Chapter VIII: A Cantio vasta illa, quæ Anterida nonnullis, aliis Caledonia (3)

_Ad Vallum Antonini_, Falkirk.

LXXX.

_Lugubalia_, _Latio jure donata_, Carlisle.

XXII.

_Brocavonacis_, Penrith, Browham.

* * * * *

_Ad Alaunam_, Lancaster.

LXVI.

_Coccium_, _Latio jure donata_, Bury and Cockley chapel, Lancashire.

XVIII.

_Mancunium_, Mancastle by Manchester.

XXIII.

_Condate_, Northwich, Cheshire.

XVIII.

_Mediolanum_, Chesterton by Newcastle, Staffordshire.

* * * * *

_Etocetum_, Wall by Litchfield.

* * * * *

_Bremenium_, Birmingham, Warwickshire.

* * * * *

_Salinis_, Droitwich, Worcestershire.

* * * * *

_Branogenium_, Worcester.

* * * * *

_Glebum colonia_, _legio_ +VII.+ _Aug. Claudia_, Gloucester.

XIV.

_Corinium Dobunorum_, _Latio jure donata_, Cirencester.

* * * * *

_Aqua Solis_, _colonia_, _Thermæ_, Bath.

XVIII.

_Ad Aquas_, Wells, Somersetshire.

* * * * *

_Ad Uxellam amnem_, Balsborough, Lydford, Barton on the Foss, Somersetshire.

* * * * *

* * * * *

h_Isca Dumnoniorum_, _stipendiaria_, Exeter.

This Xth _Iter_ is the only remaining monument of the Roman power in Scotland. I shall no further attempt an assignment of the present names, than I am led to them by our map; but leave them to be determined more precisely, by those who have an opportunity of inquiring on the spot.

ITER XI.

From _Aquæ Solis_, Bath, by the Julian street, to _Menapia_, St. David’s.

_Aquæ Solis_, _Thermæ_, _colonia_, Bath.

VI.

_Ad Alone_, Olland near Kainsham, Gloucestershire.

VI.

_Ad Sabrinam_, Aust upon Severn, Gloucestershire.

III.

_Statio Trajectus_, Tydenham or Chepstow, Gloucestershire.

IX.

_Venta Silurum_, _stipendiaria_, Caer Went, Monmouthshire.

IX.

_Isca Silurum_, _colonia_, _leg._ +VI.+ _Aug._ Caerleon, Monmouthshire.

VII.

_Tibia amnis_, Caerdiff, Glamorganshire.

XX.

_Bovium_, Cowbridge, Glamorganshire.

XV.

_Nidum_, Neath, Glamorganshire.

XV.

_Leucarium_, Loghor, Glamorganshire.

XX.

_Ad vigesimum lapidem_, Narbath castle, on Clethy river, Pembrokeshire.

XIX.

_Menapia_, St. David’s.

ITER XII.

From _Aquæ Solis_, Bath, to _Londinium_, London.

_Aquæ Solis_, _colonia_, _Thermæ_, Bath.

XV.

_Verlucio_, Lacock on the Avon, Wiltshire.

XX.

_Cunedio_, Marlborough.

XV.

_Spinis_, Spene, Berkshire.

XV.

_Calleba Atrebatum_, Wallingford, Berkshire.

XX.

_Bibracte_, Madanhead, Bray, Braywick, Sutton Bray, Berkshire.

XX.

_Londinium Aug. municipium_, London.

ITER XIII.

From _Isca Silurum_, Caerleon, to _Urioconium_, Wroxeter.

_Isca Silurum_, _legio_ +II.+ _Aug._ Caerleon, Monmouthshire.

IX.

_Bultrum_, _Burrium_, _Bullium_, Usk in Monmouthshire.

XII.

_Gobannium_, Abergavenny.

XXIII.

_Magna_, Old Radnor.

XXIII.

_Branogenium_, Worcester.

XXVIII.

_Uriconium_, _Viroconium_, Wroxeter near Wrekin, Shropshire.

ITER XIV.

From _Isca_, Caerleon, by _Glevum_, Gloucester, to _Lindum_, Lincoln.

_Isca Silurum_, _leg._ +II.+ _Aug._ Caerleon, Monmouthshire.

VIII.

_Bullium_, _Burrium_, Usk in Monmouthshire.

XII.

_Blestium_, the Old town, Herefordshire.

XI.

_Ariconium_, Kenchester, by Hereford.

XV.

_Glevum_, _colonia_, _leg._ +VII.+ _Aug. Claudia_, Gloucester.

XV.

_Ad Antonam_, _flu._ Evesham, Worcestershire.

XV.

_Alauna_, Alcester, Worcestershire.

* * * * *

_Præsidium_, Warwick.

* * * * *

XII.

_Vennonis_, Cleycester, by Highcross, Leicestershire.

XII.

_Ratæ Coritanorum_, _stipendiaria_, Leicester.

XII.

_Vennomentum_, Ratcliff and Cosinton, on Soar river, Leicestershire.

XII.

_Margidunum_, Wilughby, Nottinghamshire.

XII.

_Ad Pontem_, Bridgford, Nottinghamshire.

VII.

_Crococolana_, Colingham, Nottinghamshire.

XII.

_Lindum_, _colonia_, Lincoln.

_Vernometum_ is _sacra planities_. A vast long _tumulus_ here of an Arch-druid. _Coes_ is a priest; whence _Cosington_. _Radcliff_ is the course of the annual games, to his memory.

ITER XV.

From _Londinium_, London, by _Clausentum_, Southampton, to _Londinium_ again.

_Londinium_, London.

XLIV.

_Calleba Atrebatum_, Wallingford, Berks.

XV.

_Vindonum_, _stipendiaria_, Silchester, Hampshire.

XXI.

_Venta Belgarum_, _stipendiaria_, Winchester.

VI.

_Ad lapidem_, Mansbridge, Stoneham, Hants.

IV.

_Clausentum_, Southampton.

X.

_Portus Magnus_, Portchester.

X.

_Regnum_, Chichester.

X.

_Ad decimum lapidem_, Arundel, Sussex.

X.

_Anderida portus_, Newhaven, Sussex.

XXV.

_Ad Lemanum_, _fl._ Old Romney, Kent.

X.

_Lemanus portus_, Lymne, Kent.

X.

_Dubris_, Dover.

X.

_Rhutupium_, _colonia_, Richborough, Sandwich.

X.

_Regulbium_, Reculver.

X.

_Cantiopolis_, _stipendiaria_, Canterbury.

_Durolevum_, Sittingburn, Kent.

XII.

_Madum_, Maidston.

XVIII.

_Vagniaca_, Sevenoak.

XVIII.

_Noviomagus_, Croydon.

XV.

_Londinium Aug._ London.

We here correct Antoninus in the distance between London and _Noviomagus_ +XV.+ whereas in the other it is but +X.+ Newington is a remnant of _Novantes_ on both sides the Thames: they first fixed at London, called _Trenovantum_, being fortified by them.

ITER XVI.

From _Londinium_, London, to _Cenia_, Tregeny, Cornwall.

_Londinium Aug._ London.

XC.

_Venta Belgarum_, _stipendiaria_, Winchester.

XI.

_Brige_, Broughton, Hampshire.

VIII.

_Sorbiodunum_, _Latio jure donata_, Old Sarum.

XII.

_Ventageladia_, _Vindocladia_, Wimburn minster, Dorset.

IX.

_Durnovaria_, Dorchester, Dorsetshire.

XXXIII.

_Muridunum_, _Moridunum_, _stipendiaria_, Seaton, Devonshire.

XV.

_Isca Dumnoniorum_, _stipendiaria_, Exeter.

* * * * *

* * * * *

_Ad Durium amnem_, _Ashburton_, Devonshire.

* * * * *

* * * * *

_Tamara_, by Saltash, Devonshire.

* * * * *

* * * * *

_Voluba_, Fowey, Cornwall.

* * * * *

* * * * *

_Cenia_, Tregeny, Cornwall.

ITER XVII.

From _Anderida_, Newhaven, to _Eboracum_, York.

_Anderida_, Newhaven, Sussex.

* * * * *

_Noviomagus_, Croydon.

XV.

_Londinium Augusta_, London.

XXX.

_Ad Fines Trinobantes inter et Cenomanos_, Roiston, Hertfordshire.

* * * * *

_Durolisponte_, _Duroliponte_, _Durosiponte_, Godmanchester.

XXX.

_Durnomagus_, _Latio jure donata_, Caster by Peterborough.

XXX.

_Corisennis_, Stow green, Stanfield, Lincolnshire.

XXX.

_Lindum_, _colonia_, Lincoln.

XV.

_In Medium_, Kirkton in Lindsey, Lincolnshire.

XV.

_Ad Abum_, Wintringham, Lincolnshire.

VI.

_Pecuaria_, Brough, Yorkshire.

XLVI.

_Eboracum_, York.

ITER XVIII.

From _Eboracum_, _York_, through the middle of the island, to _Clausentum_, Southampton.

_Eboracum_, York.

XXI.

_Legeolium_, _Legiolium_, Castleford upon Calder, Yorkshire.

XVIII.

_Ad fines_, _Brigantes inter et Coritanos_, Gravesborough by Rotherham, Yorkshire.

X.

. . . Chesterfield, Derbyshire.

X.

. . . Alfreton, Derbyshire.

XVI.

_Derventione_, Little Chester by Derby.

XII.

_Ad Trivonam_, Egginton upon Trent, Burton, Staffordshire.

XII.

_Etocetum_, Walls by Litchfield.

XVI.

_Mansuedum_, _Manduessedum_, Manceter, by Atherston, Warwickshire.

XII.

_Benonis_, Cleycester by Highcross, Northamptonshire.

XI.

_Tripontium_, Showel near Lutterworth, Leicestershire.

XII.

_Isannaria_, Towcester, Northamptonshire.

XII.

_Brinavis_, Banbury, Oxfordshire.

XVI.

_Æli a castra_, Aldcester by Biceter, Oxfordshire.

XV.

_Durocina_, Dorchester, _Episcopi_, _Durinum_, _stipendiaria_, Oxfordshire.

VI.

_Tamese_, Stretley on Thames, by Goreing, Berks.

XV.

_Vindonum_, _stipendiaria_, Silchester, Hants.

XLVI.

_Clausentum_, Southampton.

* * * * *

Thus we have finished this famous Itinerary, much more large than that of Antoninus, contains many names of places not comprised therein, and ascertains much more of the geography of Roman Britain, of England, and Scotland: it is useful to recite an alphabetical index of it, marking those places with an asterisc, not mentioned by former writers, or not rightly assigned to the modern names and places; and still leaving many to the diligence and _acumen_ of future writers.

