. 491. The testimony of the Reverend Hugh Jones, chaplain of the Virginia assembly, shows that the colonists, even after such legislative action, did not approve of the baptizing of Indians and negroes as they thought it made them proud and not so good servants. Jones, however, declared that these objections could be easily refuted “if the persons be sensible, good and understand English, and have been taught (or are willing to learn) the principles of Christianity and if they be kept to the observance of it afterward, for Christianizing encourages and orders them to become more humble and better servants and not worse than when they were heathen.” Jones, _The Present State of Virginia_, in Sabin’s _Reprints_, No. 5, p. 70.

[1038] Trott, _Laws of the British Plantations in America_, etc., p. 142.

[1039] The parish register of St. Peters, New Kent County, Virginia, 1680–1787. pp. 53 and 64, mentions the deaths of two Indian slaves in 1722 and 1723, but records no births or marriages.

[1040] _Archives of Maryland_, xiii, p. 505.

[1041] _Ibid._, xix, p. 32.

[1042] Bacon, _Laws of Maryland_.

[1043] _Ibid._

[1044] Trott, _op. cit._, p. 257.

[1045] Morgan, _Slavery in New York_, in _Historic New York_, i, p. 8.

[1046] _New York Colonial Documents_, iii, p. 415.

[1047] Brodhead, _op. cit._, first edition, ii, p. 486. This act merely confirmed previous legislation in 1680.

[1048] _Ibid._, first edition, ii, p. 509. This confirmed the legislation of the previous year.

[1049] _Ibid._, first edition, ii, p. 510.

[1050] _New York Colonial Documents_, iv, p. 510.

[1051] Morgan, _op. cit._, in _Historic New York_, ii, p. 20; _Laws of New York_, edition of 1752, p. 69.

[1052] Morgan, _op. cit._, in _Historic New York_, ii, p. 20.

[1053] Bolton, _History of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the County of Westchester_, p. 228.

[1054] _Ibid._, p. 250.

[1055] _Ibid._, p. 264. The slaves in New York, as in other colonies, did not favor giving up their Sundays to religious instruction and observances, for they preferred to hunt and fish on this, the only day which they had to themselves. _Ibid._, pp. 62–63.

[1056] Shurtleff, _Records of the Governor and Company of Massachusetts Bay_, v, p. 136.

[1057] Mayhew, _Indian Converts_, p. 194.

[1058] _Ibid._, pp. 202, 222, 257.

[1059] _Plymouth Colony Records_, ii, pp. 103–104; _Medford Historical Register_, iii, No. 3, p. 121.

[1060] Ewell, _The Story of Byfield_, p. 88.

[1061] Perry, _Historical Collections relating to the American Episcopal Church_, ii, p. 231.

[1062] _Journal of the American Irish Historical Society_, iii, p. 57.

[1063] Johnston, _Slavery in Rhode Island_, in _Rhode Island Historical Society Publications_, 1894, ii, p. 120.

[1064] Hurd, _op. cit._, i, p. 272; Steiner, _op. cit._, p. 16, in _Johns Hopkins University Studies_, xvi.

[1065] Cobb, _An Historical Sketch of Slavery from the Earliest Periods_, p. clii.

[1066] Coffin, _History of Newbury_, p. 336, cites instances in Newbury in 1687 and 1702. Orcutt, _The History of the old Town of Derby, Connecticut_, p. lvii, mentions a deed of manumission in Connecticut in 1688, given to Tobie, an Indian captive of King Philip’s War. Smith, _History of Delaware County, Pennsylvania_, p. 219, refers to the conditional manumission of an Indian slave, three years old, born in the family. Cotton Mather, also, promised to free an Indian slave at the close of four years of service. _Diary_, in _Massachusetts Historical Society Collections_, series 7, vii, p. 203.

[1067] A Virginia act of 1782 provided for the freeing of a slave by an instrument in writing submitted by the owner. A copy of this instrument attested by the clerk of the county court was to be given to the manumitted slave. Any master neglecting to give such a copy to the slave in question was liable to a fine of £10. Hening, _op. cit._, xi, p. 39. Maryland by an act of 1752 declared that owners under ordinary circumstances had the right to free slaves. Two witnesses were required for the act, which must be in writing. Bacon, _Laws of Maryland_. These acts were intended primarily to apply to negro slaves.

