Chapter VIII: A Cantio vasta illa, quæ Anterida nonnullis, aliis Caledonia (4)

I. _Brittania Magna_, &c.] Ab +Aristide+ Rhetore simpliciter MAGNA vocata INSULA,[163] etiam a priscis Hiberniæ incolis[164]. jam vero peractis tot seculis, totque revolutionibus ac mutationibus vetus suum nomen MAGNÆ BRITANNIÆ hodie vindicavit.

_A Chrysosthomo authore Græco._] Probabiliter +Dronem+ Prusæum Chrysostomum cognominatum celebrem Oratorem putat, contemporaneum Trajano Imperatori, ejusque triumphi participem[165], qui in Geticis suis, vel aliis operibus jam deperditis id assertum ivit. In epitome Strabonis a +Hudsone+ publicata Vol. II.[166] epitheton Magnæ reperio pag. 21 & 38. additum ab Epitomatore. verum inde concludere Chrysostomum hunc appellari nimiæ foret audaciæ. verum est, +Johannem Chrysostomum+ in plurimis scriptis suis Britannicarum insularum injicere mentionem, nusquam vero adjunxit Britanniæ ipsi cognomen Magnæ, nisi aciem oculorum meorum effugerit[167].

_Natura triquetra_, &c.] ‘Inter Septemtrionem & Occidentem projecta, grandi angulo Rheni ostia prospicit, deinde obliqua retro latera abstrahit, altero Galliam, altero Germaniam spectans: tum rursus perpetuo margine directi littoris ab tergo abducta, iterum se in diversos angulos cuneat triquetra, & Siciliæ maxime similis, plana, ingens, fecunda,’ &c.[168]. Opinio a +Cæsare+ accepta[169], & plurimis, qui eum sequuntur, auctoribus propagata, verbi causa, a +Diodoro+[170], +Strabone+[171], &c.

_Unum latus est contra Galliam Celticam_, &c.] Id est, tota Britanniæ ora Meridionalis ad Canalem Britannicum sita & Galliæ opposita, juxta verba auctoris, ex +Cæsare+[172] desumta.

_Ad Cantium_, &c.] Infra lib. I. cap. VI. § 5. & 7. describitur; vulgo, _the North Foreland of Kent_.

_Ad Ocrinum_, &c.] Infra lib. I. cap. VI. § 16. ejus mentionem facit, hodie _the Lizard Point_, navigantibus notissimum.

_Ad meridiem & Hispaniam Tarracon:_] Revera ita est, vergit enim in linea recta ad _Cabo de las Pennas_. Illustrat hoc +Agathemerum+, qui lib. II. cap. IV. de Geographia, ita loquitur: ‘Albion, in qua castra etiam exstructa, maxima et longissima est. siquidem incipiens a septentrionibus accedit medium Tarraconensis, ad orientem usque ad media ferme Germaniæ.’

_Millia Pass._ D.] Secundum dimensiones recenter factas 367 milliaria Anglicana Regia dimensa[173], quæ CCCC Romana efficiunt, hæc longitudo est lateris, quam +Ricardus+ noster infra ei tribuit. Attamen illa a +Cæsare+ tradita longitudo non est nimia, parumque a vero aberrans, si per ambages oras maritimas mensuraverimus, respectu ejus quam +Diodorus+ exhibet VII. M. D. Stadiorum[174], aut DCCCC.XXXVII. milliarium cum dimidio, aut +Strabonis+ VM. Stadiis[175], quæ tamen DCXXV. milliaria Romana sunt.

II. _Alterum latus_, &c.] Latus Occidentale Britanniæ.

_Vergit ad Hyberniam_, &c.] Cum e diametro oppositum sit oris occidentalibus Albionis.

_Veterum opinio_, &c.] +Cæsar+ ita habet: ut fert illorum opinio[176], vel Britannorum, vel potius mercatorum, aut Druidum Gallicorum, certus sum, eum hoc e Græcis non hausisse scriptoribus.

DCC. _Mill. Pass._] +Diodorus+ Siculus vocat hoc ultimum latus, ejusque longitudini ascribit XXM stadia[177] vel MMD. M. P. +Ricardus+ infra in proxima sectione M. milliarium esse dicit, & +Strabo+ unicuique lateri Britanniæ circiter IVM.CCC vel IVM.CCCC. stadia assignat[178]. Si per ambages computamus, longissimum omnino latus insulæ est, licet non excedat 1070 milliaria.

III. _Septemtriones._] Notissima septentrionalis constellatio, ab astronomis Ursa major dicta, quam, +Homero+ auctore,

_Ursamque, quam & Plaustrum cognomine vocant,
Quæ ibidem vertitur & Oriona observat:
Sola autem expers est undarum Oceani_[179].

_Cui parti nulla est objecta_, &c.] Scilicet toti insulæ acervo hodie sub nominibus _Orkney_, _Hitland_, & _Ferro_, noto.

_Ad Germaniam magnam_, &c.] Ita a Græcis dictam. comprehendebat hæc hodiernum Germaniæ Imperium, Belgium, Daniam, Norvegiam, &c.

_Novantum chersoneso._] Descriptam hanc vide Cap. IV. § 40. hodie _the Mule of Galloway_ in Scotia. locus maximæ versus meridiem vergens, quem credidere extremam partem septentrionalem hujus Regni falso veteres[180]. Ita eos emendavimus.

_Per Taixalorum regionis angulum._] Similiter descriptum infra cap. VI. 46. hodie _Buchaness_.

DCCC. _M. P._ &c.] Quod +Diodorus+ alterum a freto ad verticem assurgens latus, stadium XVM. habere dicit[181]. id est, MDCCCLXXV. Mill. pass. quod erroneè Monachus noster ad MMCC. evehit, qua nisus auctoritate, non constat.

_Omnes_, &c.] Certe non alius, præter Cæsarem ejusque sequaces vel transcriptores. +Cæsar+ vero, quod notatu dignum est, a Druidibus didicit, etenim vicies centena Mill. pass. ab hoc Imperatore assignatus circuitus complectitur[182], nullum vero ipso tempore posteriorum invenimus in hoc ipsi consentientem, licet is proxime ad veritatem accesserit, immo +Diodorus+ ipsi contemporaneus 5312½ M. P. statuit[183]. +Strabo+, Augusto imperante florens 1712½ habet[184], verum, quod dolendum! textus totus est corruptus, & mutilatus in hac descriptione, quod ex ejusdem libro secundo videri potest, ex quo etiam textus partim supplendus[185]. +Plinius+ sub Vespasiano, ex +Isidoro+ Characeno tricies octies viginti quinque[186], aut 3825 M. P. habet. Sequitur ipsum fideliter +M. Capella+[187]. In +Solino+, qui Constantini tempore vixit, quadragies octies septuaginta quinque (ut supra) leguntur[188], quod ex errore +Ricardus+ noster MMMCCCCCC interpretatur. +Pytheas+ Massiliensis ambitum insulæ majorem esse XLM. Stadia seu 5000 M. P. secundum Strabonem[189], quod monstrat Plinium emendandum esse, ubi Pythiæ computum Isidori calculo æqualem dicit[190], vel potius hunc, ni utrumque omisit.

