Chapter XIII: Introduction (3)

The colors are expressed in the plural just as in German and English.

Example:

The greens (the various greens), wi̍hra-tohä̍-tatá-keréhsch;
i.e., wi̍hra-tohä̍, green; tatá, the various.

_Indefinite Numerals_

These answer the question, how many times? or; how often?

=Once=, schanáhre-máchanasch.

=A single one=, máchana-i̍ncha (in the second word, _in_ almost
like _i_ nasal).

=Twice=, schanáhre-numpóhsch; and so on to and including ten.
First, second, third, etc. are expressed in like manner.

=Stosch= (with the point of the tongue), a single one.

_The Positive Degree_

=That is large= (great): äth-háschkasch.

=That is good=: äth-schi̍hsch.

=That is bad=: äth-chikósch (_ch_ guttural).

=That is much=: äth-hunsch (_un_ like French _oun_).

=It is long=: háschkasch.

=It is thick=: chtä̍hsch; from the word chtä̍, thick.

=It is beautiful=: schi̍hsch; from schi̍h, beautiful.

In these instances, therefore, _sch_ is added [to form the positive].

_Numerals_

Cardinals

There are as many expressions for them as in the language of civilized peoples, from one to 1,000,000, etc.

=One=, máchana (_ch_ guttural).

=Two=, numpä̍ (_m_ French, _um_ like French _oum_).

=Three=, náhmeni (_e_ ½).

=Four=, tóhpe (_e_ ½); often shortened to tóhp; tóhposch, there
are four.

=Five=, kächón (_ch_ guttural; _on_ French).

=Six=, ki̍hma.

=Seven=, kúhpa.

=Eight=, tä̍ttake (_e_ or _a_ umlaut).

=Nine=, máchpe (_ach_ guttural; _e_ about ½).

=Ten=, pitágh (_gh_ guttural); really pi̍rakosch, but it is very
much shortened.

=Eleven=, a̍hga-ma̍chana (_ga_ guttural).

=Twelve=, a̍hga-numpä̍.

=Thirteen=, a̍hga-náhmeni.

=Fourteen=, a̍hk-tóhp.

=Sixteen=, a̍h-ki̍hma.

=Seventeen=, a̍h-kúhpa.

=Eighteen=, ahk-tä̍ttake.

=Nineteen=, a̍hga-ma̍chpe (_ch_ guttural).

=Twenty=, nompá-piráhg (_om_ French).

=Twenty-one=, nompá-pirákä-roh-máchana.

=Thirty=, na̍hmeni-ampi̍rakosch.

=Forty=, tóhpa-pi̍rakosch.

=Fifty=, kächón-ampi̍rakosch.

=Sixty=, ki̍hma-ampi̍rakosch.

=Seventy=, kúhpa-ampi̍rakosch.

=Eighty=, ta̍ttake-ampi̍rakosch.

=Ninety=, máchpe-ampi̍rakosch.

=One hundred=, éhsuck-máchana.

=One hundred and one=, éhsuck-máchana-roh-máchanasch.

=One hundred and two=, éhsuck-máchana-roh-numpóhsch.

=Two hundred=, éhsuck-numpá.

=Three hundred=, éhsuck-náhmeni.

=One thousand=, isúkki-kákohi.

=One thousand and one=, isúkki-kákohi-roh-máchanasch.

=One thousand one hundred=, isúck-áhga-máchanasch; i.e., eleven
hundred.

=Two thousand=, isúck-ikákohi-numpóhsch.

=Ten thousand=, isúck-ikákohi-pi̍rakosch.

=One hundred thousand=, isúck-ikákohi-isuck-mácha-pi̍rakosch;
i.e., one thousand ten times one hundred.

Ordinals

=The first=, ko-ónti (_on_ French).

=The second=, ko-númpä-hank.

=The third=, ko-náhmeni-hank.

=The fourth=, ko-tóhp-hank.

They continue in like manner, Ko, the, is always prefixed; and hank is always affixed; it is equivalent to German "te," or French ième.

=The thousandth=, ko-sukkikáhkohi-hank.

=The last=, ko-i̍hkaháhschä.

Fractions

=One half=, i̍hschanhä (_an_ French).

There is a word for half; the other fractions are expressed by saying "a part."

_Pronouns_

[No attempt has been made by the translator to rearrange
these confused forms.]

I, you, he, we, you, they; she and it are lacking.

Singular

=I=, mi̍h.

=You=, ih.

=He=, ih.

Plural

=We=, nuh.

=You=, ni̍h-ä̍tta.

=They=, i̍h-ä̍tta.

First Person Singular

_Nom._, =I=, mi̍h.

_Gen._, =of me=, man-nan (_an_ French, nasal like _ah_).

_Dat._, =to me=, mó (rather full).

_Dat._, =to me=, róh-dätá.

_Accus._, =me=, uáck. _Abl._, =from me=, roh-ätá.

First Person Plural

_Nom._, =we=, núh.

_Gen._, =of us=, nuétta.

_Accus._, (or dative; German, uns), =us=, nuétta.

Second Person Singular

_Nom._, =you=, i̍h.

_Gen._, =of you=, nittá.

_Dat._, =to you=, ni̍h.

_Accus._, =you=, ni̍h.

Example:

Mi̍h ni̍h rotkä̍, I shall strike you; i.e., I you shall strike.