[1068] _Indian Book_, 1710–1718, Columbia, South Carolina, Historical Commission Department, i, p. 19.

[1069] _Plymouth Colony Records_, iv, p. 173. By the terms of the order, the value of the land was to be expended for defraying the charges of printing the book “New England’s Memorial.”

[1070] Baker, _History of Montville, Connecticut_, p. 77. This woman was given by the colonial government to Captain James Avery who sold her to Mr. Charles Hill who in turn traded her to Uncas.

[1071] Mayhew, _Indian Converts_, p. 120.

[1072] Orcutt, _The History of the old Town of Derby, Connecticut_, p. vii.

[1073] _The Statutes at Large of South Carolina_, vii, p. 352.

[1074] _Ibid._, vii, p. 371.

[1075] _Ibid._, vii, p. 385.

[1076] _Ibid._, vii, pp. 397–398.

[1077] Hening, _op. cit._, iv, p. 132.

[1078] Martin, _The Public Acts of the General Assembly of North Carolina_, i, p. 66; Dillon, _Oddities in Colonial Legislation_, p. 233.

[1079] Hening, _op. cit._, ii, p. 155.

[1080] Baylies, _op. cit._, ii, pt. iv, p. 4; Freeman, _The History of Cape Cod_, ii, p. 72.

[1081] _Massachusetts Manuscript Records_, vol. xxx.

[1082] _Plymouth Colony Records_, vi, p. 15.

[1083] _Ibid._, vi, p. 15.

[1084] _Acts and Resolves_, ix, p. 376.

[1085] Baylies, _op. cit._, ii, pt. iv, p. 109.

[1086] Hening, _op. cit._, ii, p. 280.

[1087] _New York Colonial Laws_, edition of 1894, i, p. 764.

[1088] Nevill, _Acts of the General Assembly of the Province of New Jersey_, i, p. 23.

[1089] _The Statutes at Large of South Carolina_, vii, p. 384.

[1090] _Ibid._, vii, p. 396.

[1091] Martin, _The Public Acts of the General Assembly of North Carolina_, i, p. 66; Dillon, _op. cit._, p. 233.

[1092] _Connecticut Colonial Records_, iii, pp. 375–376.

[1093] _Ibid._, iii, p. 408.

[1094] _Ibid._, v, p. 233.

[1095] _Connecticut Colonial Records_, xvi, p. 415.

[1096] _New York Colonial Laws_, edition of 1894, i, p. 765.

[1097] _Ibid._, i, p. 922.

[1098] Nevill, _op. cit._, i, p. 25.

[1099] Allinson, _op. cit._, p. 316.

[1100] Brain, _The Redemption of the Red Man_, p. 2, believes that the entire Indian population of the territory now occupied by the United States never exceeded 300,000 souls. Bancroft, _History of the United States of America from the Discovery of the Continent_, edition of 1878, ii, p. 408, estimates the number east of the Mississippi River and south of the St. Lawrence River and Great Lakes at not far from 180,000 at the time of the discovery. To the various tribes of the Algonquin race he assigns 90,000; the eastern Sioux, 3000; the Iroquois including their southern kindred, 17,000; the Catawba, 3,000; the Cherokee, 12,000; the Chickasaw, Choctaw and Muskohgee, 50,000; the Uchee, 1000, and the Natchez, 4,000.

[1101] Sylvester, _op. cit._, ii, p. 54.

[1102] Palfrey, _op. cit._, iii, p. 137.

[1103] Thomas, _The Indians of North America in Historic Times_, p. 60.

[1104] Parkman, _A Half Century of Conflict_, ii, p. 286.

[1105] _Year Book of the Society of Colonial Wars in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts_, 1898, p. 110.

[1106] Bradford, _History of Plymouth Plantations_, in _Massachusetts Historical Society Collections_, series 4, iii, p. 325.

[1107] Winthrop, _Journal_, i, pt. iii, p. 119, in _Original Narratives of Early American History_.

[1108] Denton, _A Brief Description of New York_, etc., in Gowan, _Bibliotheca Americana_, p. 7.

[1109] Oldmixon, _The British Empire in America_, etc., i, p. 125.

[1110] Oldmixon, _op. cit._, i, p. 141.

[1111] Arnold, _History of Rhode Island_, i, pp. 421–422.