* _Ad Alaunam_, _flu._ Alnwic.
* _Ad Alaunam_, Lancaster, _Alone_.
* _Ad Aquas_, Wells.
* _Ad Alone_, _Abone_, on Frome r.
* _Ad Antonam_, Evesham.
* _Ad Abum_, Wintringham.
* _Ad Æsicam._
* _Ad Decimum._
* _Ad Durium amnem._
* _Ad Fines_, between _Maxima_ and _Flavia_, Stretford on Mersey.
* _Ad Fines Trinobantes inter et Cenomanos_, Roiston.
* _Ad Fines, Brigantes inter et Coritanos_, Gravesborough by Rotheram.
* _Ad Itunam._
* _Ad Lapidem_, Stoneham.
* _Ad Lemanum_, _flu._ Old Romney.
* _Ad Murum_, Newcastle.
* _Ad Montem Grampium._
_Ad Pontem_, Bridgford.
* _Ad Sturium_, Stretford street.
* _Ad Selinam._
* _Ad Sabrinam_, Awst.
* _Ad Tisam_, Peirsebridge, Yorkshire.
* _Ad Tuedam_, _flu._ Berwick.
* _Ad Trivonam_, Burton on Trent.
* _Ad Tines_, Rochester on r. Tyne, Redesdale.
* _Ad Tavum._
* _Ad Tinam._
* _Ad Uxellam amnem._
* _Ad Vigesimum_, Narbath C.
* _Ad Vallum Antonini_, Falkirk.
* _Ælia Castra_, Alcester by Biceter.
_Agelocum_, Littleburgh on Trent.
* _Alauna_, Alcester.
* _Alata castra_, _Pteroton_, Inverness.
* _Alpes Pennini_, Pendleton.
* _Alicana_, Shipton by Craven.
_Alauna_, Sterling.
* _Anderida Portus_, Newhaven.
_Ariconium_, Kenchester.
_Aquæ Solis_, _Thermæ_, _colonia_, Bath.

_Banchorium_, _Bonium_, Banchor.
_Benonis_, High cross, Clebroke.
* _Bibracte_, Madanhead and Bray.
_Blestium_, _Blescium_, Old castle on Escel r.
_Bovium_, Boverton.
_Branogenium_, Worcester.
* _Bremenium_, _Bromicham_, Mr. Baxter had knowledge of this town.
_Bremenium_, _stipendiaria_, Ruchester.
_Brige_, _Braga_, Broughton.
_Brinavis_, _Branavis_, Banbury.
_Brocavonacis_, _Brovonacis_, Browham.
_Bullium_, _Burrium_, _Bultrum_, Caerphylli C.

* _Cæsaromagus_, Chelmsford.
_Calcaria_, Tadcaster
_Calleva Atrebatum_, Wallingford.
_Cambodunum_, _Latio jure donata_, Alkmundbury.
_Camboritum_, _colonia_, Chesterford.
* _Canonium_, Kelvedon.
* _Cantiopolis_, _Durobernum_, _stipendiaria_, Canterbury.
_Cataractonium_, Cateric, _Latio jure donata_, Thornbury.
_Cenia_, Tregeny.
_Clausentum_, Southampton.
_Conovium_, Aberconwey.
_Coccium_, _Latio jure donata_, Burton by Lancaster.
* _Combretonium_, Bretenham.
* _Corisennis_, _Causennis_, Stow, Stanfield.
* _Corium_.
* _Corstoplium_, Corbridg.
* _Condate_, Northwich.
_Corinium Dobunorum_, _Latio jure donata_, Cirencester.
_Crococolana_, Colingham.
* _Camulodunum_, _colonia_, _leg. gem. mart._ +XIV.+ Colchester.
_Cunedio_, _Cunetio_, Marlborough.

_Danum_, Doncaster.
_Delgovitia_, Wighton.
_Derventio_, Stanford bridge.
_Derventio_, Little Chester by Derby.
_Deva_, _colonia_, W. Chester, _leg._ +XX. V. V.+ _Cret_.
_Devana_, Aberdeen.
_Dubris_, Dover.
* _Durnomagus_, _Latio jure donata_, Caster.
_Durnovaria_, Dorchester, Dorsetshire.
_Durolevum_, _Durosevum_, Sittinburn.
_Duroprovis_, _stipendiaria_, Rochester.
* _Durolitum_, Romford.
_Durovernum_, _Cantiopolis_, _stipendiaria_, Canterbury.
_Durosiponte_, Godmunchester.
_Durocina_, _Durinum_, _stipendiaria_, Dorchester, _Episcopi_, Oxfordshire.

_Eboracum_, _municipium_, York, formerly _col. leg._ +VI+.
* _Epiacum_, Chester in the street.
_Etocetum_, Wall by Litchfield.

* _Forum Dianæ_, Market street.

* _Gadanica_, _Colanica_, Colecester.
_Glebon_, _colonia_, Gloucester, _leg._ +VII.+ _Claud._
_Gobannium_, Abergavenny.

* _Herirus mons_, by Bala.
* _Hierna._

_Icianis_, Ixworth.
* _In medio._
* _In medium_, Kirkton, Lindsey, Lincolnshire.
* _Isannavaria_, Towcester.
_Isca Dumnoniorum_, _stipendiaria_, Exeter.
_Isca Silurum_, _colon. leg._ +II.+ _Aug._ Caerleon.
_Isurium_, Aldborough.

_Lactorodum_, Stony Stratford.
_Lataris_, Bowes.
_Legiolium_, Casterford.
_Lemanus Portus_, Lymne.
_Leucarium_, Loghor.
_Lindum_, _colonia_, Lincoln.
_Lindum_ in Scotland.
_Londinium_, _colonia_, _Aug._ London.
_Luguvalia_, _Latio jure donata_, Carlisle.

_Madum_, Madeston.
_Magiovinium_, Dunstable.
_Magna_, Old Radnor.
_Manduessedum_, Mancester.
_Mancunium_, Mancastle.
* _Margidunum_, Wilughby.
_Mediolanum_, Myvod.
* _Mediolanum_, Chesterton by Newcastle.
* _Menapia_, St. David’s.
_Muridunum_, _stipendiaria_, Seaton.

_Nidum_, Neath.
* _Noviomagus_, Croydon.

* _Orrea_, Dunkeld.

_Pecuaria_, Brough.
_Pennocrucium_, Penkridge.
_Portus Magnus_, Portchester.
* _Portus Sistuntiorum_, Lune river mouth.
_Præsidium_, Warwick.
_Prætuarium_, Patrinton.
* _Pteretone_, _Latio jure donata_, Inverness.

_Ratæ Coritanorum_, _stipendiaria_, Leicester.
_Regulbium_, Reculver.
* _Regnum_, Chichester.
* _Rerigonium_, Ribchester.
_Rhutupis_, _colonia_, Sandwich.
_Rutunium_, Rowton.

* _Salinis_, Droitwich.
_Segontium_, _stipendiaria_, Caernarvon.
_Sitomagus_, Thetford.
_Sorbiodunum_, _Latio jure donata_, Old Sarum.
_Spinis_, Spene.
* _Statio trajectus_, Chepstow.
* _Sulloniagis_, Edgware.

* _Tamara_, Saltash.
* _Tamea_, Brumchester.
* _Tamese_, Stretley.
* _Theodosia_, _Latio jure donata_, Dunbriton.
* _Tibia amnis_, Caerdiff r.
* _Trimuntium_, Cannaby.
* _Tripontium_, Dowbridge, Showel.
_Tuæssis_, Rothes.

* _Vagniaca_, Sevenoke.
* _Vallum Antonini_, Falkirk.
_Varis_, Bodvary.
* _Varis_, Nairn.
_Vataris_, Brough.
_Venia Silurum_, _stipendiaria_, Caerwent.
_Venta Belgarum_, _stipendiaria_, Winchester.
_Venta Icenorum_, _stipendiaria_, Caster by Norwich.
* _Vennonis_, Cleycester.
_Verolanium_, _municipium_, Verulamcester.
* _Verlucio_, Laycock.
* _Vernometum_, Cosington.
* _Victoria_, _Latio jure donata_, Perth.
_Vindonum_, _stipendiaria_, Silchester.
_Vindocladia_, Wimburn minster.
_Vinovium_, Binchester.
_Vindomora_, Ebchester.
_Viriconium_, Wroxeter.
* _Voluba_, Fowey.
_Voreda_, Castlevoran.
_Uxoconium_, Okenyate.

Here are recounted 173 places in Britain, being 62 more than are contained in Antoninus’s Itinerary: and of those in our Itinerary I have marked with an asterisc no less than 76, which are either intirely new, or not rightly assigned to their true situations in former writers.

IV.

OBSERVATIONS on the ITINERARY.

In my former papers I discoursed to the Society, first, in rehearsal of the memoirs we can recover concerning Richard of Cirencester, and of his writings.

I gave an account of the most excellent Map of Roman Britain, prefixed to the Treatise we are upon. This not only enables us to fix many places and stations, which before now we could do only by mere conjecture, and etymology of names, and the like; but further, it gives us 100 places not hitherto known, so much as in name.

Come we now to treat on the Itinerary, comprised in 18 _Iters_, which traverse the island of Britain all manner of ways, in the nature of that we call Antoninus’s Itinerary; with the intermediate miles between every station: to which I have assigned the respective modern names of the places, to the best of my knowledge.

This Itinerary of our author is far more copious than that of Antoninus: especially it takes in the whole kingdom of Scotland, that country reduced by the valiant Agricola, and called by him _Vespasiana_, when made a province, in honour to the reigning emperor’s father: it took him up seven whole years to complete this great conquest: and one of our _Iters_ extends from _Alata castra_, Inverness, to the Land’s End in Cornwall.

From due consideration we have reason to believe, this Itinerary of our author’s, as to the original plan, is no other than that of Agricola. After he was recalled by Domitian, about A. D. 85. to Hadrian’s time, Britain was neglected, Agricola’s cities in Scotland overthrown, his castles dismantled; so that Tacitus well says, _Perdomita Britannia et statim amissa_: he means only Scotland subdued by Agricola; for four legions remained in that part we call England, to keep it in subjection till Hadrian came.

To our itinerary alone, and the Map, are we indebted for the knowledge of the stations in Scotland: so that we must conclude, he had sight of manuscripts and rolls which were written in that time; whether in the libraries at Rome, or in the monastic libraries of Britain, we know not: but from the same libraries Antoninus’s Itinerary, and the like monuments of learned antiquity, were taken.

It would seem that Whittichind, the Saxon author, had seen such like works as our Richard perused; he writes, that Britain was divided into provinces by Vespasian.

Richard writes expresly, that he copied some papers transmitted to posterity by a Roman general, who probably was Agricola; he had some informations from certain religious of his order, who had been in Scotland.

He learnt what he writes on _Caledonia_, from British merchants. Again, speaking of _Glevum_, Gloucester, he says, it is a Roman colony, constituted by Claudius, _ut scriptores de istis temporibus affirmant_; so that he omitted no kind of means to acquire knowledge of the British geography.

_In medio_, _ad fines_, _ad Itunam flu. ad montem Grampium_, _Herirus mons_, _Alpes Pennini_, _ad Pontem_, _ad Murum_, _ad Vallum_; a very great number of these, and the like, being recited, intimate the high antiquity of the Itinerary; that the roads were generally made, or marked out; but towns, cities, castles, not then built, only some inns, for present conveniency. Especially we see this in Scotland, a good way on the sea-coast northerly, and remarkably in the IXth Iter; _ad Tavum_, _ad Æsicam_, _ad Tinam_, _ad Itunam_, _ad montem Grampium_, _ad Selinam_; and in the map these rivers are named, and the Grampian mountain, without a town’s name annexed, as then not fully built; and probably that country was left by the Romans before the towns were built, the Romans having chiefly strong camps by the rivers. We may reasonably hence judge, the original itinerary and map, which our Richard copied, was constructed in Agricola’s time; though afterward additions were made to it.

We see likewise this method of nomination used in other more distant parts, as _Herirus mons_ in Wales, _Alpes pennini_ in the mountainous tract of Lancashire.

