Chapter XXXV: Appendix: Study of the American Buzzard and the “john Crow” (3)

---------------------------------------+----------+-------------+ Parts. | Sizes. | Weight. | ---------------------------------------+----+-----+------+------+ |‹m.›|‹ft.›|‹gr.› |‹lbs.›| 1 Frame, including everything of | | | | | metal, permanent and undetachable, | | | | | such as bed-plate, cross-rods for the | | | | | support of propellers, bearing points | | | | | for clutch. etc. | | | 2867| | | | | | | 2 Engine, gears, shafts, etc. | | | | | | | | | | 3 Pump, 123; pump shaft, 49 | | | 172| | | | | | | 4 Hull covering, including apron and | | | | | piece behind separator | | | 274| | | | | | | 5 Gasoline and air tanks, 167, 174; | | | | | air valve, 18 | | | 361| | | | | | | 6 Smokestack, 319; counter, 95; | | | | | burner, 170 | | | 584| | | | | | | 7 Float | | | 290| | | | | | | 8 Reel, fork and float | | | 128| | | | | | | 9 Wing clamps, 188; guy-post clamps, | | | | | 24 | | | 212| | | | | | | 10 Boiler, 764; steam gauge and | | | | | connections, 79 | | | 843| | | | | | | 11 Front bearing point, 75; clutch | | | | | post, 58; rear bearing points, 155 | | | 288| | | | | | | 12 Separator and pipes leading to | | | | | engine and pump | | | 502| | | | | | | 13 Drop piece and guy-post for rudder | | | 75| | | | | | | 14 | | | | | | | | | | 15 | | | | | | | | | | 16 | | | | | | | | | | 17 Wings (without clamp), repaired | | | 2123| | | | | | | 18 Tail (without clamp) | | | | | | | | | | 19 Rudder | | | 299| | | | | | | 20 Guy sticks | | | 106| | | | | | | 21 Propellers | | | 628| | | | | | | 22 Extra length of midrod | | | 377| | | | | | | 23 Wood bowsprit | | | 78| | | | | | | 24 Other things (canvas keel, 36; | | | | | rudder, 76) | | | 112| | | | | | | 25 | | | | | | | | | | 26 | | | | | | | | | | 27 Fuel (at starting flight) | | | 175| | | | | | | 28 Water (at starting flight) | | | 1525| | | | | | | 29 | | | | | | | | | | 30 | | | | | | | | | | 31 Sundries unknown | | | | | | | | | | 32 | | | | | | | | | | 33 | | | | | | | | | | 34 Total flying weight | | |12,019| | | | | | | 35 | | | | | | | | | | 36 | | | | | | | | | | 37 | | | | | | | | | | 38 Total area of support (not | | | | | including tail) sq. ft. | |54 | | | | | | | | 39 Total area of support in feet, | | | | | divided by total flying | | | | | weight in lbs | | | | | | | | | | 40 Total area of horizontal tail sq. | | | | | ft. | | 9.5 | | | | | | | | 41 Total area of rudder (vertical) | | | | | sq. ft. | | 7.75| | | | | | | | 42 Horse-power at brake Horse-power | | | | | by formula* | | | | | | | | | | 43 | | | | | | | | | | 44 Lift at pendulum (during one | | | | | minute absolute) | | | | | | | | | | 45 Lift at pendulum (during one | | | | | minute in terms of wt.) | | | | | | | | | | 46 Minimum pressure with which wheels | | | | | turn | | | | | | | | | | 47 Position of center of pressure of | | | | | wings† | | | | | | | | | | 48 | | | | | | | | | | 49 | | | | | | | | | | 50 Curvature of wings, 1 in 18 | | | | | | | | | | 51 Root angle of wings, 10° | | | | | | | | | | 52 Tip angle of wings 10° | | | | | | | | | | 53 Position of wings. | | | | | | | | | | 54 How guyed. | | | | | | | | | | 55 | | | | | | | | | | 56 | | | | | | | | | | 57 | | | | | | | | | | 58 Position of tail | | | | | | | | | | 59 Angle of tail, 5° | | | | | | | | | | 60 Co-efficient elasticity of tail, | | | | | 200 grammes at center to deflect it | | | | | to the horizontal | | | | | | | | | | 61 Position of rudder | | | | | | | | | | 62 | | | | | | | | | | 63 Line of thrust, 1500 | | | | | | | | | | 64 Center of gravity_1 of whole | | | | | | | | | | 65 Center of gravity_2 | | | | | | | | | | 66 Center of pressure_1 of whole | | | | | estimate | | | | | | | | | | 67 Center of pressure_2 | | | | | | | | | | 68 | | | | | | | | | | 69 | | | | | | | | | | 70 | | | | | | | | | | 71 | | | | | | | | | | 72 | | | | | ---------------------------------------+----+-----+------+------+

Parts. Remarks.

1 Front end of bowsprit, 1695.7. Weight 2867 includes Parts 2.

2 Front end of midrod, 1623.7.

5 C. of float, 1618.2.

8 Reel and float, 1576.7.

11 Front edge, F. W., 1595.8.

13 C. of P. on F. W., 1563.8.

16 Rear edge F. W., 1515.8.

19 Line through center of propellers, 1500.

23 C. of G., 1485.5.

26 Front edge of R. W., 1406.7.

29 C. of P. on R. W., 1374.7.

32 End of midrod, 1352.2.

35 Front end of rudder, 1333.9.

38 Rear edge of R. W., 1326.7.

40 Center of rudder, 1280.6.

43 Back end of rudder, 1219.9.

* H. P. = (Rev.×diam.×pitch ratio×thrust)/33000

† This is calculated on the assumption that the center of pressure on each wing or on pair of wings at a motion of 2000 feet per minute is in ordinary curved wings 2-5 the way from front to rear, that for wings of usual size the rear wings have 2-3 of the efficiency per surface of the front ones and that the tail proper bears no part of the weight; but if the rear wing is smaller or larger this efficiency is smaller or larger per unit of surface.