[1112] Ferris, _A History of the Original Settlements on the Delaware from its Discovery by Hudson to the Colonization under William Penn_, etc., p. 83.

[1113] Archdale, _op. cit._, in Carroll, _op. cit._, ii, p. 89.

[1114] _Ibid._, ii, pp. 89, 519.

[1115] _Ibid._, ii, p. 89.

[1116] Letter of Mr. Thomas, missionary of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, 1706, in _South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine_, v, p. 42.

[1117] Douglass, _A Summary, Historical and Political_, etc., i, p. 175.

[1118] Updike, _History of the Episcopal Church in Narragansett, Rhode Island_, p. 177.

[1119] Oldmixon, _op. cit._, i, pp. 187, 189.

[1120] Jefferson, _Notes on the State of Virginia_, edition of 1787, p. 153.

[1121] _Ibid._, edition of 1787, pp. 154, 155.

[1122] Letter of Samuel Thomas, missionary in South Carolina of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, 1706, in _South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine_, 1904, v, p. 42; Letter of Henry Laurens, 1780, in Moore, _Materials for History printed from Original Manuscripts with Notes and Illustrations_, p. 187.

[1123] Archdale, _op. cit._, in Carroll, _op. cit._, ii, pp. 88–89.

[1124] _Ibid._, ii, p. 89.

[1125] It is perhaps true that the Indians of the territory occupied by the English colonists of America possessed certain inherent characteristics which made them less desirable as servants or slaves than those used by the Spaniards in Mexico and South America, and that they had less fear and dread of the whites than the Indians farther south.

[1126] Mason, _A Brief History of the Pequot War_, etc., in Orr, _op. cit._, p. 39.

[1127] Mayhew, _Indian Converts_, p. 26.

[1128] Daniels, _History of the Town of Oxford, Massachusetts_, p. 44.

[1129] Dorr, _The Narragansetts_, in _Rhode Island Historical Society Collections_, vii, p. 210; Wood, _New England’s Prospect_, Prince Society edition, p. 73.

[1130] Dorr, _op. cit._, in _Rhode Island Historical Society Collections_, vii, p. 233.

[1131] Force, _Tracts and other Papers relating principally to the Origin, Settlement and Progress of the Colonies in North America_, etc., i, p. 10.

[1132] _The Statutes at Large of South Carolina_, vii, p. 343. Other acts were passed by South Carolina in 1712, 1735, 1740, 1743, and 1783, relating to slave conspiracies and uprisings. The omission in these acts of direct reference to Indian slaves is probably due to the fact that negro slaves were in the majority.

[1133] _Ibid._, iii, p. 196.

[1134] _Acts and Resolves_, i, p. 535.

[1135] _Acts and Laws of Connecticut_, edition of 1769, p. 185; Dillon, _Oddities in Colonial Legislation_, p. 242.

[1136] _New York Colonial Laws_, edition of 1894, i, p. 631. New York passed other laws in 1712 and 1730 relating to the uprisings and conspiracy of slaves.

[1137] Watson, _Annals of Philadelphia_, i, p. 62.

[1138] See above, pp. 233–240.

[1139] _Acts and Resolves_, i. p. 698.

[1140] _Connecticut Colonial Records_, v, p. 233.

[1141] _Laws of New Hampshire_, edition of 1771, p. 53.

[1142] _Records of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations_, iv, pp. 193–194.

[1143] _Report of a French Protestant Refugee in Boston, 1687_, Fisher’s translation, p. 20.

[1144] Winsor, _The Memorial History of Boston_, i, p. 489.

[1145] Hening, _op. cit._, ii, p. 143. For a petition, October 25, 1711, to Governor Spotswood for such a permit to employ an Indian man and woman, see _Calendar of Virginia State Papers_, i, p. 150.

[1146] Winthrop, _Journal_, i, p. 260, in _Original Narratives of Early American History_.

[1147] Hazard, _Historical Collections_, etc., ii, p. 188.

[1148] Morton, _The New English Canaan_, in Force’s _Tracts_, ii, p. 48.

[1149] Peabody, _Life of Cotton Mather_, p. 223.

[1150] Sewall’s _Diary_, in _Massachusetts Historical Society Collections_, series 5, vii, p. 30.

[1151] Drake, _The Book of the Indians_, ninth edition, ii, p. 111.

