Chapter XII: Introduction (2)

DACOTA of the Teton Tribe

=Antelope=, tatóhkana.

=Bear= (black), wåchánk-sitscha (the first word with emphasis).

=Bear= (grizzly), matóh.

=Comb=, ipáhks.

=Day= (the day breaks), àm-pa-inam-pä (_am_ French; _pa_ short).

=Elk=, upán (_an_ French and rather long); the stag, hächáhka.

=Fish-hook=, hoï̍tzua (_o_ and _i_ separated).

=Fish-line=, hachóhta (_ch_ guttural).

=Hoop= (of wood), sankodeska.

=Hoop= (game of), sankodeska-kutépi.

=Moccasins=, hán-pa (_an_ French).

=Morning= (early), a̍m-pa (_am_ French).

=Prairie dog=, pispi̍sa.

=Rattle= (sysyquoy, gourd rattle), tascháhka.

=Shield=, oahát-sanka (first word with emphasis; last word low
and without emphasis).

=Water=, meni̍h.[248]

FOOTNOTES:

[248] The variations in the different tribes of the Dacótas seem to be
very insignificant.--MAXIMILIAN.

FALL INDIANS, or Grosventres of the Prairies[249]

=Antelope=, hottewianinay (_ay_ German).

=Arm=, nah-köth (the syllables separated).

=Arrow=, nennitch (_ch_ with the point of the tongue and not
guttural).

=Bear= (black), uatániss.

=Bear= (grizzly), uosse (_uo_ like _wo_; _e_ very short).

=Beaver=, hábass (_a_ almost like _a_ umlaut, but ½ and short).

=Bighorn=, hottéh.

=Black=, wå-atåh-nits (_wa_ short; _atah-nits_ a little lisped).

=Blood=, mah-ahtz.

=Bow=, nemáth (_e_ ½).

=Buffalo= (bull), enáhkiä (_e_ barely audible; _kia_ like _kie_,
short and ½).

=Buffalo= (cow), bü̍h.

=Child=, tä̍yalle (all syllables cut rather short and separated;
_e_ ½).

=Day=, e̍hse (_eh_ long; _se_ very short).

=Deer= (black-tailed), bü̍he-i (_e_ ½; _i_ short).

=Deer= (common), låsikge (_ge_ German; _e_ ½).

=Dog=, hótewi.

=Ear=, nenottónnü (_ton_ with emphasis; _e_ ½).

=Earth=, meth-auuch (_au_ together; _auuch_ very short).

=Elk=, uósseh.

=Eye=, ne-séh-seh (_ne_ short and ½; accent on the first _seh_).

=Fire=, esittah (_e_ very short).

=Foot=, nesse-estan (_se_ short and ½; _tan_ French and distinct).

=God=, mehåa (_e_ short; the two _a_'s separated).

=Hair=, näwi-táss (_tass_ with emphasis).

=Hand=, nah-kettinach (rather indistinct).

=Head=, nöth-ah (indistinct; _ah_ separated).

=Heart=, nö̍ttah.

=Hot=, be-ke-néh-se (_be_ rather longer; _ke_ short; _neh_ very
long; _se_ short).

=Ice=, wå-awuh.

=Leg=, na-áhtz (_na_ short and ½; _ahtz_ long).

=Man=, neni̍tta (_e_ and _a_ short).

=Moon=, kahå-hássa (together).

=Mountain goat= (white), otteh-nozi̍bi (_zibi_ short).

=Mouth=, nö̍t-ti (_ti_ rather lower).

=Night=, taiké-ee (_ee_ separated and distinctly pronounced).

=Nose=, nä-es (_es_ ½ and low).

=Pipe= (tobacco), eht-tsá.

=Rain=, a-sá-nitz (lisped).

=Snow=, i̍h-i (_ih_ very long; _i_ short).

=Star=, a̍to (_o_ almost like _o_ umlaut).

=Sun=, ehsi̍ss.

=Tomahawk=, aha-loss.

=Water=, netse (_e_ very short).

=Wolf=, kïati̍ssa (indistinct).

=Woman=, e̍sta (_es_ lisped).

FOOTNOTES:

[249] Written from their pronunciation. They call their tribe, Ä̍hni-ninn. Gallatin (_ibid._, p. 125) speaks of them in connection with the Minnitarris. He calls them the Rapid, Fall, or Paunch Indians; and remarks quite correctly, that from the latest information their language is wholly different from those of the Minnitarris and Blackfeet (_ibid._, p. 132).--MAXIMILIAN.

FLATHEADS of the Rocky Mountains[250]

=Arrow=, tah-pu-minn.

=Bear=, semachann (_ch_ guttural).

=Beaver=, skaló.

=Bow=, soh-nónn; same word as for gun.

=Buffalo=, zotúnn (soft low, and indistinct; _o_ full).

=Child=, skochkússa (_ch_ guttural; _sa_ low and indistinct).

=Deer=, zinechkóhch (_ch_ guttural; the whole indistinct and low).

=Dog=, nachketsä (_e_ short).

=Ear=, tchäh-sä̍uonn.

=Earth=, sopúth.

=Elk=, chton-skutsiss (_ch_ guttural; the whole indistinct and
low).

=Eye=, ehsuetst.

=Fire=, stehchke (_st_ with the point of the tongue; _ch_
guttural; final _e_ ½).

=Foot=, tah-essi̍nn (_e_ ½).

=God=, inuméhcho (_i_ like _e_; _ch_ guttural).

=Head=, estáchk (_es_ soft; _ch_ guttural).

=Man=, taiskáltomo (little emphasis and low).

=Moon=, ehs-pach-kann (low and in the roof of the mouth).

=Mouth=, onuchuaye (_ch_ guttural; final _e_ ½).

=Pipe= (tobacco), simä̍h-noch (_simah_ short; _noch_ guttural;
little emphasis).

=Star=, skoch-koiomm (low and run together; _och_ guttural).

=Sun=, ehs-pach-kann (low and in the roof of the mouth).

=Tomahawk=, soh-nónn.

=Water=, saotuch (low; _ch_ guttural).

=Woman=, semääm (_e_ ½; _a_ and _a_ separated).

FOOTNOTES:

[250] Written from the pronunciation of the Blackfoot chief, Ninoch-Kiä̍iu. The Flatheads live in the Rocky mountains; and according to the missionary, Parker, number only eight hundred souls. They are said to speak the same language as the Ponderas [Pend d'Oreille] and Spokein [Spokan] Indians. The custom of flattening the head by pressure is not found among them, at least at present (Townsend, _op. cit._, p. 175); but this is done by several tribes on the Columbia as is stated also in _Astoria_. All travellers who have visited this people bear witness to their upright and noble conduct, as well as to their piety. Like the Nez-Percés, of whom the same is said, they have borrowed a number of Christian usages and beliefs, among them the conscientious observance of Sunday (see _Adventures of Captain Bonneville_, p. 248; and Ross Cox). They are reputed to be brave warriors; of this I was assured by the Blackfoot Indians themselves, who are often at war with them and are their bitterest enemies, and who also showed me many trophies taken from them.--MAXIMILIAN.

_Comment by Ed._ Samuel Parker, _Journal of an Exploring Tour beyond the Rocky Mountains_ (Ithaca, N. Y., 1838). See also our volume xxi, p. 335, note 112; Washington Irving, _Astoria_ (Philadelphia, 1836); Ross Cox, _Adventures upon the Columbia River_ (London, 1831); and our volume vi, p. 276, note 84.

KICKAPU[251]

=Arm=, nenächkonn (_ach_ guttural).

=Arrow=, pequikihi.

=Belly=, näjäck (_j_ French).

=Bow=, måstahá (_a_ between _a_ umlaut and _o_ umlaut; _ha_ often
barely audible).

=Breast= (the whole) ne-kå̍-kä (_ka_ short).

=Ear=, nettouakaian (_ua_ nasal; _kaian_ likewise).

=Eye=, neskescheck.

=Foot=, nekåtan (_n_ distinctly pronounced).

=Hair=, ninessónn.

=Hand=, nenä̍chkonn (_ach_ in the roof of the mouth).

=Head=, nehch (German).

=Knife=, peskoatéska (_ka_ without emphasis).

=Knife= (long), måtatä̍.

=Leg=, nemóttata (_a_ somewhat as if with umlaut).

=Leggings=, nekóchkuahan (_och_ German guttural).

=Mouth=, netohn.

=Nail= (on the hand), näskóssähk.

=Nose=, näkiuónn.

=Pipe= (tobacco), póakan (emphasis on _poa_).

=Skunk=, schekakw (_w_ barely audible).

=Sun=, kischess.

=Teeth=, nepitonn.

=Thunder=, kä̍hschko (_kahsch_ slightly drawled).

=Tobacco=, nessåman (_an_ French).

=Tomahawk=, popokiä̍.

=Tongue=, ninónni.

=Water=, neppé (final _e_ somewhat like _a_ umlaut).

_Numerals_

=One=, näkút.

=Two=, ni̍hsw (_w_ barely audible).

=Three=, nássue (_sue_ like _we_).

=Four=, niäua (nasal).

=Five=, nianan (nasal).

=Six=, noiká.

=Seven=, nohiká (nasal; _ka_ short).

=Eight=, nessua-siká (_ka_ short).

=Nine=, schohaká (_schoha_ indistinct; _ka_ short).

=Ten=, metaa-tue (_e_ short).

FOOTNOTES:

[251] Written from the pronunciation of a Ki̍ckapu. These Indians speak the same language as the Saukis and Foxes. According to Gallatin (_ibid._, p. 62), they do not now number over five hundred souls. They all live at present west of the Mississippi.--MAXIMILIAN.

KONSA[252]

=Arrow=, måh.

=Bear= (black), uåssóbä.

=Child=, schi̍nga-schi̍nga.

=Earth=, móhnika (_n_ nearly like _h_).

=Eye=, ischtá.

=Fire=, pähdjé (_j_ French).

=God=, wahkoͣ̍ndagä.

=Hair=, på-hi̍.

=Hand=, nom-pö̍ (_om_ French).

=Head=, påh.

=Island=, rumätschi̍.

=Man=, niká.

=Mountain=, påhü̍.

=Mouth=, hüh.

=Pipe= (tobacco), nåh-hi-ba.

=River=, wâti̍schka (_t_ often like _h_).

=Sun=, pih.

=Tomahawk=, må-sospä-jingá (_j_ French).

=Water=, nih.

=Woman= (wife), wåh-ko.

FOOTNOTES:

[252] The Konsas, or Kansas Indians have always lived on the river of that name (Gallatin, _ibid._, p. 127). For the past thirty years they have lived at peace with the Osages; and the two tribes have intermarried. They still number fifteen hundred souls, and possess a tract of three thousand acres. They speak the Osage dialect, which belongs to the Dacota linguistic group.--MAXIMILIAN.

KRIH, or Knistenau[253]

=American= (an), Ketsemohkoman (_e_ short and ½; otherwise
German).

=Arm=, ospetonn.

=Arrow=, atúss.

=Autumn=, taquáhkinn.

=Bird=, piesiss (_i_ and _e_ separated; _e_ full value).

=Black= (the color), kaskitä̍hsu (_su_ short).

=Blind=, nanon-ski̍ssiko (_on_ French).

=Blood=, mich-kó (_mich_ short, like _mi_).

=Blue=, kaskitähuakinn.

=Bone=, oskánn; plural is oskanná.

=Bow=, adsabi̍ (_adsa_ soft).