Example of the first person:

You are ashamed of me: man-nan i̍hnkidichihsch (_n_ French;
_ch_ guttural); i.e., of me you are ashamed (German, shame
yourself).

Third Person Singular

_Nom._, =he=, i̍h.

_Gen._, =of him= (his), i̍hta.

_Dat._, =to him=, i̍hta.

_Accus._, =him=, i̍h.

Third Person Plural

_Nom._, =we=, núh.

_Gen._, =of us=, nuthá.

_Dat._, =to us=, róh.

_Accus._, =us=, róh.

Example:

His eye has served him ill: i̍hta istá i̍h kirúchikosch; i.e.,
his eye him has served ill; i̍hta istá, his eye.

These notes were interrupted by sickness.

_Addenda_

=I eat=, wawarutóhsch.

=You eat=, wararustosch.

=He eats=, i̍hwarutohsch.

=We eat=, wanurutohsch.

=You eat=, i̍hwarutochedesch.

=They eat=, roh-waruta-mankahusch.

=I have eaten=, wawarut-makibchasch (_ch_ guttural).

=I shall eat=, wawarustosch.

=I would eat=, ihua-haraposch (run together).

=Eat= (imper sing), warustá (_ta_ short).

=Eat= (imper plur), wárutenistá.

=Eating=, warútta-mánkahusch.

FOOTNOTES:

[257] These were discontinued owing to illness, and are, therefore, incomplete.--MAXIMILIAN.

Mandan Village Dialects

[The two villages are Mih-tutta-hángkusch and Ruhptáre; the variants are distinguished by prefixing thereto (M) and (R) respectively.--TRANS.]

=Blanket= (white woolen): (M) manhi̍chtä-schóttä; (R)
waráchschóttä (_ach_ guttural).

=Board= (plank): (M) mánnaopschi̍hdä; (R) mánna-gapschi̍hdä.

=Boat=: (M) minnanke (_an_ French; _ke_ short); (R)
mánna-kinihnde (_de_ distinct and short).

=Bow=: (M) woraërúhpa, waraërúhpa, or baraëruhpa; (R)
warauïruhpa-gapschihde (_e_ distinctly pronounced).

=Child=: (M) suck-chámahä (_ch_ guttural); (R) sucke-hi̍nnichä
(_e_ ½).

=A child who cries constantly=: (M) suck-chámahä-nattach-sinhusch
(_ach_ guttural; _n_ French): (R) suckchinick-saráh-sinhusch
(_e_ ½; in the second word _n_ is French).

=Cloth= (blue or black) (M): manhi̍chtä-psi̍h; (R) warách-psi̍h.

=Cloth= (green): (M) wi̍ratohä; (R) warách-tohä̍.

=Cloth= (scarlet): (M) manhi̍chtä-sä̍; (R) warách-sä̍.

=Clothes= (article of dress): (M) i̍hmaschuntä (_un_ like French
_oun_); (R) ihmakotä̍.

=Cotton cloth= (Indian): (M) maächtepáhpe; (R) marachpáhpina
(_ach_ guttural).

=Cover the fire=: (M) uáradä-wakatachta; (R) uaráhdä-wáchkuhárata
(the two last words run together).

=Covering of a lodge=: (M) ti̍hähnachtah (_ach_ guttural; _ta_
long); (R) tihä̍h-karastáh.

=Cut meat for drying= (v): (M) wahgap-chi̍hda (_ach_ guttural);
(R) wahgap-schi̍hdä.

=Dress yourself= (imperative): (M)
i̍nni-maschuntä̍-okáwaschacktá; (R) onni̍wakottä-okawakostá.

=Dried meat=: (M) móh-ihp-ka; (R) wah-i̍h-hip-kä.

=Ear of corn= (maize): (M) húhpatka; (R) húhpan.

=Entrance to a lodge= (tambour): (M) berrä-páhchu (_r_ with the
point of the tongue; _ch_ guttural); (R) berrä-óschiduhdä.

=Fort= (of the white men): (M) mannach-kinihnde (_ach_ guttural;
_e_ distinctly pronounced); (R) mannách-kini̍hnde (_e_
distinctly pronounced).

=Four inner posts of a lodge=: (M) tidock-húhdä; (R)
mahun-kih-häddä (_un_ like French _oun_; the last three
syllables run together.)

=Give me water=: (M) mönnih-mámakutta; (R) mönni̍h-mam-makúhta.

=Go and tell this=: (M) náhha-ki̍nahta; (R) náhha-kiki̍nihta.

=He beats the drum=: (M) bäräch-dot-kisch (_ach_ guttural; _r_
with the point of the tongue); (R) bärächt-ki̍h-osch (_ach_
guttural; _r_ with the point of the tongue).

=He dances=: (M): wánapisch; (R) wáh-ana-pohsch.

=He has arrived=: (M) kirihsch; (R) kiri-osch.

=He is dead=: (M) tä̍hrusch; (R) tä̍h-isch.

=He is here=: (M) mánkahusch (_an_ French); (R) a̍hkamehusch (_e_
distinctly pronounced).

=He is victorious=: (M) wachkaná-hrusch; (R) wachkanná-asch
(_ach_ guttural).

=He rises= (stands up): (M) nán-teh-isch (_an_ French); (R)
náh-etosch (_e_ barely audible).

=He seeks= (tries): kichkárarusch (_ich_ German); (R) kikáraasch.