[1152] Winsor, _The Memorial History of Boston_, i, p. 489.

[1153] _Plymouth Colony Records_, xi, p. 59.

[1154] Gookin, _op. cit._, in _American Antiquarian Society Collections_, 1836, ii, p. 434.

[1155] Weeden, _Economic and Social History of New England_, i, p. 433, 435, 443, 447.

[1156] _Professional and Industrial History of Suffolk County, Massachusetts_, iii, p. 398.

[1157] _Massachusetts Historical Society Collections_, first series, ix, p. 201. We are told that only by being “flagellated” were these Indians made to perform their labor according to their contracts.

[1158] Steiner, _History of the Plantation of Menunkatuck_, p. 72.

[1159] _Massachusetts Historical Society Collections_, series 1, ix, p. 78.

[1160] Updike, _History of the Episcopal Church in Narragansett_, etc., p. 177.

[1161] _Records of the Town of Southampton, Long Island_, bk. ii, pp. 56–59, 72.

[1162] Love, _Samson Occom and the Christian Indians of New England_, p. 5; _New England’s First Fruits_, in Sabin’s _Reprints_, quarto edition, No. vii, p. 6.

[1163] Bruce, _Institutional History of Virginia in the Seventeenth Century_, i, p. 5.

[1164] _Massachusetts Historical Society Collections_, series 1, ix, p. 78.

[1165] Updike, _op. cit._, p. 177.

[1166] _Plymouth Colony Records_, xi, p. 237.

[1167] _Southold Town Records_, p. 154.

[1168] Weeden, _op. cit._, i, p. 292.

[1169] The inventory of the estate of Samuel Gorton of Providence shows that he possessed apprenticed Indian servants. _The Early Records of the Town of Providence_, xvi, pp. 243, 244.

[1170] Walker, _History of the First Church in Hartford_, p. 255.

[1171] _New Jersey Archives_, series 1, xx, p. 111; xxvi, p. 458.

[1172] Baird, _History of Rye_, p. 192.

[1173] Hening, _op. cit._, i, p. 410.

[1174] The so called “redemptioners.”

[1175] Several hundred Scotchmen taken prisoners by Cromwell were sent to Boston. Morton, _New England’s Memorial_, p. 86.

[1176] In New Netherland many girls from the almshouses of Holland served as indentured servants. Van Rensselaer, _History of the City of New York in the Seventeenth Century_, i, p. 466.

[1177] Such a request was sent to the Virginia Company in 1620. _Abstracts of the Proceedings of the Virginia Company of London_, i, p. 92.

[1178] Penn offered on certain conditions fifty acres of land to every servant who came with the first adventurers, and made adequate provisions in the Charter of Laws for the servants’ protection against being cheated or abused in any way by dishonest masters. For a discussion of indentured servants in Pennsylvania, see Bolles, _Pennsylvania, Province and State_, ii, pp. 173–182; Diffenderffer, _German Immigration into Pennsylvania_, pt. iii; _Pennsylvania Magazine of History_, xxx, p. 436; xxxi, p. 83; _Historical Addresses and Papers of Lancaster Historical Society_, x, p. 331; _Pennsylvania Colonial Records_, i, iii, iv, vi, vii, ix, x, xi. In 1676, the Duke of York provided for the government, protection, and final dismissal of bond servants in Delaware. _Pennsylvania German Society Proceedings_, x, pp. 223–224.

[1179] In 1671, Governor Berkeley estimated that 1500 white servants were arriving annually, and at that time out of a total population of 40,000, six thousand were indentured servants. Tucker, _Life of Jefferson_, i, p. 14; Hening, _op. cit._, ii, p. 515. In the time of Governor Hamilton of Pennsylvania, it was estimated that there were 60,000 imported white servants in the province. Scharf and Westcott, _History of Philadelphia_, i, p. 190. The German immigrants more than met the demand for servants in Pennsylvania. Virginia, Maryland and Pennsylvania were the three great servant importing colonies.