=Brave= (adj), sohketäheu (_e_ ½; _eu_ short; _u_ barely audible).

=Brook=, sihpi-siss.

=Brother= (elder), niståhs.

=Brother= (younger), nissim.

=Child=, auáhsis (_sis_ short and low).

=Cold= (adj), kesinnau (_e_ ½; _au_ German and together).

=Dance= (v), neméhetu (second _e_ ½; _tu_ short).

=Day=, uapánn.

=Deaf=, kakehpi-teu (_pi_ like _pich_, guttural; _e_ and _u_
separated).

=Devil= (evil spirit), matsimann-tuh (short and run together).

=Die= (v), nepúh.

=Dog=, ati̍mm.

=Drink= (v), menih-kuä (final syllable short).

=Dumb=, namanich-tauéu (_manich_ short and guttural; _e_ and _u_
separated).

=Ear=, ochtauakay (_ch_ guttural; _aua_ separated; _kay_ German,
with the rest of the word).

=Earth=, aski̍.

=Enemy=, ayachzi̍nuack (German; _a_ barely audible).

=Englishman=, Hakaiahsu.

=Evening=, otahgusinn (_gu_ German).

=Eye=, oski̍hsick.

=Father=, nochtauï (_noch_ nasal; _ch_ German, but barely
audible).

=Feather=, meh-koánn (_koann_ very short and run together).

=Fire=, skuttéhu (_u_ barely audible).

=Fish=, kinussäu (_au_ separated and short).

=Flesh=, wuiïäs (_wui_ almost like _wi_ or _ui_).

=Forest=, sakao (_a_ and _o_ separated).

=Frenchman=, Wemstegosó (German; second _e_ short).

=Go= (v), pümontä̍.

=God=, keseh-mann-tóh (first _e_ short).

=Good=, mioassih.

=Great=, ki̍nussuh.

=Green=, zipätákassu.

=Gun=, pasksigan (soft).

=Hair=, uästöchaiah (rather indistinct).

=Hand=, otsä-tschih.

=Head=, ustekuáhn (_us_ very short).

=Healthy=, namoyáhkussu (_kussu_ low and short).

=Heart=, otä̍.

=Heat=, ksasteo (_eo_ short and half pronounced).

=Horns= (of a stag), hähskann.

=Horse=, mesatimm (_e_ ½).

=House= (lodge), uaskaëgan; i.e., house of the white man;
matsehkin, a leather tent.

=Hunger=, notä̍-keteu (_keteu_ short; _u_ barely audible).

=Hunt= (v), máhtsíu (_u_ barely audible).

=I=, neia̍ (emphasis on _ia_, which is very short).

=Ice=, miskuami.

=Knife=, mohchkumann (_ch_ barely audible, guttural).

=Laugh= (v), páh-piu (_i_ barely audible).

=Lead= (ball), mosasinni̍.

=Leg=, oskáht.

=Lightning=, uauase-skutä̍-paiú (_e_ ½; emphasis on second word;
last word lower).

=Live= (v; life?), pemah-tesuh (second _e_ ½).

=Man=, hiyenú.

=Meal= (to eat?), meh-tsú (_tsu_ very short).

=Moon=, tepiskao-pissi̍mm (_o_ barely audible).

=Morning=, kichsäpah.

=Mother=, enkauï (_e_ barely audible).

=Mountain=, uatsih.

=Mouth=, otóhn.

=Much=, meh-zett.

=Negro=, keskiteuias (_e_ short and ½; _e_ and _u_ separated).

=Night=, tipskao (_a_ and _o_ separated).

=Nose=, uskiuánn.

=One-eyed=, páskahpu (_pu_ short).

=Pipe= (tobacco), spoagánn (soft).

=Powder= (gun-powder), kaskitéu (_e_ and _u_ separated).

=Quick=, kiépa (_e_ ½; _pa_ short; _i_ and _e_ separated).

=Red= (the color), mechkossúh (_ch_ barely audible and with the
point of the tongue).

=Relate= (v), a̍h-tsimo (last word short).

=River=, kistsissibi.

=Sick=, ahkussú.

=Small=, apsáhsinn (_sin_ very short and without emphasis).

=Smoke=, (n), kaskaba-teu (_e_ and _u_ separated).

=Snow=, kóhna (_na_ short).

=Spirits= (distilled), skutä̍-uapui (_pui_ run together).

=Spring= (the season), meiuskamin (short; _n_ French; _in_ almost
like _i_ nasal).

=Star=, atsah-kossack (short and run together).

=Stingy=, sasahkiu (_i_ and _u_ separated).

=Stone=, assiniack (_i_ and _a_ separated).

=Summer=, nehpi̍nn.

=Sun=, pisi̍mm.

=Teeth=, uï̍pitt.

=Thunder=, piéh-su (pronounced together; _su_ without emphasis).

=Tobacco= (smoking), tstäman (_an_ French).

=Tomahawk=, tschi̍ga-hi̍ka-spoagánn.

=Tongue=, uttäh-eni̍ (_e_ ½).

=Trail=, mäskanó.

=Tub= (barrel?), machkaak (_ch_ guttural).

=Tub= (small), mach-kach-kuss (_ch_ guttural).

=Ugly=, mayahtan.

=War=, notintuock (_u_ and _o_ separated and barely audible).

=Water=, nipi̍.

=White= (color), wahpiskesu (_e_ ½).

=Wind=, jeoti̍nn (_ie_ German; run together).

=Winter=, pöpúnn or pipúhn.

=Woman= (wife), iskwä̍u (_au_ separated; _u_ barely audible).

=Wood=, mistick.

=Yellow=, ussáussu (_a_ and _u_ separated).

=Yes=, ähä̍.

* * * * *

=I eat=, nemitsonn.

=You eat=, kimitsonn.

=He eats=, meh-dsú (_ds_ soft).

=We eat=, nemitsunann.

=They eat=, mit-sú.

=Eat= (imperative), mihtissú.

_Months of the Year_

They reckon the months from one full moon to the next. [The
order here given is that of the original.--ED.]

=November=, Kaskattinoh-pisimm; i.e., the ice moon.

=December=, Kaie-iequatä̍-pisimm.

=January=, Kesäh-pisimm (_e_ ½); i.e., the big moon.

=February=, Paua-zakenassis-pisimm (_a_ and _u_ separated; _za_
short and like _a_); i.e., the moon which shakes the trees.

=March=, Mekssiuh-pisimm (_e_ short and ½; _siuh_ almost like
_suh_); i.e., the moon when the eagle comes.

----, Niski-pisimm; i.e., the moon of the wild geese.

----, Ayiki-pisimm; i.e., the moon of the frogs.

=May=, Opineya-uäu-pisimm (_uau_ separated), i.e., moon when the
birds lay their eggs.

=June=, Opaskoh-pisimm; i.e., the moon when the geese shed their
feathers.

=July=, Oochpahoh-pisimm (_ooch_ guttural); i.e., moon when the
birds fly.

----, Onont-chicheto (_on_ French; _tch_ with the point of the
tongue; _e_ ½); i.e., moon when the buffalo is in heat.

=October=, Opinna-skoh-pisimm; i.e., the moon when the leaves
fall.

_Numerals_

=One=, pähek (_e_ ½).

=Two=, nehsu.

=Three=, nistó.

=Four=, neó (_e_ and _o_ separated).

=Five=, neanann (_e_ full value and separated from _a_).

=Six=, nguttuahsick (_n_ barely audible).

=Seven=, tähpakup (_up_ like _ufp_).

=Eight=, aehnaneu (_a_ and _e_ separated; _ne_ and _u_ separated
and short).

=Nine=, kähkametatatt (_e_ ½).

=Ten=, mitahtat.

=Twenty=, nehsittano.

=Hundred=, mitahtat-tamittanoh.

=Thousand=, kich-tche-mta-tach-tommetano (_ich_, _tch_, and _ch_
with the point of the tongue; _e_ ½).

_Names of Animals_

=Antelope=, apestat-jéhkus (_e_ ½; _j_ French; _jeh_ with
emphasis; _kus_ low and without emphasis).

=Bear= (black), kaskitäh-maskuá (_kua_ German).

=Bear= (grizzly), uapi̍h-maskuá.

=Beaver=, ami̍sk.

=Buffalo=, mostúss; the general term.

=Buffalo= (bull), japö̍h-mostúss.

=Buffalo= (cow), onintcháh-oniuack.

=Elk=, uauasskéhsu (_su_ short and barely audible).

=Elk= (stag), eyapeu-uauasskéhsu.

=Fox=, machkéhsiss (_ach_ guttural).

=Otter=, niki̍tt.

=Skunk=, sikáhk.

_A Few Phrases_

=Sit down=, a-péh.

=Sit down and smoke=, a-péh-pih-tuá.

=Sit down and smoke and relate to us=, a-péh-pit-tuá-ah-tsimo.

=Whence do you come?= tan-täh-kotuch-tann (_ch_ guttural).

FOOTNOTES:

[253] Written from the pronunciation of a Krih Indian.--MAXIMILIAN.

KUTANÄ, or Kutnehä̍[254]

=Arm=, achkusóttis (indistinct; _ach_ guttural).

=Arrow=, a̍hk (_k_ prolonged as a guttural).

=Black=, kamokoch-kukossni (_ch_ guttural; the whole very short
and indistinct).

=Blood=, uann-muh (short and run together).

=Blue=, confused by most tribes with green and given the same
name.

=Bow=, zü̍pil (_i_ very short, indistinct, and almost like _e_).

=Child=, skámmu (low and soft, guttural).

=Cold= (adj), uanéht.

=Day=, kiukiet (indistinct).

=Dead=, epinih.

=Ear=, akochkuates (_ch_ guttural).

=Earth=, a̍m-ma.

=Eye=, akaksisches (_es_ distinctly pronounced).

=Fire=, akingkóko (indistinct).

=Foot=, achksikkis (_ch_ guttural; _k_ clicked with the tongue;
final _i_ like _e_).

=God=, núma.

=Green=, kekochmacha (_ch_ guttural; _e_ ½).

=Hair=, akuksammus (_k_ lisped with the tongue).

=Hand=, achkehs (low and guttural).

=Head=, achksemnis (_k_ lisped; indistinct, short).

=Heart=, achkissuehs (_ch_ guttural).

=Hot=, jaehsukket.

=Ice=, a̍chkuitt.

=Leg=, akesokkes (_e_ barely audible).

=Man=, aks-macki (a slight pause after _aks_).

=Moon=, same word as for sun.

=Mouth=, achkesmaës (_ach_ guttural; _s_ lisped).

=Night=, zesmuiet (indistinct; _iet_ like _et_, distinctly
pronounced but short).

=Nose=, achkúnes (_es_ distinct; _ch_ guttural).

=Pipe= (tobacco), achkússa (_ch_ and the whole guttural and low).

=Rain=, esuch-kukuttunn (very short and indistinct; guttural).

=Red=, kanóhs (_a_ almost like _e_; short and low).

=Snow=, achksoh (_ks_ like _sch_ with a clicking of the tongue).

=Star=, akisnohs (_s_ with a peculiar clicking sound).

=Sun=, natánnik (_k_ barely audible, only a slight guttural
sound).

=Tomahawk=, achkensä (_ks_ with a clicking of the tongue, like
_sch_).

=Water=, woh (short and abruptly ended).

=White=, kamonuckso (_so_ with a clicking of the tongue).