_Sed errant_, &c.] Atque in id genus rebus vix atque vix ulla est via evitandi errores. Rationem cur & veteres & recentiores in emetiendo regionum circuitus dissentientes adeo inveniamus, indicat nobis +Plinius+ dicens[191].—‘quæ causa magnos errores computatione mensuræ sæpius parit & dum alibi mutato provinciarum modo, alibi itinerum auctis aut diminutis passibus, incubuere maria tam longo ævo, alibi processere littora, torsere se & fluminum aut correxere flexus. Præterea aliunde aliis exordium mensuræ est, & alia meatus: ita fit, ut nulli duo concinant.’

CCCC. _M. P._] Distantia hæc, si de ea quæ in linea recta promontoria duo, quorum facta est mentio, interjacet, exactissima omnium, quarum mentionem injiciunt veteres, videtur esse; verum si dimensio intelligitur, quæ ad Canalem sitæ sunt, orarum maritimarum, manifesto nimis parva est, & correctio locum heic non habet, cum accurata congruat cum D. M. P. Cæsaris. Doct. +N. Grew+ asserit, inde a promontorio meridionali Cantii, _the South Foreland_, ad promontorium Antivestæum, _the Land’s End_, esse 367 perambulatore mensurata (_wheel-measured_) milliaria[192], quæ plus minus æqualia sunt CCCCI. Mill. Pass.

_M. Mill. Pass._ &c.] Unde +Ricardus+ noster, has correctiones hauserit, nisi ex scholiis quibusdam +Cæsaris+, +Solini+, +Bedæ+, &c. conjecturatu perquam difficile, præcipue cum ipsum Cap. I. § 5. cum +Marciano+ Heracleota consentientem, jam vero dissentientem videamus, etenim auctor, ut supra[193] diximus, distantiam, quæ in linea recta est Ocrinum inter & Novantum 386 M. P. ponit id quod Monachus noster ad 1000 evehit, qui numerus fere triplo major est. Quod ad totum, quem statuit, circuitum numeris rotundis MMMCCCCCC complexum attinet, cum tantum ad XXV. M. P. excedat priorem 3575 milliarium nullam meretur ista differentia attentionem, me judice Benedictinus noster fidelis videtur compilator, & bono animo præditus, verum talis, qui nunquam ultimam limam admovit commentariolo suo, licet memoriæ minus fideli laborasse nec accuratum satis fuisse non credam, defectus vero istius rationem disceptationem eum inter & Antistitem suum, de qua terminis satis patheticis loquitur pagina 95, 103, & 106, fuisse credo. Inde constat, cur Silures Hispaniam versus habitare doceat, in quo +Tacito+ sequitur[194], verum persuasus sum, si opus suum attente reviserit, +Mappam+ ejus ipsi errorem omnem eripuisse. verum autem vero, quid dicatur in excusationem celebris cujusdam auctoris ex recentioribus, qui Herculis promontorium in parte Devoniæ versus Caurum (_the North West_) collocat, narratque illud a situ in hac insulæ parte, quæ Herculis columnas seu Gades respicit (eodem jure Caput bonæ spei dixisset) nomen cepisse[195]. Attamen si de Ocrino dixisset illud, ejus in gratiam, licet impropriissime dictum, admittere tamen potuissemus.

IV. _Formam totius Brittaniæ_, &c.] Formæ regionibus tributæ mere sunt imaginariæ, e fructifera spectatorum imaginatione resultantes, cum ipsæ propter inæqualitates partium perfectæ figuræ sint incapaces. Sic ubi videmus +Strabonem+ Orbem universum chlamydi assimilare[196], +Dionysium+ eum fundæ similem fingere[197], +Strabonem+ Hispaniæ pellis bovinæ speciem ascribere[198], +Polybium+ Italiæ formam trigoni, +Plinium+ & +Solinum+ querno folio similem referre[199], +Livium+ Britanniæ nostræ scutulæ figuram[200], +Fabium+ bipennis[201], & +Alsherif Aledresy+ (aut Geographum Nubiensem) Strutiocameli similitudinem tribuere[202], condonare illis, æquique & boni illud consulere decet, nec iis solum verum & recentioribus qui Angliam, armum ovillum (_a shoulder of mutton_) Galliam, uropygium bovis (_a rump of beef_) Hiberniam, peltam Amazonicam; Islandiam, assellum (_a stock fish_) insigne hujus insulæ; Cimbricam chersonesum, linguam caninam; Belgium, leonem exsilientem; Italiam, ocream; totam Europam, virginem; Americam, clepsydram, &c. representare dicunt.

_Sed Cæsare_, &c.] Ita etiam +Diodorus+ Siculus[203], +Strabo+ Cappadox[204], +Pomponius Mela+[205], &c. eam triquetræ vel triquadræ dixere similem; quod licet non omnino stricte satis congruat, attamen optime hac figura geometrica complexam dixeris. Linea a Cantio ad Antivestæum ducta est basis 367 milliarium, duplum hujus longitudinis detur utrique cruri in _Ferro Head_ promontorio, sive _Cape Wreath_ terminato, △ isosceles 1835 milliarium mensuratorum in circuitu complectens habes, monstrans geometricum circuitum Magnæ Britanniæ, tantum ad unum milliare a celeberrimi +Cambdeni+ computo aliis operationibus nixo[206], differentem, quod ipsum notatu est dignissimum. Palam est figuram hanc totam superficiem insulæ continere 134689 milliaribus quadratis, cum, quæ in mari exstant, partes cum iis quæ mari ingressum permittunt, accuratissime mire congruant. Additur jam superficies unius cruris, propter crenatas orarum incisiones, quod, experientia teste, nimium non est, integer circuitus Albionis geographicus prodibit æqualis 2569 milliaribus Regiis: sive vicies octies centenis novem millibus passuum, id est 2809 milliaribus Romanis, quod mihi cogitandi ansam præbet, +Plinii+ tricies octies vigintiquinque M. P. corrigenda esse[207], ut sint vicies octies vigintiquinque, tuncque remanet tantum differentia XVI. M. P. quam pro nihilo omnino reputare licet.