In Iter IV. _Ad Tisam amnem_, _Ad Murum_, _Ad Alaunam flu._ _Ad Tuedam flu._ _Ad Vallum_.

In Iter XI. _Ad Alone_, _Ad Sabrinam_, _Tibia amnis_, _Ad Vigesimum lapidem_, &c.

In Iter XV. _Ad Lapidem_, _Ad Decimum lapidem_, where only mile-stones are named; and the remains of this manner of denomination are left in the English names _Stoneham_, _Stone_, _Stanefield_, _Stanwic_, _Stanton_, and the like.

We learn to correct many words in our geography, which before were not truly wrote: for instance, _Bannavenna_, Towcester, sometimes _Benavona_, _Bennaventa_, which words have no meaning, is really _Isannavaria_, ill placed at Weedon, or rather _Isantavaria_; which words are easily deduced from the British.

* * * * *

I judge it will be a matter useful to the Studious in this kind of learning, to collect into one general Index all the names of places, hitherto recited in the Map and Itinerary, with the annexed asterisc, denoting those names, which are new, or better placed than in former books, or of new denomination; to which we must add those recited in his VIth chapter of the Chorography of Britain. This contains above 100 names not found in my friend Mr. Baxter’s _Glossarium Brittanicum_; who has collected all the names we before knew; and this present must justly be esteemed the noblest monument of antient Britain.

* _Abona flu._ of _Caledonia_, Frith of Dournach, in the Highlands.
* _Abus_, the Humber.
_Abona_, r. Avon of Bristol and Bath, _Primæ_.
_Acmodæ_ isles.
* _Ad Abum_, Wintringham, Lincolnshire.
* _Ad Alaunam_, r. Alnwic, by the Wall, Northumberland.
* _Ad Alaunam_, r. _Alone_, Lancaster.
* _Ad Alone_, _Abone_, on Frome r. by Evershot, Dorsetshire.
_Ad Ansam_, Stretford-street, Suffolk, _Ad Sturium_, _fl._
* _Ad Fines Brigantes inter et Coritanos_, Gravesborough by Rotheram,
West-riding, Yorkshire.
* _Ad Æsicam._
* _Ad Antonam_, Evesham, Worcestershire.
* _Ad Aquas_, Wells, Somersetshire.
* _Ad Durium amnem._
* _Ad Fines Trinobantes inter et Cenomanos_, Roiston, Hertfordshire.
* _Ad Itunam._
* _Ad Decimum_, sc. _lapidem_.
* _Ad Fines Maximam inter et Flaviam_, Stretford on Mersey, in
Lancashire.
* _Ad Lapidem_, Stoneham.
* _Ad Lemanum_, r. old Romney.
* _Ad Montem Grampium._
* _Ad Murum_, Newcastle on Tyne.
* _Ad Tines_, Rochester, by Redesdale, on r. N. Tyne.
* _Ad Tisam_, _fl._ Peirsebridge, Yorkshire, Ovynford.
* _Ad Pontem_, Bridgeford, Nottinghamshire.
* _Ad Selinam._
* _Ad Sabrinam_, _fl._ Awst.
* _Ad Tavum_, _fl._
* _Ad Tinam_, _fl._
* _Ad Tuedam_, _fl._ Berwick.
* _Ad Vigesimum_, sc. _lapidem_, Narbath-castle.
* _Ad Uxellam amnem._
* _Ad Trivonam_, _fl._ Burton upon Trent.
* _Ad Vallum_, _Antonini_, Falkirk.
* _Ad Sturiam_, _fl._ Stretford-street, _Ad Ansam_, Suffolk.
* _Ælia Castra_, Aldcester by Biceter, Oxfordshire.
_Æsica_, r. of _Vecturiones_.
_Agelocum_, Littleborough on Trent Nottinghamshire.
* _Alata Castra_, Inverness, _Vacomagorum Metropolis_, _Latio jure
donata_, _Pteroton_.
_Alcluith_, _ad lacum Lincalidor_, _Theodosia_.
* _Alpes Pennini_, Pendleton, Pendlebury, Lancashire.
* _Alpes_, hills of Lothlers, _Valentiæ_, Scotland.
_Alauna_, Sterling, _Horestiorum urbs_.
_Alauna_, r. Aylmouth, Awn. Northumberland.
* _Alauna_, r. Lune of Lancaster, _Maximæ_.
* _Alauna_, Alcester upon Arrow, _Dobunorum urbs_, _Flaviæ_,
Warwickshire.
_Alauna_, r. by Blandford, Dorsetshire.
* _Alicana_, Shipton by Craven, Yorkshire.
* _Albanii_, Broadalbin, Scotland.
_Albani_, by Lorn, Scotland.
_Antona_, r. Avon of Northampton, Nen.
_Antona_, r. Winchester, Hants.
* _Anderida Portus_, Newhaven, Sussex.
_Anderida Sylva_, _Caledonia_, Sussex.
_Anterii_, Ireland.
_Anterium Metropolis_, there.
_Andros_, isle.
_Antivestæum_, _prom._ Penros, Cornwall.
* _Artavia_, Tintagel, Cornwall.
* _Aquæ_, Buchan, Scotland.
_Aquæ Solis_, _colonia_, _Thermæ_, Bath.
_Ariconium_, Kenchester, of _Silures_, _Secundæ_, Herefordshire.
* _Aræ finium imperii Romani_, Chanery in the Highlands.
_Argitta_, r. of _Rhobogdii_, Ireland.
_Atlanticus Oceanus_, the Atlantic Ocean.
* _Attacotti_, Lochabar, of _Vespasiana_.
_Atrebates_, Berkshire.
_Avalonia_, _Heduorum urbs_, Glasenbury.
_Aufona_, r. of Northampton, _Naina_, Nen.
_Ausoba Sinus_, Ireland.

_Banna_, r. of _Rhobogdii_, Ireland.
* _Banatia_, Lochabar by Fort-William, _Vacomagi_.
_Banchorium_, _Bonium_, of _Carnabii_, Banchor, Flintshire.
_Benonæ_, of _Carnabii_, Cleycester, Highcross, Northamptonsh.
_Belisama_, r. Rible, _Maximæ Cæsariensis_, Lancashire.
_Belgæ_, Somersetshire.
_Beregonium_, _Valentiæ_, Dunstafag, in Lorn.
* _Berigonius Sinus_, by Cantyre, Scotland.
_Bibroci_, or _Rhemi_, Berkshire.
* _Bibrax_, _Bibracte_, of _Bibroci_, _Bibrocum_, Madanhead, Bray,
Berks.
_Blestium_, Oldcastle on Hescol r. Scotland, _Blescium_.
_Boduni_, Oxfordshire, Gloucestershire, Worcestershire.
_Bolerium_, _prom. Primæ_, St. Ive’s, Cornwall.
_Bodotria_, _Bodoria_, _Æstuarium_, Frith of Forth, Scotland.
_Bonium_, _Banchorium_, Banchor, Flintshire.
_Bovium_, Boverton, Glamorganshire.
_Brangonium_, Worcester.
_Brannogenium_, Oxfordshire, _Flaviæ_, of _Ordovices_, or _Dobuni_.
_Branavis_, Banbury.
_Bremenium_, Rochester, Northumberland, capital of _Ottodini_,
_stipendiaria_.
* _Bremenium_, Birmingham, Warwickshire.
_Brigantes_, Yorkshire.
_Brigantes_, Ireland.
_Brigas_, Ireland.
_Brigantia_, Ireland.
_Brigantium_, _Isurium_, Aldborough, Yorkshire.
* _Brigantum extrema_, _prom._ Flamborough-head, Yorkshire.
_Brige_, _Bragæ_, Broughton, Hampshire.
_Brinavis_, Banbury, Oxfordsh.
_Britannia Prima_, Province.
_Britannia Secunda_, Province.
—— _Flavia_, Province.
—— _Maxima_, Province.
—— _Valentia_, Province, _usque ad murum Antonini_.
—— _Vespasiana_, Province, _ultra murum Antonini_.
_Brocavonacis_, _Brovonacis_, Browham, Northumberland.
_Bullium_, _Burrium_, _Bultrum_, Caerphylli castle, Brecknockshire.
_Buvinda_, r. Ireland.

_Caledonia_, Province, Highlands.
_Caledonia_, s. _Anderida Sylva_, Sussex.
_Caledonia Sylva_, in the Highlands.
* _Caledoniæ extrema_, Dunsby-head, Scotland.
_Cæsarea insula_, Jersey.
_Cantæ_, Cromarty in the Highlands.
_Candida casa_, _Leucopibia_, Whithern in Galway.
* _Carnabii_, Sutherland in the Highlands.
_Caledonii_, Inverness county, beyond Varar.
_Carnabii_, in Staffordshire, Wales, Cheshire, _Flaviæ_.
_Caledonia Sylva_, Rockingham forest, Northamptonshire.
_Carronacæ_, _Carnovacæ_, Strathnavern in the Highlands.
* _Cattini_, Cathness in the Highlands.
_Cassii_, _Cateuchlani_, Middlesex.
* _Camboritum_, _colonia_, Chesterford, Cambridgeshire.
* _Camulodunum_, _colonia_, Colchester, _Trinobantum_, _legio_ +XIV.+
_Gemina_, _Martia_.
* _Cambola_, r. Padstow haven, Camelford, Cornwall.
_Caleba Atrebatum metropolis_, Wallingford, Berkshire.
* _Cantæ_, _Cantii_, Kent.
* _Cantiopolis_, _Durovernum_, Canterbury, _metropolis_,
_stipendiaria_.
_Cantium_, _prom._ Kent.
* _Canganus Sinus_, by Harley, Carnarvonshire, or Merionidshire.
_Canganum_, _prom._ Llyn Point, Carnarvonshire.
_Cangiani_,
* _Canonium_, Kelvedon, Essex.
_Calcaria_, Tadcaster, Yorkshire.
_Cambodunum_, _Latio jure donata_, Alkmundbury, Yorkshire.
_Canovius_, r. of _Mona_ isle, Anglesey.
_Cassiterides Insulæ_, Scilly.
_Cataracton_, _Cataractonium_, _Latio jure donata_, Thornburgh,
Catteric, _Maximæ_.
_Cattieuchlani_, _Cassii_, Hertfordshire.
_Cauci_, Ireland.
_Causennis_, Stanfeild, Lincolnshire.
* _Cauna Insula_, Shepey.
_Carnabii_, Cornwall,
* _Carbanticum_, Kirkubright, Treef c. on Dee.
* _Cæsaromagus_, Chelmsford.
_Celnius_, r. of _Vacomagi_, Duvern, Scotland.
_Cerones_, Inverness county, Scotland.
_Cenia_, Tregeny, _Damnoniorum metropolis_, Falmouth.
_Cenius_, r. Falmouth haven, _Damnoniorum_, by Tregeny.
* _Cenomani_, Huntingdonshire, Cambridgeshire, Norfolk, Suffolk.
* _Cimbri_, _Primæ_, Somersetshire.
* _Clita_, r. _Secundæ_, Clvyd, by St. Asaph.
_Clausantum_, _Belgarum_, Southampton, _metropolis_.
_Clota insula_, _Vespasianæ_, Arran isle.
_Clotta Æstuarium_, _Valentiæ_.
_Cluda_, r. Cluyd, Clyd.
* _Condate_, Northwich, Cheshire.
* _Combretonium_, Bretenham, Bradfeild Combust, Suffolk.
_Conovius_, r. Canovy, Aberconway, Caernarvonshire.
_Concangios_, Watercrook by Kendal, Westmorland.
_Colanica_, _Gadanica_, Peebles, _Valentiæ_.
_Conovium_, Aberconwy.
_Concangii_, Ireland.
* _Coccium_, _Latio jure donata_, _Sistuntiorum_, Burton, Lancashire.
* _Coitani_, Forest of Rockingham, _Caledonia Sylva_,
Northamptonshire.
* _Coria_, Corstan law, _metropolis_ of _Gadeni_, Lothian.
_Corbantorigum_, of _Selgovæ_.
_Corinium Dobunorum_, _Latio jure donata_, Cirencester,
Gloucestershire.
* _Coritani_, Leicestershire, Lincolnshire.
_Coriondii_, Ireland.
* _Corisennis_, _Causennis_, Stanfeild, Lincolnshire.
* _Corium_, Corsford by Lanerk, Cluydsdale.
_Corstoplium_, Corbridge, Northumberland.
_Crococolana_, Colingham, Nottinghamshire.
_Cronium mare_, northern Ocean.
* _Creones_, _Cerones ad Volsas sinus_, Ross.
_Cunedio_, Marlborough, _Cunetio_, Wiltshire.