[p306]

DATA SHEET No. 10.

Weight of Aerodrome No. 5, Flat Wings and Pénaud Rudder. Certified to by Chas. M. Manly, July 27, 1899.

---------------------------------------+-------------+-------------+ Parts. | Sizes. | Weight. | ---------------------------------------+----+--------+------+------+ |‹m.›| ‹ft.› |‹gr.› |‹lbs.›| 1 Frame, including everything of | | | | | metal, permanent and undetachable, | | | | | such as bed-plate, cross-rods for the | | | | | support of propellers, gears, shafts, | | | | | etc. (such as guy-wires and turn | | | | | buckles, 26g). | | | 3342| | | | | | | 2 Engine. | | | 476| | | | | | | 3 Pump, 301; pump shaft, 55; support | | | | | to pump, 33. | | | 389| | | | | | | 4 Hull covering: front, 47; sides, | | | | | 92; top 46; small side pieces, 44. | | | 229| | | | | | | 5 Gasoline and air tanks, 167, 165; | | | | | air valve, 18; netting, 30; piece | | | | | rear of separator, 20. | | | 400| | | | | | | 6 Smokestack, 310; piece to protect | | | | | midrod, 63. | | | 373| | | | | | | 7 Float, 290; drop piece for rudder, | | | | | 57. | | | 347| | | | | | | 8 Reel, fork and float, 128; counter, | | | | | 95. | | | 223| | | | | | | 9 Wing clamps, 202; guy-post clamps, | | | | | 33. | | | 235| | | | | | | 10 Burner, 170; boiler 759. | | | 929| | | | | | | 11 Separator with tubes brazed to it. | | | 513| | | | | | | 12 Steam pipe, 87; steam gauge and | | | | | connections, 81. | | | 168| | | | | | | 13 Exhaust pipe, 90; wooden plugs in | | | | | nose of frame, 10 | | | 100| | | | | | | 14 Upper front bearing point and | | | | | clutch post. | | | 136| | | | | | | 15 Lower front bearing point, 84; | | | | | lower rear bearing point, 146; | | | | | clutch, 41. | | | 271| | | | | | | 16 | | | | | | | | | | 17 Wings (without clamp), front, | | | | | 2×662; rear 2×605. | | | 2534| | | | | | | 18 Tail (without clamp). | | | | | | | | | | 19 Rudder. | | | 299| | | | | | | 20 Guy sticks 65; rear, 50. | | | 114| | | | | | | 21 Propellers, 100 cm. round ends, | | | | | 30° blade. | | | 757| | | | | | | 22 Extra length of midrod, front, | | | | | 174; rear, 227. | | | 401| | | | | | | 23 Wood bowsprit (heavy one). | | | 130| | | | | | | 24 Other things. | | | | | | | | | | 25 | | | | | | | | | | 26 | | | | | | | | | | 27 Fuel (390 at starting flight). | | | 225| | | | | | | 28 Water (2000 at starting flight). | | | 1500| | | | | | | 29 | | | | | | | | | | 30 Lead on bowsprit to balance. | | | 13| | | | | | | 31 Sundries unknown. | | | | | | | | | | 32 | | | | | | | | | | 33 | | | | | | | | | | 34 Total flying weight. | | |14,704| 1 03 | | | | | | 35 | | | | | | | | | | 36 | | | | | | | | | | 37 | | | | | | | | | | 38 Total area of support (not | | | | | including tail). sq. ft. | |68 | | | | | | | | 39 Total area of support in feet, | | | | | divided by total flying weight in lbs. | | 2.1935 | | | | | | | | 40 Total area of horizontal tail. sq. | | | | | ft. | | 6.94 | | | | | | | | 41 Total area of rudder (vertical). | | | | | sq. ft. | | 7.64 | | | | | | | | 42 Horse-power at brake Horse-power | | | | | by formula* | | | | | | | | | | 43 | | | | | | | | | | 44 Lift at pendulum (during one | | | | | minute absolute). | | | | | | | | | | 45 Lift at pendulum (during one | | | | | minute in terms of wt.). | | | | | | | | | | 46 Minimum pressure with which wheels | | | | | turn. | | | | | | | | | | 47 Position of center of pressure of | | | | | wings†. | | | | | | | | | | 48 | | | | | | | | | | 49 | | | | | | | | | | 50 Curvature of wings, 1 in 12, but | | | | | about 1 in 11 now. | | | | | | | | | | 51 Root angle of wings, 10°. | | | | | | | | | | 52 Tip angle of wings 10°. | | | | | | | | | | 53 Position of wings. | | | | | | | | | | 54 How guyed. | | | | | | | | | | 55 | | | | | | | | | | 56 | | | | | | | | | | 57 | | | | | | | | | | 58 Position of tail. | | | | | | | | | | 59 Angle of tail, 5° elevation at | | | | | rear end. | | | | | | | | | | 60 Co-efficient elasticity of tail, | | | | | 200 grammes at center to deflect it | | | | | to a horizontal. | | | | | | | | | | 61 Position of rudder. | | | | | | | | | | 62 | | | | | | | | | | 63 Line of thrust, 1500. | | | | | | | | | | 64 Center of gravity_1 of whole, 1498. | | | | | | | | | | 65 Center of gravity_2. | | | | | | | | | | 66 Center of pressure_1 of whole | | | | | estimate. | | | | | | | | | | 67 Center of pressure_2. | | | | | | | | | | 68 | | | | | | | | | | 69 | | | | | | | | | | 70 | | | | | | | | | | 71 | | | | | | | | | | 72 | | | | | ---------------------------------------+----+--------+------+------+

Parts. Remarks.