V. _Si Ptolemæo_, &c.] +Claudius Ptolemæus+ Astronomus & Geographus celeberrimus, (Patriæ Pelusiota), qui & Alexandrini nomen fert, non quod Alexandriæ natus sit, sed quia observationes suas ibi instituit. +Ricardus+ noster simul cum aliis Monachis eum Regem Ægypti facit[208]. scripsit ille IIX libros Geographiæ, quibus aliorum sui temporis errores correxit. Liber II. III. IV. V. & VI. si non integrum opus, videntur non esse nisi corrupta & jejuna epitome, rationes, quæ huc faciunt, non sunt hujus loci, innituntur vero, iis, quæ occurrunt in +Marciano Jornande+[209], +Ravennate+, &c.

_Litteram Z sed inversam_, &c.] Hoc ipsissimum illud videtur, quod +Tacitus+ supra, per immensum & enorme spatium indigitat, +Cæsar+que innuit, dicens, lateris orientis angulum maxime ad Germaniam spectare[210], quæ opinio in tantum invaluit, ut etiam ad seculum XLV tum firma manserit. Apparet hoc ex illo +Gemmæ Frysii+, de Orbis divisione cap. IV. ‘Contendunt, inquit, hic multi, præcipue nostri sæculi, Geographi, superiorem angulum Scotiæ non eo modo in ortum prominere quemadmodum Ptolemæus ac nostri Globi descriptio habet. Verum his (quam nihil habeant, quo id edocere possint) temere fides adhibenda non est, imo ipsimet Scoti, nobis inquirentibus, in orientem solem latus extare, fessi sunt.’ Hi e Scylla Charybdin incidentes, polos mutatos esse supponunt[211], unde iis ceu melius fundamentum cum super ædificent suam Theoriam, notam meam pag. 154. N. 67. commendatam volo.

_Mapparum inspectio._] Propriam verosimiliter putat auctor, sed aliter sentiunt nostri ævi eruditi[212].

Ut caput hoc completum reddamus in describendis oris Albionis subsistimus, ut jam a +Ptolemæo+ descriptæ sunt[213], ad minimum in iis, quæ nomen ejus habent, libris, partes interiores, notasque reservaturi donec ad loca, quorsum pertinent, pervenerimus.

ALBIONIS INSULÆ BRITANNIÆ SITUS.

Septentrionalis lateris descriptio, quod
alluit Oceanus, qui vocatur Deucaledonius.
Novantum Chersonesus, & ejusdem nominis
promontorium habet
Longit. 21 00 Lat. 61 40 _Mull of Galloway_
Rerigonius Sinus 20 30 60 45 _Loch Rian_
Vidotara Sinus 21 20 60 30 _Air Bay_
Clota æstuarium 22 15 59 40 _Clyd Mouth_
Lelannonius Sinus 24 00 60 40 _Loch Fyn_
Epidium promont. 23 00 60 40 _Mull of Cantyr_
*Longi fluv. ostia 24 00 60 40 _Loch Long_
Itys fluv. ostia 27 00 60 00 _Loch Etyf_
Volsas Sinus 29 00 60 30 _Loch Yoll_
Nabæi fluv. ostia 30 00 60 30 _Navern River_
Tarvedum, quod Orcas promontorium
31 20 60 15 _Dungsby Head_
Occidentalis lateris descriptio, quod
Ibernicus ac Vergivius alluit Oceanus. Post
Novantum Chersonesum quæ habet
21 00 61 40 _Mull of Galloway_
Abravanni fluv. ost. 19 20 61 00 _Glenluce Bay_
Jenæ æstuarium 19 00 60 30 _Wigtown Bay_
Devæ fluv. ostia 18 00 60 00 _Dee River_
Novii fluv. ostia 18 20 59 30 _Nith River_
Ituna æstuarium 18 30 58 45 _Eden Mouth, or Solway Fyrth_
Moricambe æstuar. 17 30 58 20 _Can River Mouth._
Setantiorum portus 17 20 57 45 _Lancaster._
° ´ ° ´
Belisama æstuarium 17 30 57 20 _Ribble River_
Seteia æstuarium 17 00 57 00 _Mersey River_
Toisobii fluv. ost. 15 40 56 20 _Conwey River_
Cancanorum prom. 15 00 56 00 _Brachypult Point_
Stuciæ fluv. ostia 15 20 55 30 _Dovye River_
Tuerobii fluv. ost. 15 00 55 00 _Tyvi River_
Octapitarum prom. 14 20 54 30 _The Bishop and Clarks_
Tobii fluv. ostia 15 30 54 30 _Tovy River_
Ratostathybii fluv. ost. 16 30 54 30 _Wye River_
Sabriani æstuar. 17 20 54 30 _Severn Sea_
Vexala æstuar. 16 00 53 30 _Huntspil Water_
Herculis promont. 14 00 53 00 _Hartland Point_
Antivestæum promont, quod etiam dicitur
Bolerium 11 00 52 30 _Land’s End_
Damnonium quod etiam dicitur Ocrinum
promontor. 12 00 51 30 _Lizard Point_
Reliqui Meridionalis lateris descriptio, quod
Britannicus Oceanus alluit. Post Ocrinum
promontorium Cenionis fluv. ostia
14 00 51 45 _Valle River_
Tamari fluv. ost. 15 40 52 10 _Tamar River_
Isacæ fluv. ost. 17 00 52 20 _Ex River_
Alaini fluv. ost. 17 40 52 40 _Christ Church Bay_
Magnus Portus 19 00 53 00 _Portsmouth_
Trisantonis fluv. ost. 20 20 53 00 _Arundel River_
Novus Portus 21 00 53 30 _At Eastborne_
Cantium promontor. 22 00 54 00 _North Foreland_
Orientalis deinde ac australis plagæ
latera, quæ Germanico alluuntur Oceano,
describuntur. Post Tarvedum, quod & Orcas
prom. quod dictum est Virvedrum promontorium
31 00 60 00 _Noss Head_
Berubium promontor. 30 30 59 40 _Ord Head_
Ilæ fluv. ost. 30 00 59 40 _Fyrth of Dornogh, or Tayne_
Ripa alta prom. 29 00 59 40 _Terbaert Ness_
Loxæ fluv. ost. 28 30 59 40 _Fyrth of Cromartie_
Vara æstuar. 27 30 59 40 _Fyrth of Inverness_
Tuæsis æstuar. 27 00 59 00 _Spey River_
Celnii fluv. ost. 27 00 58 45 _Dovern River_
Taizalum promontor. 27 30 58 30 _Kynaird’s Head_
Divæ fluv. ost. 26 00 58 30 _Dee River_
Tava æstuar. 25 00 58 30 _Tay River_
Tinnæ fluv. ost. 24 30 58 45 _Edin River_
Boderia æstuar. 22 30 58 45 _Fyrth of Forth_
Alauni fluv. ost. 21 40 58 30 _Alne River_
Vedræ fluv. ost. 20 10 58 30 _Were River_
Dunum Sinus 20 15 57 30 _Tees Mouth_
Gabrantuicorum portuosus sinus
21 00 57 00 _Bridlington Bay_
Ocellum promontor. 21 15 56 40 _Spurn Head_
Abi fluv. ost. 21 00 56 30 _Humber River_
Metaris æstuar. 20 30 55 40 _The Washes_
Garryeni fluv. ostia 21 00 55 20 _Yare River_
..... Extensio, _sive_
..... extrema 21 15 55 05 _Easton Ness_
Idumanii fluv. ost 20 10 55 10 _Bay near Maldon_
Jamissa æstuarium 20 30 54 30 _Thames Mouth_
Post quam Cantium est promontorium
22 00 54 00 _North Foreland_