=Hoe=: (M) chúnapa; (R) a̍hhudäne (_e_ ½).

=I have found the bones=: (M) wahuh-kärrewa-huhsch; (R)
húh-kärräwáni-isch (the two last words run together).

=I have given= (rejeté): (M) kahärre-isch; (R) kahä̍rre-usch.

=I have said it= (said so): (M) ä̍h-pisch; (R) wahä̍nni-waä̍h-äs
(run together).

=I have scraped it= (a hide): (M) warrúh-hintuhsch; (R)
wapácho-husch (_ch_ guttural).

=I have seen=: wahähsch; (R) waháusch (German).

=I sell=: (M) wi̍h-káhrusch: (R)wi̍h-tusch.

=I sew=: (M) i̍wa-tarakosch; (R) kikáh-akosch (_a_ barely
audible).

=I shall tell him= (say to him): (M) wakinnahktusch (run
together); (R) waki̍kinihktusch.

=I sleep=: (M) wahánarusch; (R) wahána-asch.

=I talk with you=: (M) waháh-dohrusch; (R) wáhko-haráhrusch.

=I think it is so=: (M) on-usch-ka-iwa-paschidéhhusch (_n_
French); (R) o̍nschka-ewadehusch.

=I throw out the dirt=: (M) wapattikosch; (R) wacktóhsch (_wack_
short).

=I sit=: (M) wakich-kanakosch (_ich_ guttural); (R) kikánakosch.

=It is sold= (the meat): (M) dá-cherä-pusch (_ch_ guttural; _r_
with the point of the tongue); (R) dáhktun-wehdusch (_un_ like
French _oun_).

=Lower part of a hill=: (M) káh-werisch-kat (_e_ ½);(R)
mahä̍h-kar-astá (_r_ with the point of the tongue).

=Medicine=: (M) chóppenih (_ch_ guttural); (R) chóppenih-hosch
(_ch_ guttural).

=This is medicine=: (M) chóppenisch (ch guttural); (R)
chóppeni-osch (_e_ short and ½).

=One year old buffalo cow=: (M) ninkiï-patú (_in_ like _i_ nasal;
_ii_ separated); (R) ninkiï-páhtune (_e_ barely audible).

=Otter=: (M) pä̍hchtekeh, or pä̍chtackä (_ach_ guttural); (R)
chóhpäckä (_o_ full).

=Pray go there!= (M) dahhini-ä̍häta; (R) hä̍nni-ä̍äta.

=Pretty=: (M) schi̍h-óchadisch (run together); (R)
schi̍do-óchorusch (_r_ with the point of the tongue).

=Put on your leggings and moccasins=: énni-ki̍htata; (R)
onni̍h-kihtata.

=Robe=: (M) mi̍h-ihä (run together); (R) má-i-hä.

=Scaffold= (frame): (M) maschóttä; (R) waschtähn (_w_ like _ua_;
occasionally an _e_ is heard at the end).

=Seat yourself=: (M) kichkánackta (_ich_ German); (R)
nunschiman-hihárata. (_n_ and _an_ French).

=Shield=: (M) waki̍h; (R) waki̍hdä, or wähkachkopä (_ach_
guttural).

=Small brook=: (M) passách-kschukkä (_ach_ guttural); (R)
passá-ihi̍nikän.

=Sow= (v): (M) wahih-häddisch; (R) bóhwachtosch (_ach_ guttural).

=Thank= (jemand zum danke streichen): (M) wáhki-ähsch; (R)
owáh-kuhunsch (_un_ like French _oun_).

=The water is high= (or deep): (M) mönni̍h-pä̍hosch; (R)
monnih-kuwuhosch.

=They come=: (M) hóhrusch (_r_ with the point of the tongue); (R)
hóh-usch.

=They have shot=: (M) erúhpa-ka-tähsch (_r_ with the point of the
tongue); (R) erúhpa-ka-tamm-unusch (_un_ like French _oun_).

=They strike one another violently=: (M) o̍hki-sa-charakosch
(_ch_ guttural; _r_ with the point of the tongue); (R)
ki̍hkawo-sin-hosch (_in_ like _i_ nasal).

=Thread= (n): (M) wäï-wattarakänn; (R) wi̍hkikankähne (_n_
French; _e_ ½).

=We have arrived=: (M) núhtisch; (R) wä̍h-te-usch (_e_ distinctly
pronounced; the whole run together).

=You have said= (singular): ähtisch; (R) ähto-sch.

=You tell the truth=: (M) on-usch-kasch; (R) unsch-kusch (_un_
like French _oun_).

=Young cow=: (M) ptin-chámahä (_in_ like _i_ nasal; _ch_
guttural); (R) ptin-ihi̍nikä (_n_ as before).

MINNITARRIS, or Grosventres[258]

=Abode= (dwelling place; shooting stand), uakö̍h-schähs.

=Above=, a̍h-kuka (_ah_ strongly emphasized).

=Abyss= (precipice), awarä̍ta-dach-api̍hsäs.

=Ahead= (forward), wi̍h-akuwatáhs.

=All= (the whole, all together), ä̍hsa (_sa_ short).

=Alone= (single), i̍chsaki (_saki_ short).

=Always=, ti̍h-achkuss.

=American=, Mahtschi-ichti̍ä.

=Another=, iháh-s (_s_ slightly hissed).

=Answer= (v), wih-a-kákiwähs (the whole short and run together).