_Dabrona_, r. Ireland,
_Damnii_, Argyleshire, _Vespasianæ_.
* _Damnii Albani_, Scotland, _infra Tavum_, _Vacomagosque_,
_Valentiæ_, Lorn.
_Damnia_, north and South of the wall of Severus.
_Damnonii_, Somersetshire, _Primæ_.
_Damnii_, Ireland.
_Danum_, Doncaster, Yorkshire.
_Delgovicia_, Wighton, Yorkshire.
_Darabouna_, r. of _Rhobogdii_, Ireland.
_Derventio_, Stanford-bridge, Yorkshire.
_Derventio_, Little Chester, by Derby.
_Derventio_, r. Derwent, Cumberland, _Maximæ_.
_Deva_, r. of _Taixali_, by Aberdeen, Dee.
_Deva_, r. Dee by Kirkcubright, of _Selgovæ_.
* _Dena_, r. Cree, by Whithern, Scotland.
_Deva_, _colonia_, Westchester, _legio_ +XX. V. V.+ _Cretica_,
_Flaviæ_.
_Devana_, of _Taixali_, Aberdeen, _Divana_.
* _Dimeti_, _Silurum gens_, _Secundæ_, Cardiganshire.
_Dobona_, r. Ireland.
_Dobuni_, _Boduni_, _Cattieuchlanorum gens_, Oxfordshire.
_Dunum_, _metropolis_, Ireland.
_Dubris_, r. of _Cantii_, Douvre.
_Dubris_, _portus_, Dover, Kent.
_Durius_ r. Ireland.
* _Durius_ r. _Damnoniorum_, Dart, Devonshire.
* _Durinum_, _Durnovaria_, Dorchester, Dorsetshire, _stipendiaria_.
_Durobris_, _Duroprovis_, Rochester, _stipendiaria_, _Durobrovis_.
* _Durnomagus_, Caster by Peterborough, _Cenomannorum_, _Latio jure
donata_, Northamptonshire.
_Durotriges_, s. _Morini_, Dorsetshire.
* _Durolevum_, _Durosevum_, Sittingburn, Kent.
* _Durolitum_, Romford, _Durositum_, Essex.
_Durocina_, Dorchester _episcopi_, Oxfordshire.
_Durosiponte_, Godmanchester, Huntingdonshire.
_Durovernum_, _stipendiaria_, Canterbury, _Cantiopolis_.

_Eblanæ_, Ireland.
_Eboracum_, _municipium_, formerly _colonia leg._ +VI.+ _victrix_,
York.
_Ebuda_ isle, Hebrid, _Caledoniæ_.
—— II. _Caledoniæ._
—— III. Skye, _Caledoniæ_.
—— IV. _Caledoniæ._
—— V. _Caledoniæ._
_Ebudum_, _prom._ of _Carnovacæ_, Highlands.
* _Epiacum_, Chester in the street, county of Durham, _Brigantum_,
_Maximæ_.
* _Epidia_, _insula superior_, Northvist, _Vespasianæ_.
_Epidium_, _prom._ Highlands.
* _Epidii_, Cantyre, Highlands.
* _Epidia_, _insula inferior_, Southvist, _Vespasianæ_.
_Eriri mons_, by Bala, Merionydshire.
_Etocetum_, of _Carnabii_, wall by Litchfield, _Flaviæ_,
Staffordshire.

_Flavia_, Province.
* _Forum Dianæ_, _Cassiorum_, Market-street, by Dunstable,
Hertfordshire.
* _Fretum Menevicum_, Cardigan, bay, _Secundæ_.

_Gadeni_, in Northumberland, _Valentiæ_.
_Gadenia_, north of the wall of Severus.
_Gadeni_, in Scotland.
* _Gadanica_, _Colonica_, Colecester, or Peebles, Scotland.
* _Galgacum_, _Galacum_, Lanchester, _Brigantum_, _Maximæ_, Durham
county.
_Garion_, r. Yare, _Garienus_, Norfolk.
_Genania_, Province, North Wales.
_Glevum_, _Glebon_, _colonia_, _leg._ +VII.+ _Claudia Dobunorum_,
Gloucester, _Flaviæ_.
_Gobannium Silurum_, Abergaveny, _Secundæ_.
_Grampius_, _m._ Grantsbein, Scotland, _Vespasianæ_.

* _Halengum_, _Halangium_, Hailston, Cornwall.
_Hebudes insulæ_ +V+.
* _Helenum_, _prom. Helenis Cornabiorum_, Berry Point, Devonshire.
_Herculis columnæ_, Cornwall, Main Ambres.
_Herculis_, _prom._ Hertland Point, Devonshire.
* _Herculis insula_, _Heraclea_, Lundy, _Primæ_.
* _Hedui_, Somersetshire.
* _Heriri m. m._ by Bala, Wales, _Secundæ_, Merionydshire.
* _Hierna._
_Horestii_, _ad Tavum_, Fife, _Vespasianæ_.

_Ibernia_, city in Ireland.
_Ibernus_, r. Ireland.
_Ibernii_, Ireland.
_Icenii_, Rutland, Cambridgeshire, Suffolk, _Flaviæ_.
* _Icianis_, Ixworth, Icklingham, Suffolk.
_Idumanus_, r. by Chelmsford, Essex, _Trinobantes_.
_Ila_, r. Ale, Highlands, _Caledoniæ_.
* _In medio._
* _In medium_, Kirkton, Lincolnshire.
* _Isannavaria_, Towcester, _Isantavaria_, Northamptonshire.
_Isca_, r. Ex by Exeter, _Primæ_.
_Isca Damnoniorum_, _metropolis_, _stipendiaria_, Exeter.
_Isca Silurum colonia_, Caerleon, _leg._ +II.+ _Aug. metropolis
Britanniæ Secundæ_, Monmouthshire.
_Isca_, r. Usk, Monmouthshire.
_Ischalis Heduorum_, Ilchester, Somersetshire.
_Isurium Brigantum_, _Brigantium_, _metropolis_, Yorkshire,
Aldborough, _Maximæ_, Aldwark.
_Ituna_, r. of _Taixali_, Ythan, _Vespasianæ_.
* _Ituna Æstuarium_, Eden, _Valentiæ_.
_Ituna_, r. of _Selgovæ_.
_Itys_, r. Highlands.

* Κριοῦ μέτωπον, _prom._ Ram head, _Primæ_, Cornwall.

_Lactorodum_, Stoney-Stretford, Bucks.
_Lataris_, Bowes, Yorkshire.
_Lebarum_, Ireland.
_Legiolium_, Casterford, Yorkshire.
_Lelanonius Sinus_, Lochleven, Highlands, _Vespasianæ_.
_Lemanus portus_, Limne, _primæ_, Kent.
_Lemana_, r. _Cantii_, Lime-water, Kent.
_Lemanus_, r. boundary of _Cantii_ and _Bibroci_.
* _Leucopibia_, _candida casa_, Withern, _Novantum_, _metropolis_,
_Valentiæ_, Scotland.
_Leucarium_, Loghor, Glamorganshire.
_Libnius mons_, Ireland.
_Libnius_, _metropolis_, Ireland.
* _Lincalidor lacus_, Lochlomond, _Attacottorum_.
* _Lindum_, Dunblane, _Horestiorum_.
_Lindum colonia Coritanorum_, Lincoln.
_Loebius_, r. Ireland.
* _Logi_, Sutherland, Highlands.
_Londinium Augusta_, London, _colonia_, _Lundinum_, _metropolis_,
_Flaviæ_.
* _Longus_, r. Lochlock, Highlands.
_Loxa_, r. Frith of Cromarty, Highlands.
* _Luanticum_, _Lovantium_, _metropolis Dimetiorum_, Cardigan,
_Secundæ_.
_Lucani_, Ireland.
_Lugubalia_, _Latio jure donata_, _Sistuntiorum_, Carlisle,
_Maximæ_.

_Maætæ_, north of the wall of Severus.
_Macobicum_, _metropolis_, Ireland.
_Madum_, Madeston, Kent.
_Madus_, r. Medway, Kent.
_Magna Silurum_, Old Radnor.
_Magiovinium_, Dunstable, Bedfordshire.
_Maleos_, Isle Mull.
_Manavia_, Isle of Man.
_Mancunium_, Mancastle, by Manchester, Lancashire.
_Manduessedum_, Mancester, Warwickshire.
* _Mare Orcadum_, Pentland Frith.
* _Mare Thule_, North British sea, _Caledoniæ_.
* _Margidunum_, Willughby, Nottinghamshire.
_Moridunum_, Seaton, _stipendiaria_, Devonshire.
_Maxima_, Province.
_Mediolanum_, Myvod, _Ordovicum_, Montgomeryshire.
_Mediolanum_, Ireland.
_Mediolanum_, Chesterton by Newcastle, Staffordshire.
_Menapia_, Isle Ramsey, Pembrokeshire.
_Menapia_, in Ireland.
_Menapii_, Ireland.
* _Menavia_, _Menapia_, _Dimetiorum_, Pembrokeshire, St. David’s.
_Meneviacum fretum_, Irish sea.
* _Merseia_, r. Mersey, Cheshire.
_Mertæ_, Murray, Highlands.
_Metaris æstuarium_, Lincolnshire Washes, _Flaviæ_.
_Modona_ r. Ireland.
_Mona insula_, Anglesey, N. Wales.
* _Monada insula_, _Mona_, _Monæda_, Man.
_Moricambe_, r. Decker, Lancashire, _Maximæ_.
* _Morini_, Somersetshire, Dorset, _Primæ_.
* _Muridunum_, Columb, Cornwall, _Primæ_.
_Muridunum_, Carmarthen, _stipendiaria_, _Dimetiorum_, _metropolis_,
S. Wales.
_Musidum_, Cornwall.

_Nabius_, r. _Nabæus_, Navern, Highlands.
_Nagnatæ_, Ireland.
_Nen_, _Naina_, r. Peterborough, Northamptonshire.
_Nidus_, r. Nith, Nithesdale.
_Nidum_, Neath.
* _Nidus_, r. Neath, Glamorganshire, _Secundæ_.
_Novantæ_, West Galway, _Valentiæ_.
_Novantum Chersonesus_, _prom._ Galway.
* _Noviomagus_, _metropolis_, _Bibrocorum_, s. _Rhemorum_, Croydon,
_Primæ_, Surry.
_Novantia_, north of the wall of Severus.
_Novius_, r. _Selgovæ_, Scotland.