PLURA ALIBI.

THE WEDDINGS.

There is an old proverb common in Somersetshire, “Stanton Drew, _a mile from_ Pensford, _another from_ Chue;” which should denote some peculiar regard and excellence in that town, and direction for the ready finding it: and in fact it highly deserves to be celebrated, upon account of that remarkable monument, vulgarly called the Weddings, whose name only is but just known to the curious and learned world. To redeem it from further obscurity, I took a journey thither from the Bath in July 1723, where calling on my friend Mr. Strachey, a worthy fellow of the Royal Society, and who has shewn his knowledge in his nice remarks upon the neighbouring coal-mines, we made mensurations of this notable work together. I find it is the most considerable remnant of the ancient Celts which I yet know, next to Stonehenge and Abury. Mr. Aubrey, that indefatigable searcher-out of antiquities, is the first that has observed it; and I believe Mr. Strachey, living near the place, is the first that measured it, since the original ground-line was stretched upon the spot. To open a more exact view of this noble antiquity, observe we that there is a little stream runs into the Avon between Bath and Bristol, called Chue, arising near here at a synonymous town, and first passes under a stone bridge at Stanton Drue, where making a pretty turn, as it were, half inclosing our monument, a little further it comes to Pensford; which is an old British name, for it is written Pennis-ford, _Pen isc_ signifying the head of the river. It was a common usage among all ancient nations, so with our ancestors, to pay a sacred reverence to the fountains of rivers, and frequently were they sought for upon religious occasions, judging a divinity must needs reside where so beneficial an element takes its rise. The road from Pensford to Chue goes along the north side of the river; and there, half a mile above, and half a mile below the bridge, lie two great stones, called Hautvil’s Coyts, according to the apprehension of the common people, said to be pitched there by Sir John Hautvil, of these parts, a famous champion, of whom legends are printed under the name of Sir John Hawkwell, as vulgarly pronounced. These stones now lie flat upon the ground by the road side, but said to have been standing, and much larger than they are at present; for some pieces have been knocked off. We measured that toward Pensford 13 foot long, 8 broad, and 4 thick, being a hard reddish stone. Stanton Drue church bears here south-west. What regard this has to the temple which it overlooks on the other side the river, and from higher ground, I cannot say; whether it is the remnant (together with the former) of some avenue, or whether it was carried thither, or laid for some direction to those that lived on that side the river. Repassing the bridge, and entering the inclosures east of the church which belong to a farm there, we come to the Weddings. Here is an old manor-house adjacent, which has been a castle; for the walls are crenated, and some half-moons built to it. The farm-house is an old stone building, said to have been a nunnery, probably founded by some pious lady of the manor. There is a great hall in it, open to the cieling, handsomely made of timber work, and two arched windows with mullions on each side; and all the windows of the house are arched in the same manner: at the east end is a winding stone stair-case, and near it, in the yard, an elegant stone dove-cote, round, with six buttresses. This house, with the church and that part of the grounds which is the site of our monument, is a knoll of rising ground, of an oval form, stretched out with a whole broad side against the river, half embracing it with a circular sweep, and but little space between it and the river; and that side from the river has a delicate acclivity or valley winding round it, answerable to the river. The longer _axis_ of this knoll is from north-east to south-west: the major part of it declines manifestly gently toward the river, or northward, and is finely guarded from the north winds by a ridge of hills adjacent; upon the summit of which is an ancient fortification, called Miz knoll, in the road to Bristol: this is a pleasant place, full of hedges and trees growing very tall, especially elms. The country is stoney, covered over with a reasonable _stratum_ of sandy ground, mixed with clay, which is rich enough. One would imagine this knoll was pitched upon by the founders for the sake of its figure, and because capable of giving a sufficient liability to their work: its declivity carries off the rain, always regarded in this manner of building; for that would loosen the foundations. Here is a fine large _area_ between the temples, for the rites of sacrifice, &c.

I wondered that I observed no _tumuli_, or barrows, the burying-places of the people about it, as in other cases, but suppose it owing to the goodness of the soil; for they wisely pitched upon barren ground to repose their ashes, where they could only hope to lie undisturbed: and on Mendip hills, not far off, they are very numerous. This particularly I am told of seven that are remarkable. This monument about ten years ago must have made a most noble appearance, because then perfect. It seems the nuns, and all the possessors of the estate, had left it untouched till a late tenant, for covetousness of the little space of ground they stood upon, buried them for the most part in the ground: he was justly punished, for the grass at this time will not grow over them, but withers, because there is not a sufficient depth of earth: however, for the pleasure of the curious, it is not difficult to retrieve its original figure from what remains. It is the general case of fine monuments, in their perfect state disregarded and obscure, but their ruins are caressed and adored: and this was really an elegant monument, and highly worth visiting, and claims an eminent place in the history of Celtic temples.