1 13 grammes of lead on end of bowsprit.

2 End of bowsprit, 1708.

4 C. of float, 1622.

6 Front end of midrod, 1619.

9 Reel and float, 1601.5.

12 Front edge of F. W., 1609.7.

15 C. of P. on F. W., 1577.7.

17 Rear edge of F. W., 1529.7.

20 Line through center of propellers, 1500

24 C. of G., 1498.

27 Front edge of R. W., 1404.7.

30 C. of P. on R. W., 1372.7.

33 End of midrod, 1350.3.

36 Front end of rudder, 1333.5.

39 Back edge of R. W., 1324.7.

41 Centre of rudder, 1279.5.

44 Rear end of rudder, 1222.

47 Distance between C. P. on F. W. and C. G., = 79.7. Distance between C. P. on R. W., and C. G. = 125.3. If the mean C. P. is to be over the C. G. we should require an efficiency of 63.6 for the rear wings.

* H. P. = (Rev.×diam.×pitch ratio×thrust)/33000

† This is calculated on the assumption that the center of pressure on each wing or on pair of wings at a motion of 2000 feet per minute is in ordinary curved wings 2-5 the way from front to rear, that for wings of usual size the rear wings have 2-3 of the efficiency per surface of the front ones and that the tail proper bears no part of the weight: but if the rear wing is smaller or larger this efficiency is smaller or larger per unit of surface.

[p307]

DATA SHEET No. 11.

Weight of Aerodrome No. 5, Superposed Wings and Pénaud Rudder. Certified to by Chas. M. Manly, August 3, 1899.

---------------------------------------+----------+-------------+ Parts. | Sizes. | Weight. | ---------------------------------------+----+-----+------+------+ |‹m.›|‹ft.›|‹gr.› |‹lbs.›| 1 Frame, including everything of | | | | | metal, permanent and undetachable, | | | | | such as bed-plate, cross-rods for the | | | | | support of propellers, bearing points | | | | | for clutch, etc. | | | 3556| | | | | | | 2 Engine, complete | | | 476| | | | | | | 3 Pump, 301; pump shaft, 55; support | | | | | to pump, 33 | | | 389| | | | | | | 4 Hull covering, 276; apron, 117; | | | | | piece behind separator | | | 393| | | | | | | 5 Gasoline and air tanks, 167, 165; | | | | | air valve, 17 | | | 349| | | | | | | 6 Smokestack and piece to protect | | | | | midrod | | | 385| | | | | | | 7 Float, 290; drop piece for rudder, | | | | | 57; guy-post and clamp, 17 | | | 364| | | | | | | 8 Reel, fork and float, 128; steam | | | | | gauge with pipe, 81 | | | 209| | | | | | | 9 Wing claps, 202; guy-post clamps, 33 | | | 235| | | | | | | 10 Boiler, 775; burner, 171; counter, | | | | | 100 | | | 1046| | | | | | | 11 Rear extension to midrod | | | 227| | | | | | | 12 Separator and pipes to engine and | | | | | pump | | | 513| | | | | | | 13 Exhaust pipe | | | 90| | | | | | | 14 Front lower bearing points, 84; | | | | | clutch post, 41 | | | 125| | | | | | | 15 Rear bearing points, 146; extra | | | | | strengtheners, 32 | | | 178| | | | | | | 16 | | | | | | | | | | 17 Wings (without clamp) | | | | | | | | | | 18 Tail (without clamp), part of | | | | | rudder | | | | | | | | | | 19 Rudder | | | 309| | | | | | | 20 Guy sticks, each 60 | | | 120| | | | | | | 21 Propellers, 100 cm. round end | | | 757| | | | | | | 22 Extra length of midrod, front | | | 174| | | | | | | 23 Wood bowsprit | | | 130| | | | | | | 24 Other things, 248 grammes of lead | | | | | on end of bowsprit | | | 248| | | | | | | 25 | | | | | | | | | | 26 | | | | | | | | | | 27 Fuel (at starting flight) | | | | | | | | | | 28 Water (at starting flight) | | | | | | | | | | 29 | | | | | | | | | | 30 | | | | | | | | | | 31 Sundries unknown | | | | | | | | | | 32 | | | | | | | | | | 33 | | | | | | | | | | 34 Total flying weight | | |14,354| | | | | | | 35 | | | | | | | | | | 36 | | | | | | | | | | 37 | | | | | | | | | | 38 Total area of support (not | | | | | including tail) sq. ft. | |87.5 | | | | | | | | 39 Total area of support in feet, | | | | | divided by total flying weight in lbs. | | 2.75| | | | | | | | 40 Total area of horizontal tail sq. | | | | | ft. | | 6.94| | | | | | | | 41 Total area of rudder (vertical) | | | | | sq. ft. | | 7.64| | | | | | | | 42 Horse-power at brake Horse-power | | | | | by formula* | | | | | | | | | | 43 | | | | | | | | | | 44 Lift at pendulum (during one | | | | | minute absolute) | | | | | | | | | | 45 Lift at pendulum (during one | | | | | minute in terms of wt.) | | | | | | | | | | 46 Minimum pressure with which wheels | | | | | turn | | | | | | | | | | 47 Position of center of pressure of | | | | | wings† | | | | | | | | | | 48 | | | | | | | | | | 49 | | | | | | | | | | 50 Curvature of wings, 1 in 11 | | | | | | | | | | 51 Root angle of wings, 10° | | | | | | | | | | 52 Tip angle of wings, 10° | | | | | | | | | | 53 Position of wings | | | | | | | | | | 54 How guyed | | | | | | | | | | 55 | | | | | | | | | | 56 | | | | | | | | | | 57 | | | | | | | | | | 58 Position of tail | | | | | | | | | | 59 Angle of tail | | | | | | | | | | 60 Co-efficient elasticity of | | | | | tail, 200 grammes at center gives | | | | | deflection of 5° | | | | | | | | | | 61 Position rudder | | | | | | | | | | 62 Elasticity caused by rubber bands | | | | | | | | | | 63 Line of thrust, 1500 | | | | | | | | | | 64 Center of gravity_1 of whole | | | | | | | | | | 65 Center of gravity_2 | | | | | | | | | | 66 Center of pressure_1 of whole | | | | | estimate | | | | | | | | | | 67 Center of pressure_2 | | | | | | | | | | 68 | | | | | | | | | | 69 | | | | | | | | | | 70 | | | | | | | | | | 71 | | | | | | | | | | 72 | | | | | ---------------------------------------+----+-----+------+------+

Parts. Remarks.