_Obora_, r. Ireland.
* _Ocetis_, Isle, _Stroma_, _Caledoniæ_.
* _Oceanus Deucalidonius_, West British Sea.
_Ocrinum_, _prom. Cimbrorum_, Cornwall.
_Ocrinum mons_, Penryn, Cornwall, _Primæ_.
* _Olicana_, _Brigantum_, Wetherby, _Maximæ_.
_Orcas prom._ Farohead, Highlands.
_Octurupium_, _prom. Dimetiorum_, Bishop and Clerks, Pembrokeshire.
* _Orrea_, Perth, _Vecturionum_, Dunkeld, St. Johnston.
_Orcades_, Isles +XXX+.
_Ordovicia._
_Ordovices_, _Silurum gens_.
* _Otys_, r. Loch-soil, Lochabar.
_Ottadini_, Northumberland.
_Ottadinii_, north of the wall of Severus.
_Oxellum_, _prom. Brigantum_, Spurn-head, Holderness, Yorkshire.

_Parisii_, _Brigantum_, Holderness.
* _Penoxyllum_, _prom._ Terbaetness, _Cantæ_, Ross.
* _Penninæ montes_, Peak, Derbyshire, _Maximæ_.
_Pennocrucium_, Penkridge, Staffordshire.
* _Petuaria_, _Parisiorum_, Brough, Yorkshire, _Pecuaria_.
* _Portus fœlix_, Bridlington-bay, _Parisiorum_, Yorkshire.
_Portus magnus_, _Belgarum_, Portchester, Hampshire.
* _Pomona_, Isle, Mainland, Orkneys.
_Præsidium_, Warwick.
_Prætuarium_, Patrinton, Yorkshire, Holderness.
* _Pteroton_, _alata castra_, Inverness, _Vacomagorum metropolis_,
_Latio jure donata_.

_Ragæ_, _Ratæ Coritanorum_, Leicester, _Coitanorum_, _stipendiaria_,
_Flaviæ_.
_Regia_, _metropolis_, _Velatoriorum_, Ireland.
* _Regnum_, Chichester, _Regentium_, Sussex.
_Regulbium_, Reculver, _Primæ_, Kent.
* _Rerigonium_, _Sistuntiorum_, _Maximæ_, Burton on Lune, or
Ribchester, Lancashire.
_Rhæba_, _metropolis_, there, Ireland.
_Rhebius_, r. Ireland,
_Rhebius_, lake, Ireland.
_Rhemi_, or _Bibroci_, Berks.
_Rhobogdii_, Ireland.
_Rhobogdium_, _metropolis_ there.
_Rhobogdium_, _prom._
_Rhusina_, _metrop._ of _Ibernii_, Ireland.
_Ricinia_, Isle.
_Rutunium_, Rowton, Shropshire.
_Rutupium colonia_, _metrop. leg._ +II.+ _aug. portus_, Sandwich,
Richborough, Kent.

_Sabrina æstuar._ Severn, _Primæ_.
_Sacrum_, _prom._ Ireland.
* _Salinæ Dobunorum_, Saltwarp, Droitwich, _Flaviæ_, Worcestershire.
_Sarna_, Isle.
_Scotti_, first inhabitants of Ireland.
_Secunda_, Province.
_Segontiaci_, Hampshire.
_Segontium_, Carnarvon, _stipendiaria_, _metropolis_, _Cangianorum_,
_Secundæ_.
_Selgovæ_, at Solway Frith, Annandale.
_Selgovia_, north of the wall of Severus.
_Sena_, Isle.
_Senus_, r. Ireland.
_Seteia_, r. of _Brigantes_.
_Silimnus_, Isle.
_Silures_, Herefordshire.
* _Silva Caledonia_, Rockingham Forest, Northamptonshire.
* _Silva Caledonia_, Stetadel Forest, Sutherland.
_Sinus Metaris_, Lincolnshire Washes.
* _Sistuntii_, Lancashire, _Maximæ_.
_Sitomagus_, Thetford, Norfolk.
_Sorbiodunum_, Old Sarum, Wilts, _Latio jure donata_, _Belgæ_,
_præsidium Romanorum_.
_Spinis_, Spene, Berkshire.
* _Statio Trajectus_, Chepstow, Monmouthshire.
* _Strabo_, r. Oudergill, Ross.
_Sturius_, r. _Cantii_, Stour, Kent.
_Sturius_, r. _Trinobantum_, Stour, Essex.
_Stuccia_, r. Rhydel by Aberystwth, S. Wales.
_Surius_, r. Soar, _Flaviæ extremæ_, Leicestershire.
* _Sulloniagis_, Edgware, Middlesex.
_Sygdeles_, Isles, _Oestromynides_, _Cassiterides_, Scilly Isles,
Numb. +XL.+

* _Tamara_, by Tavistoke, Saltash, _Damnoniorum_, upon Tamar,
Devonshire.
_Tamarus_, r. _Damnoniorum_, Tamar, Devonshire.
* _Tamese_, Stretley, Berks.
* _Tamea_, Brunchester by Blair, _Vacomagi_.
_Taixali_ in north of Scotland.
_Taixalorum_, _prom._ part of _m. Grampius_, Buchanness.
_Tavus_, r. Tay in _Vespasiana_ Province, by Perth.
_Tavus_, r. Tay in England, Devonshire.
* _Tavus æstuarium_, Tay Frith, Scotland.
* _Termolus_, South Moulton, Devonshire, _Primæ_.
* _Texalum_, Castle in Mearns.
_Thamesis_, r. Thames.
* _Thermæ_, _colonia_, _Aquæ Solis_, Bath, _Heduorum_.
* _Theodosia_, Alcluith, Dun Briton, _Latio jure donata_,
_Vespasianæ_.
_Thule_, Isle Iceland, _Caledoniæ_.
_Thanatos_, Isle Thanet, Kent.
* _Tibia_, r. by Caerdiff.
_Tina_, r. by Montrose, _Vecturionum_.
_Tina_, both rivers of _Ottadini_, Northumberland.
* _Tisa_, r. Tees, Yorkshire, _Maximæ_.
* _Tobius_, r. Rhymnyr, by Caerdiff, _Secundæ_.
* _Tobius_, r. Tewy, by Caermarthen.
_Tossibus_, r. of Mona Isle, _Canovius_.
_Trinobantes_, Middlesex.
_Trisanton_, r. Newhaven, Sussex.
* _Trimuntium_, _Selgovæ_, Canaby, Scotland.
* _Tripontium_, Dowbridge, Showel, Northamptonshire.
* _Trivona Coritanorum_, r. Trent. _Flaviæ_.
_Tuæssis_ of _Vacomagi_, on Spay r. Rothes.
_Tuessis_, r. of _Vacomagi_, Spay, Scotland.
* _Tuerbius_, r. Tyvy, by Caerdigan.
_Tueda_, r. of _Ottadini_, Tuede, Northumberland.

_Vacomagi_, Athol, beyond _Grampius_ in _Vespasiana_.
* _Vaga_, r. Wye, Hertfordshire, _Secundæ_.
* _Vallum Antonini_, Falkirk, Scotland.
_Vallum Severi_, Picts wall.
_Vanduaria_, _Vanduarium_, _Damniorum_, Clydsdale, a Roman garrison,
Krawford.
_Varar æstuarium_, Frith of Murray.
_Vararis_, r. _Vicomagi_, by Inverness, Scotland.
* _Vainona_, Wainflet, Lincolnshire.
_Valentia_ Province, _ad murum Antonini_.
_Varis_, Bodvary, Flintshire.
_Vataris_, Brough, Westmorland.
* _Varis_, Nairn, Scotland.
* _Vagniaca_, Sevenoak, Kent.
_Vecturiones_, _Venricones_, Angus, Scotland.
_Vecta_, Isle Wyght.
_Velatorii_, Ireland.
_Vedra_, r. Weremouth, Durham.
_Venta Icenorum_, Caster by Norwich, _metropolis_, _stipendiaria_,
Norfolk.
_Venta Belgarum_, Winchester, _stipendiaria_, Hampshire.
_Venta_, Winburnminster, Dorsetsh.
_Venta Silurum_, _stipendiaria_, Caerwent, Monmouthshire.
* _Venonis_, Cleycester, Highcross, Northamptonshire.
_Venicnium_, _prom._ Ireland.
_Venicnii_, Ireland.
_Venicniæ_ Isles, Ireland.
* _Vernometum_, Cosington, Leicestershire.
* _Verlucio_, Laycock, Wiltshire.
_Verolanium_, Verulam, St. Alban’s, _municipium_, _Cassii_, Hertfordsh.
* _Vervedrum_, _prom._ Ness head, _Caledoniæ_.
_Vespasiana_, Province, beyond Antoninus’s _Prætentura_.
* _Victoria_, Perth, Airdoch, _Latio jure donata_.
_Victoria_, Dunbriton, _Latio jure donata_, of _Horestii_, upon
_Tavus_ r. Scotland.
_Vidogara_, r. Ayr in Kyle, _Valentiæ_.
_Vidua_, r. _Rhobogdii_, Ireland.
_Vindomora_, Ebchester, Durham.
_Vindelis_, _prom. Vindelia_, Portland Isle, Dorsetshire.
_Vindonum_, _stipendiaria_, _Segontiorum metropolis_, Silchester,
Berks.
_Vinder_ r. Ireland.
_Vindilios_ Isle.
_Vinovium_, Peirsebridge, Binchester, of _Brigantes_, Ovynford,
Durham county.
_Vindocladia_, Wimburnminster, Dorsetshire.
_Virgivus Oceanus._
_Virubium_, _prom. Caledoniæ_, Ordhead, _extremum Caledoniæ_.
_Vodia_, r. Ireland.
_Vodia_, _prom._ Ireland.
_Volsas sinus_, Lochbreyn, Highlands, Ross.
* _Voluba_, Fowey, Cornwall.
_Voluba_, _Damnoniorum_, Grampound, Cornwall.
_Voluntii_, _Volantii_, Amunder, Lancashire.
_Voluntii_, Ireland.
_Voreda_, Castle Voran, Northumberland.
_Urus_, r. _Brigantes_, Ure.
_Uriconium_, _Viriconium_, Wroxcester, _Carnabiorum_, _metropolis_,
_Flaviæ_, Shropshire.
_Uxella_, Barton, on the Foss road, Somersetshire, _Damniorum_.
_Uxella_, r. _Cimbri_, Somersetshire, by Glasenbury, _Primæ_.
_Uxella_, _m. Uxelli_, _m. m._ Hills of Lothlers, Cluydsdale.
_Uxellum_, Dunfreys, _Selgovæ_, Nithisdale.
_Uxoconium_, Okenyate, _Usocona_, Salop.

_Wantsum æstuarium_, Kent, mouth of Stour.

This is a collective index, much the largest extant, of all the places mentioned in the Map, in the Itinerary, in the Chorography, of Richard of Cirencester’s work. It contains in the whole 500 names of antiquity, whereof about 150 I have signed with an asterisc, as wholly new, more correctly named, or placed, than in former writers on the subject. We must needs look on it as a great treasure in Roman antiquities. I have assigned the modern names. It is impossible I should be exact in all, either in England, or Wales, or Scotland: they must be left to the studious, who have proper skill and opportunities to examine them, and make a just use of the great light here thrown on the face of our island, in the earliest times of the Romans: some I have purposely omitted, that the lovers of these antiquities may use like diligence to fill up those vacancies, as well as correct others, which future discoveries will enable them to do.