The monument consists of four distinct parts, three distant circles, and a cove. The stone it is composed of, is of such a kind as I have not elsewhere seen; certainly intirely different from that of the country, which is a slab kind. If any stone ever was, this would tempt one to think it factitious, though I think nothing less: it looks like a paste of flints, shells, crystals, and the like solid corpuscles crowded together and cemented, but infallibly by Nature’s artifice. The long current of years passing over it, and its most perishable parts being wasted away, leaves the rest much corroded externally, and as it were worm-eaten by dint of time: yet of itself it will stand for ever; for its texture is extremely hard, and beyond that of marble, at least those of Marlborough downs. If I have any judgement, by oft surveying these kind of works, and with a nice eye, I guess by its present appearance, and consideration of its wear, to be older than Abury and Stonehenge. One would think, from its dusky and rusty colour, that it is a kind of iron stone: it is very full of fluors and transparent crystallisations, like Bristol stones, large, and in great lumps; so that it shines eminently, and reflects the sun-beams with great lustre. I cannot but think that it is brought from St. Vincent’s rock, near the mouth of Bristol river, as Mr. Aubrey says expresly; though Mr. Strachey, who has curiously observed every thing of this kind, cannot affirm it: and if its comes no further, we may well admire at the strength and manner requisite to convey them hither over that rocky country, wholly consisting of hills, and dales, and woods: but the notion of religion fully answers all difficulties; and the founders well provided for the perpetuity of their work, in the election of their materials. I found some stone like this by the sea side, this Summer, at Southampton; and the walls of the town are mostly built of it. The stones in our work are apparently very shapely, and squared, though with no mathematical exactness, that is, not hewn with a tool, but rather, as we may suppose, broke by flints, and a great strength of hand, in those early ages, when iron tools were not found out: the greatest number of the stones are now visible, either standing, fallen, or buried in the ground by the person before mentioned; the places of such for the most part are apparent enough, the grass growing but poorly above, as we said before, so that the purpose of interring them is defeated, and more grass lost by their lying than when they stood in their places. Many may be found by knocking with one’s heel upon the spot, whence there is a sound; others, by thrusting an iron rod into the earth. The species of the stone renders it useless to be wrought up in building, especially in this country, that abounds with more manageable stone for the purpose. From the regular figures of the stones, as well as their order of positure, the eyes of a spectator would have been charmed with the sight of this work when in perfection, and the whole plain open to the view: at present they are separated by hedge-rows, yards, orchards, and the like; and the persons that laid them out have aukwardly cut them off by the middle, or by segments: the great single circle now stands in no less than three fields, and the other great concentric circles have a ditch and quickset hedge running across one side: the lesser circle is divided in the middle, one half remaining in a pasture, the other among the apple-trees in an orchard. The cove stands in the middle of another orchard by the church and farm-house, which we said was a nunnery, as tradition goes.

The idea upon which some of these stones are formed, is different from any I have observed elsewhere. Abury and Stonehenge, and all others yet come to my knowledge, are broad stones: these are square, or what we may call pilasters; I mean those of the innermost circle, or cell, of what I name the Planetary temple: the rest are all of equal dimensions, being six foot broad, nine high, and three thick; so that their base is a double cube, their length a cube and a half, which shows sufficiently that the builders of this work, as in all others of the like, studied proportion, whence beauty flows. The stones of the outer circle at Stonehenge are of the same model as to the base, but higher upon the breadth, being likewise a double cube. I understand all the while in our monument, that these are Celtic feet, for such I found them, and by that scale is the construction of the whole: also what I speak of is their measure above ground; for I did not desire to indulge a dangerous curiosity in searching how deep they are set in the ground, which has been too fatal already in these antiquities.

[Sidenote: TAB. LXXVIII.]

The four parts which make up this monument, as we said, are the cove, two single circles, and a quincuple circle. The cove, as most commonly, consists of three stones, set in a half-moon figure, or, to be more exact, upon the end of an _ellipsis_, whose _focus_, I suppose, would be in a line upon the foremost edges of the two wings. This is situate in the south-west part of the oval knoll of ground that contains the whole; at present in an orchard south of the church, and west of the nunnery before mentioned. The wings are standing, but much diminished by age or violence; some great pieces being broke off: the stone on the back is fallen down, being a larger one: it is 13 foot long, and 8 broad; therefore of the same dimensions with Hautvil’s Coyt, before spoken of. This cove opens to the south-east. Four hundred foot from this, going eastward, and with an angle of 20 degrees southward, in another orchard east of the dove-cote, is a lesser single circle, which is 120 foot diameter: this stands upon the southern side of the knoll, and consists of 12 stones, consequently set at the interval of 30 foot, the same as those of the circles at Abury. Here are all the stones left upon the spot, but prostrate, half being within the hedge, half without. This I call the Lunar Temple. This circle is the same diameter and number of stones with the inner circles of the two temples in the work at Abury. Five hundred foot distant from this, going north-easterly, viz. with an angle of 20 degrees northerly from the east, and across the orchard, and a pasture, is the circumference of the greater single circle: the centre of it is in the next pasture to the north-east: it is 300 foot in diameter, and composed of 30 stones, set at the distance of 30 foot, as before: about 20 of the stones are remaining, but of that number only three standing. The whole circle is contained in three pastures: the plain on which it stands descends gently toward the river, and keeps it constantly dry. But 30 foot from this circle is the circumference of the outer circle of the quincuple one, or five concentric circles, the centre whereof is in an angle of 20 degrees more southerly from the line that connects the centres of the two single circles; so that it bears a little northerly of the east from the solar circle. The manner of thus conjoining five circles in one is very extraordinary, and what I have no where else met withal; and its primitive aspect must have had as remarkable an effect, by the crebrity of the stones, as their intervals: and, upon moving towards them, or sideways, they must have created the same beautiful and surprising appearance to the eye, as the more learned architects have endeavoured by the multiplicity of columns in their portico’s, _forums_, and the like, of which Vitruvius speaks: yet I think, in my judgement, this circular work must needs vastly have exceeded, in this particular, those most celebrated works of the Greeks and Romans; because in a strait walk there is but always the same variety (if we may talk so) presented to the eye; whereas in ours, the circles not being exactly at the same distance from one another as the stones are, and therefore not confining themselves to so strict a regularity, it must have heightened that agreeable diversification. It is very obvious, that the compilers used art and consideration in adjusting the diameters with the number of the stones, and that one circle should not be vastly disproportionate to another: thus the outermost circle is 310 foot in diameter; therefore it receives 32 stones at 30 foot interval: the next is 250 in diameter, with 28 stones: the next, 230; consequently requires 22 stones to complete it: the next is 150 foot in diameter, consisting of 16 stones: the innermost is 90, therefore has 9 stones; but then two of them are crowded together, and set at an angle a little obtuse, so that they form a sort of niche, or cove, of a different manner from any other. Several of these stones are fallen, several stand; which may be better understood by surveying the drawings, than by a tedious recapitulation: therefore I took different views of the work hereabouts, where it is most intire, that in after-times, by comparing the prints with the life, the difference may appear, if any shall be; but I hope they ever will be useless to those that view the place itself, and that the owners of the estate will preserve the monument for the glory of their country.

_The_ Cove _at_ Stanton Drew

_Stukeley del._]

+Celtic+ Temples

Biscaw wn _in Cornwal_

Meineir gwyr _Carmardynshire_.

Maen yu daus _In Maddern Parish in Cornwall_]

_A perspective Section of the Giants Castle in the vale of Glenbegg
Scotland._]

_The_ Celtic Temple _at Classerness on the Isle of Lewis in_
Scotland.]