1 C. P. on F. W., 1577.7.

2 Line through center of propellers, 1500.

6 C. of G., 1498.

8 C. P. on R. W., 1372.7.

* H. P. = (Rev.×diam.×pitch ratio×thrust) / 33000

† This is calculated on the assumption that the center of pressure on each wing or on pair of wings at a motion of 2000 feet per minute is in ordinary curved wings 2-5 the way from front to rear, that for wings of usual size the rear wings have 2-3 of the efficiency per surface of the front ones and that the tail proper bears no part of the weight; but if rear wing is smaller or larger this efficiency is smaller or larger per unit of surface.

[p308]

DATA SHEET No. 12.

Weight of Aerodrome, One-Quarter Model. Certified to by Chas. M. Manly, June 11, 1901.

---------------------------------------+----------+-------------+ Parts. | Sizes. | Weight. | ---------------------------------------+----+-----+------+------+ |‹m.›|‹ft.›|‹gr.› |‹lbs.›| 1 Frame, including everything of | | | | | metal, permanent and undetachable, | | | | | such as bed-plate, cross-rods for the | | | | | support of propellers, bearing points | | | | | for clutch, etc. | | | 3245| | | | | | | 2 Engine, bed plates and sparkers | | | 4549| 10 | | | | | | 3 Gears, shafts, etc. | | | 1662| | | | | | | 4 | | | | | | | | | | 5 | | | | | | | | | | 6 | | | | | | | | | | 7 Floats, front, 212; rear, 220 | | | 432| | | | | | | 8 Reel, float and cord, 142 | | | 142| | | | | | | 9 Wing clamps, 86 and 97; rudder | | | | | clamp and post | | | 183| | | | | | | 10 Carburetor and fuel | | | 737| | | | | | | 11 Spark coil, 1512; holders, 110 | | | 1622| | | | | | | 12 Battery | | | 1627| | | | | | | 13 Primary connections | | | | | | | | | | 14 Secondary connections | | | | | | | | | | 15 Guy-post clamps, each 13 | | | 26| | | | | | | 16 | | | | | | | | | | 17 Wings (without clamp), new flat | | | | | wings | | | 2634| | | | | | | 18 Tail (without clamp), Pénaud rudder | | | 353| | | | | | | 19 Rudder, wind vane | | | 88| | | | | | | 20 Guy sticks | | | 30| | | | | | | 21 Propellers, 585 each | | | 1170| | | | | | | 22 Extra length of midrod, front, | | | | | 125; rear, 225 | | | 350| | | | | | | 23 Wood bowsprit | | | 75| | | | | | | 24 Other Things | | | | | | | | | | 25 Counter | | | 110| | | | | | | 26 Guy-post clamp and post for rudder | | | 16| | | | | | | 27 | | | | | | | | | | 28 | | | | | | | | | | 29 Drop piece for rudder | | | 53| | | | | | | 30 | | | | | | | | | | 31 Sundries unknown | | | | | | | | | | 32 | | | | | | | | | | 33 | | | | | | | | | | 34 Total flying weight | | |19,104| | | | | | | 35 | | | | | | | | | | 36 | | | | | | | | | | 37 | | | | | | | | | | 38 Total area of support (not | | | | | including tail) sq. ft. | |61.41| | | | | | | | 39 Total area of support in feet, | | | | | divided by total flying weight in lbs. | | 1.46| | | | | | | | 40 Total area of horizontal tail sq. | | | | | ft. | | 6 | | | | | | | | 41 Total area of rudder (vertical) | | | | | sq. ft. | | 6 | | | | | | | | 42 Horse-power at brake 1.5 at 750 R. | | | | | P. M. | | | | | | | | | | 43 Engine gave 2.01 H. P. on brake at | | | | | 900 R. P. M. | | | | | | | | | | 44 Lift at pendulum (during one | | | | | minute absolute) | | | | | | | | | | 45 Lift at pendulum (during one | | | | | minute in terms of wt.) | | | | | | | | | | 46 Minimum pressure with which wheels | | | | | turn | | | | | | | | | | 47 Position of center of pressure of | | | | | wings† | | | | | | | | | | 48 | | | | | | | | | | 49 | | | | | | | | | | 50 Curvature of wings, 1 in 20-1/2 | | | | | | | | | | 51 Root angle of wings, 10° | | | | | | | | | | 52 Tip angle of wings, 10° | | | | | | | | | | 53 Position of wings: C. P. F. W., | | | | | 157.82; C. P. R. W., 1386.9 | | | | | | | | | | 54 How guyed | | | | | | | | | | 55 Position of tail | | | | | | | | | | 56 Angle of tail, 5° | | | | | | | | | | 57 Co-efficient elasticity of tail, | | | | | 200 at center depresses to horizontal | | | | | | | | | | 58 Position of rudder (center), 1292.9 | | | | | | | | | | 59 | | | | | | | | | | 60 Line of thrust, 1500, through | | | | | center of propellers | | | | | | | | | | 61 Center of gravity_1 of whole, | | | | | 1503.7 | | | | | | | | | | 62 Center of gravity_2, 2497.5 | | | | | | | | | | 63 Center of pressure_1 of whole | | | | | estimate, 1503.7 | | | | | | | | | | 64 Center of pressure_2, 2513.2 | | | | | | | | | | 65 Center of clutch post, 1515.4 | | | | | | | | | | 66 Center of coil, 1555.3 | | | | | | | | | | 67 Center front float, 16.45 | | | | | | | | | | 68 Center rear float, 1372.6 | | | | | | | | | | 69 Center wind vane rudder, 1435.6 | | | | | | | | | | 70 Center Pénaud rudder, 1292.9 | | | | | | | | | | 71 Rear end Pénaud rudder, 1215.9 | | | | | | | | | | 72 Front end of Bowsprit, 1707.2 | | | | | ---------------------------------------+----+-----+------+------+