=Antelope park= (the), o̍h-chidäi (_dai_ run together).

=Anxiety= (fear), wah-erei̍chu-pascháhsis (_sis_ distinctly
pronounced).

=Approach stealthily= (v), uïtadähs (_ui_ somewhat separated).

=Arm=, a̍hra (_r_ with the point of the tongue).

=Arrow=, bi̍dda-arúhtischa (_scha_ short).

=Ashes=, wirásipa (the whole short).

=Ask= (v), kiwáschusch (_wa_ very short; _chusch_ low).

=Awake= (v, intr), mah-kä̍i-sähs. (_kai_ shrill, with the point
of the tongue).

=Axe=, waïpsá.

=Back= (adverb), kiï̍ss (_ii_ separated); i.e., he is back.

=Back= (n, or v; to move with a jerk?), äschitá.

=Backward=, epéhtïqua (_e_ ½; _qua_ run together and short).

=Bad= (angry), natatähs.

=Bald=, a̍hchtu-rukotis (_ahch_ long).

=Ball= (bullet), o̍hwassa-werúchaarúhtischa; or simply arúhtischa.

=Ball= (for playing), maóh-tape (run together; _e_ distinctly
pronounced).

=Ball-game of the women=, ma-úhtape (_e_ distinctly pronounced;
the whole run together).

=Bathe= (v), wirichpi̍ (_pi_ short).

=Bear= (v; give birth), eïmattúhäs (indistinct and short).

=Beard=, ih-ih-tass (pronounced together).

=Beautiful=, saki̍chtiss (_ich_ with the point of the tongue).

=Behind= (back of us), wapi̍-tikua.

=Belly=, i̍hchi.

=Below= (beneath), mechtáhchqua (_e_ ½; _qua_ together).

=Bend= (v), rúhskupiss.

=Berdash=, biatti̍ (_ti_ short; _bi_ separated from _a_).

=Beside= (near), watáh-óhtiruch.

=Best= (all genders), akussaki̍ss.

=Between=, nu-uáh-taru (the whole run together; _taru_ low and
without emphasis).

=Big with young=, same word as for pregnant.

=Bile=, wáh-aruschi̍de (_schi_ long; _de_ short and low).

=Billiard game= (Billard-spiel), máh-kache (_e_ ½; the whole
short).

=Bird=, sakkanka.

=Bitter=, arauiss.

=Black=, schüpi̍scha (_scha_ short).

=Bladder=, arachi.

=Blind=, ischtá-läjiss (_ji_ French); i.e., no eyes.

=Blond= (of hair), arrasi̍hdiss.

=Blood=, i̍hdi; bloody, i̍hdi-saki̍ss.

=Bloom=, (v), ohrakapakiss.

=Blow out= (v; blow), kah-sahs.

=Blue=, tóhhiss.

=Blush= (v), ehtu-wihähs.

=Boil= (v), birruáss (very short; _ass_ soft).

=Bone= (n), hädú (_du_ very short and explosive; _ha_ almost like
German _hai_).

=Bough=, birá-arukaká(_kaka_ short).

=Bow=, berúcha-paruiï̍.

=Bow-lance=, bidúcha-háski.

=Box on the ear=, ji̍h-tarricki̍ (_ii_ separated; second word
short).

=Braid= (v), naksútti.

=Break= (v; shatter), irúchupiss.

=Breast= (female), a̍hsi (_si_ short).

=Breast= (the whole breast), i̍hwaki (_ki_ short, almost like
_ke_).

=Breath=, idi̍achis (_i_ with emphasis).

=Brilliant= (splendid), hopháh-hischötts (second word low and
short).

=Broad=, schúchkass.

=Brook=, ahji-karischtá (_ji_ French).

=Broom= (for sweeping), mahchschi̍a-i̍hcha.

=Brother= (eldest), ih-akáss.

=Brother= (youngest), hä̍hderusch (_r_ with the point of the
tongue, as always).

=Brown=, takápiäs (_i_ and _a_ somewhat separated).

=Bud= (n), bi̍dda-ächpú (the whole short).

=Burn= (v, reflexive), a̍hotiss (_ah_ and _o_ separated).

=Burn= (v, tr or intr; destroy by fire), arach-púpiss (run
together).

=Buttock=, ischi̍ttarucka (_tarucka_ short).

=Buy= (v), mah-éh-ho.

=Call= (v; call anyone), haä̍hdaha (_a_ and _ah_ separated;
_daha_ short).

=Calm= (n), há-hei-hischess (_hei_ German, together; _ha_ with
emphasis; the whole pronounced together).

=Candle= (light), biddá-i-awacháhtä (the whole run together).

=Canoe=, máhn-ti (_mahn_ nasal; _n_ French; _ti_ short).

=Carrion= (a dead animal), wah-puhä̍s (_s_ barely audible).

=Catch= (v; capture), dúhchsiss.

=Caught= (taken pri̍soner), náhchke (_nahch_ long and with
emphasis; _e_ ½ and short).

=Chew= (v), marúchtuas (_as_ moderated).

=Child=, máh-karischtá.

=Chill= (v; be cold, freeze), mih-áhkapahts (run together).

=Chin=, wi̍hchka.

=Circle= (n), kaki̍chis (short).

=Clap= (v; with the hands), lacksútti.

=Clasp= (v; enclose), kidachpáhs.

=Claws= (of an animal), isä̍chpo.