_On a Mountain near the famous Fortification At Dynegeguill near
Bellenrope in the County of Mayow, but in Inys-Kynhairn Parish,
’tis 29 Paces diameter._

Karrachan _by Lochbury in Mull_

_A_ Druid Temple _at Mynydh Garreg, in the Parish of lhan Gyndeyrn.
The Circle about 10 yᵈˢ. diam., the highest stone not 3 foot._

_By Mawnog Grigog in Penmorva Parish Carnarvonshʳ_]

In reflecting upon these matters as I travelled along, it seemed to me not much to be doubted, that, as Stonehenge is an improvement upon Abury, so Abury is executed upon a grander plan, taken from this, or some such like. I can scarce think there ever was an avenue to this work, nor any ditch about it. It is true, there is a ditch, or mote, now round the north side along the river: but I believe it was only a fish-pond, or canal, made for the use of the manor-house, or the nunnery, in whose demesnes soever it were; and it is plain there is no sign of a ditch on the south side, where most occasion, because the river on the other side produces the use and effect of it: and if those stones called Hautvile’s Coyts were not set there for direction of the old Britons which way to come in this woody country, or where a ford of the river was, why might they not be stones dropped by the way in journeying to the temple? and they are of the same dimensions with that on the back of the cove. I am very apt to think there was another work, a cove at least, in a triangle with the other and the lunar circle; and the rather, because the manor-house and offices being built upon its situation, it were easy for them to throw it down under some foundation: and then the _area_, or whole content of the oval knoll, would be filled up handsomely, and with great regularity. And indeed I am shocked at the number of the works at present, being four; whereas that of five seems much more eligible in this case, both as an odd number, and an harmonic: for I doubt not but the Druids, the contrivers of these structures, had a good notion of music, as I could evidence in some observations I have made in the very matters before us; but I fear to be thought whimsical in a thing of this nature, and in a subject so wholly new. It is certain Pythagoras, the Arch-druid, as I venture to call him, completed this art. Now, what can be plainer than the conformity between this work and Abury? the same situation, near the spring of a river, upon a knoll in a large valley, guarded from severity of weather by environing hills: here is the cove of three stones; the circle of twelve; that of thirty stones, all set at the same intervals of thirty foot: here are the concentric circles. But then Abury is a vastly more extensive and magnificent design; the stones of much larger dimensions, and much more numerous. Here are two circles, the one of twelve, the other of thirty stones; but at Abury they have repeated them, and doubled them, by setting one within the other: the quincuple circle they have infinitely exceeded by the prodigious circular portico of a hundred stones on a side; then by the mighty ditch and _vallum_ encompassing it; by two avenues three miles in length, each of a hundred stones on a side: by the temple on Overton hill, by Silbury hill, and other matters, they have so far exceeded their copy, that in the total they have outdone themselves, and created a Celtic wonder of the world, or the eighth. But to return to our present subject.

The stones of our innermost circle of the quincuple one are twelve foot high above ground, and are of a square form, being four foot broad on each side, whence they compose three solids, one set upon another, and therefore appeared higher above the tops of the rest. Five of them are standing, and the roots of them two which are placed close together with their edges, and which make the cove; for the stones themselves are split from their foundation by some unaccountable violence, which, upon consideration, I can attribute to nothing less than a stroke of lightning; nor can I conceive that any other impulse, except that of a cannon bullet, could have so disjointed or fractured them. This set of circles are placed on the eastern side of the knoll, and have a fine declivity two or three ways for carrying off the rain. This niche, or cove, if such it be, opens to the north, and a little westerly: several of the stones of the outer circles stand on the other side of the hedge, and two or three are sunk into the ditch: those are vulgarly called the Fidlers, as the others the Maids, or the revel rout attendant on a marriage festival; for the people of this country have a notion, that upon a time a couple were married on a Sunday, and the friends and guests were so prophane as to dance upon the green together, and by a divine judgment were thus converted into stones: so I suppose the two stones so close together in the inner circle were reputed the Bride and Bridegroom: the rest were the Company dancing, and the Fidlers stood on the outside. I have observed that this notion and appellation of Weddings, Brides, and the like, is not peculiar to this place, but applied to many other of these Celtic monuments about the kingdom; as the Nine Maids in Cornwall, nine great stones set all in a row: whence possibly one may conjecture, in very ancient times it was a custom here, even of the Christians, to solemnise marriage and other holy rites in these ancient temples, perhaps before churches were built in little parishes: and even now they retain, or very lately did, in Scotland, a custom of burying people in the like temples, as judging them holy ground; without all doubt, continued down from the Druidical times. Or there may be another conceit offered, of which the reader may chuse which pleases him best; that is, that such names of these places may be derived from the mad, frolicksome, and Bacchanalian ceremonies of the ancient Britons in their religious festivals, like those of all other nations which are recorded to us in history. However, I think it is a confirmation of what wants none, that these are the temples of the Gods, made by our British predecessors; of which we come next to deliver our opinion.

We are to consider, upon the plan proposed, what regard is had to the Celtic Deities, which we said were seven in number; and methinks it is easy to point out at this day the particular Gods worshipped in these places, as I have named them upon the Plate. The Sun and Moon, no doubt, claim the highest place in the opinion of all nations; therefore their temples are situate in the midst of the plain of the oval knoll: these are the two single circles: the Sun’s is easily distinguishable from the other by its bulk, and being toward the right hand, and toward the east, the more worthy part: this consisting of 30 stones, and the other of 12, seem to mean the Solar month, and Lunar year: the quincuple circle I suppose consecrate to the five lesser planets; and that the cove appertained to the Service of the Goddess of the Earth, therefore opens to the South, respecting full the meridian power of the Soul of the World, without whose beams it is dead and inert. Hence therefore the reason of their order in Situation: the Lunar temple is next the earth, because so in the heavens; the Sun next above; and the planets highest, according to the order one would be apt to suppose they observed in Nature. It seems likely that the Celtic philosophers reckoned the north the highest part or end of the world, either from the elevation of the north pole to us of northern latitude, as our geographers now practise in maps and charts, by making the north part uppermost; or because they came from that quarter of the world in the progress of nations: but we must join the east with it; for _that_, ever since the Creation, in all systems of religion, and nations, has been especially reverenced, because of the Sun’s rising: and the west was reckoned the lower part of the world, the hell and region of the dead, the Elysian Shades, and the like; because the Sun sets there, and seems to go down: therefore we may observe the reason of the cove being placed most westerly, because the earth possesses the lowest place, the rest mounting north-easterly. The niche or cove of the innermost planet regards the north, or a little westerly, as denoting, beyond the stars was stretched out the great _inane_ of Nature, or infinite space, the empty north, as most distant and dissonant from the south, where was the Sun and world, the foundation of being. If one would enter into their theology, one might conjecture that they meant likewise the creation of the world; for the north, or immense void, being uppermost in their esteem, showed that the world was produced from nothing, by the Supreme Power. To this purpose holding night prior to day, they reckoned their time by winters, nights, etc. One other remark I made on the genius and geometry of the founders of the Weddings; that in the inner circle of the Planetary temple, which is but 90 foot diameter, and therefore an eye in the centre is very near them, there is a considerable artifice used in its component stones; for, though they be square, yet they are so managed that the face on the outside of the periphery is somewhat broader than the other three; hereby it is caused, that the two sides upon the _radius_ respect the centre of the circle. This is contrived to prevent the great offence to the eye which would otherwise have been caused in this lesser circle, had the stones been perfectly square, and, instead thereof, give a particular delight.