* H.P. = (Rev.×diam.×pitch ratio×thrust) / 33000

† This is calculated on the assumption that the center of pressure on each wing or on pair of wings at a motion of 2000 feet per minute is in ordinary curved wings 2-5 the way from front to rear, that for wings of usual size the rear wing have 2-3 of the efficiency per surface of the front ones and that the tail proper bears no part of the weight; but if rear wing is smaller or larger this efficiency is smaller or larger per unit of surface.

[p309]

INDEX

A

Abbreviations and symbols for points on aerodrome … 14, 15

Accidents, in launching large aerodrome … 126, 184, 185, 265–281

― loss of model aerodrome … 17, 94, 154

Aeolipiles, alcohol … 55, 56, 59, 60, 65, 66, 112

Aerial navigation, report of Board of Ordnance on … 276, 279

Aerodrome, balancing of … 45–52, 81, 90, 109, 134, 211, 212

― construction of … 53–80, 164–187, 234–250

― definition of word … iii

― dimensions of (‹see› aerodrome models and data sheets).

― eighth-size model … 133, 134, 154

― engines (‹see› engines and motors).

― experiments with models … 6–14, 16–24, 133–155

― field trials (‹see› trials).

― first flight of model, May 6, 1896 … 2, 3, 107, 108, 117

― first trial of a “flying machine” in free air … 97

― flight (‹see also› trials).

― ― first model, May 6, 1896 … 2, 3, 107, 117

― ― large machine (1903) … 126, 127, 255–282

― ― photographs of … 108, 259, 260

― large … 126, 127, 129, 130, 156, 183, 225, 255–282

― ― construction of … 164–187, 234–250

― ― launching apparatus for … 156–163, 183

― ― shop tests … 251–254

― ― trials (1903) … 126, 181, 255–282

― ― weight of … 277

― launching apparatus for models … 92–122, 133, 134

― ― ― ― large aerodrome … 156–163, 183

― man-carrying (‹see also› aerodrome large) … 123, 125, 129, 130, 151, 153, 156–187, 234–250, 255, 282.

― model, descriptions of (‹see also› data sheets).

― ― ― ― No. 0 … 21, 30, 31, 36, 38, 40, 53, 55, 75

― ― ― ― Nos. 1, 2, 3 … 28, 29, 38, 40, 53

― ― ― ― No. 4 … 53, 62–67, 69, 70, 72, 75–79, 81–83, 86, 92–109, 120

― ― ― ― No. 5 … 26, 64–66, 69, 70, 75–79, 81, 82–84, 86, 88, 89, 90, 92–109, 110–122, 130, 131, 134, 135–155, 158, 174, 188, 189, 208–210, 231, 257, 281.

― ― ― ― No. 6 … 49, 61, 62, 78–81, 89, 90, 92–109, 110–122, 130, 131, 134, 158, 174, 188, 193, 208, 210, 231, 257, 281.

― ― ― ― rubber pull … 11–20

― ― eighth-size … 133, 134, 154

― ― frames of … 39, 53–80, 90, 112, 119, 129

― ― launching apparatus for … 92–112, 134

― ― quarter-size … 158, 159, 170, 226–233, 234, 255, 257–261, 281

― ― results from … 17, 129

― ― steam driven (‹see also› Nos. 5, 6) … 122, 164, 165, 224, 281

― ― trials, of Nos. 0, 1, 2, 3 (1892) … 29, 53

― ― ― ― Nos. 4, 5, 6 (1893) … 63, 92–106

― ― ― ― Nos. 5, 6 (1896) … 2, 79, 106–109

― ― ― ― No. 6 (1898) … 61

― ― ― ― Nos. 5, 6 (1899) … 49, 79, 135–155, 231, 257

― ― ― ― Nos. 30, 31, and others … 6–14, 17, 19

― motors (‹see› engines and motors).

― quarter-size models (‹see› aerodrome models).

― rubber-power models … 5, 8–24, 44

― weights of (‹see› weight and data sheets).