The following is a specimen of the writing of the original manuscript, and explication thereof.

* * * * *

_Sequitur Commentariolum geographicum de situ Brittaniæ et Stationum quas Romani ipsi in ea insula edificaverunt._

L. +i+. C. +i+.

_Finis erat orbis ora Gallici littoris, nisi Brittania insula, non qualibet amplitudinis, nomen pene orbis alterius mereretur._

_Dicitur. hic abest a Gessariaco Morinorum Brittanice gentis portu, trajectu millium_ L. _sive ut quidam scripsere, Stadiorum_ CCCCL. _illinc conspiciuntur_.

FINIS.

CAROLI BERTRAMI
LONDINENSIS
+NOTÆ in CAP. I. et II. LIBRI PRIMI+
BRITANNIÆ ROMANÆ
RICARDI MONACHI.

AD LECTOREM.

Notæ in Caput primum & secundum libri primi RICARDI nostri quas +Tibi+ heic, candide +Lector+! sisto, non sunt nisi paucæ earum plurium ad Antiquitates Britannicas pertinentium, quas laboriose versando cum veterum tum recentiorum scripta collegi. Quæ si +TIBI+ fuerint ad palatum, & candide a +TE+ accipi meruerint, Deo annuente redeuntibus temporibus tranquillitate felicioribus, integrum & completum ex iis formatum commentarium habebis. Spero interea, +TE+ judicaturum esse, me, in eo, quod plura tractando +TE+ non moratus sim, consulte egisse, præcipue tempore hoc, quo in considerandis nostræ ætatis stupendis factorum nexibus ad unum omnes sint nimium occupati, nec vacet rebus jam diu gestis, jamque inextricabile fere obscuritate sepultis, attentam afferre mentem.

NOTÆ IN CAP. I.

I _Finis erat orbis_, &c.[3] +Homerus+[4] primus, saltem Græcos inter, (de iis enim, quæ +Orpheo+ tribuuntur, adhuc sub judice lis est,) terram undiquaque Oceano cinctam allui[5] pronunciavit, opinio forte ipsi terræ coæva, quod verba, quæ sequuntur +Clementis+ Alexandrini innuere videntur; en ipsa verba: Mensam autem in Templo, (altare quoque thymmiamatis a +Moyse+ jussu divino factum)[6], habere undulas inflexas ac tortiles, (communiter coronam appellant,) significat terram, quam oceanus circumfluit[7]. Recepta hæc erat Philosophorum[8], Geographorum[9], Historicorum[10], & Poetarum[11], tum gentilium[12], tum Christianorum[13] opinio, atque quod ad Europam, Asiam & Africam, veterum orbem attinet, consentit illa ad unguem cum recentissimis & optimis observationibus. Hoc est cur veteres extrema littora finem terræ & naturæ dixerint[14]. Patet hoc, ut alios omittam, ex his +Virgilii+ Romanorum Coryphæi dictis:

_Extremique hominum_ Morini——[15]

populi in Galliæ finibus, qui Britanniam spectant, proximi oceano[16], & ultra oceanum quid erat præter Britanniam[17], oceani insulam[18] ultimam occidentis[19], quam fallax æstu circuit ipse oceanus[20], cujus licet magnitudinem olim nemo, ut +Livius+ refert, circumvectus[21], +Panegyricus+[22] tamen Maximiano & Constantino Impp. dictus aperte docet, eam tantæ magnitudinis a Cæsare habitam, ut non circumfusa oceano, sed complexa ipsum oceanum videretur[23]. Hæc cum verbis +Ricardi+[24] consentiunt, quæ verba sunt apud +Solinum+[25] eadem. Britannia judicata est orbis finis juxta +Valerium Catullum+ qui Albionem nostram ultimam Britanniam[26], ejusque incolas Britannos ultimos appellat[27]. Sequitur eum in hoc +Horatius Flaccus+ ita pro salute Augusti vota nuncupans:

_Serves iturum Cæsarem in ultimos
Orbis Britannos————_[28]

nisi cum Beato +Chrysostomo+ tibi placuerit Britanniam extra orbem positam[29], Romanorumque virtutem in orbem redactam dicere[30]. In Romanorum nomen elementa transierunt[31], in quos etiam transivit orbis terrarum, qui Romano Imperio clauditur & definitur. unde a plerisque Orbis Romanus appellatur[32]; ita +M. Annæus Lucanus+

_————quin respicis orbem
Romanum?_[33]

Et denuo de Cæsare sermonem faciens idem Poëta canit:

_Hic cui Romani spatium non sufficit orbis._[34]

Sed vero propius ad ipsam rem accidit +Claudius Claudianus+ ita loquendo:

_——nostro deducta Britannia mundo._[35]

_Nomen pene orbis alterius_, &c.[36]]. Alii veterum auctorum non parce adeo loquuntur, liquet hoc ex his apud optimos eorum obviis expressionibus:

_At nunc oceanus geminos interluit orbes._[37]

Britannia oceani insula interfuso mari toto orbe divisa[38], ALTER ORBIS appellatur[39], postquam Romanorum subjecta esset imperio, ita canentes audimus:

_Conjunctum est, quod adhuc Orbis, & Orbis erat_[40].
_Et jam Romano cingitur Oceano_[41].

Et quamvis toto orbe divisa, tamen, qui vinceret, habuit Britannia[42], quæ præ magnitudine videri possit alia terra continens[43]. omnibus terra marique, a Cæsare, captis, respexit oceanum, & quasi hic Romanus orbis non sufficeret, alterum (Britannicum) cogitavit[44]; aut cum +Claudiano+ vate:

_Vincendos alio quæsiverit in orbe Britannos_[45].

Hic orbis terra est, quam ultra oceanum sitam fingit +Cosmas+ Indicopleustes[46], opinio inveterata. Plautius Legatus enim, ut testis est +Dio Cassius+[47], difficulter exercitum e Gallia abduxit, indigne ferentem, quod extra orbem terrarum bellum esset gerendum, scilicet in Britannia

_————quæ procul orbe jacet_[48].

Nam si verum quæramus, terra ipsa infra Romanorum Imperium est, super quam progressa Romana virtus ultra Oceanum, alterum sibi orbem quæsivit, & in Britannia remota a confinio terrarum novam sibi invenit possessionis[49], aut ut iste +Panegyricus+[50] eleganter mentem suam explicat, Cæsar alium se orbem terrarum scripsit reperisse[51], & in Britanniam transjecisse exercitum, alterum pene imperio nostro, ac suo quærens orbem[52], non oblitur alibi ita Constantinum Magnum alloqui: gloriare tu vero, Cæsar invicte! alium te orbem terrarum peperisse[53]. Demum +Nennius+ noster narrat, in extremo limite orbis Britanniæ esse Orcaniam insulam[54]. Unde hæ orbis particulæ, Orbis vocabulum traxerunt, ex +Aristotele+ discere poterit Lector, ad quem eum, prolixitatis evitandæ gratiæ, remitto[55].

_Insula_, &c.] Primis Græcorum Romanorumque ne esse quidem compertum fuit: posteriores in controversiam adduxerunt, continensne ea terra, an vero insula esset, multaque de utroque opinione conscripta sunt ab iis, qui certi quidem nihil noverunt, quippe qui nec vidissent, nec ab indigenis, qualis esset, accepissent, sed conjecturis tantum, quantum vel otii vel studii singulis aderat, niterentur. Successu temporis, prius quidem sub J. Agricola Proprætore[56], deinde sub Severo Imperatore, liquido deprehensum esse insulam[57].

_Octingentis M. P. longa porrigitur._] Hæc longitudo Britanniæ a +M. Vipsanio Agrippa+ tributa, cujus mentionem injicit +C. Plinius Secundus+[58], sequentibus ipsum +Julio Solino+[59], +Martiano Capella+[60], +Paulo Orosio+[61], +Æthico+[62], +Gilda+ sapiente[63], venerabili +Beda+[64], +Nennio+ Banchorensi[65], & pluribus aliis, quæ supra 730 milliaria Anglicana Statutaria, vel Regia, efficit. Hæc longitudo quamvis reperiatur nimia, ad veritatem tamen proximius accedit, illa, quam +Jornandes+ Episcopus (ex Cassio Dione[66] exhibet, longitudine, qui eam VII. M. CXXXII. Stadia extendi ferri narrat[67], i. e. DCCCXCI. milliarium Romanorum cum dimidio, aut minoris aliquantum fuisse extensionis, quam 820 nostrorum milliarium. quippe inde ab Ocrino (_Lizard Point_) extremo meridionali promontorio, usque ad Orcadem extremum, _Dungsby_ (vel potius _Dunnet_[68]) _head_, maxime versus Boream vergentem sint 590 milliaria Regia, secundum recentissimas & fide dignissimas relationes, quæ non prorsus DCL Milliaria Romana efficiunt. Mappæ geographicæ seculi prioris[69] longitudinem ad 50, aliæ 75, & aliæ 120 plus minus milliaria, majorem extendunt, id est ad DCC Millia passuum.

_In Caledonicum promuntorium_, &c.] Extremitas Caledoniæ +Ricardi+ nostri[70] potius intelligenda est, de toto angulo[71] boreali Scotiæ. scilicet, Rossia, Sutherlandia, Cathenesia, Strath-navernia cum vicinis regiunculis, quæ eis subsunt, quam de singulari quodam promontorio. Monachus noster semper in syllaba secunda ad morem plurium Monachorum adhibet U, qui scribendi mos, ceu maxime genuinus assumitur, a +Is. Vossio+[72] ac +Gronoviis+ in iis, quas nobis dedere, Pomponii Melæ editionibus, certe optimis, in quibus semper promuntorium cum U in secunda syllaba reperies; quas, si lubuerit, consulas[73].

II. _Veteres Britanniam_, &c.[74]] Quodnam antiquissimum & genuinum Magnæ Britanniæ inter tot varias appellationes, quibus ab extraneis propriisque incolis insignita fuit, nomen fuerit, inventu est perquam difficile, præsertim nostro, quo adeo longe distamus, tempore; etenim, ut docent verba auctoris, & nos etiam deinceps[75] evidenter explicabimus, omnes insulæ in vicinia sitæ commune nomen +Britannicarum+ habuere. Ut plurimæ aliæ regiones sic & hæc nomen suum a primo ejus conditore hausit, verum autem quis hic fuerit, æque ignotum, ac nomen, de quo quæritur. Tantum ex paucis, qui nobis supersunt, Scriptoribus novimus, quod fuerit appellata his nominibus: BRITANNIA, ALBION[76], +Hyperborea+[77], +Atlantia+[78], +Cassiteris+[79], ROMANIA[80], nec non +Thule+[81], quæ nomina a Phœnicibus Græcis & Romanis ipsi data fuere, sed quodnam aut an ullum illorum sit genuinum incertum adeo est, ut verear ne nunquam satis demonstrari possit. ALBION & BRITANNIA jus antiquitatis sibi vindicant, cum apud Poëtas Britannos, seu +Bardos+ ejusdem sub nominibus +Alban+, vel +Alben+, +Inis Wen+[82], sive +Insulæ Albæ+[83] & +Prydæn+[84] fiat mentio. ALBION antiquissimum censetur, quamtumvis nullum horum nominum sit illud, in quod inquirimus, cum Romanis bene nota fuerint. e contrario vero, si in re tanti momenti testimonio +Dionis Cassii+ sides habenda est, Britannorum Regina BONDUICA affirmet, Romanorum sapientissimos verum nomen (indigenarum) ignorasse[85]. Hinc forte investigandum erit nomen, aliud a supradictis. interea de singulis hic allegatis nobis erit sermo.