[1180] For Connecticut, see Steiner, _History of Slavery in Connecticut_, in _Johns Hopkins University Studies_, xi; for New Hampshire, Sanborn, _New Hampshire_; for New Jersey, _New Jersey Archives_, series 2, i, p. 436; for Maryland, McCormac, _White Servitude in Maryland, 1634–1820_, in _Johns Hopkins University Studies_, xxii; for Virginia, Ballagh, _White Servitude in the Colony of Virginia_, in _Johns Hopkins University Studies_, xiii; for North Carolina, Bassett, _Slavery and Servitude in North Carolina_, in _Johns Hopkins University Studies_, xiv; for South Carolina, McCrady, _Slavery in the Province of South Carolina, 1670–1770_, in _Annual Report of the American Historical Association for 1895_, and Schaper, _Sectionalism in South Carolina_; for Georgia, _Colonial Records of Georgia_, i, pp. 54, 259.

[1181] Weeden, _op. cit._, i, p. 153; Coffin, _A Sketch of the History of Newbury_, etc., p. 337.

[1182] Sewall’s _Diary_, in _Massachusetts Historical Society Collections_, series 5, v, p. 14.

[1183] Moore, _Notes on the History of Slavery in Massachusetts_, p. 65.

[1184] _Publications of the Ipswich Historical Society_, x, p. 29; Waters, _Ipswich in the Massachusetts Bay Colony_, p. 217.

[1185] Bodge, _Soldiers in King Philip’s War_, p. 480; Waters, _op. cit._, p. 217.

[1186] Earle, _Customs and Fashions in Old New England_, p. 84.

[1187] _Essex Institute Historical Collections_, i. p. 14.

[1188] Felt, _Annals of Salem_, second edition, ii, p. 416.

[1189] Currier, _History of Newbury_, p. 254; Coffin, _op. cit._, p. 188.

[1190] Coffin, _op. cit._, p. 336.

[1191] Coffin, _op. cit._, p. 336.

[1192] Currier, _op. cit._, p. 255.

[1193] _Essex Institute Historical Collections_, x, p. 79.

[1194] _Ibid._, i, p. 14.

[1195] _Ibid._, x, p. 79.

[1196] _Ibid._, xxxiv, p. 64.

[1197] Ewell, _The Story of Byfield_, p. 65.

[1198] Mather’s _Diary_ in _Massachusetts Historical Society Collections_, series 7, vii, p. 579.

[1199] Bliss, _Side Glimpses from the Old Meeting House_, p. 16.

[1200] Staples, _Annals of Providence_, second edition, p. 171; _Rhode Island Historical Society Publications_, i, p. 235; Richman, _op. cit._, ii, p. 192.

[1201] _The Early Records of the Town of Portsmouth_, p. 433.

[1202] Dorr, _The Narragansetts_, in _Rhode Island Historical Society Collections_, vii, p. 233.

[1203] Weeden, _Early Rhode Island_, p. 143.

[1204] Dorr, _op. cit._, in _Rhode Island Historical Society Collections_, vii, p. 233.

[1205] Weeden, _op. cit._, p. 144.

[1206] _The Early Records of the Town of Providence_, xvi, p. 244.

[1207] It should be noted that the Connecticut bondmen or slaves were often called “servants” down to about 1700. Adams and Stiles, _History of Ancient Wethersfield_, i, p. 700; Caulkins, _History of New London_, p. 271; _Charleston Year Book_, 1900, p. 42. (_Appendix._)

[1208] Adams and Stiles, _op. cit._, i, p. 700.

[1209] Orcutt, _op. cit._, p. lvii.

[1210] _New Jersey Archives_, series 1, xxiii, p. 20.

[1211] _Ibid._, series 1, xxiii, p. 29.

[1212] _Ibid._, series 1, xxiii, p. 37.

[1213] _Ibid._, series 1, xxiii, p. 62.

[1214] _New Jersey Archives_, series i, xxiii, p. 65.

[1215] _Ibid._, series 1, xxiii, p. 67.

[1216] _Ibid._, series 1, xxiii, 472. In these New Jersey inventories, the Indian slaves were regarded as personal estate.

[1217] _William and Mary College Quarterly_, vi, p. 214. The “lbs.” refer to tobacco, the medium of purchase in early Virginia.

[1218] _William and Mary College Quarterly_, vi, p. 214. This is the deed which has already been referred to as having been set aside by the House of Burgesses. Hening, _op. cit._, ii, p. 155. _Cf._ above, p. 270.

[1219] Hawks, _History of North Carolina_, ii, p. 577.

[1220] _North Carolina Historical and Genealogical Register_, iii, p. 270.

[1221] Williamson, _History of North Carolina_, i, p. 289.