Aerodromics, science of … iii, 7

Aerodynamics … 7, 30, 43, 44, 80, 91, 99

― experiments in … 1, 6, 7, 19, 21, 32, 41, 80, 98, 128, 150, 153

Aeronaut (‹see also› aviator) … 130

Air, compressed … 11, 24, 25, 26, 68, 112

― liquid … 154

― resistance of … 6, 8, 9, 142, 165–167

Air-chamber … 64, 68, 69, 98, 112, 113

Air-cooled engine … 226

Alcohol and hydrocarbons, use of, as fuel … 24, 25, 35, 55, 57, 66, 72, 73

Alcohol aeolipiles … 55, 56, 60, 66, 69, 112

Allegheny Observatory, experiments at … 11, 13, 31, 150

Allotment, Government, for man-carrying aerodrome … 124–126, 132, 278

Aluminum-bronze, use of … 114, 116, 173, 174

Aluminum in engine construction … 32, 114, 243, 252

― sheathing of hull … 69

― wires … 84

Aneroid barometer for determining height … 186

Anemometer cups … 143

Angle, diedral, of wings … 45, 82, 89

― of inclination … 41, 43, 83, 99, 100

― ― rotation … 61

― ― wings, root angle … 83, 89, 91, 97, 98, 100, 101, 103

Area, relation to weight and power … 43, 44, 64, 90, 99, 101

― supporting (‹see also› surface) … 82, 87–89, 91, 93

Asbestos, use of … 35, 63, 67

Associated Press statement to … 266, 280

Aviator, equilibrium of … 161, 169, 253

― weight of … 130, 210, 256

Aviator’s car … 185–187, 214, 251, 252

― jacket … 273

― seat … 185

― wheel … 214, 216, 265, 266, 272

B

Bagging or pocketing of wings … 84, 86, 100, 195, 203

Balance (‹see also› equilibrium) … 82, 165

Balancing of aerodrome … 45–52, 81, 90, 109, 134, 211, 258

― ― engine … 246, 247

― ― wings and rudder … 211, 255

Ball-bearings on launching car … 160, 175, 177, 252, 253

Bamboo ribs for wings … 200

Barometer, aneroid … 186

Barus, Dr Carl, boiler experiments by … 58, 70–75, 93–95

Batteries, electric … 11, 24, 26, 27, 162, 212, 220–222, 237, 240, 241, 257, 262, 263

Bearings, ball, on aerodrome and launching car … 160, 175, 177, 252, 253

― bronze, on model aerodromes … 177

Bedplates … 116, 168, 175, 273

“Beehive” boilers (‹see› boilers).

Bell Alexander Graham … 4, 96, 102–104, 106, 108

Bessemer steel guy wires … 172

Bevel gears … 174, 177, 241

Bird-wings, construction of … 7, 188, 200, 201

Birds, soaring, study of … 7, 9, 88, 287

Blazer, S. M., engineer … 126

“Bleeder,” feed tube for burner … 67, 113

Blériot aeroplane of Langley type … 283

Blower for artificial wind … 61, 97, 225

Board of Ordnance and Fortification … 124, 126, 132, 250, 255, 271, 276, 278, 279, 280

Boat, house … 92, 93, 136, 148, 149, 156–163, 269

Body, construction of (‹see also› hull) … 32, 60

Boiler, “Beehive” type … 34, 39

― coil of … 34–39, 70, 71, 113–116

― development of … 55–59, 65, 68, 70–75, 102, 114–116

― pressure … 58, 59, 63, 68, 69, 101, 102

― report on, by Dr. Barus … 70–75

― serpollet type … 56, 57

― spray type … 70

― tests of … 70–75, 135

― tubing of … 70–75, 114, 141

― water-tube type of … 34, 35, 70–75, 114

Bolometer, development of … 123

Brake, horse-power … 28, 37, 58, 61, 64–69, 117, 223, 224, 230, 233

― Prony … 38, 61, 65, 66, 117, 179, 222, 228, 233, 249

Brass, use of … 54, 63, 113, 180

Brazing … 117, 173, 175, 235, 236

Bronze, aluminum … 114, 116, 171, 173, 177, 234, 237–240

Burners, Bunsen type … 35, 68, 72, 113

― gasoline … 56, 60, 61, 62, 65, 67, 68, 70–75, 112–116, 149

― shield for … 60, 67, 95, 115

Bushing, cast-iron … 114–117, 121

Buzzard, American, and “John Crow,” study of … 285

C

Cameras, telephoto … 260, 261, 273

“Canvas-covered” propellers … 84, 178

Car, aviator’s … 185–187, 214, 251, 252

― launching (‹see› launching apparatus).

Carbon, energy developed by the use of … 27

Carbonic-acid gas as motive power … 11, 24, 26, 28, 29, 39, 53, 54

― liquid … 24, 28

― ― freezing of … 28–29

― ― latent heat of … 28

Carburetor, development of, suitable type of … 224, 225, 239, 240, 248, 249, 251, 253, 259

Carpenter, Frank G., witnesses flights … 108

Cast-iron, use of (‹see also› iron) … 114–117, 121, 234–236, 240

“Cast-off” apparatus … 96, 110

Center of gravity … 10, 13–16, 45–52, 61, 64, 80, 91, 103, 143, 144, 150, 209, 210

― ― ― in relation to pressure … 10, 11, 15, 46, 48, 64, 98, 99, 101, 103

― ― pressure … 7, 10, 11, 13, 15, 45–52, 78, 80, 84, 87, 88, 90, 91, 200, 209, 210

― ― ― formulæ for … 49, 87, 88, 90

― ― wings and tail … 16

― ― rotation … 62

― ― thrust … 62

Centrifugal pump … 241, 248

Charcoal, as fuel … 57

China silk (‹see› silk).

Chopawamsic Island, Potomac River … 93, 135, 153, 183, 256

Chronograph attachments … 162, 163, 229

Circulating pump … 114, 244

Clamps, wing … 82, 89, 145, 183

Coast and Geodetic Survey … 93, 145, 256

Coefficient of elasticity … 146

Coil, spark (‹see› sparking devices).

Compressed air … 24, 25–26, 68, 112, 113

Condenser, steam … 65

Construction and tests of large engine … 234–250

Construction of frame and engines … 53–80

― ― ― of large aerodrome … 164–187

― ― supporting surfaces … 188–206

Control, equilibrium and … 77, 78, 119, 207–217

― gyroscopic … 78, 211

Cooling systems, (‹see› water and air cooling).