_Primum Albionem_, &c.[86]]. Ni ita dicta fuerit ab +Albione+ Conditore vel Debellatore ejus, quem quidem Albionem Neptuni filium fuisse asserunt[87], certe ratio sit gravis hanc appellationem rejiciendi adesse videtur, cum certum sit ac evictum, totam insularum classem, tempore Aristotelis[88], & verosimiliter jam diu ante ipsum, Britannicarum nomen gessisse. Præterea, si etiam ab albis rupibus a Phœnicibus sic fuerit nuncupata, nil tamen ex eo sequitur, quam quod fuerit nomen impositum, neutiquam genuinum, nisi affirmemus, cum quibusdam aliis[89], Phœnices fuisse primos hanc regionem incolentes, quod, antequam sufficienter fuerit demonstratum, pro evicto assumere nullus potero. Attamen admissa hac opinione, detectis metallifodinis stanno ברת־אנך[90] _Barat-anac_, id est _agrum_ seu _terram stanni_ & plumbi, eos sine dubio dixisse, idque nomen omnibus circumjacentibus insulis dedisse, cum omnes fere ejusdem naturæ & conditionis sint, tanta gaudet verisimilitudine, ut ulteriori indagine originis nominis +Cassiteridis+, minime opus videatur. Notum enim est, Græcos ei id nominis dedisse[91], cum eundem, quem præcedens habeat significatum & Κασσίτερον indigitet _stannum_, uti hoc probabit +Plinius+[92] & prolixius +Bochartus+[93]. Phœnices autem, me judice, non fuere primi incolæ, verum tantum mercatores, primi in has partes mercatum proficiscentes, suaque ibi erigentes emporia, (_Factories_) quemadmodum hodie Europæi in oris maritimis Africæ simile faciunt, sequitur hinc, nomen quodcunque, ejusque generis nomina ab extraneis regioni imposita, longe abesse a genuino a nativis incolis indito, ex istorum lingua nullo modo derivando. Quod in totum destruit speciosas a +Cambdene+[94], +Baxtero+[95], & +Somnero+[96] factas derivationes, licet hucusque receptas maximo cum applausu. Verum errari in his omnibus, dies absque dubio, cum nomen e lingua incolarum vernacula originem trahat, sitque purum putum Britannicum; posito autem me eo acquiescere, non tamen inde sequitur, hæc nomina Britannica a nativis gentibus imposita esse, peregrini potius advenientes, ad quæstiones incolis, aut Gallis datas, responsa accipientes inde ita appellandi occasionem sumsere, cum eorum linguam Phœnices calluisse nullus credendi locus, hincque signis mentem suam explicaverint necesse est. Sic manu significantibus Britanniam, nomenque sciscitantibus, alii eos _altas rupes_ cretaceas intellectas credentes, respondere: +Alben+, vel +Brytin+, atque ea ratione e vocabulis _Al_, _Alp_, _Ben_, _Pen_, _Bryd_, _Pryd_, _Bryt_, _Tin_, vel _Dyn_, diversos significatus admittentibus[97], plurimæ aliæ pro diversitate ingeniorum quibus responsa dabantur, oriri potuerunt rerum & regionum appellationes, quæ pro nominibus insulæ habitæ, auctoritate donatæ ad nostra servatæ sunt tempora. non absimili modo Peru, Jucatan, Paria, tres regiones Americæ eminentiores nomina accepere, quod doctissimus +Raleius+ affirmat & asseverat[98], etenim Hispani digitis trans fluvium sitas terras innuentibus, & primæ regionis nomen quærentibus, Indi regessere: _Peru_, quod forte nomen hujus amnis erat, aut _aquam_ in genere denotabat in lingua his vernacula. Jucatan nec aliud quicquam significat, quam, _Quid ais? quid tibi vis?_ ita enim Hispanis, rogantibus nomen loci, Barbaros (cum non intelligerant) respondisse ferunt, idque responsum Hispanos in nomen loci transtulisse. Tertiam quod attinet regionem, eodem ista modo nomen est sortita. cum Hispani de nomine regionis quærerent, manu montes excelsos monstrantes, quidam incolarum _Paria_ respondit, quo vocabulo _Rupes_, _Montesque_ innuuntur, ut alia ejusdem farinæ exempla præteream, quorum mentionem præclarus hic auctor injicit[99], & quæ omnia ad nostrum scopum æque inservire possent. Corrupta insuper genuini nominis pronuntiatio, illud ita alterare potest, ut etymologiam omnino nullam admittat. Exempla nobis sint, ea quæ nosmet ipsi civitatibus: Corunnæ, Setubal, & Portui Liburno, tribuimus nomina, barbare eas vocantes: _the Groin_, _Saint Ubes_, _Leghorn_. Quot quæso! in linguis peregrinis voces audimus, quas ne imitari quidem, nedum accurate scribere possumus? Omiserunt ista veteres aut mutarunt nomina. Patet hoc ex hisce a +Mela+ dictis: “Cantabrorum aliquot populi amnesque sunt, sed quorum nomina nostro ore concipi nequeunt.”[100]. Nomina Britanniæ igitur a peregrinis ortum trahunt, unde genuinum nomen gentis a Regina Bonduica indicatum, inter deperdita facile numerari posset. Sic ab Oceano Atlantico, vel Hyperboreo, in quo sita est Britannia[101], ATLANTIA, & HYPERBOREA vocata; THULE, cum sit inter insulas notas ultima[102]; nomen vero ROMANÆ, Romanum plane est. Denique error est apud +Spedium+[103], +Somnerum+[104], aliosque quod assertum, quod _vocabulo gentis suæ_ ita vocari dicunt regionem, implicet Britannicum esse nomen, nil aliud indigitat, quam insulam sic a nomine incolarum vocatam, quod ex citationibus ex classicis auctoribus desumtis sat superque demonstrari potest[105]. Hac ratione incidimus in eam ab initio quæ subiit mentem, cogitationem, scilicet, an insula _Britannia_ aut _Albion_ ab incolis fuerit dicta? si unquam insula, Britannia, aut Albion ab indigenis dicta est, primo ejus Conditori, vel Subjugatori nomen debet, & in his acquiesco. Reliquæ inde, a capite omnium, appellationes suas habebunt.

_Brittaniam_, &c.] Modus scribendi nominis apud Græcos aut Βρεττανία[106], Βρεταννία[107], ἡ Βρεττανική[108], vel Πρεταννία, Πρετανία[109], Πρετανὶς[110], Βρεττανίδες νήσοι[111], Ἀλβίων[112], Ἀλουίων[113], & Ἀλουβίων[114], in optimis Latinorum scriptoribus etiam Nummis BRITANNIA & ALBION habetur, in aliis ævi inferioris +Britania+[115], in +Pausania+[116], +Beda+ & +Ricardo+ nostro +Brittania+; in +Ethelwerdo+, +Willielmo+ Malmesburiensi, +Henrico+ Huntingdunensi, +Rogero Hovedene+ &c. +Brittannia+, nec non in saxo urbis Grætz in Stiria.

+Præf. Equit. Al. Brittannicæ+[117]

Incolæ aut Βρεττανοί[118], vel Βρετανοί[119], +Britanni+, +Brittani+[120], +Britones+[121], vel +Brittones+[122] semper scribuntur; etiam ab ipsis gentis hujus scriptoribus: _Ynis Prydæn_, _Ynis Prydein_, _Ynis Prydain_, _Ynis Bryden_, _Ynis Brydain_, _Ynis Breatin_, &c. _Brith_, plur. _Brithion_ & _Brython_, &c.

_Vocarentur omnes_, &c.] +Catullus+, ni fallor, primus Romanorum est qui BRITANNIAS in plurali numero habet, in Cæsarem epig. 30.

_Hunc Galliæ timent, timent Britanniæ._

Et iterum de Acme & Septimius epigr. 46.

_Unam Septimius misellus Acmen
Mavult, quam Syrias, Britanniasque._

Post ipsum +Plinius+[123] insulas Britannicas sequenti ordine enumerat: +Britannia+ & +Hibernia+, XL Orcades, VII Acmodæ, XXX Hebudes, item Mona, Monapia, Ricina, Vectis, quam errans versus occidentem sitam affirmet, [quamvis sint, qui eam insulam ab hac distinctam faciunt, eam scilicet quam Ptolemæus Ocetin vocat.] Limnus, Andros, Siambis, Axantos, deinde Glessariæ, quas Electrides Græci recentiores appellavere, nec non & Thule, Mictis, Scandia, Dumna, Bergos & Nerigon. +Johannes Chrysostomus+ in diversis locis de insulis in plurali numero loquitur, nominans eas Βρεττανικας νήσους[124].

_Brettanides insulæ jacent circa Thraciam,
Duæ maximæ omnium: prima Ibernia,
Et Albion post ipsam. Ipsæ aliarum primæ.
Et aliæ triginta vocatæ Orcades:
Et Thule proxima ipsi, alia maxima insula,
In Aparctiæ flatum proxima vocata.
Ex his triginta sunt Hesperides.
Ad partes enim vespertinas sitæ sunt Brettaniæ_[125].

Verum cum duæ ipsarum multo majores sint ulla ex ceteris, hoc ipsum +Aristoteli+[126], +Dionysio+[127], +Agathemero+[128], +Apuleio+[129], &c. ansam præbuit, tantum harum duarum injiciendi mentionem.

_Duæ insulæ sunt Britannicæ, contra Rhenum:
Illic enim extremum eructat in mare vorticem.
Harum sane magnitudo immensa: neque ulla alia
Insulas inter omnes Britannicis æquatur_ [æqualis est.]

Quæ sunt supra dictæ ALBION & HIBERNIA[130].

_De quibus mox paulo dicemus._] Cap. VIII. libri primi p. 98. & seq.

III. _Inter Septentriones & Occidentem_, &c.] Id est, versus Caurum, (_the Northwest_), respectu Romæ, quod bene a +Johanne Tzetza+ hoc versu expressum

_Thracias perflat Brettanorum atque Ethruscam regionem
Romanosque————_[131]

Thracias vero inter Aparctiam & Argesten spirat, quem accolæ etiam Circium appellant secundum +Agathemerum+[132], & +A. Gellium+[133].

_Maxumis Europæ partibus_, &c.] Versus orientem Norwagia, Dania & Germania, ad meridiem vero Gallia & Hispania.

_Magno intervallo_, &c.] Melius hoc intuitu Mappæ geographicæ faciem Europæ exhibentis patebit, quam verbis describi poterit.

_Oceano Athlantico clauditur._] Universam ipsam terram insulam esse unicam Atlantici maris ambitu circumdatam docet +Aristoteles+[134]. Porro autem Pelagus, quod extra orbem nobis habitatum fusum est, & Atlanticum dicitur, & Oceanus a quo ipse circumluitur.