[1222] _North Carolina Colonial Records_, ii, p. 52.

[1223] _The Statutes at Large of South Carolina_, iii, p. 77.

[1224] _Mississippi Provincial Archives, French Domination, Correspondance Générale_, v, 1710–1715.

[1225] _Report on Canadian Archives_, 1905, i, p. 523; Margry, _op. cit._, iv, p. 544.

[1226] It is doubtful whether any definite knowledge of the enslavement of Indians existed in England. The public criticism of the play and opera “Incle and Yarico,” which dealt with the capture of two Indian girls in America and their subsequent sale in Barbadoes, because the first scene was laid in America, tends to show a general ignorance on the subject. This play written by Coleman and told in story by Steele in “The Spectator,” No. 11, March 13, 1710, is supposed to have been founded on fact. The event is described in Ligon, _History of Barbadoes_, p. 55. The play is given in Inchbald, _British Theatre_.

[1227] _Massachusetts Historical Society Collections_, series 4, vi, p. 214.

[1228] _Massachusetts Manuscript Records_, xxx, No. 173; _Plymouth Colony Records_, x, pp. 451–453; _New England Historical and Genealogical Register_, vi, p. 297 and xxxii, p. 299; Winsor, _The Memorial History of Boston_, i, p. 322.

[1229] Moore, _Notes on the History of Slavery in Massachusetts_, p. 90. In 1700, Sewall had published a protest against slavery in general in the form of a tract: _The Selling of Joseph, a Memorial_. The tract did not mention Indian slavery. Moore, _op. cit._, pp. 83–87; _Massachusetts Historical Society Proceedings_, 1863–1864, pp. 161–165.

[1230] Sandiford, _The Mystery of Iniquity_, etc., p. 19.

[1231] _Ibid._, p. 96.

[1232] Sharp, _Extract from a Representation of the Injustice_, etc., p. 15.

[1233] _Ibid._, p. 13.

[1234] Benezet, _Some Observations on the Situation, Disposition_, etc., p. 9. In a footnote he refers to Hunt’s kidnapping act.

[1235] _Records of the Friends’ Yearly Meeting of Pennsylvania and the Jersies_, p. 211; Michener, _A Retrospect of Early Quakerism_, etc., pp. 260, 341. According to custom the action of the Yearly Meeting was at once made known to the various Quarterly Meetings within its jurisdiction by extracts from its minutes. Such extracts recorded in the minutes of the various Quarterly Meetings for the year 1719 contain exactly the same expression: “And to avoid giving them occasion of discontent, it is desired that Friends do not buy or sell Indian slaves.”

[1236] After 1719 the records show the opposition of the Yearly Meeting to have been expressed against slavery in general, and no mention is made of Indian slaves, though the records sometimes read: “negroes and other slaves.” For the action of the Yearly Meeting at various times up to the time of the abolition of slavery in Pennsylvania in 1780, see _Pennsylvania Historical Society Memoirs_, i, p. 392 _et seq._; Sharpless, _A History of Quaker Government in Pennsylvania_, ii, p. 224 _et seq._; _American Society of Church Publications_, v. ii, (article by Allen C. Thomas); Michener, _A Retrospect of Early Quakerism_, etc.; _Pennsylvania Magazine of History_, xiii, pp. 265 _et seq._

[1237] Williamson, _The History of the State of Maine_, etc., i, p. 539.

[1238] _Cf._ above, pp. 173–174.

[1239] Cotton Mather, _Magnalia_, edition of 1820, ii, p. 507; _Diary_, in _Massachusetts Historical Society Collections_, series 7, vii, pp. 22, 203; Increase Mather, _Ibid._, series 7, viii, p. 232; The Reverend Mr. Brown of Haverhill (1723), Chase, _History of Haverhill_, pp. 239, 248; The Reverend Mr. Thacher of Milton (1674), Earle, _Customs and Fashions in Old New England_, p. 84; the Reverend Mr. Callicott of Dorchester, Tooker, _Cockenoe-de-Long Island_, p. 12; John Winthrop, _Records of the Court of Assistants, Colony of Massachusetts Bay_, 1630–1692, ii, p. 91; Daniel Gookin, _New England Historical and_ _Genealogical Register_, viii, p. 272; Governor Berkeley of Virginia, _William and Mary College Quarterly_, vi, p. 214; Colonel Pollock, acting governor of North Carolina, _North Carolina Colonial Records_, ii, p. 52; Governor West of South Carolina, Hewat, _op cit._, i, p. 74; and Governor Moore of South Carolina, Hewat, _op. cit._, i, p. 140, are important cases in point.