Copper, use of … 27, 39, 63, 72, 112–115, 162

Copper tubing … 35, 56, 57, 59, 112, 115, 140, 141, 248

Counter, speed … 62, 120, 185, 243, 249

― ― propellers … 178

Covering for tail … 86, 103

― ― wings … 54, 63, 77, 81, 86, 88, 90, 148, 194, 195, 205

Crank bell … 110

― starting … 244

Crank-pin … 237–239, 243–247

Crank-shaft … 237, 239, 244–246, 250

Cube, law of the … 129, 130, 222, 244, 249

Currie, Rolla P., report on American Buzzard … 289

Curved surfaces (‹see also› wing curvature) … 18, 44, 47, 99

Cylinders (‹see also› engines, cylinders).

― aluminum in construction of … 114

― brass in construction of … 54

― steel tubes in … 116, 121, 234, 235, 239, 240

― construction of … 112, 114, 116, 121, 212, 213, 232, 235, 239, 240, 246

― five, engine … 245, 246, 250, 255

― high-pressure … 33

― low-pressure … 33

― multiple, engine … 226

― oscillating … 33, 38

― tests of (‹see also› engine tests) … 55

― walls of … 239

― weight of … 246, 247, 250

D

Daniell, on energy in storage batteries … 27

Data sheets … 297

Definitions of terms and symbols … 14, 15

Deflection, absence of … 269

de Lucy, on sustaining surfaces … 19

Diedral angle of wings … 45, 82, 83, 85, 89, 96, 146

Dimensions (‹see› aerodrome descriptions and data sheets).

Distance of flights … 103, 107–109, 135–155, 258

Distortion of wings … 82–84, 91, 98, 105

Dry batteries … 262

Duration of flights (‹see also› time) … 103, 107, 108, 137, 145, 148, 258

Dynamometer, use of … 222, 228, 229, 230, 242, 247, 249

E

Eagle quill and spruce rib, comparative strength of … 201

Early steam motors and other models … 30–40

Efficiency of wings … 87, 89, 91, 144, 192, 193

Eighth-size models … 133, 134, 154

Elastic limit of rubber … 9, 22, 23

Elasticity of tail … 78, 90, 144, 152

― coefficient of … 51, 144, 146

Electric batteries … 24, 26, 27, 212, 262, 263

― circuits … 70, 212, 220–223, 237, 241, 257

Electricity as motive power … 24, 26–28

Energy in foot pounds (‹see also› lift) … 23–27

Engine (‹see also› motors) … 112–116, 179, 180, 222–225, 226–233, 234–250, 281

― American builders … 131, 180, 219, 228

― air-cooled … 226

― automobile … 219

― balancing of … 246, 247

― carbonic-acid gas … 24, 26–29

― compressed air … 11, 24–26, 68, 112

― construction of, and frames … 53–79, 114, 116, 219, 223–233

― ― ― ― tests … 234–250

― contract for … 126

― cylinders of … 33, 38, 54, 112, 114–116, 121, 212, 213, 232, 235–239, 246, 250, 255

― description of one-horse-power … 37, 116

― electric … 24, 26–28

― European builders … 131, 140, 219, 234

― experimental … 218–225

― five-cylinder … 224, 232, 234–250, 255

― gas (‹see also› gasoline) … 26, 28, 131, 133

― gasoline … 24, 37, 65, 125, 131, 179, 210, 218, 219, 224, 277

― gunpowder … 24, 25

― horse-power (‹see also› brake, horse-power) … 37, 58, 116, 233

― hot-water … 24, 25, 68

― large, construction and tests of … 133, 234–250, 281, 282

― ― weight of … 247, 250, 256

― Manly … 219–225

― multiple cylinder … 226

― oscillating … 33, 38

― radiator … 252

― steam … 24, 30–40, 64, 69, 116, 120

― ― dimensions of … 116

― Stringfellow … 30, 31

― tests … 37, 55, 61, 69, 102, 133, 148, 234–250, 281, 282

― water-cooled … 220, 235, 236, 241, 247, 248, 252

― weight of … 116, 126, 130, 209, 247, 250

Equilibrium, maintenance of … 6, 31, 45, 51, 144, 213–216

― of aviator … 161, 169, 213, 253

― and control … 77, 78, 119, 207–217

― lateral, and longitudinal stability … 31, 45–52

Evaporation, rate of gasoline … 65, 66

Evaporators … 37, 65, 67, 114, 148

F

“Factor of safety” … 111, 186

Feathers, pliability of … 188, 200

― toy-propeller, blades made of … 8

Feed, gravity … 239

Fibre insulation … 241, 257

Field trials, eighth-size … 133, 134, 154

― ― large and quarto size models … 126, 158, 170, 181, 226–234, 255–282

― ― models Nos. 0, 1, 2, 3 … 29, 53

― ― ― Nos. 4, 5, 6 … 63, 92–106

― ― ― Nos. 5, 6, 2 … 61, 79, 135–155, 231, 257

Fire-proofing preparation … 148

First flight of heavier than air machine … 107, 108

First trial of a flying-machine in free air … 97

Flexure of wings … 82–84, 91, 98, 105

Flight (‹see› aerodrome and aerodrome model flights).