=Woman=, páski (_ki_ low and short).

=Yellow=, kemacktze (first _e_ ½; final _e_ distinctly
pronounced).

_Names of Animals_

=Antelope=, nestukp.

=Bear= (black), népke.

=Bear= (grizzly), ksaus (German; _s_ with a clicking of the
tongue, like _sch_).

=Beaver=, si̍nna.

=Bighorn=, kuisskussä (_kus_ short and indistinct).

=Buffalo=, jiámmo (first _i_ barely audible).

=Deer=, zupka (_u_ between _u_ and _o_).

=Deer= (black-tailed), aknesni̍nk (_s_ like _schw_).

=Dog=, cháhtsin (_ch_ guttural; _a_ almost as if with umlaut).

=Elk=, keskásse (_sk_ with a clicking of the tongue).

=Mountain goat= (white), zenúchcho (_ch_ guttural; the whole run
together).

=Wolf=, kachki, or kachkin (_ch_ guttural).[255]

FOOTNOTES:

[254] Written from the pronunciation of the old Kutanä̍ Indian, Hómach-Ksáchkum, the Great Earth, of whom a most excellent likeness is given on Plate 79 of my Atlas. I have spoken of this people in several places in the first volume of this work. Parker (_ibid._, p. 304) says of the Kutonä̍s, Kutnehä̍s, or Kutanihs: "The Cootanies inhabit a section of country to the north of the Ponderas along M'Gillivray's river, and they are represented as an uncommonly interesting people. They speak a language distinct from all the tribes about them, open and sonorous, and free from gutturals, which are common in the language of the surrounding tribes. They are neat in their persons and lodges, candid and honest, and kind to each other. I could not ascertain their numbers, but probably they are not over a thousand." In Ross Cox, (p. 242), there is also information regarding them; but the missionary Parker (_ibid._, p. 286) seems to call this traveller's truthfulness in question. From my carefully copied words of the Kutanä language, it is evident that it is not easy to pronounce on account of its lingual clicking; and that it has a large number of guttural tones.--MAXIMILIAN.

[255] The Kutanä̍s, or Kutunä̍s, also Kutnehä̍s, dwell in the Rocky mountains beyond the sources of Maria river; and on their mountains lives the white mountain goat. They are said to call themselves Kutonachä; the French know them as Coutonais; and the Blackfeet call them Kutanä̍. They are few in number, having only some forty lodges. Among their ornaments they highly prize cylinders cut from mussel-shells, especially those cut from the shell of the dentalium, which they obtain from the western seacoast. The Blackfeet, especially the Blood Indians, are their declared enemies. They do not live on the flesh of the buffalo, which is not found in their mountains; but in their country many beaver are obtained, excellent fish (trout), and several other species of animals, especially the orignal (_cervus alces amer._), the white mountain goat, and the bighorn; also many kinds of roots and berries serve them as food. They raise large numbers of strong and handsome horses; they are well clothed; and are expert beaver hunters. They are skilful in making bows and arrows. Their language is difficult to learn. The words are spoken softly and indistinctly; in addition there are many clicking tones and hollow gutturals; and they also lisp.--MAXIMILIAN.

MANDAN, or Númangkake[256]

=Abode= (dwelling place), iwakschúntusch.

=Above=, a̍hkitta.

=Abyss= (precipice), pähúsch.

=Ahead=, untihä̍ddisch (_un_ French, like _oun_).

=Aim= (v; take aim), mitáhrusch.

=All= (everything), ekúnhä (_n_ French, like _oun_); all men, or
people, a̍mbä (_m_ French).

=Alone=, jï̍cha (_ch_ guttural).

=Always=, amánkahu-sch (_an_ French; _husch_ run together as a
final syllable).

=American= (n), Mánhichtä (_an_ French; _ch_ guttural); i.e.,
Long Knife.

=Animal= (quadruped), wáhockschukkä.

=Another=, táhonsch (_on_ French; _honsch_ lower and shorter than
_ta_).

=Anxiety= (fear), wohkarachka (_ch_ guttural).

=Approach stealthily= (v), cherúhradéhusch (_che_ guttural; _r_
with the point of the tongue).

=Arm=, a̍hdä.

=Arrow=, manna-máh-hä (the whole pronounced together).

=Ashes=, uáraschuntä.

=Ask= (v), kiimáhche-sch (_ch_ guttural).

=Awake= (v, intr), i̍wakschuntusch (_un_ German).

=Awake= (v, tr), kittáhrusch.

=Axe=, o̍hmanatä.

=Back= (n), (v; to move with a jerk?), nápp-chä (_ch_ guttural).

=Back= (adv), kiri̍je (_je_ French); i.e., he is back, (_il est
deretour_).

=Backward=, naschi̍tta (_ta_ short).

=Bad=, warákä-ächkasch (_e_ full value).

=Bald=, pah-e-sérroko-sch (_e_ ½ and barely audible).

=Ball= (for playing), mihp-toht-kisch (pronounce together); the
game is called by the same name.

=Ball= (same word as for lead), uáhtöschemáhhä (_o_ almost like
_e_; _e_ only ½).

=Ball-game of the women=, mi̍hptott-kä̍; ball, mi̍hptodä̍.

=Basket= (leather; used by women for carrying), chä̍hank (_ch_
guttural).

=Bear= (v; give birth), éhtu-sch (_eh_ long).

=Beard=, hi̍h.

=Beautiful=, schi̍naschusch.

=Behind=, náschitero (_e_ distinctly pronounced).

=Belly=, ä̍hchi (_ah_ long and accented; _ch_ guttural).

=Below= (beneath), mánpeta (_an_ French; _e_ ½; _ta_ short).

=Bend= (v), kihskóppohärrisch (_arrisch_ barely audible).

=Berdash=, mi̍hdäckä.

=Beside= (near), mipä̍chtihsch (_ach_ guttural).

=Best= (man), koschi̍sch (final _sch_ slightly hissed).

=Between=, nastá.

=Big= with young, same word as for pregnant.

=Bile= (the yellow water on the stomach), wáh-sih-dä (_da_ low
and short).

=Bill= (bill or beak of a bird), same word as for nose.

=Billiard game= (Billard-spiel), skóhpe (_e_ ½).

=Bird=, mándeck-sukkä̍ (_an_ French); wild-fowl, menickä̍.

=Bite= (v), naschä-sch (run together; _ch_ slightly hissed).

=Bitter=, páhrusch.

=Black=, psi̍h.

=Bladder=, i̍hdächä (_ch_ guttural).

=Blind= (adj), istá-chädetosch (_ch_ guttural; _chade_ short; the
whole run together).

=Blond=, pahi̍n-si̍hdusch (_n_ French; _hin_ like _hi_ nasal).

=Blood=, i̍hdä (_da_ short).

=Bloody=, i̍h-kerréje (_je_ French).

=Bloom= (v), hóh-säddähosch (_hoh_ accented; second word short;
_sch_ sometimes slightly hissed).

=Blue=, tohä̍.

=Blush= (v), stassä̍härreh (_st_ with the point of the tongue).

=Boil= (v), umpä̍sch (_sch_ sometimes slightly hissed).

=Bone=, wahúhdä.

=Bough=, does not occur in the singular; boughs, o̍hchancha (_ch_
guttural).

=Bow=, woraërúhpa (_e_ full, distinct, and short), or waraërúhpa;
this is the bow of elm.

=Bow= (strengthened with elk or sheep horn), wahú-erúhpa.

=Bow-lance=, erúhpa-hichtä̍ (_ich_ guttural).

=Box on the ear=, rotkä̍sch (_r_ with the point of the tongue).

=Braid= (v), kaschkä̍-sch (_sch_ slightly hissed).

=Brain=, nathenu (_e_ distinctly pronounced).

=Break= (v; shatter), pä̍hrusch.

=Breast=, táchärächä (_ch_ guttural; _r_ with the point of the
tongue).

=Breath=, o̍nnihä.

=Bridge= (tree-bridge), mánna-achkini̍hnde (second word without
emphasis; _ach_ guttural).

=Bridle= (of a horse), mani̍ssikaskä.

=Brilliant= (splendid), éduchtukosch.

=Broad=, pchi̍hrusch (_ch_ guttural).

=Brook=, passán-kschuck (_an_ French); kschuck, narrow.

=Broom=, i̍ngka-gischka (_ing_ German; second word low).

=Brother= (eldest), mong-ká.

=Brother= (youngest), pschong-ká.

=Brown=, tkópp: that is brown, anttkopposch (_an_ French); it is
brown, tkópposch.

=Bud= (n), aschi̍ngkohsch.

=Burn= (v), ratsiposch: the prairie burns, máh-ódisch; i.e., the
prairie is colored black.

=Burn= (v, tr or intr; destroy by fire), náchuhdusch (_ch_
guttural).

=Buttock=, i̍h-ta (_ta_ very short).

=Buy= (v), wikáhrusch.

=Call= (v; shout), ruhä̍rrisch (short).

=Calm= (n), i̍hpatta-häschkasch.

=Canoe= (of leather), minnánke (_an_ French; _ke_ short and low).

=Carrion= (a dead animal), kómmahä.

=Catch= (v; capture), owáschakosch.

=Caught= (taken prisoner), i̍hnissä.

=Cave= (house in the rock), mi̍hsánnakeh-kúhsta-auti-túhsch.

=Chew= (v), rapsáhkosch.

=Child=, suck-chámahä.

=Chin=, i̍hku.

=Circle= (n), o̍hkamischkakusch.

=Clear=, karáschäkosch (_sch_ but slightly audible).

=Clouds= (masses of cloud), háhdä.

=Coal=, bä̍chchä (_ch_ guttural).

=Cold= (adj), schi̍nnihusch.

=Collar=, warapening-gä (_e_ ½; the whole run together).

=Colt=, u̍npa-manisini̍hka-sch (_n_ French).

=Comb=, pai̍wachunkä (_ch_ guttural; _ai_ together; _ka_ short).

=Come= (v), kuhóhsch, or kuhosch.

=Come here= (imperative), hú-ta (first syllable long; last
syllable very short).

=Console= (v), kehápp-herrisch (_e_ distinctly pronounced;
_herrisch_ short; the whole run together).

=Convenient= (comfortable), o̍hmannaka-schi̍hsch (second word
spoken lower).

=Corpse=, uattä̍h-hädde (_e_ distinctly pronounced; the whole
run together).

=Cough= (v), hokä̍rukä.

=Count= (v), pakkiri̍hdusch.

=Cover= (v; ornament), a̍h-kuposch (_osch_ barely audible).

=Cowardly=, wakarrachkáhsch (_rr_ with the point of the tongue;
_ach_ guttural).

=Crack= (v; crack a whip), karaparaschusch (_r_ full, with the
point of the tongue).

=Crooked=, skóposch.

=Crow= (way of wearing the hair), pahi̍n-okaskäsch (_sch_
slightly hissed).

=Cure= (v), kimikóh-sch.

=Curly=, minni̍menihsch (_e_ ½).

=Curry= (v), ruhi̍ntu-sch (_ruhintusch_).

=Cut= (v), pauä̍-schusch (run together; _paua_ short; _a_ and _u_
separated).

=Cut down= (v), pauïschosch (short).

=Cut down= (a tree), mánna-kassähherrisch (_herrisch_ very short
and run together; the last two words pronounced together).

=Dance= (n), uáhnapä.

=Dark=, hapä̍hreschka (_pah_ long; _ka_ half short).