_Externis autem partibus alia cognomine gerit,
Hesperius statim enim Oceanus vocatur,
Et Pelagus Atlanticum, pars quædam ad occasum.
Ad boream autem Saturnium & congelatum, mortuumque_[135].

Certum est Magnam Britanniam diversis temporibus mox nomen ab hoc Oceano accepisse, mox illi idem reddidisse. minimum hoc de parte Oceani Septentrionali & Occidentali, etiam ea quæ ultra Fretum Gaditanum est, valet, etenim Britanniam veterum esse Atlantiam, si unquam exstetit, pro concesso assumo. Sic habet +Adamus+ Bremensis de mari Septentrionali; (_the North Sea_) sermonem faciens[136]: ‘Egdora descendit usque in Oceanum Fresonicum, quem Romani scribunt Britannicum. inde (_the Channel_, Gallicè, _la Manche_) ad promontorium Antivestæum +Ptolemæus+, aliique Oceanum Britannicum vocant. Porro +Pomponius Mela+, natione Hispanus, Pyrenæum montem in Oceanum Britannicum procurrere dicit[137]. Et Geographus +Ravennas+, fretum Septem-Gaditanum in Oceanum Britannicum ingredi refert[138]. Quibus addimus +Ricardum+ nostrum, qui infra, Oceanum Occidentalem, Magnum illum Britannicum, qui & Athlanticus Oceanus, omnia reliqua complexum maria, appellat.[139]

IV. _à Meridie Galliam Belgicam._] Potius ab Euro.

_Cujus proximum littus_, &c.] Infra descriptam cap. VI. §. 5. & cap. VII. pag. 96.

_à Gessoriaco Morinorum Brittanicæ gentis portu_, &c.] Bononia, hodie _Boulogne_. vide infra pagina 96. Locus hic auctoris nostri non prius plene intelligi potest, donec capitis XVIImi libri IVti +Plinii+ vera lectio fuerit restituta, quam hanc esse arbitror:

_Loco communiter usitatæ lectionis._

‘Deinde Menapii, Morini, Oromansaci juncti pago, qui Gessoriacus
vocatur: Britanni, Ambiani, Bellovaci, Hassi.’

_Ita legendum esse autumo._

Deinde Menapii, Morini, Pæmani[140], ac juncti pago, qui
Gessoriacus vocatur, Britanni: Ambiani, Bellovaci, Essui[141].

Etenim propter defectum recti sensus loci hujus Pliniani, +Harduinus+ Hassos omittit, ac +Dionysius Vossius+ Essuos in Æduos mutat[142], cum e contrario, juxta meam emendationem, non omnia solum sint perspicua, verum & sine ulteriori meditatione ultimum caput libri IVti Plinii intellectu perquam facile reddatur, ubi verba ita sonant: ‘+Polybius+ latitudinem Europæ ab Italia ad Oceanum scripsit X̅I̅. L. (1150.) M. P. etiam tum incomperta magnitudine ejus, est autem ipsius Italiæ X̅I̅. XX. (1120.) M. ad Alpes, unde per Lugdunum ad portum Morinorum Brittanicum, qua videtur mensuram agere Polybius X̅I̅I̅I̅. XVIII. (1318). M.P.’ &c. quæ hucusque a nimine recte intellecta fuere. Quomodo, & quo tempore hi +Britanni+ in Galliam venerunt, superest, ut inquiramus. Cæsar qui data occasione omnes Gallorum nationes enumerat, de Britannis tacet, neque de portu ipsorum Gessoriaco loquitur, unde jure concludimus, eos Cæsaris tempore ibi non fuisse. +Dionysius+ Characenus videtur primus, qui eos hoc versu nominat[143]:

_————ubi Britanni,
Albæque gentes habitant martiorum Germanorum,
Hercyniæ sylvæ prætersalientes montes_, &c.

Quod ejus commentator +Eustathius+ Thessalonicensis Archiepiscopus ad Britannos continentem terram incolentes pertinere explicat, ita verba faciens:[144] “Britannorum autem nomen ferentes sunt e regione Britannicæ insulæ.” Hic Dionysius a +Plinio+ lib. IV. cap. +XXVII.+ vocatus est terrarum orbis situs recentissimus auctor. unde patet, quod hi Britanni non diu ante sedem ibi fixerint, atque Gessoriacum æedificaverint, an vero armorum violentia factum sit, vel absque ferro, ulteriori disquisitioni reliquendum erit.

_Millium_ L. &c.] Videatur auctor noster cap. VII. p. 96.

_Ut quidam scripsere stadiorum_ CCCCL.] +Antoninus+ in Itinerariis, & +Dio Cassius+[145]; juxta demensiones recentiores mensurant 39 milliaria Regia seu CCCL. Stadia a Bononia, (_Boulogne_) usque eo, ubi olim Ritupis sita erat.

_Illinc conspiciuntur Brittones_, &c.] E portu _Ambleteuse_, qui veterum est Iccius, ora Angliæ opposita, in linea recta tantum 26 milliaria Regia distans, ut ex dimensionibus exactis constat, tota perfecte conspici potest.

_Virgilius Maro._] Latinos inter Poëtas princeps, in Ecloga prima v. 67.

V. _Agrippa vetus orbis descriptor._] Juliæ Oct. Augusti Cæsaris filiæ maritus: Primus videtur inter Romanos qui corpus Geographiæ conscripsit. Fundavit is Romæ PANTHEON, veram omnis bonæ architecturæ epitomen: De eo ejusque Commentariis +Plinius+ hoc perhibet testimonium[146]: ‘+Agrippam+ quidem in tanti viri diligentia, præterque in hoc opere cura, orbem cum terrarum orbi spectandum, propositurus esset, errasse quis credat, & cum eo Divum +Augustum+? Is namque complexam eam porticum ex destinatione & commentariis M. Agrippa a sorore ejus inchoatam peregit.’ Nummi ejus in curiosorum reperiuntur Musæis, in quibus corona navali coronatus cernitur[147], juxta illud +Dionis+ lib. XLIX. p. 400.

_Latitudinem ejus_ CCC.] Latitudo hæc ab +Agrippa+ assignata e traditionibus Græcis desumta est, satisque bene respondet, si illa sumitur, quæ inter oram Walliæ & Norfolciæ est, quæ sola latitudo tres circini mensuras permittit, aliæ omnes latitudines Britanniæ adeo sunt irregulares, mappam geographicam, perspiciatur. Dio minimum latitudinem CCC stadiorum esse perhibet[148].

_Beda vero rectius_ CC.] Errat hic +Ricardus+. Verba proprie non sunt ipsius +Bedæ+, verum e +Gilda+ mutuata[149], qui iterum ea ex +Æthico+[150], +Orosio+[151], &c. hausit. documentum hoc est inter plura alia, quæ allegari possent, satis sufficiens, eum numquam vidisse Gildam. +Dio Cassius+[152] & +Jornandes+ Episcopus latitudinem ad MMCCCX. Stadia figit[153], quæ æqualia 28875 passibus geometricis vel CCLXXXIX mill. Rom. +Marcianus+ Heracleota aliam operandi viam ingressus, latitudinem Britanniæ ita metitur: ‘Latitudo autem ejus (Albionis) incipit quidem juxta Damnonium, quod dicitur etiam Ocrinum promontorium; desinit vero ad Novantum Chersonesum, & ejusdem nominis promontorium; adeo ut latitudo ejus juxta maximam lineam sit stadiorum MMMLXXXIII. id est CCCLXXXVI. M. P. plus minus[154].

_Diversorum promuntoriorum_, &c.] Quales sunt _Cornwal_, _Pembrokeshire_, _Carnarvonshire_, &c.

_Quadragies octies Septuaginta quinque M. P._] Verba reperiuntur in +Beda+[155], +Isidoro+ Hispalensi[156], +Julio Solino+[157], &c. Commentator hujus vetus ita verba Soliniana explicat[158]: ‘Circuitus Britanniæ quadragies octies LXXV. sunt. si quis voluerit ipsius circuitus mensuram scriptam ab Julio facilius intelligere ccc d cccc es, sive d cccc cccc es fore cognoscat. Sed si alicui tardanti ingenio hæc dimensio non satisfecerit, miliarios lapides esse fingat, in quibus XXX[159] lapidum, & d c simpliciter lapides fieri quis dubitabit?’ Sequitur hunc forsitan +Ricardus+ noster Cap. II. 5. cum doctissimo +D. Smith+[160], qui in iis, quas in Bedæ paginam 40 concinnavit notas, explicat per tria millia sexingenta milliaria; error hic est in quem plures alii viri, cetroquin optimi incidere. Duas priores figuras in ultimas ducere videntur, quod nunquam ab ullo Romanorum auctore intendi novi cum certissimis. Subintellectum tantum voluere vocabulam _centena_, & hunc in modum scripsere X̅L̅V̅I̅I̅I̅. LXXV. modus loquendi erat, quasi nostra lingua diceremus (4875) _Forty eight hundred seventy five miles_, vel Germanice: =Acht und vierzig hundert, fünf und siebenzig.= Ast cum maximus commentatorum numerus hoc non attenderit, inde maxima editionum Plinii pars, immo omnes, confusæ reperiuntur, quippe lineolam primis litteris superimpositam, quæ centenarium indigitat numerum millenarium indicare, præcario assumunt. Legitur hinc in Plinio XIII. M. XVIII. (13018.) loco X̅I̅I̅I̅. XVIII. (1318.) quo ipso, toto cœlo a vero distant. Methodum meam rectissimam esse apparet, si +Capellam+ cum +Plinio+ cujus ille fidus est transcriptor, conferimus nulla sane de certitudine ejusdem mihi superest dubium, quicquid alii in contrarium scripserunt, cum +Plinium+ ipsum a partibus meis habeam, ita dicentem: ‘Universum Orbis circuitum +Eratosthenes+, ducentorum quinquaginta duorum millium Stadium prodidit. quæ mensura Romana computatione efficit trecenties quindecies centena millia passuum[161].’ Et verum id quidem, nam Stadium CXXV passibus constat[162]. proinde si 252,000 per 125 multiplices, fiunt 31500,000 passuum.

_Marcianus author Græcus._] Auctor supranominatus, ex Heraclea Ponti oriundus, unde Heracleota dictus, reliquit nobis Periplum percuriosum, quem +Hudson+ noster lingua Græca, addita versione sua Latina, publici juris fecit. Reperies illum in volumine I. Geographiæ veteris scriptorum Græcorum minorum, Oxonii e Theatro Sheldon. 1698. 8. quæ de insulis Britannicis habet ex +Ptolemæo+ & +Protagora+ desumta videntur. Locus vero quem +Ricardus+ noster refert, est pag. 59. ubi universa, inquit, ‘peripli totius Albionis insulæ stadia non plura 28604. id est 3575. M. P. & dimidium, non pauciora stadiis 20526. sive 2576. M. P. fere,’ inde patet auctorem nostrum majorem numerum recepisse.

+mdiↄↄlxxv+ _milliaria_.] Qui Monachus noster in hunc mirum computum inciderit, non video, cum nunquam simile quid invenerim. Mentem ejus capere non potuissem, ni +Marcianum+ in hoc sibi consentientem appellasset. Jam auctor hic, ut nuper dictum, duplum affert numerum, quorum maximus 3575 Milliaria cum dimidio complectitur. unde liquet M.D. a numero +iↄↄlxxv.+ subtrahenda esse sic: 5075 − 1500 = 3575.

NOTÆ IN CAP. II.