― bird, study of … 7

― of large machine … 126, 181, 255–282

― ― May 6, 1896 … 2, 3, 107–108

― ― models Nos. 4, 5, 6 … 2, 63, 79, 92–109, 135–155

― ― quarter size model … 259

― ― rubber-driven models … 16–20

― ― quarter-size models … 158, 170, 226–233, 243, 255, 257–261, 281

Floating the models … 64, 68, 69, 99, 103, 119, 120

Fly-wheels of engine … 242, 243, 247, 252

Flying aerodrome model as a kite … 133, 154, 155

Flying-weight of aerodromes (‹see also› data sheets) … 15, 62, 63, 76, 77, 81, 89, 91, 148, 247, 250, 256

Foot-pounds, definition of … 15

― energy in (‹see also› horse-power) … 22, 27, 62

Force-pump … 57

Formulæ:

― area … 19

― center of pressure … 49, 87, 88, 90, 101

― drift … 41, 43

― efficiency … 47

― Harting’s … 19

― horse-power … 15, 62

― lift or weight … 41, 43, 62

― Manly’s, for changing center of pressure … 51

― Maxim’s, for horse-power … 15

― resistance … 41

― soaring speed … 91

― tandem wing … 87

― work (‹see also› horse-power) … 18, 23, 27, 62

Frame, construction of, model … 39, 53–80, 90, 112, 119, 129

― ― ― large aerodrome … 164–187, 253

― main … 165–168, 170

― resistance of … 165–167

― testing of … 79

― transverse … 77, 165, 174–178

― work … 118

French academy, communication to … 3

Fuel, alcohol and hydrocarbon … 24, 25, 35, 55, 57, 66, 72, 73

― carbon … 27

― carbonic acid gas … 11, 24, 26, 28, 29, 39, 53, 54

― charcoal … 57

― gas … 26, 28, 37

― gasoline … 24, 25, 36, 37, 65–68, 112, 125, 224, 248, 259

― quantity of … 68

Fuel-tank … 36, 65, 67, 68, 112, 113

Funds for experiments … 124–126, 132, 257, 278, 279, 281

G

Gaertner, Mr., instrument maker … 93, 95

Gas, carbonic-acid … 24, 26, 28, 36, 68, 113

Gas-burners … 35, 55, 60, 65, 70–75, 112, 113

Gas-engine (‹see also› engines, gas and gasoline) … 26, 28, 37

― Five cylinder … 224, 234–250, 255

― large … 234–250, 277

― model … 26–28, 65, 131, 133, 232–234

Gasoline-burners … 56, 60, 62, 65, 67, 68, 70–75, 112–116, 149

Gasoline-engines … 24, 37, 65, 125, 131, 179, 210, 218–225, 232–234, 248, 259, 277

Gasoline-evaporator … 37, 65, 148

Gears … 114, 117, 136, 137, 168, 174, 175, 177, 237, 241

Gibson, Captain, recorder … 250

Goldbeater’s skin, for wings … 77

Goode, G. Brown … 97

Government allotment (‹see also› Board of Ordnance and Fortification) … 124–126, 132, 279

Gravity, center of … 10, 13–16, 45–52, 61, 64, 80, 91, 98, 101, 103, 143, 144, 150, 209, 210

Gravity-feed … 239

Guiding (‹see› equilibrium and control; sustaining surfaces; and rudder).

Gun-metal … 174

Gunpowder … 24, 25

Guy-posts … 184, 189, 199, 266, 267, 268, 270, 274, 275

Guying, early systems of … 81, 84–91

― wire … 81, 84–90, 99, 164–173, 189, 191, 196, 199, 264, 266

Gyroscopic control … 78, 211

H

Harting’s formula … 19

Head resistance … 142, 165–167

Heating apparatus (‹see› burners).

Herring, A. M., assistant … 104

Hewitt, Mr., at rescue of Mr. Manly … 273

Hodgkin’s fund, aid from … 257

Holmes, W. H. … 286, 289

Horizontal flight, velocity required to sustain … 1, 16–19, 43, 91

― rudder … 8

Horse-power, exerted by rubber … 9, 22

― Maxim’s formula … 15

― required to sustain flight … 1

― developed … 28, 37, 55, 58, 64–69, 117, 179, 223, 233, 249

Hot-water engine … 24, 25

House-boat and launching apparatus … 92–109, 110–122, 148, 149, 156, 163, 269

Huffaker, E. C. … 44, 46

Hull, construction of … 30, 32, 36, 53, 60, 69, 75, 112, 118–121

― forms of … 30, 31, 32, 38, 60, 69

― resistance … 49, 69

― steel tubes for … 39, 69, 75, 112, 118, 120

I

Ignition (‹see› electric batteries and circuits).

Indian rubber for power (‹see also› rubber) … 21, 40

Internal work of the wind … 6, 42

Inclination, angle of … 41, 43, 83, 99, 100

Insulation … 144, 241, 257

Iron, use of … 63, 64, 114–117, 234, 236, 240

J

Jacket, cork, aviator’s … 273

― water … 220, 234, 236, 241, 247, 252

“John Crow” (bird of Jamaica), study of … 285

K

Kite, model flown as … 133, 154, 155

L

Langley. S. P. … 3, 4, 9, 18, 76–79, 93, 95, 102–108, 112, 123–126, 128, 131, 133, 135, 153, 156, 161, 179, 183, 184, 188, 211, 212, 219, 223, 230, 231, 257, 266–268, 270, 271, 287, 280, 281

― statement of … 124, 280

― letter of instructions from (‹see› appendix).

― study of “John Crow” bird (‹see› appendix).

― aerodrome, War Department report on … 277, 278, 279

“Langley type” of aerodrome … 77, 164, 208, 244, 266, 276, 278–281

― ― ― rudder … 77, 86

Lateral stability … 45–52, 97

Launching, difficulties of … 10, 11, 12, 92, 94, 96, 99

― methods of … 13, 94–97, 110

― of large machine … 265–267, 271–272, 276, 282

Launching-apparatus … 92–122, 134, 149, 156–163, 183, 185, 231, 257, 261, 265–267, 270, 272, 276, 282

― overhead … 5, 92–122, 133–135, 139, 142, 143, 145, 151, 152, 154, 156–163

― underneath … 134, 135, 145–147, 151, 152, 154, 156–163, 183

― weakness of … 265, 276, 282

Launching-car … 158, 159, 183, 184, 255, 258, 262, 266–268, 271, 272, 274, 277