=Clear=, kischi̍ss.

=Clear= (bright), awacháhtis.

=Clouds= (masses of cloud), achpáhchä (_cha_ short).

=Coal=, bi̍dda-apuckschá (_scha_ short and explosive).

=Coals= (glowing), bi̍dda-arra-áracha (the whole run together,
short explosive).

=Cold= (adj), siddi̍h-as (first word with emphasis; _as_
moderated).

=Color= (n), o̍hdä.

=Comb= (n), máh-ara-ä̍chkidochokä.

=Come= (v), húhs; come here, hú.

=Console= (v), di̍ddä-ätá (the whole short).

=Corpse=, tä̍es (_a_ and _e_ separated).

=Cough= (v), máh-hoáss (last word short).

=Count= (v), kirruwi̍ss.

=Cover= (v; cover up), i̍ruchupiss.

=Cowardly=, maä̍h-sa-kiáss.

=Crooked=, schakupi̍ (_pi_ very short).

=Crop= (maw), ahpichti̍a (_ich_ German, not guttural; final _a_
½).

=Cure= (v), kirai̍schachkais (_rai_ and _kais_ run together; the
whole short).

=Curly= (of hair), araschiki̍äs (emphasis on _i_).

=Curry= (v; tan), mánpachu (_an_ French; _pachu_ low and short).

=Cut= (v), pá-sakiss (run together).

=Cut down= (v), wahk-ksakkes (run together; _kes_ short).

=Cut down= (v; fell), bidda-rachkoáss.

=Dance= (n), mahdischi̍ (_schi_ short, explosive).

=Dark=, haphähischäs.

=Daughter=, same word as for maiden.

=Dawn= (daybreak), lackscháhwaräs (run together; _ras_ not very
short).

=Day=, áhtas.

=Dead=, arrutä̍hs.

=Deaf=, ach-ko-chi-táh-us (the whole run together).

=Dear= (costly), ei̍hwassi-akuss (_e_ short; _ih_ with strong
emphasis; the whole run together).

=Death=, tä̍es (_a_ and _e_ separated).

=Death's head= (totenkopf), dokaráhcha-atú (_atu_ short and
explosive).

=Decoy= (v; an animal), watáhchiwahuhs.

=Delay= (v; make late), arrukü̍hdak-schüpi̍ss.

=Dependent=, awahä̍hrichka (_ka_ short).

=Devastate= (v), háh-wihä̍hs.

=Devil= (evil spirit), i̍hsichka-wahä̍ddisch.

=Dew=, bi̍ddi-bitáss (_tass_ with strong emphasis).

=Die=, (v), tä̍es (_a_ and _e_ separated; _e_ ½).

=Dirty=, awach-sákiss (words pronounced in quick succession).

=Dirty= (v), awachsákkis.

=Dive= (v), sippi̍ss.

=Divide= (v), i̍hwakisshähs (most of the word without emphasis).

=Door=, biddä̍.

=Double=, rúhpassakua (_kua_ together, German, short).

=Drag= (v), rúh-sirruä (_ru_ and _a_ separated; _a_ very short).

=Draw= (v; draw a load), dúh-särruäs (_u_ separated from _as_).

=Draw= (v; draw water), aúschähs (_au_ almost like full _o_; _s_
indistinct).

=Dream= (n), same word as for verb.

=Dream= (v), mah-schi̍hrähs.

=Dress= (clothing), wa-ich-kikschiss (the whole pronounced
together), or wikit-schi̍wiss (_schiwiss_ short).

=Drink= (v), hä̍-ihs (_ha_ loud cry; _ihs_ lower).

=Drive= (v), nak-hi̍as (_hi_ and _as_ separated; _i_ with strong
emphasis).

=Drop= (of water; or v), chä̍hs.

=Drown= (v; be drowned), nachpáhka-nacksá.

=Drum= (n), biddá-charriki (the whole very short).

=Dry= (adj), u̍hsiss (_siss_ short).

=Dumb=, idä̍htas.

=Dung=, pä̍hri (_ri_ very short).

=Dust=, abá.

=Ear=, achpá (_pa_ very short).

=Ear-ornament=, wa-achpóhksche (_o_ very full; _e_ ½).

=Early=, a̍ntarähts (_an_ French; _tarahts_ low, especially
_rahts_).

=Earth=, auá (strong emphasis on _a_; _a_ and _u_ separated,
almost like _awa_).

=Egg= (of a bird), sakkáh-karáhka; or sakkáh-kanáhka.

=Elbow=, ischpachä̍.

=Empty= (adj), wa-aúscha-rä̍hschi̍s (_au_ together).

=Enemy=, mah-ehá (_e_ almost like _i_).

=Englishman=, Waschi̍-pachsi̍ttako (_sittako_ very short).

=Enough=, kochk-kats (_k_ half modulated; _kats_ low; the whole
run together).

=Entangle=, (v; involve), chachaodi̍ss.

=Entertain= (v), sakkii̍uahs.

=Even= (flat), arusuchka.

=Evening=, o̍hksies (_o_ full; _sies_ distinctly pronounced; _e_
½).

=Everywhere=, chakáhäta.

=Exchange= (v; or mistake), koatóhk-madiäsisch-eschiwáhwarähs
(_o_ full; _i_ and _a_ separated; _i_ with emphasis; _a_ ½).

=Expectorate= (v; vomit), aruschúha (final _a_ short).