I mentioned before, how much I suspected a cove which had stood near the manor-house in the north-west part of the knoll: this I would have dedicated to the element of Water, or particularly to the river flowing by, the _Isca_, which I have shewn to be its Celtic name: and this cove, thus situate, would offer itself conveniently to the course of the stream, and meet, as it were, to salute the Nymphs or Naids moving down the Stream eastward. I think likewise this might be another reason of their pitching upon this piece of ground; for probably they might think there was more sanctity in a river that ran eastward: it is certain the ancients accounted it more wholesome, for a physical reason, as meeting the Sun’s rising beams, to purify it from all noxious vapor: and for this same reason is there another similitude between this work and that of Abury, the Kennet running eastward its whole length.

As soon as I came on the ground, I observed the form of the hill or knoll that contains this work, and that it perfectly resembles that of the ancient circus’s; and the fine lawn on the south side, together with the interval northwards between it and the river, made an admirable _cursus_ for races of horses, chariots, and the like, as I doubt not in the least to have been the practice in old British times at this very place. This notion is exceedingly confirmed by the remarkable turn in the road, humouring exactly the circuit of this _cursus_, and coinciding with part of it, as is apparent in the view of the country Plate; and just on the south side the manor-house is a declivity at this day, and so quite round, admirably adapted to the benefit of the spectators, who, running round in a lesser circle, might easily equal the swiftness of the horse, and be spectators of the whole course. I suppose all the sorts of games practised here, which are mentioned in Homer upon the death of Patroclus: this was done at their great religious festivals, and at the exequies of renowned commanders, kings, and chiefs; for it is remarkable at this very day, all those sports mentioned by the most ancient poet are now practised among us; which shews our Asian extract from the early times, and only accounts for that surprising custom of chariots mentioned to be among the Britons by Cæsar, which they wisely applied to war likewise, whilst the Romans used them only upon their _circus_ and diversions. The great plain in the middle of the _area_ was convenient for the works of sacrificing, and after for feastings, wrestling, coyting, and the like: and from the memory, perhaps, of these kind of exercises, sprung the notion of Sir John Hautvil’s Coyts, he being a strong and valiant man, and expert in these games of our hardy ancestors: the vulgar confounded the two histories into one, and, fond of the marvellous, applied the name of Coyts to those monstrous stones. So in Wales to this day they call the _Kromlechea_, Arthur’s Coyts.

Thus therefore we may in imagination view a solemn sacrifice of magnanimous Britons, the Druids and other priests, the kings and people assembled: we may follow them imitating the course of the Sun, and, like the ancient Greeks at their solemn games, celebrating splendidly, in honour of their Gods, upon the winding banks of the rivers. The temple at Diospolis in Egypt, described by Strabo, XVII. is not unlike our Celtic ones, having a _dromos_, or circ, before it, with stones cut like _sphynges_ to mark out the _route_, and a _portico_ quite round. The walls, says he, are as high as the temple, which is without roof, and covered over with sculpture of large figures. There is one part composed of abundance of huge pillars set in very many rows, having nothing painted or elegant, but seems like an empty labour, as he expresses it; and this was, because the Grecian temples of his country were covered over, and the walls adorned with painting and carving, and all sorts of curiosities in art. In this temple (he proceeds) were formerly great houses for the priests, men given to philosophy and astronomy: but now that order and discipline is failed, and only some sorry fellows left, that take care of the sacrifices, and show the things to strangers. Eudoxus and Plato went hither, and lived thirteen years to learn of them. These priests knew the minute excess of the year above 365 days, and many more like things; for, says he, the Greeks were ignorant of the year at that time. Thus far Strabo. It is notorious from the foregoing particulars, how near a resemblance these had to our Celtic temples, and likewise to the famous ruins at Persepolis, which I always looked upon as a great temple of the Persians. Those that think it the ruins of a royal palace, run away content with the report of the ignorant people living thereabouts. This temple of the Egyptians, which Strabo describes, had no roof; and therefore it would be absurd to place paintings in it, and fine carvings of ivory, gold and marble, from the hand of Phidias, or Praxiteles, as was the usage of the Greeks; whence Strabo takes occasion to throw a sarcasm upon people that he would not have thought so elegant as his countrymen. It is certain the Egyptians, as well as our Celts, studied greatness and astonishment, beyond the nice and curious; as is visible in all their works, such as the pyramids, the obelisks, Pompey’s pillar, the monstrous _colossi_ and _sphynges_, of which we have many accounts in writers, and many of their prodigious works still left, which defy time by their magnitude, like our Celtic: but the Greeks ought to be so grateful as to acknowledge by whom they profited; for they learnt first from the Egyptians; nor will we deny that they improved upon them. When Strabo mentions these roofless temples, and walls covered with sculptures of large figures, and the abundance of huge pillars set in many rows, who sees not the exact conformity between this work, and that of Persepolis? and these collections of pillars, though I suppose set in a square form, are no other than our quincuple circle. I took notice too, that these temples are set in such straggling order as ours here at Stanton Drue, and by examination find that the two largest are at an angle of 20 degrees of one another (I mean, their middle points, or centres) from the cardinal line, or that which runs from east to west: here is likewise the same number of five temples, and like diversity of number of stones, and manner of forms in each, as of ours: the only difference consists in the one being square, the other round; owing to the particular notions of the two people, judging this, and that, most apt for sacred structures. The work at Persepolis too is made upon an artificial eminence, or pavement of most prodigious stones, instead of a natural one, the ascent to which is by steps; which is enough to overthrow any notion of a palace: but they that see not its intent, that it was wholly a religious building, and that there is not one symptom of its being a civil one, ought to be disregarded. All the sculptures are religious, being processions of the priests to sacrifice; which has nothing to do with a palace: the work of pillars never had a roof on it, because of the flower-work at top: besides, there are no walls, never were; and what the incurious spectators take for walls, are only single stones set like those of our monument: and the doors are no more than one stone laid across two more, as those of Stonehenge: the mouldings of them go quite round; so that, had there been a wall, half of them would have been covered. But it is lost time to speak any more of that affair.