=Daughter=, suck-mi̍h-husch; i.e., maiden.

=Day=, kaschä̍kosch.

=Day after to-morrow=, mahtke-óhmaestá (_e_ barely articulated,
heard only as a light sound).

=Dead=, ottä̍hrusch.

=Deaf=, nakóckä-sidikosch (_ch_ guttural; the whole run together).

=Dear= (costly), i̍scha-hähónsch (_on_ French).

=Dearest= (i.e., "the most beautiful"),
suck-mi̍hä-koschi̍naschämi̍hkasch.

=Death=, tä̍hrusch.

=Deceive= (they say "he has not paid his debts"),
i̍hscha-häuahma-kuï-néhchusch (_ch_ guttural; _e_ distinctly
pronounced).

=Decoy= (v; an animal), wattáchakhuhrosch (_ch_ guttural); i.e.,
because I imitate their call, I make them come.

=Delay= (v; make late), o̍hhi-kahunuahärrisch (_hun_ run
together, like French _oun_; the whole short and pronounced
together).

=Demolish= (v; e.g., take down a lodge), ohséhrusch (_rusch_ low).

=Destroy= (v; ruin, spoil), tellepóhsch.

=Devil= (evil spirit), o̍mahank-chikä̍ (_an_ French; _ch_
guttural).

=Dew=, béddädä (_e_ distinctly pronounced; the whole short).

=Die= (v), tä̍hrusch.

=Dirty= (v), tkappoahärrisch (pronounced very short).

=Dirty=, warát-keddisch (run together; _keddisch_ short; _e_ full
value).

=Dish= (of wood), mánna-pachä̍ (_ch_ guttural).

=Dive= (v), kschi̍ppo-sch.

=Divide= (v), i̍hkappähdusch.

=Do= (v), isä̍kosch; do not do it, káhdä-isä̍ckta.

=Door=, béddähä (_da_ and _a_ short).

=Double=, náhta-sch (_natusch_; _sch_ slightly hissed).

=Drag= (v), paschi̍h-husch (run together).

=Draw= (v; draw water), i̍nnisusch (run together; short).

=Dream= (n), same word as for verb.

=Dream= (v), chi̍ckhäddähsch (_ch_ guttural).

=Drink= (v), hi̍hndosch (_n_ French).

=Drive= (v), kochä̍hrutosch.

=Drop= (n; e.g., of water), sä̍hhusch.

=Drown= (v; to be drowned), numangkáke-kámahä.

=Drum= (n), mánna-berächä̍ (_e_ distinctly pronounced; _ch_
guttural).

=Dry= (adj), sáhkosch.

=Dung=, ä̍hde (_e_ distinctly pronounced).

=Dumb=, uáhronächa (_ch_ guttural).

=Dust=, uaratä̍; it is dusty, uaratä̍dachingkosch.

=Ear=, nakóchä (_ch_ guttural and short).

=Ear-ornament=, uóhkaske (_e_ distinctly pronounced and short).

=Early= (of time), koskäch-chámahä (_ch_ guttural).

=Earth=, máhhankä (_an_ French; _ka_ short and low).

=Egg= (bird's), mándeck-suck-ni̍ï̍tka (_an_ French).

=Elbow=, akschi̍sche-náhde (first _e_ ½; final _e_ distinctly
pronounced).

=Embroider= (v), ni̍hhä-ohwaptäsch.

=Empty= (adj), okikóhhä.

=Enemy=, uï̍hratandä (_an_ French).

=Englishman=, Uaschi̍, or Waschi̍mihsiháhkta; i.e., a Frenchman
from the north.

=Enough=, a̍ntechksach (_e_ ½; _ech_ guttural).

=Entangle= (v; involve), i̍hki-ruhmenisch.

=Even= (flat), kahósta; really a level prairie or plain.

=Evening=, istúnhä-dähus (_n_ French).

=Everywhere=, äkunhä-ahkskä-üahä̍rrisch (the two last words short
and run together).

=Expectorate= (v; vomit), oksóhkusch.

=Eye=, istá; both eyes, istómmi.

=Eyelid=, istá-rupchä (_ch_ guttural; the whole run together).

=Face= (sight), istá.

=Fade= (v; grow pale), sterruckäschä̍h.

=Fade= (v; wither), dachi̍hdusch (_ch_ guttural).

=Fail= (v; miss), kakáhon-sch (_kakahonsch_; _on_ French;
_honsch_ short and low).

=Fall= (v), dóhbchösch (_chosch_ short and guttural).

=Fall= (v; of the leaves), haráhrusch (_r_ with the point of
the tongue): mánna-ahpöharáhrusch, the leaves are falling;
mánna-ahpó, the leaves.

=Fan=, i̍hkärä-hädittä̍ (_ka_ short).

=Far= (distant), téhhan-sch (_tehhansch_; _an_ French).

=Far= (remote), ruhchäddäta (_ta_ short).

=Fat= (melted), ihkiri̍.

=Fat= (stout), si̍hndä.

=Father=, kóhtä (_o_ full; _ta_ short).

---- (his), kóhtosch.

---- (my), wáhtosch.

---- (your), ráhtosch (_r_ with the point of the tongue); the
plural is never used, they say instead "the father."

=Feather=, si̍h.

=Feel= (v), paschkáttusch.

=Female= (of animals), mi̍hkasch.

=Fin=, póssi.

=Find= (v), onóppohsch.

=Finger=, ungkáh-hä (_ha_ very short and lower).

=Finger= (fore), ungkóh-mihä̍ (_mi_ short).

=Finger= (fourth), unghnátsä-mingkä̍.

=Finger= (little), ungkni̍-ingka (run together).

=Finger= (middle), ungknátka-kánachkah (_ach_ guttural).

=Fire=, uáradä (_ua_ nearly like _wa_; _da_ distinctly pronounced
and short).

=Fire-brand= uára-rakschä̍.

=Fish=, pó.

=Fish= (v; catch fish), póhru-pschikóhsch (first _e_ with the
point of the tongue).

=Fish= (v), póhrup-schi̍kohsch.

=Fish-hook=, poïkinnih (short).

=Fist=, ongkirrussa-nakä (_russa-naka_ very short).

=Flame=, uára-kapi̍dihä.

=Flat=, pschi̍hdä (_da_ short).

=Flatter= (v), i̍hkiri-áhkawaschusch (_ch_ guttural).

=Flea= (insect), péschki.

=Flee= (v; escape), ptähó-sch (_ptahosch_; _sch_ slightly hissed).

=Flesh=, mánskapö (_an_ French).

=Flint=, máhkick-schukä̍.

=Flood= (v; overflow), mönnih-suckhä̍ddisch.

=Flute= (with holes for fingering), i̍h-wochka (_och_ guttural).

=Flute= (without holes), i̍h-koschka.

=Fly= (v), kikárehdusch (_r_ with the point of the tongue).

=Foam=, puchtä̍ (_ch_ guttural; _ta_ short).

=Fog=, masihsch.

=Food= (something to eat), wóhruté.

=Foot=, schi̍h.

=Foot-path=, nánko (_n_ French).

=Force= (v; compel), si̍n-hin-kehde (_e_ distinctly pronounced;
_in_ in both cases like _i_ nasal; the whole run together).

=Forehead=, ithakä (_ka_ short and low).

=Forest=, mánna-rucktá.

=Forget= (v), ikihanchikusch (_an_ French; _ch_ guttural).

=Free= (he is no slave), waïnihsi̍hnichosch (_ch_ guttural).

=Freeze= (v), ktáhohsch.

=Frenchman=, Waschi̍, or Uaschi̍.

=Friend=, manuká (_a_ ½).

=Frost= (hoar-frost), istúnhä-uáhätúhsch (_n_ French; _ua_
together).

=Full=, ohi̍hsch.

=Full moon=, mi̍hnangkä-okahi̍ (short and run together); it may
also be written, mihnang-ga.

=Fully=, ráttacosch.

=Game= (play), ki̍hni.

=Gay-colored=, puhsä̍; it is gay-colored, or spotted, puhsä̍hsch.

=Go= (v), déh-husch.

=Go hunting= (v; go on a hunt), schánterähusch (_an_ French; _e_
½; _ra_ short).

=God=, o̍hmahank-numákschi (_an_ French); literally the lord or
chief of the earth.

=Good=, schihsch (_sch_ often slightly hissed; but not regularly).

=Grandchild=, tauï̍hangka-sch (_hankasch_; _sch_ slightly
hissed), or tauï̍h-hangkasch.

=Grape-vine=, hasch-huhdä (_a_ short).

=Grass=, chahä̍ (_ch_ guttural).

=Grave=, there is no such word; burial scaffold, maschóttä; see
below, under "inter."

=Gray=, chóttä (_ch_ guttural).

=Gray-haired=, pahi̍n-chóttä (_ch_ guttural).

=Great= (tall), haschkasch (_sch_ slightly hissed).

=Green=, wi̍ïratohä.

=Ground=, mánpeterroh (_an_ French; _e_ ½; _terroh_ short and
low).

=Grow= (v), ini̍hndusch (first _i_ rather long).

=Gums=, hiddó-sä (very short and run together).

=Gun=, wáhta-schirúhpa, or erúhpa (_e_ sometimes pronounced like
_i_); rifle, ehrúhp-achtä̍ (the whole run together).

=Gut= (intestines), sihpä.

=Gut= (v; gut an animal), pokkanáhhusch.

=Hail= (n), rakánnandeh (_kannan_ short; _an_ French).

=Hair=, pahi̍n (_n_ French; somewhat like a nasal _pahi_).

=Half=, i̍hschanhä (_an_ French).

=Hand=, ung-kä̍.

=Hard=, kahsäsch (_sch_ sometimes slightly hissed).

=Hate= (v), woráttehusch (_r_ with the point of the tongue).

=Haul= (v; fetch), kittáhhusch, or kichkararusch (_ich_ guttural).

=Head=, pá (short).

=Headache=, panáhrusch (_r_ with the point of the tongue).

=Hear= (v), ä-sch (run together; but _sch_ is sometimes
prolonged).

=Heart=, nátka.

=Hearty= (stout-hearted), kakáhhonsch (_on_ French; _sch_ often a
little prolonged).

=Heat= (n), dádeschusch (_e_ distinctly pronounced).

=Heat= (v; inflame), manassinko-sch (_manassingkosch_; _sch_
slightly hissed); i.e., I am warm.

=Heaven= (sky), cháre-toho-sch (_ch_ guttural; _e_ ½; the whole
run together).

=Heavy=, tkä̍hsch.

=Heel=, schirúttä; plural, schirutosch.

=Help= (v), o̍hta-iuássakusch (pronounced together).

=Hem= (v; clear one's throat), háuikissekusch (the whole run
together).

=Hide= (v), achawéhsch (_ch_ guttural).

=High=, wáh-kohrusch.

=Hoarse=, hoh-chikóhsch.

=Hole=, o̍hoh-pusch (_o_ full; the whole run together).

=Hollow= (adj), chówokosch (_ch_ guttural).

=Hoof=, scháh-hä (_ha_ short).

=Hoop= (of a barrel), mánna-bihduckä-i̍h-kamenihnde (first _e_ ½).

=Hope= (v), iwatéhrusch.

=Horns=, ansä̍ (_an_ French).

=Horse=, u̍mpa-meni̍ssä (_m_ French; _e_ ½).

=Hot=, dádähschusch.

=House= (lodge), oti̍.

=Hunger=, warúhtä-sch.