=Eye=, ischtá.

=Eye-ball=, ischtárusche-pischa (_e_ ½).

=Eye-lash=, ischách-pi.

=Eyelid=, ischtarach-pé.

=Face= (sight), jïtá.

=Fade= (v; wither), chéhdis (_cheh_ with strong emphasis; _dis_
short and low).

=Fail= (v; miss a shot), dachkisi̍ss.

=Fall= (v), patthiss.

=Fall= (v; of the leaves), beréhpehahsi̍ss (second _e_ ½).

=Fan= (of feathers), o̍hhiddi-ächkidda-kóhdi (_iddi_ and _idda_
very short).

=Far= (distant), téh-i-schiss (run together).

=Far= (distant), téh-schiss.

=Fat= (stout), schuwi̍ (_wi_ very short and with strong emphasis).

=Father=, a̍htuch (_ah_ nasal).

=Feather=, maïs-chóhki (the whole pronounced together).

=Female= (of animals), wuü̍chka.

=Festival= (corn festival), wah-rui̍kohke (_u_ and _i_ separated;
_e_ distinctly pronounced; the whole run together).

=Fin=, wóa-éschu (_schu_ short).

=Find= (v), óhrapiss (_o_ full; _piss_ indistinct and low).

=Finger=, maschákke-arussáwi (_e_ ½).

=Finger= (fore), mati̍-wa-óhwi (_waohwi_ together).

=Finger= (little), maschákke-káhscha (_a_ only ½, almost like
_e_).

=Finger= (middle), maschákke-eruhaski (the whole very short and
run together).

=Finger= (third), maschákke-náhschidasche (_e_ ½); i.e., the
finger without a name.

=Fire=, bidá-a (_da-a_ short and explosive).

=Fire-brand=, bida-assá (_assa_ short and explosive).

=Fish= (n), buá (_a_ with strong emphasis and rather full, like
_o_).

=Fish (v), wóhrak-schi̍ass (_ass_ like _att_ and indistinct=).

=Fish= (v; catch fish), wóhrak-schi̍es (_es_ together; and
distinctly pronounced).

=Fish-hook=, woh-ich-tikúhe (pronounced together).

=Fist=, scháhki-waóhpa-kichkähs (_ich_ German, with the point of
the tongue; the whole run together).

=Flame=, bi̍da-adaä̍ëchi (_e_ ½).

=Flat=, súhchkas.

=Flatter= (v), saráhki-páhchus (_ki_ and _us_ lower in tone).

=Flee= (v; escape), karáhs (_s_ barely audible).

=Flesh=, erúkschitti (short; _schitti_ short and low).

=Flint=, o̍wassa-widuchá.

=Flood= (v; overflow), biddi-uhahahs.

=Foam=, biddi-puchä̍ (_biddi_ short).

=Fog=, nakahotä̍.

=Force= (v; compel), issi̍h-achkehs (the whole short, indistinct,
and run together).

=Forehead=, ih-chi̍.

=Forest=, bi̍dda-wahukáh.

=Forget= (v), uichkaráhchischess.

=Foot=, ittsi̍ (_si_ very short).

=Foot-path=, adii̍h (_a_ short).

=Free=, arrudi̍tass (_di_ accented; _tass_ sinks in tone).

=Freeze= (v), maruchán-kapan (_an_ French; _kapan_ indistinct and
lower).

=Frenchman=, Uaschi̍, or Waschi̍.

=Friend=, marakoá (_koa_ short).

=Frost= (hoar frost), macháurakiss (_au_ together).

=Full=, ma-ássiss.

=Full-moon=, wáhch-kubbedi̍h-áhchkakóhri (_ri_ pronounced lower).

=Fully=, a̍otti (_a_ and _o_ separated; _ti_ low and short).

=Gay-colored= (variegated), pohji̍ss (_j_ French).

=Go= (v), dähts (indistinct and low at the end).

=God= (lord of life), ehsich-kawáh-hiddisch (_hiddisch_ without
accent or emphasis and low; _ich_ German and not guttural).[259]

=Good=, sakki̍ss (_kiss_ very short; _ss_ barely audible).

=Grandson=, matauapi̍scha.

=Grape-vine=, bi̍dda-páheri (_pah_ together; _e_ ½; _ri_ short).

=Grass=, miká (_mi_ very short; _ka_ strong explosive).

=Gray=, sáotta.

=Gray-haired=, arrahascheháh-attakits (_e_ ½; _its_ low; the
whole short).

=Great=, hatskits (low).

=Green=, maëilö̍üichka (_ich_ with the point of the tongue).

=Ground=, same word as for earth.

=Gums=, ihch-schá-arúh-idú (last four syllables run together;
_idu_ very short).

=Gun=, o̍hwa-tsawirúcha (second word short and low); rifle,
a̍rruhappissúa (_u_ and _a_ separated).

=Gut= (intestines), schi̍hpa (_pa_ short).

=Gut= (v; gut an animal), ehri-hatáhs.

=Hail= (n), múhkach-pittauï̍ (run together).

=Hair=, ará (nasal).

=Half=, súhta (_ta_ short and low).

=Hand=, waschaki̍.

=Hard=, sa-su-ki̍ss (_sa_ short; the whole short and run
together).

=Hate= (v), arre-ä̍-wahs (_arre_ short; _e_ ½; the whole
pronounced together).

=Haul= (v; fetch), kiki̍hriss.