[1240] Sylvester, _op. cit._, i, p. 293; Drake, _Book of the Indians_, ninth edition, bk. ii, p. 107.

[1241] _Massachusetts Historical Society Collections_, series 4, vi, p. 95.

[1242] _Massachusetts Historical Society Collections_, series 4, vi, pp. 195–196.

[1243] _Ibid._, series 4, vi, p. 65.

[1244] Hening, _op. cit._, ii, p. 267.

[1245] Ballagh, _A History of Slavery in Virginia_, p. 50.

[1246] Hening, _op. cit._, iii, p. 468.

[1247] Tucker, _A Dissertation on Slavery_, p. 35; Wheeler, _A Practical Treatise of the Law of Slavery_, p. 19.

[1248] See Ballagh, _op. cit._, p. 50, for a discussion of the disappearance of this act. Not until 1806 was it discovered that the act of 1705 was a repetition of that of 1691.

[1249] Ballagh, _op. cit._, p. 51; 1 _Washington_, pp. 123 (Jenkins _v._ Tom), 233 (Coleman _v._ Dick.)

[1250] Wheeler, _op. cit._, p. 19, (Hudgins _v._ Wright).

[1251] 2 Hening and Munford, p. 149 (Pallas _v._ Hill); James, _English Institutions and the American Indians_, p. 47, in _Johns Hopkins University Studies_, xii.

[1252] Wheeler, _op. cit._, p. 18.

[1253] If this interpretation of the acts of 1691 and 1705 be the true one, then they belong in the same class with the acts of the northern colonies which were passed at the time of the Tuscarora War for the purpose of putting an end to the importation of Indians, but which did not aim to put an end to the status of slavery as applied to Indians.

[1254] _The Statutes at Large of South Carolina_, vii, p. 397. By previous acts of 1712, 1722 and 1735; South Carolina had specified who were to be slaves. _Ibid._, vii, p. 352; vii, p. 371; vii, p. 385.

[1255] 3 _Spears_, p. 128 (The State _v._ Harden, 1832): 1 _Richardson_, p. 324 (Nelson _v._ Whetmore, 1844).

[1256] O’Neall, _The Negro Law of South Carolina_, p. 5.

[1257] _Records of the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations_, i, p. 243.

[1258] _Laws and Acts made from the First Settlement of Her Majesties Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations by the General Assembly of said Colony_, etc., edition of 1705, p. 54; Updike, _History of the Narragansett Church_, p. 171; Staples, _Annals of the Town of Providence_, second edition, p. 171.

[1259] _New York Colonial Documents_, xiii, p. 537; Brodhead, _op. cit._, first edition, ii, p. 331.

[1260] Brodhead, _op. cit._, first edition, ii, p. 331; _Minutes of the Common Council of the City of New York_, i, p. 80.

[1261] Brodhead, _op. cit._, first edition, ii, p. 486.

[1262] _Ibid._, first edition, ii, p. 509.

[1263] _Ibid._, first edition, ii, p. 510.

[1264] O’Callaghan, _Calendar of Historical Manuscripts_, etc., pt. ii, p. 279.

[1265] _Ibid._, pt. ii, p. 314. July 20, 1703, Thomas Newton, mariner, made deposition that he purchased this slave at Jamaica. _Ibid._, ii, p. 314.

[1266] _New York Colonial Documents_, v, p. 342.

[1267] _New York Colonial Documents_, v, pp. 342, 357. The Lords of Trade regarded Hunter’s action favorably, and on August 27, 1712, recommended to her majesty to grant a pardon to the Spanish Indians then in prison for engaging in the conspiracy.

[1268] _Records of the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations_, v, p. 176.

[1269] Coffin, _A Sketch of the History of Newbury_, etc., p. 337, contains a receipt for the sale of a Spanish Indian boy in 1718.

Transcriber’s Notes:

• Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_).
• Text enclosed by pluses is in small caps (+small caps+).
• Obvious typographical errors have been silently corrected.
• In Footnote 252, the last page number is cut off in all scans.