_Stukeley d._

_A View at_ Stanton Drew]

I make no doubt but the name of Stanton Drue is derived from our Monument; _Stanton_ from the stones, and _Drue_ from the Druids. It moves not me, that some of the name of Drew might have lived here formerly; for such a family might take the denomination of the town, and, leaving out the first part, retain only that of Drew. It is sufficient conviction, that there are so many other towns in England, and elsewhere, that have preserved this name, and all remarkable for monuments of nature. The number of the stones are 160.

INDEX TO ITER BOREALE.

A

Addingham, 47

Alcester, 21

Aldborough, 73

Ale, called Hather, 64

Anchor Hill, 37

Anker River, 20

Antique Marbles, 26

Arbury, 20

Arduen Forest, 20

Arthur’s Round Table, 43

Ashler Stone, 37

Astley, Geo. Esq;, 20

B

Bakewell, 26

Baliol Castle, 59

Beacon Hill, 24

Bede, Venerable, 71

Belemnites, 17, 26

Belisama, now the River Ribel, 36

Belon, a Distemper affecting Cattle, 25

Benedict Bp. of Weremouth, 63

Benwell, 67

Birmingham, 21

Bonium, 33

Borough, 20

Boroughbridge, 73

Bowland Forest, 37

Borough Hill Camp, 17

Bradsal, 24

Braciaca, 26

Bracelet, Gold British, 33

Brewood, 23

Brick Hill, 17

British Temple, 42, 44

Brougham Castle, 44

Burton on Trent, 22

Busto’s, 35

Butt’s Close, 22

Buxton, 26, 28

C

Caer Voran, 59

Caerswic, 48

Cæsar’s Tower, 18

Cæsarius, St. Owen, a Giant, 46

Cairns or Carracks, 45, 60

Calcaria, 75

Camp Hill, 21

Can, River, 39

Canal hewn out of a Rock, 26

Canals, antient subterran., 31

Carlisle, 54

Carved Stones, 38

Castle Banks, 20

Castle Croft, 28

Castleford, 76

Castle Garth, 76

Castle-Cowhill, 40

Castle-Rig, 48

Castleton, 27

Castrum Exploratorum 54

Catterick, 72

Cave, in a Rock, 42

Celts, Brass, 44

Celtic Barrows, 24

Celtic Monuments, 44

Celtic Temples, 27, 47, 48

Chadsden, 24

Chamber in the Forest, 30

Chatsworth, 26

Chaucer, Picture of, 70

Chelmerton, 27

Chester, 30

Chester, Earls of, 32, 33

Chester, Leofric Earl of, } 19
Godiva his Wife, }

Chester (Little), 60

Chester on the Street, 70

Chesterfield, 21

Chesterfield Crofts, 22

Chiltern Hills, 17

Clifton House, 46

Clifton, a famous Spring, 45

Cnut-berries, 48

Coal Mines, 65, 66

Coal Pits, 35

Coal Works, 52, 69, 70, 76

Coccium, 29

Cockermouth, 49

Coffin of Stone, 33

Coins, Intaglias, &c., 21, 23, 25, 36

Concangios, 39

Condale, 29, 30

Condereum, 70

Copperas Work, 52

Corallium tubulatum, 36

Corchester, 63

Coventry, 19

Coventry Priory, 21

Countess Pillar, 46

Crystals, Congeries of, 42, 43, 74

Crystallisations, 47

Cumberland Hills, 39

D

Danum, 76

Darley Slade, 24

Daventry, 17

Degge, Sir Simon, 25

Derby, 24

Derbyshire Marble, 26

Deritend Chapel, 21

Derventio, 24

Deva, 30

Devil’s Arse, 27

Dinkley, 38

Doncaster, 76

Dudley, Coal Mines, 20

—— Castle, 23

Dunkin Hall, 37

Dunstable, 17

Durham, 70

E

East Denton, 64

Eboracum, 74

Edesbury, 34

Edelfleda, a Mercian Princess, 30

Egyptian Lotus, 19

Elfleda, Sister to Edward the Elder, 23

Elen River, 49

Elenborough, 49

Elfs Arrows, 28

Etocetum, 21

F

Fells, 36

Fire Engine, 52

Flint axes, 20

Flint Arrow Heads, 28

Font, ancient, 26

Font at Bridekirk, 51

The Foss, 24

G

Gabrocentum, 69

Galava, 45

Gale, Dr. (his MSS.), 72

Gateshead, 69

Gelt River, 58

Glassonbury Abbey Book, 58

Gold Finger, 37

Goyt House, 28

Greville Family, 18

Griff Coal Works, 19

Guggleby Stone, 42

Guy’s Cliff Chapel, 18

Guy’s Tower, 18

H

Hell’s Fell Nab, or the Fairy Hole, 42

Henbury, 33

Hermen-Street, 69, 70, 72, 76

Hexam, 62

Hickling-Street, 22

Hilton, Jack of, a Saxon Idol called Pouster, 24

Holland, Philemon, 19

Holm House, 29

Horns of little Deer, 33

Horse Brook, 23

Horses, kept under Ground, 68

Houghton Castle, 35

Housesteeds, 60

I

Jack of Hilton, 24

Icening-Street, 17

Idle River, 76

Ingham, 21

Ingleborough Hill, 39

Irthing River, 58

Irwell River, 28

Isurium, 73

K

Kelkbar, 75

Kendall, 40

—— Castle, ib.

Keswick, 47

Kist-vaen, 48

Knave’s Castle, 23

Knaworth Castle, 58

Knowsley, 34

L

Lancaster, 38

Leam River, 21

Lead Ore, 25

Legeolium, 76

Leverpool, 34

Library, 35

Littleover, 25

Litchfield Cathedral, ib.

Lindisfarn, Bp. of, 70

Long Meg, 47

Longridge Mountain, 37

Longton, 58

Lowther Hall, 46

Lumley Castle, 70

Lune River, 38

Lyn-Lane, 22

M

Macclesfield, 28

Madan Castle, 17

Madan-Way, 46, 58

Magiovinium, 17

Magna Charta, Original, 71

Magnet (Interval), 48

The Malvern, 23

Mam Torr, 27

Manduessedum, 20

Man-Castle, or Cester, ib.

Mancunium, 28

Marvel Stones, 27

Mawcop Hill, 22

Mayborough, 44