=Head=, ah-tú (_ah_ nasal; _tu_ very short explosive).

=Headache=, ah-tú-areä (_e_ ½; last word short and indistinct).

=Hear= (v), ui̍hkikess.

=Heart=, waratá.

=Hearty= (stout-hearted), uútahs (_uu_ separated; _s_ somewhat
like _t_).

=Heat= (n), sauä̍hs (_a_ and _u_ separated).

=Heat= (v; inflame), mi̍h-sa-uähs.

=Heaven= (sky), achpáhchi-tóhä.

=Heavy=, taksi̍äs (_as_ short; _i_ and _as_ separated; _i_ with
emphasis).

=Heel=, issä̍hki (_ki_ short).

=Help= (v), a̍h-pewahais (second word pronounced softly and
short; _hais_ German, together; _e_ distinctly pronounced).

=Hem= (v; clear one's throat), áhpatsekickschiss (strong emphasis
on _ah_; _e_ ½).

=Hide= (v), a-áchoass (_ass_ low; the whole run together).

=High=, wáhkuss.

=Hill of the children=, Máh-karistáhti.

=Hoarse=, erúhschiäs (short and run together; final _s_ distinct).

=Hole=, máh-arhoppe (_e_ has almost full value).

=Hollow= (adj), cháhkupiss.

=Hoof= (cloven), esi̍chpu (_e_ like _i_).

=Hoop= (of wood), wirrawáh-apé (_ape_ very short; _e_ ½).

=Hope= (v), ihwati̍ss.

=Horn=, aaschi̍ (_aa_ separated); or aanschi̍; (_a_ and _an_
French and separated).

=Horns=, máhroka-ánschi (_an_ French; second _a_ barely audible).

=Hot=, sawáis (German; the whole short and run together).

=House= (lodge), atti̍, (_i_ short).

=Hunger=, wah-ahri̍tis; i.e., they are all hungry; mari̍htis, I
am hungry.

=Hunt= (v), wáhri-iwaráhs (second _i_ barely audible).

=Hunter=, wáhri-irakurähs (second _i_ barely audible).

=Hurl= (v; or overthrow), mih-pati̍ss.

=Hurricane=, hóhsi-ichti̍as (_ich_ German and not guttural; _i_
with strong accent; _i_ and _a_ separated).

=I=, mi̍h.

=Ice=, warúchi.

=In= (come in), bidä̍ht.

=Incurable=, arrukischidä̍hset (_dah_ prolonged with emphasis;
_arru_ short).

=Indistinct= (of seeing), i-ä̍ss.

=Interior=, awahuká (_awa_ short).

=Intoxicate=, waráchapahs.

=Iron=, u̍hwassa (_sa_ short).

=Island=, wiritáhä.

=Itch= (n), chediä̍ss (_e_ distinctly pronounced).

=Jar= (vessel), biddachá.

=Jaw=, mara-oróhpa (_o_ full; the whole run together).

=Joy=, naatássakiss (_aa_ separated).

=Kernel=, súhwa (_wa_ short).

=Kindle= (v), arachahähs.

=Knee=, wachóh-acha (_choh_ together; the whole pronounced
together).

=Kneel= (v), äschuwissä̍.

=Knife=, máhtsi.

=Know= (v), ahchkähs (first _a_ ½, almost like _a_ umlaut).

=Know= (v; be acquainted with), a̍wachkähs (_kahs_ low and
moderated).

=Knuckle= (n), watsi̍-orussáh (short and run together).

=Lame= (limping), ashkáus (_kaus_ almost like _kohs_).

=Lament= (v), arra-aki̍wiät; i.e., he weeps from pain.

=Lance=, bi̍dda-tirutä̍ (last word short).

=Land=, same word as for earth.

=Laugh= (v), káhs (German throughout).

=Lay= (v; lay down), rúhscha (_scha_ short).

=Leader= (chief), uassä̍-issis.

=Leaf=, a̍hpa.

=Lean= (v), ihtáhkachta (_ta_ short).

=Leap= (v; spring), sich-chi̍ss (_sich_ short; _chiss_ likewise).

=Left= (adverb), i̍rach-ki̍scha (the whole short; _scha_ short).

=Lick= (v), náhsipiss.

=Lie= (v; deceive), wittapáss.

=Life=, nachkúss.

=Lift= (v), dóhkiss (rather indistinct).

=Light= (v), awachath-hähs (run together).

=Light (nimble=), dagóchtiss (_go_ German guttural).

=Lightning=, karichkáhs (_ich_ hissed as in German and not
guttural).

=Like= (v), kiráschiss.

=Lip=, i̍hdä-ätá (_ta_ short).

=Little=, kohsch-táss (_o_ full).

=Long=, háski; this word was undoubtedly borrowed from the
Mandans.

=Loose= (of clothes), ichti̍ass (_ich_ German, with the point of
the tongue; _i_ with emphasis and separated from _ass_).

=Maiden=, bi̍h-akáhsa (final _a_ ½); they also use akáhscha for
akáhsa.

=Maize=, kóhchatä (_o_ full); this word was certainly borrowed
from the Mandans.

=Man=, matséh, or matsä̍h.

=Man= (human being), massä̍, or matsä̍h.

=Meal= (eat?), babuti̍ss.

=Medicine=, chupáhs (_ch_ guttural).

=Medicine-feast=, mah-chupáh-ääs.