=Hungry=, wawarútä-sch; i.e., I am hungry.

=Hunt= (n), schántä (_an_ French).

=Hunt= (v), wáhnin-déhusch (_a_ full; _nin_ German).

=Hunter=, kaschánteka (_an_ French; _e_ distinctly pronounced).

=Hurricane=, schächtä-sch (_ach_ guttural), or schächtäsch.

=I=, mi̍h.

=Ice=, chóhde (_ch_ guttural; _de_ distinctly pronounced), or
chóhdä.

=In= (come in), dóbcheta (_ch_ guttural; _e_ ½; _ta_ short).

=Incurable=, o̍hkemick-härrächi̍hkusch (_ch_ guttural).

=Indistinct=, ihi̍nnikosch.

=Inter= (v; place on the scaffold), omáhchä-dähhereje (_ch_
guttural; _hereje_ barely audible; _je_ French; _e_ barely
pronounced); ohmáhchä, or maschótta, the burial scaffold.

=Interior=, kúhschta.

=Intoxicate=, russidi̍hrusch (_r_ with the point of the tongue).

=Iron=, uáhtasche (_e_ distinctly pronounced).

=Island=, uittká (_ka_ short).

=Itch= (n), schirúhha (_ha_ short).

=Jar= (of clay), berä̍chä (_ch_ guttural).

=Jaw=, dóhhupa.

=Joy=, nettkaschi̍-sch (_sch_ slightly hissed).

=Kernel= (of a fruit or seed), tsúhnta (_n_ French; _ta_ short;
_uhn_ somewhat nasal).

=Kidneys=, pi̍cksukkäh.

=Kindle=, raptähärri-sch (_harrisch_ very short and indistinct).

=Knee=, súhpachä.

=Kneel= (v), súhpachä-natannakosch.

=Knife=, man-hi̍ (_man_ French; often nearly _ma_ with superior
_o_).

=Know= (v), i̍hua-hähkohsch (_ih_ together; _ua_ separated).

=Know= (v; be acquainted with), i̍hwahäkosch.

=Knuckle=, assóh-keninde (first _e_ ½; _in_ German; final _e_
distinctly pronounced; the whole run together).

=Lame= (limping), onni̍-ndächi̍kosch (_ch_ guttural).

=Lament= (v; they say "he has pain, he weeps"), náhdä-irratahusch
(_ch_ guttural; _r_ with the point of the tongue).

=Lance=, mánna-hiteruck-schukkä.

=Land=, same word as for earth.

=Laugh= (v), ihkchanhosch (_ch_ guttural).

=Lay= (v), makhä̍rrähsch.

=Lead=, same word as for ball.

=Leader= (chief), numákschi.

=Leaf=, a̍hpä.

=Leap= (v; spring), skä̍-sch.

=Leave= (imperative; go out of the way), húh-ketá.

=Left= (adverb), nusúskasch.

=Leg=, oti̍h.

=Lick= (v), pédeh-sch (first _e_ distinctly pronounced but short).

=Lie= (v; deceive), schähäkóhsch.

=Life=, nán-kesch (_an_ French; _kesch_ moderated; the whole run
together).

=Lift= (v), ruhchóhku-sch.

=Light= (n), i̍ddä-ä̍chä (_ch_ guttural).

=Light= (v), i̍hdä-chä̍waharisch.

=Lightning=, chä-kúhnde (_ch_ guttural; _e_ ½).

=Like= (v), wati̍hkidasusch.

=Lip=, i̍hchdobchi (_ch_ guttural).

=Little=, sánkasch (_an_ French).

=Liver=, pi̍h.

=Long=, hánschka (_an_ French; _ka_ short; usually pronounced
_haschka_).

=Loose= (of clothes), pchi̍hdä (_pchi_ guttural; _da_ short).

=Lungs=, koppähk (_o_ between _a_ and _o_).

=Maiden=, suck-mi̍h-husch (the whole run together).

=Maize=, kóhchantä (_ch_ guttural; _an_ French).

=Man=, númangkohsch, or númangkosch.

=Man=, (human being), numangkáhkesch.

=Marry= (v), they say "he has taken a wife," or "she has taken a
husband."

=Meal= (to eat?), warrutó-sch, (_warrutosch_; _sch_ slightly
hissed).

=Medicine=, chóppeni (_ch_ guttural).

=Medicine-feast=, machóppenihuahäddisch.

=Medicine-lodge=, ti-chóppenisch (_ch_ guttural; pronounced
together).

=Medicine-man=, numánk-chóppenisch (_ch_ guttural; _e_ ½).

=Melt= (v), raschedä̍hsch.

=Merchant=, kaui̍kahka (_aui_ separated; _u_ short).

=Messenger=, kasäddä̍hsch; i.e., I employ him in order to send
him.

=Mirror=, ih-mi̍ngkiäsch (run together).

=Mistake= (v; lose one's way), chi̍qua-härrisch (_ch_ guttural).

=Money=, matáschä-schóttä; i.e., the white metal: or
okihkikidasusoch; i.e., that which the white men love very much.

=Moon=, istú-menahke (first _e_ ½; final _e_ distinctly
pronounced; the whole run together).

=Moon= (which is full), mi̍hnangkäokahi̍sch.

=Moonshine=, istú-menahke-iddäechosch (_e_ ½; _ch_ guttural; the
last two words short and run together).

=Morning=, mámpsita (_amp_ French; _ta_ short).

=Mother=, kohúhndä (_n_ French; _da_ short).

---- my, mihúhndä.

---- your, nihúhndä.

---- his, ih-kohúhndä.

---- (plural), kohúhnka (_n_ French).

=Mountain=, maháhk-chtä̍sch (_ch_ guttural; _sch_ slightly
hissed).

=Mouth=, i̍h-hä.

=Much=, hunsch (_un_ like French _oun_).

=Murder= (v; same word as for kill), tä̍hrusch.

=Music=, there is no such word; they say "song."

=My=, uawakáhrusch, or uáwaka-s.

=Nails= (on the feet), ung-ka-hä̍.

=Nails= (on the hands), ung-ka-hä̍.

=Naked=, ikara-súh-ninakosch (_r_ with the point of the tongue;
the whole run together).

=Name=, dássä.

=Nape= (of the neck), náhkuttä.

=Narrow=, kschukó-sch (_sch_ slightly hissed).

=Navel=, dähp-ta-súh.

=Neck= (throat), itaïnú.

=Needle= (for sewing), mihstuheräóhhopä-túhsch (short).

=Negro=, waschi̍psi; i.e., the black man who has everything.

=Nest= (of birds), tachánde (_an_ French; _ch_ guttural; _e_
distinctly pronounced and short).

=Net= (fish-net), pó-i̍kuhndä (_n_ French; _da_ very short).

=New=, nánkasch (_an_ French).

=New= moon, mi̍hnangkä-nangkanakóhsch.

=Night=, istú-hunsch (_istu_ very short; _hun_ like _houn_ in
French).

=Noon=, hapánnatosch.

=Northern lights=, wauawáschirutä.

=Nose=, páhchu (_pah_ a nasal tone between French _ah_ and _an_,
the same in _mahchsi_, eagle; _chu_ guttural).

=Nostril=, páhchu-suh.

=Not= (nothing, none), mikóhsch; chosch (_ch_ guttural) is the
French _pas_, or not.

=Old=, chihósch (_ch_ guttural).

=Old man=, wáratohka-chihósch (_chi_ guttural).

=Old woman=, rokánka-chihénn (_an_ French; _ch_ guttural).

=Oldest= (the), koráttorusch.

=On the other side=, kutá.

=Once=, máchana-iï̍cha (_ch_ guttural).

=Over=, a̍hkita.

=Oversleep= (v; neglect by sleeping), o̍wakinate-kahun-husch
(first _a_ distinctly pronounced; _n_ French like _oun_; the
whole short and run together).

=Pain= (n), wahúhde-náhdusch (_e_ distinctly pronounced).

=Paint= (v), uå̍hkapusosch (_a_ somewhat like å, or full).

=Pair=, nupschá.

=Palate= (roof of the mouth), nuti̍ske-okissángka (_e_ distinctly
pronounced).

=Partizan= (leader of a war party), karókkanakah.

=Peace=, herróhka-härri-sch (run together; lisped).

=People= (lowest people), wáhchikanaschä̍ (_ch_ guttural); this
is the most abusive word used by the Mandans.

=Pinch= (v; to carouse?), rúschkapusch.

=Pipe= (big medicine pipe), i̍h-hinkchóppenih (_ch_ guttural;
_ihhink_ run together).

=Pipe= (tobacco), i̍h-hink-ossúhä (run together); usually
ih-hingkä (the whole run together).

=Pitch= (rosin), ohruschkop.

=Plant= (v), uå̍hkihäddäisch (_haddaisch_ short).

=Play= (v), meni̍cheni (_ch_ guttural).

=Pluck= (v; feathers), pachkä̍ (_ch_ guttural).

=Point= (v; with the finger), hä̍hmeni-häddisch.

=Pointed=, schi̍h-husch.

=Poison=, there is no word for it.

=Polish= (v), ihkich-kánusch (_ch_ guttural; _an_ French).

=Pond= (or pool), mö̍nnih-chä̍dochä (_ch_ guttural).

=Pouch= (of leather), i̍hdukä.

=Pouch= (painted, of leather), i̍hwatarrackä.

=Powder= (gun-powder), waráschuntä.

=Prairie=, o̍h-karachtah (_ach_ guttural).

=Pregnant=, ähchichtä̍ (_ah_ rather long; _ch_ guttural; _ta_
short).

=Press out= (v; to express?), i̍hkastatusch.

=Pretty=, schi̍hnaschusch.

=Prick= (v; or sting), rápäsch.

=Prisoner=, iniss-hä̍ddisch.

=Proud=, tahuichtä-schi̍hkerisch (_u_ and _i_ separated; _ch_
guttural; _ta_ short; final _e_ ½).

=Pulse=, katink-tink-kanáhgisch (run together).

=Push= (v; thrust), patkä̍h-sch.

=Quarrel= (v; fight), ráhpusch.

=Quarter= (of the moon), mi̍hnangkä-kaschúra-déhusch.

=Quick=, kattuscho-sch (_scho-sch_ like a subdued _schosch_).

=Quiver= (for arrows), schuntháschk-ichti̍ckä (_ch_ guttural).

=Race= (contest in running), pti̍hhing-kikéhrusch.

=Rain= (n), chä̍h-husch (_ch_ guttural; the whole run together).

=Rainbow=, chä̍h-ikuhndä (_ch_ guttural; _da_ short).

=Rattle= (sysyquoy, gourd rattle), i̍nahdä (_nah_ occasionally
like _nan_ in French, nasal).

=Ready= (completed), wakingkosch; it is not ready,
wáuakin-ki̍nichosch (_n_ French; _ch_ guttural).

=Reconcile= (v), härróhka-härrisch (run together).

=Red=, sä̍hsch, or sä-sch.

=Refuse= (v; deny), rúhkahusch.

=Revenge= (v), taüi̍hscha-hätúhsch.

=Rib=, dút-huh-dä (_da_ short; the whole run together).

=Ring= (v), ni̍hhä.

=Ripe= (of fruit), ráttakosch.

=River=, passan-hächtä̍ (_an_ French; _ch_ guttural; usually run
together, then pronounced _passachta_, _ach_ guttural).

=Roast= (v, or n), roki̍nni.

=Rock= (cliff), i̍hschanschekeh (_an_ French; first _e_
distinctly pronounced).

=Rocky= Mountains, Mi̍hndämánkä (_an_ French).

=Root=, mánna-hissä̍.

=Rot= (v), tä̍rräpo-sch (_sch_ slightly hissed).

=Rotten= (lazy?), natkachi̍hpo-sch (_ch_ guttural; _sch_ slightly
hissed).

=Round= (adj), sánnakohsch.

=Row= (v; paddle), ihuachákasch (_ih_ together).

=Run= (v), ptä̍-husch (run together).

=Saddle= (for a horse), mannissáhganakä (run together).

=Salt= (v; or sweeten), skuhóhsch.

=Sand=, mapúschakohsch (_sch_ slightly hissed).

=Scalp=, padóbchi (_ch_ guttural).

=Scalp-dance=, ui̍hskäkä-náhpisch (_uihs_ long; _kaka_ short).

=Scar=, ocha-túhsch (_ch_ guttural).

=Scratch= (v), ungkáh-härrisch (_harrisch_ low; the whole run
together).

=Scream= (v), saráhrusch.

=Sea=, mönni̍h-kerre, or monni̍h-kärrä (_kerre_ low, even, and
without emphasis; _e_ distinctly pronounced but short; _r_
with the point of the tongue).

=Secret= (adj), achawä̍hsch (first _ch_ guttural).

=See= (v), hä̍-sch.

=Servant= (marmiton, kettle-tender), kapä̍chka (_ach_ guttural).

=Shade= (shadow), a̍hkunchä (_n_ like French _oun_; _ch_
guttural).

=Shake= (v; rock), kati̍dirischusch.

=Shallow= (water), mönni̍h-psi̍hkasch.

=Sharp= (keen), schi̍h-husch (run together).

=Shave= (v), hi̍hkirukess.

=Shed tears= (v; or n, tears?), istámönni-húhrusch (the whole run
together).

=Shield= (pare flèche), waki̍hdä.

=Shin= (shin-bone), dobkáhgä (_g_ guttural; _ga_ short).

=Shiver= (v; with cold), kachóhkahárra-wáhankisch (_an_ French).

=Shoot= (v; with a bow), mánnamahni̍hndusch.

=Shoot= (v; with a gun), eruhpákahtä (run together).

=Shooting-star=, chkäkä-rohhankadéhhusch (the whole run together).

=Shore= (bank), mö̍nnih-wakáchta (_kach_ a strong nasal sound).

=Short=, sánnakosch.

=Shoulder=, ahki̍ttä.

=Show= (v; instruct in a matter), i̍kikuhntäsch.

=Sick=, ahgä̍nnadusch (also with _rusch_ instead of _dusch_).

=Side= (of the body), dóh-i̍schanhä (_an_ French; the whole run
together).

=Sigh= (v), i̍nihä.

=Sing= (v), wakanáhrusch.

=Sister= (youngest), ptánka (_an_ French); eldest sister, menúkä
(_e_ ½).

=Sit= (v), ki̍kanakä.

=Skin= (hide of animal), dohbchi̍h (_ch_ guttural).

=Sledge= (dog-sledge, travail), man-i̍ssischan (_an_ French, but
often like _a_).

=Sledge= (sled), mánna-uïratahne.

=Sleep= (v), hánnarusch.

=Sleepy=, hannaruck; I am going to sleep, wahánna-edúck-sanhúsch
(_an_ French; the whole short and run together).

=Slow=, chä̍hrusch (_ch_ guttural; _rusch_ low and short).

=Small= (short), chámahä (_ch_ guttural).

=Smell= (v; sniff, scent), ui̍hhä.

=Smoke= (n), pi̍h-husch.

=Smoke= (v; tobacco), manóschhi̍hndusch (short and run together).

=Smooth=, sánhisch (_an_ French).

=Snarl= (v; growl), channah-hahosch (_ch_ guttural; the whole run
together).

=Snow=, wáh-hä.

=Sole= (of the foot), schirokä.

=Son=, konickä̍.

=Song=, wakánnarusch.

=Sore-throat=, itäï-nunahrusch.

=Spark=, uarani̍hka (_ua_ almost like _wa_ in the word for fire).

=Speak= (v), róhdä.

=Spirits= (distilled), mönni-páhre (_e_ short).

=Spittle=, óksohkä.

=Spoon=, mansä̍ (_an_ French); if it is of the horn of the
buffalo or bighorn the name of the animal is added.

=Spot= (v), a̍hksehusch (_e_ distinctly pronounced).

=Spring= (the season), bäh-hinundä (_n_ French; the whole run
together).

=Spring= (source), mannahinni̍h.

=Spy= (v), mi̍nnakochä-uakärup-schä-sch (_sch_ slightly hissed).

=Squint= (v), istáck-chä̍kohsch (_ch_ guttural; _a_ short).

=Star=, chkäkä (_ch_ begins as a guttural).

=Start= (v; to start an animal), kachä̍rutosch (_ch_ guttural).

=Steep= (adj), kascháppähschkasch.

=Step-father=, called father; likewise step-mother is called
mother.

=Sterile=, o̍hro-mikohsch.

=Stick= (n), mánna-kschúkä.

=Stifle= (v; choke, repress), russi̍ng-ko-sch (_russingkosch_;
_sch_ slightly hissed).

=Still=, happoähärohn-nkúnihusch (_r_ with the point of the
tongue).

=Stinginess=, schi̍rukohsch.

=Stirrup=, maniss-iwachungkä.

=Stomach=, tachárachä (_ch_ guttural).

=Stop= (v; stop up), pattarókosch (_r_ with the point of the
tongue; _o_ accented).

=Stone= (n), mi̍sannakä.

=Storm= (they say "a bad day," or "bad weather"),
hapä̍h-chikóhsch (_ch_ guttural).

=Straight=, schóhrusch (_sch_ often slightly hissed).

=Strike= (v), dótkihsch.

=Strong= (of drink or other things), páhrusch.

=Strong= (physical strength), sinhusch (_in_ nasal like _i_).

=Stump=, sónkohsch.

=Stupid=, ochka-sch (_ochkasch_; _och_ guttural; _sch_ slightly
hissed).

=Summer=, ráskikä.

=Sun=, maháp-mi̍h-nangkä (the whole run together).

=Sunrise=, mi̍hnangkä-ti̍hsch.

=Sunset=, mi̍hnangkä-opókkohusch.

=Surround= (v; enemies), ikisánpasch (_an_ French).

=Swallow= (v; choke), oschárroposch.

=Swamp= (or lake), manichtä̍; a dirty place, tuntukosch.

=Sweat= (v), dássing-kohsch (run together).

=Sweet=, skunhó-sch (_hosch_ abruptly ended; _un_ like _oun_ in
French).

=Swim= (v), paschún (_n_ French; _un_ like French _oun_).

=Swollen=, páh-hosch (run together; _sch_ slightly hissed).

=Tail= (of bird), i̍hpä (_pa_ short).

=Tail= (of animal), schunntä̍ (_ta_ short).

=Teach= (v), ikkikúhntä (_ta_ short).

=Tear= (v; tear or break to pieces), ruchángkosch
(_ruchangkosch_).

=Tear out= (v), pachkä̍; same as to pluck.

=Tears=, istá-mönni-húhrusch (the whole run together).

=Teeth=, hi̍h.

=Testicle=, asútka.

=There= (yonder), e̍tta.

=Thick= (stout), chtä̍-sch (_ch_ guttural; _sch_ slightly hissed).

=Thin=, pampi̍h-sch (_pampisch_; _sch_ slightly hissed; _am_ or
_an_ French).

=Throat=, nutiskä.

=Thumb=, umká.

=Thumb=, umpkä̍.

=Thunder=, chä̍-i-nihä (_ch_ guttural; the whole run together).

=Tickle= (v), ruksicksikusch (_r_ with the point of the tongue).

=Tie= (v; fasten), kaskéhje (final _e_ barely audible; _j_
French).

=Tinder-box=, mi̍hka-de (low and short).

=Tobacco=, mannaschä̍.

=Tobacco= (mixed with red willow), mánna-séka.

Tobacco (mixed with sakkakomi or bear-berry), mannaschot-kuschä̍.

=Tobacco-pouch=, mánnaschä-dockä̍.

=Toe=, schi̍-nihka.

=To-morrow=, máhtke (_e_ distinctly pronounced, but short).

=Tongue=, dä̍hsike (_e_ ½).

=Toothache=, hi̍h-náhrusch.

=Top= (summit), mahakáhgitta.

=Toughness=, käddä̍hrusch.

=Track= (of an animal), oni̍hnde (_de_ short; _e_ nearly full
value).

=Trade= (n), uïh-karusch.

=Trap= (for animals), a̍hchkatachka (_ka_ short; _ch_ guttural).

=Tree=, mannáh, or mánna.

=Tremble= (v), kati̍derischusch.

=True=, tkuschósch.

=Turn= (v, twist), mi̍h-nuptakohsch (run together).

=Turn back= (v, return), kiptáhanni-kuhosch (the whole run
together).

=Ugly=, chikósch (_ch_ guttural), or chikóhsch.

=Unhealthy=, uáhschi-chi̍hsch (run together; _ch_ guttural).

=Unripe=, schánhohsch (_an_ French).

=Until= (unto), o̍hdähä.

=Urine=, dä̍chä (_ch_ guttural).

=Valley=, o̍wako-pä̍.

=Vein= (artery), ji̍dukkä, or hissä̍ (German throughout).

=Void= (adj; stale; or cool, moderate),
nahnka-wawarut-tenech-osch (first _e_ French and so somewhat
nasal; _e_ distinctly pronounced; _ch_ guttural).

=Wait= (v, await), kiháhnakosch.

=War=, there is no such word; to fight, ki̍ddack-sahndusch.

=War-club= (of stone), mi̍h-kaské.

=War-club= (of wood), mánna-paui̍schä.

=War-club= (small iron tomahawk), o̍hmanat-tchámahä (_ch_
guttural).

=War-club= (with iron point), mono-pschi̍hdä, or mánna-ókatanhä
(_an_ French).

=Warm=, dadéschusch (_e_ distinctly pronounced).

=Warmth=, same word as for warm.

=Warrior= (a brave fighter), kirak-san-charakusch (_an_ French;
_ch_ guttural; _r_ with the point of the tongue).

=War-whoop=, scheddekóhsch.

=Wash= (v), kirúskikusch.

=Water=, mönni̍h; occasionally, menni̍h.

=Water-jar=, mönni-mi̍hnda (_da_ short).

=Wax=, o̍hkerusche-schi̍pka-o̍hdä-chä (_e_ in _sche_ ½).

=Weary=, ïua-hatésch (_iua_ separated; _h_ barely audible; _e_
distinctly pronounced; the whole run together).

=Weather= (fair), happe-schiéhsch (_e_ ½; run together without
break); i.e., it is fair weather.

=Weep= (v), rattachósch (_ch_ guttural).

=Wet=, skapposch.

=What= (or how), taschká-tl (_tl_ lisped as in Mexico).

=Whip= (for horses), i̍h-kaparaschä.

=Whirlpool=, mö̍nnih-ruhmenischka (_e_ ½)

=Whistle= (v; or pipe), i̍hkoschä.

=White=, schóttä.

=White-man=, waschi̍, or uaschi̍; i.e., he who has everything, or
everything good.

=Whole=, ekún-ha (_n_ French; _ha_ short).

=Widow=, they say "the husband is dead."

=Wind= (n), schä.

=Wind= (v; of game), i̍hkamenihn-dusch (_e_ ½).

=Wing= (n), ahpcha (_ch_ guttural; final _a_ almost as if with
umlaut, short and low).

=Winter=, máhna.

Wither (v), ráhsakosch.

=Woman= (wife), mi̍h-hä; this is a woman, mii̍h-husch.

=Wood=, mánna.

=Work= (v), wai̍sakosch (_wai_ pronounced together).

=Wound= (v), u̍hsch.

=Wound= (v), o̍hcha-tu-kä̍rähusch (_ch_ guttural); i.e., he went
away wounded.

=Wrap up= (v), ikikáhmenisch (_e_ ½).

=Wrinkle= (n), si̍hpo-sch (_sihpohsch_).

=Yawn= (v), ichbedä̍hrusch (_ch_ guttural; _sch_ slightly hissed).

=Year=, máhna: there is really no word for year; they say
"winter,"--"I am so many winters old."

=Yellow=, si̍hdä (_da_ short).

=Yellowish=, chi̍hdä (_ch_ guttural).

=Yes=, hon (_on_ French), or hau (pronounced as in German).

=Yolk= (the yellow in the egg),
mándeck-suck-ni̍ïka-kuhschta-ossiidä.

=Young=, suck-chámahusch.

=Young animal=, koni̍hnka (second _n_ French; _ihn_ somewhat
nasal).

_Animals_

=Antelope= (general term), kokä̍; the buck, kockberockä̍.

=Antelope= (with horns), kokástu.

=Badger=, mahtä̍ckä.

=Bat=, háhchurahdä (_ch_ guttural).

=Bear= (black), ischii̍dda (_da_ short).

=Bear= (grizzly), mató.

=Beaver=, uárapä, or wárapä.

=Bighorn=, ansechtä̍ (_an_ French; _e_ barely audible; _ch_
guttural; _ta_ very short; the whole therefore almost
_anschta_).

=Buffalo= (bull), berockä̍.

=Buffalo= (calf), ni̍hka.

=Buffalo= (cow), ptihndä, orpti̍hnde.

=Crane=, tä̍hräcke (_e_ distinctly pronounced).

=Crane=, (white), tä̍hräck-schóttä.

=Crow=, chóhchichanka (_ch_ Dutch guttural throughout).

=Deer= (black-tailed), schumpsi.

=Deer= (common), máhmanakuh.

=Duck=, pattóhä.

=Eagle= (bald-headed), pattáckä.

=Eagle= (old war-eagle), kichká (_ch_ guttural).

=Eagle= (war-eagle), máhchsi (_mah_ almost like _man_, French
nasal; _ch_ guttural).

=Eagle= (young bald-headed), chtachtáha (_ch_ and _ach_ guttural).

=Elk=, o̍mpa, or u̍mpa (_om_ French, _um_ like _oum_ in French).

=Elk= (doe), o̍mpa-mi̍hkasch.

=Elk= (stag), o̍mpa-berockä̍.

=Fisher= (mustela pennantii), ichti̍ck-psi̍h (_ch_ guttural).

=Fox= (black), hirútt-psii̍h.

=Fox= (cross-fox), hirútt-chack-chäh (_ch_ guttural).

=Fox= (grey), hirútt-chóttä (_ch_ guttural).

=Fox= (prairie), o̍hcha (_ch_ guttural).

=Fox= (red), hirútt-sä̍.

=Frog=, psánka (_an_ French).

=Goose= (white), mi̍hhan-schóttä.

=Goose= (wild), mii̍hhan-kschukkä̍ (_an_ French).

=Gopher= (arctomys hoodii, striped prairie squirrel),
maschirónika.

=Hare= (white), máhchtikä (_ch_ guttural; _ti_ short).

=Horse=, u̍mpa-meni̍ssä (_um_ like _oum_ in French; _e_ ½).

=Horse=, (young), u̍mpa-meni̍ssini̍hkasch (_sch_ sometimes
slightly hissed).

=Humming-bird=, manasch-chóhpkocháchka (_ch_ guttural; the whole
run together).

=Lizard=, mi̍hkanatka.

=Lynx=, schontä̍-pussä̍.

=Magpie=, uihkchák-chäkä (_ch_ guttural).

=Mink=, mönnika-súnntackä.

=Mole= (gopher), machtóhpka (_ach_ guttural; _o_ full).

=Moose=, páhchub-ptaptá (_ch_ guttural).

=Mouse=, mi̍htickä.

=Mule=, schúmpsi-mani̍sseh.

=Nighthawk= (goatsucker), pi̍hska.

=Otter=, pä̍hchtekeh (_ch_ guttural; _e_ ½; _keh_ somewhat
prolonged).

=Owl= (German uhu, strix bubo; western horned owl?), ichki̍hä
(_ch_ guttural).

=Panther=, schuntä̍-háschka; literally the long tail.

=Pelican= (great, or "scheteck"), nuthkuchtä (_uch_ guttural);
i.e., the thick throat.

=Pigeon= (passenger-pigeon), uárawit-chtä̍.

=Pigeon= (turtle-dove, columba carolinensis), uárawit-kschukä̍.

=Rabbit= (lepus americanus), máhchtikä (_ch_ guttural; _ti_
short).

=Rat=, mi̍htick-chtä (_ch_ guttural).

=Raven=, kä̍hka.

=Skunk=, schóchtä (_och_ German guttural).

=Snake=, wahchkeruchká (_ch_ guttural; _e_ distinctly pronounced
and short).

=Snake=, (rattle-snake), matáh-chóppenih (_ch_ guttural; _e_ ½).

=Swan=, mandéh-chóppenih (_an_ French; _ch_ guttural); i.e., the
medicine bird.

=Swine=, waschi̍ta-mató; i.e., the white man's bear.

=Titmouse=, patáhpsi.

=Toad=, chatká (_ch_ guttural).

=Troupial= (red shouldered), a̍hpcha-sä (_ch_ guttural).

=Turkey= (wild), máhnu (_a_ rather full, almost as if with
superior _o_).

=Turkey buzzard=, ruh-hah-deh.

=Turtle=, ki̍psandä (_an_ French; _da_ short).

=Waxwing=, o̍hpa-kótika (_oh_ and _o_ full).

=Weasel= (stoat), máhchpach-pi̍rakä (only slightly separated;
_ch_ guttural).

=Weasel= (the small weasel), machschipka (_ach_ guttural).

=Wolf= (black), cháhratä-psi̍h.

=Wolf= (gray), cháhratä-chóttä.

=Wolf= (prairie), schähä̍ckä, or schähä̍cke (_e_ short).

=Wolf= (white), cháhratä-schóttä.

=Wolverene= (gulo borealis), matóka (_ka_ abruptly ended; run
together).

=Woodpecker=, tóschka.

_Plants_

=Ash=, tapsá.

=Birch=, wáhchochä (_ch_ guttural).

=Negundo maple=, mi̍hnchka-tah-manaka, (_n_ French, barely
audible; last word short and run together).

=Oak=, itá-huhdä.

=Poplar=, wáhchä (_ch_ guttural).

=Prairie turnip= (pomme blanche), mahä̍ (short).

=Reed=, wi̍h-puhdä (_puhda_ lower; _da_ short).

=Willow= (salix), háchsä-huhdä (_hach_ with emphasis and nasal;
_sa_ and _huhda_ low; _ach_ guttural).

_Clothing and Implements_

=Bracelets of metal=, u̍nki-tanhä̍ (_n_ and an French; _un_ like
_oun_).

=Breechcloth=, nókkä.

=Buffalo robe=, mahi̍tu, or mi̍h-ihä.

=Cache= (hiding place), mochä̍ (_ch_ guttural).

=Girdle= (belt), i̍chparakä (_ich_ guttural).

=Gloves= (or mittens), ogi̍chtikä (_gich_ guttural).

=Hair-ornament= (for the front part of head), itáhua-schúngkä
(_ua_ separated).

=Head-dress= (the long feather hood), máhchsi-akub-háschka
(German throughout).

=Leather shirt=, wapánpi-i̍maschottä (_an_ French).

=Leggings=, wapánpi-húnschi (_an_ and _n_ French, like _oun_).

=Moccasins=, humpä̍ (_um_ like French _oum_).

=Necklace of bear's claws=, matóunknappi-nihudä (the last two
words run together).

=Place in a cache= (v), mochdaráhkosch (_och_ guttural).

=Pouch= (for ammunition), mánhä-i̍hdukä, or assóh-kacherúkkä
(_ch_ guttural).

=Scraper= (for cleaning hides), i̍hwachipka (_ch_ guttural).

=Snow-shoes=, mánna-humpä̍.

=War-whistle=, i̍hkoschka.

_Kinship_

=Cousin=, same words as for brother and sister.

=Daughter-in-law=, ptaui̍h-hangkasch (_au_ together; _ih_ with
emphasis).

=Father-in-law=, ptútt.

=Father's brother=, same word as for father.

=Father's sister= (aunt), kotóminikohsch.

=Grandfather=, táttä-chihä̍ (_ch_ guttural).

=Grandmother=, nan-chihä̍ (_an_ French; _ch_ guttural).

=Mother-in-law=, ptó-hinix (run together).

=Mother's brother= (uncle), ratodé.

=Mother's sister=, same word as for mother.

=Son-in-law=, roh-hángkasch.

_Names of Rivers_

=Cannonball=, Passáchtä.

=Chayenne= (Great Chayenne), Passáchtä.

=Grand=, Wáraschunt-pássahä.

=Heart=, Nátka-pássahä.

=Knife=, Mánhi-pássahä.

=Little Missouri=, Máhtach-schukä̍.

=Missouri=, Mántahä (_an_ French, rather nasal, like _ah_).

=Muddy=, Mattúhntu-pássahä.

=Muscleshell=, Tóhki-pássahä.

=Rivière à Moreau=, Pássahä-i̍htahi.

=Rivière au castor=, Mattúhntu-pássahä.

=Rivière du rempart=, Manáhmeni-pássahä.

=Teton= (Little Missouri), Mönnichä̍h-pássahä.

=Upper White earth=, Matáck-pássahä.

=White=, Mönni̍h-schott-pássahä; literally Water-white river.

=Yellowstone=, Mi̍hsi-pássahä.

_Names of Tribes_

=Assiniboins=, Hósika.

=Blackfeet=, Schipsi̍.

=Chayennes= (Chats of the French), Tamáh-ónruschkahpe (_on_
French; _e_ distinctly pronounced; last word low and short; the
whole run together).

=Crows=, Hä̍hderuka (_e_ ½).

=Dacota=, Hahä-numangkosch (run together).

=Grosventres of the prairies=, Arrapahó, or Ächichtä-numangkake
(_ich_ guttural).

=Kayaüas=, Káy-ua (the whole run together; _u_ and _a_
separated): the French call them Gens des ptat-côtés [_sic_].

=Krihs=, Schahi̍.

=Omahas=, O̍hmaha.

=Otos=, O̍hto.

=Pánis=, Cháratä-numangkä; i.e., the People of the Wolf, or of
the Wolves.

=Snakes, or Shoshonés=, Wáhkiruchka-númangkä (_uch_ guttural).

FOOTNOTES:

[256] I am indebted to the untiring patience of Mr. Kipp, who is thoroughly familiar with this language, for this extensive vocabulary which I wrote down with the help of several Mandans. My attempt at a grammar, as I have already said, was interrupted by illness. Mr. Gallatin (_ibid._, p. 125) includes the Mandans with the Minnitarris; but he had no vocabulary of their language and could, therefore, in no wise form a correct judgment. The signatures to the treaty which he mentions (pp. 125 and 379) were translated into the Minnitarri language because of the lack of a Mandan interpreter. This is shown clearly from the words _matsa_ (man) and _lahpeetzee_, or _lachpitzi_ (bear), both of which are pure Minnitarri words. I hope by means of the following examples of the Mandan language to refute many of the errors regarding this people which were formerly spread abroad.--MAXIMILIAN.

_Comment by Ed._ For a brief biography of James Kipp, see our volume xxii, p. 345, note 319.

Notes on the Grammar of the Mandan Language[257]

_Prepositions_

=From= (German, von; French, de), tá.

=Near= (German, unweit; French, proche, près de), askásch.

=To= (German, nach; French, à), óh.

Examples:

I come from Ruhptare: Ruhptáre ä̍ta wa huh-rusch; i.e.,
Ruhptare from I come.

I go to Ruhptare: Ruhptáre hiddä wa dä̍hhusch; i.e., Ruhptare
to I go.

For "close to" or "hard by," they say also "on the margin of." On the margin of Ruhptare: Ruhptáre i̍wakachta (_ach_ guttural); from i̍wakachta, on the margin of the water, a pond, etc.

_Interjections_

There are nearly as many interjections as in our language.

=Ä̍h-hä-hä!= (run together), an expression of surprise.

=Ji̍a= (nasal), used in case of exertion which is not wholly
successful.

=Héi! héi! héi!= (German, shrill, pronounced with the tongue),
thank you, thank you.

=Wáh i sack chárackä!= (_ch_ guttural), oh, my God (German, mein
Gott)!

=Schá!= oh (German ach).

=Wáh-ah!= or =o̍hsch!= ho there!

_Conjunctions_

=And=, káni.

=Or=, does not occur in our form; at least, it is difficult to
discover.

Examples:

A man and a dog, numánk kani manissuérutä.

The one or the other, kotä̍wäcktosch; kitosch signifies that
the event is yet to happen.

Kotä̍wa, which is it? in this expression it is difficult to
find our word "or."

_The Definite Article_

Singular Plural

_Nom._, =the man=, numangkä. _Nom._, =the men=, númank-keréhsch.
_Gen._, =of the man=, numangkä-óh. _Gen._, =of the men=, numangkáke.
_Dat._, =to the man=, numangkä. _Dat._, =to the men=, numank-keréhsch
_Accus._, =the man=, numangkä.
_Voc._, =O! thou man=, numangkä.
_Abl._, =from the man=, numank-dä̍ta.

Examples:

_Gen._ The knife of the man whom I have seen: numank uahä̍ssiro
óh támanhisch; i.e., the man whom I have seen, this is his
knife.

_Dat._ I will give this to a man and not to a woman: numangkä
wáh kuhk tusch mi̍hhä wah wach kuhnichtusch; i.e., to a man I
will give it woman I will not give.

_Accus._ I saw a man do this: numangkä áhska uáhissache
uahähsch; i.e., a man this do I have seen.

_Abl._ The knife comes from the man to whom you have given it:
numank dä̍ta mánhi sakuh-rusch-idä̍ta waruschesch.

_The Indefinite Article_

_Nom._, =a man=, numánk.

_Gen._, =of a man=, numánk.

_Dat._, =to a man=, numánk-ä, or numankä̍.

_Accus._, =a man=, numank.

Example:

_Gen._ The head of a man, numank-pa.

Remark. No difference in form is made for sex; and in the case of human beings, appears to be only occasionally indicated by an ending. They say: a man, numánk-máchana; and in exactly the same way, a woman, mi̍hha-máchana; an egg, máh-ni̍hka-máchana. The case where the sexes are indicated is when, for instance, some one addresses a person and tells him he should do something; if it is a man the syllable _tá_ is affixed, if a woman the syllable _na_.

_Auxiliary Verbs_

=To be=, kitóhsch. This word does not occur frequently.

Examples:

To be rich: wá kah dä hun; i.e., much wealth.

To be tall is good: háschka kä schihsch; i.e., tall that is
good.

=I am tall=: máh káschkasch; máh, I.

=You are tall=: ni̍h káschkasch.

=He is tall=: ih káschkasch.

=We are tall=: núh dä̍ta háschkasch.

=You are tall=: ni̍h dä̍ta haschkasch.

=They are tall=: i̍h dä̍ta háschkasch.

=To do=, isä̍kosch:

=I shall do it=: waë wasácktosch.

=You will do it=: wa idá sácktosch.

=He will do it=: ih wah esácktosch.

=We shall do it=: nuh dä̍ta esácktosch.

=You will do it=: nih dä̍ta i̍hda sä̍cktosch.

=They will do= it: ih dä̍ta ih säcktosch.

Dä̍ta always signifies the plural in this use.

=Do not do it=: (imperative): káhdä isä̍ckta.

=To do=: isä̍ckosch.

=Done=: kúhrusch.

=Doing=: isäkka-mánkahusch (_an_ French).

=To have=, wakáhtosch.

=I shall have him= (or it): wa káhktosch.

=He will have him= (or it): ih wa káhktosch; or, in káhktosch
(_n_ French; _in_ nasal).

=We shall have him= (or it): núh káhktosch.

=You will have him= (or it): wa ra káhktosch.

=They will have him= (or it): ih onn na káhktosch.

=I shall not have him= (or it): wa wa kánechosch (_ch_
guttural).

=I shall have=: wa káhktosch.

_Nouns_

Singular

=The old man=: waratóhka-chihosch (_ch_ guttural).

=The old woman=: rokánka-chihénn (_ch_ guttural).

=The fish-hook=: poïkini̍h (_o_ and _i_ separated).

=The arm=: a̍hdä.

=The branch=: o̍hchancha (_ch_ guttural; _an_ French).

=The eye=: istá.

=The eyelid=: istá-rupchä̍.

=The axe=: óhmanatä.

Plural

=The old men=: waratóhka-keri̍sch; really keréhsch.

=The old women=: rokánke-keri̍sh.

=The fish-hooks=: poïkini̍h-keréhsch.

=The arms=: a̍hdä-keréhsch.

=The branches=: o̍hchancha-keréhsch.

=The eyelids=: istá-rupchi-keréhsch.

=The axes=: o̍hmanat-keréhsch.

=A great forest=: mánna-keréhsch; i.e., many trees, from mánna,
tree.

Remark. From these instances it is easy to derive the rule that to form the plural of nouns the word keréhsch is affixed. It is occasionally pronounced kerisch, and denotes plurality.

Exceptions:

Máhna, the year; the plural is not mána-keréhsch, but manáhna,
the years, or better, the winters.

Both arms, i.e., the arms, are called in the plural,
a̍hdä-náhta; the legs, dóhke-náhta. This exception is due to
the fact that the number of arms on the body is definitely
known; they are never more than two, so the plural is "both."

The word keréhsch also signifies in some few cases that objects
of only one kind are included, yet always in the plural.
Thus, when one enters a lodge where old men or women are
assembled, he would say waratóhka-keréhsch, only old men; or
rokánka-keréhsch, only or merely old women; waschi̍-keréhsch,
merely white men; waschipsi(_waschi-psih_)-keréhsch, merely
negroes, etc.

_Declension of the Noun_

Singular

_Nom._, =the man=, númang-kä.

_Gen._, =of the man=, numank-ä̍da.

_Dat._, =to the man=, o̍h-numank.

_Accus._, =the man=, númank-kä.

_Voc._, =O man!= numánk.

_Abl._, =from the man=, númang-kä.

Plural

_Nom._, =the men=, numang-kä̍rrä.

_Gen._, =of the men=, o̍h-numang-kä.

_Dat._, =to the men=, númang-kärrä-tá.

_Accus._, =the men=, numang-kärrä.

_Voc._, =O men!= numang-káke.

Singular

_Nom._, =the bow=, woraërúhpa.

_Gen._, =of the bow=, woraërúhpa-dä.

_Dat._, =to the bow=, woraërúhpa-ä̍ta.

_Accus._, =the bow=, woraërúhpa.

_Voc._, =O bow!= woraërúhpa.

_Abl._, =from the bow=, woraërúhpa-tá.

Plural

_Nom._, =the bows=, woraërúhpa-keréhsch.

_Gen._, =of the bows=, woraërúhpa-kärrä-tá.

_Dat._, =to the bows=, woraërúhpa-kärrä-ätá.

_Accus._, =the bows=, o̍h-woraërúhpa-keréhsch.

_Voc._, =O bows!= woraërúhpa-keréhsch.

_Abl._, =from the bows=, woraërúhpa-kärrä-tá.

The word "from," motion towards the speaker, is expressed by tá; as in hutá, come here. The word "to," motion from the speaker, is expressed by the word ä̍ta.

Exception:

Idä̍ta-keréhsch, the others; in this expression keréhsch is
usually omitted, and only idä̍ta used.

_Proper Names_

The names of these Indians always have a meaning, and often include a whole phrase. All familiar objects and their different states are drawn upon for the names of persons, and these are often very vulgar. I have given some of them above.

_Adjectives_

Adjectives are placed after the nouns; e.g., meni̍ss-schóttä, horse white, not as in German and English, the white horse.

Examples:

Mandeck suck-sä (_an_ French), the red bird; i.e., bird the red.

Numank-chárakä (_ch_ guttural), the brave man.

Passán-schi̍hsch (_an_ French), the beautiful river.

Mani̍ssuarut-psi̍hsch, the black dog.

_Comparison_

The comparative degree is formed by affixing the word opáchadehsch, or opáchádähsch (_ch_ guttural), i.e., more. The superlative degree is formed by affixing the word mi̍hkasch, i.e., the most.

=Good=, schihsch: better, schi̍h-opa̍chadehsch: best,
schi̍h-mi̍hkasch.

=Bad=, chi̍cosch: worse, chikä̍-opáchadehsch: worst,
chi̍k-ä-mi̍hkasch.

=Near=, askahá: nearer, aská-opáchadähsch: nearest (next),
aská-mihkasch.

=Much=, hunsch: more, hun (_un_ like French _oun_)-opáchadähsch:
most, hun-mi̍hkasch.

=Old=, chihósch (_ch_ guttural): older, chihä-opáchadähsch:
oldest, chihä-mi̍hkasch.

=Sure= (certain), does not occur: they say instead,
true, tkúschosch; truer, tkschä̍-opa̍chadäsch: truest,
tkuscha-mihkasch.

=Great= (tall), háschka: greater, háschka-opáchadähsch: greatest,
ha̍schka-mi̍hkasch.

=Wise=, schi̍rukosch: wiser, schi̍ruko-pa̍chadähsch: wisest,
schi̍ruko-mi̍hkasch.

Remark. Occasionally the comparative and superlative are used together in order to give greater emphasis.

Example:

The most beautiful river: pa̍ssanhä(or
pássahä)-koschi̍-opachadäh-mi̍hkasch.

_Use of Adjectives as Nouns_

=The rich man=, ko-wakáhdä-hunsch; ko, the.

=The poor=, ko-áhchkereh-keri̍sch (_ch_ guttural; second _e_ ½).

=The divine= (godlike), máh-choppenih-tá.

=The beautiful=, they say "the good," ko-schi̍hsch.