=Medicine-feast= (the Okippe of the Mandans), akupéhri (_ku_ very
short; _ri_ short and with the point of the tongue).

=Medicine-lodge=, atechupáhs.

=Medicine-man=, madséh-akuchupáhs.

=Medicine-stone=, wi̍hdä-katachi̍ (_da_ and _chi_ very short).

=Melt= (v), suki̍ss.

=Messenger=, dáchkahts (_a_ peculiarly modulated).

=Milk= (n), ma-áhtsi-biddi̍ (short and run together; _biddi_ very
short).

=Mirror=, ma-ich-ki̍h-ka (_ich_ with the point of the tongue;
_ka_ short).

=Mistake= (v; lose one's way), wachkaráhchisschess (_schess_ low
and soft).

=Moon=, wáhch-kubbedi̍h (the whole short and run togeher; _e_ ½).

=Moonshine=, wáhch-kubbedi̍h-sihsah (_sah_ lowered).

=Morning=, kirahkutá (_ta_ short).

=Mother=, ächká (_ach_ not guttural, but _ch_ hissed).

=Mountain=, awacháüi (the whole together).

=Mouth=, bi̍h.

=Much=, ahúss.

=Murder= (v; kill), tawahs (_wa_ like _ua_).

=Music= (beat the drum), wi̍rrachárriki (the whole short).

=My=, watawá.

=Nail= (on the hand), wascháckächpú.

=Nail= (on the foot), wassi̍chpu.

=Naked=, widdi-bikkikoáejes (_e_ ½; _a_ and _e_ separated; _je_
French; _s_ ½).

=Name=, náhji (_nah_ with emphasis; _ji_ French, low and short).

=Nape= (of the neck), machpóh-ottä (together; _otta_ short).

=Narrow=, kari̍schtass (_ss_ indistinct).

=Navel=, watarächpá.

=Neck= (throat), a̍hperu (_peru_ very short).

=Negro=, waschi̍h (or uaschih)-ischüpi̍scha.

=Nest= (of bird), ichki̍schi (_schi_ short).

=Nettle= (n), wáh-ächáhke (_e_ ½).

=New=, hiddáhs (short, _s_ low).

=New-moon=, wáhch-kubbedi̍h-kiddahi̍ss.

=Night=, aúk-sïe (_auk_ together, with emphasis; _u_ somewhat
like _i_; _si_ together; _e_ ½, separated and somewhat like
_a_).

=Noon=, widdiwáh-péirapi (_pei_ together and shrill; the whole
short and rapid); i.e., the sun is in the middle.

=Nose=, apá (short).

=Nostril=, apáre-hopö̍ (_e_ ½; the whole short).

=Not= (no), dä̍hsches (_e_ ½; _s_ soft).

=Old=, chiäs (_as_ soft and low).

=Old man=, itháka-chiäs.

=Old woman=, káhru-chiäs.

=Oldest= (the oldest), akouáh-ichti̍äs (_o_ and _u_ separated;
_ch_ guttural; _ti_ together; _as_ together).

=On the other side=, tsóo-ka (_ka_ lowers in tone, short; _oo_
somewhat separated).

=On the other side of the hill=, awa-itá-sohqua (_qua_ together).

=Outside= (without), atáhjikua (_ji_ French; _kua_ together).

=Over=, máh-kuka (run together).

=Oversleep= (v; neglect by sleeping), hä̍ddauitti̍äs (_ti_ and
_as_ separated, _ti_ with emphasis).

=Pain= (n), hädú-ade-ä̍ss (_e_ ½; strong emphasis on _ass_; the
whole run together).

=Paint= (v), warahk-hiriss.

=Pair=, rúhpassa (_passa_ low and short).

=Palate= (roof of the mouth), nóotisch-karuscháscha (_oo_
separated and full; _karuschascha_ short; _scha_ sinks in tone).

=Pardon= (v; forgive), kirä̍h-schachkähs (run together).

=Partizan= (leader of a war party), akuri̍hdi (_di_ short).

=Past= (over; go past), eischiss (_ei_ very shrill, with the
point of the tongue, with strong emphasis).

=Peace=, make-itteruchpahk-hatsch (_e_ ½; _hatsch_ low and
indistinct, like _hahts_).

=People= (men, folk), ruchpáhga (_ga_ German guttural).

=Pinch= (v; to carouse?), wirúskapis (_pis_ distinctly
pronounced).

=Pipe= (tobacco-pipe), éikipi (_ei_ very shrill, almost like _i_
and with strong accent; _kipi_ low and short).

=Plant= (v), awa-áuschess (_au_ together).

=Play= (v), bidáchatichke (_ich_ German, with the point of the
tongue; _e_ ½).

=Pluck= (v; feathers), i̍hruketiss (_e_ ½).

=Pointed=, apsáss.

=Polish= (v; adorn), ächkikschi̍ss.

=Pond= (or pool), bi̍ddicha-kúp-hä.

=Pouch= (for ammunition), beädse-i̍schi (_e_ distinctly
pronounced).

=Pouch= (painted, of leather), wákiischi (run together).

=Pouch= (of leather), wassitó-üschi.

=Powder= (gun-powder), birá-sipa.

=Prairie=, ama-awesuchka (_e_ distinctly pronounced).

=Pregnant=, äcdichti̍äs (_i_ with emphasis; _i_ and _as_
separated).

=Press= (v), sasuck-hähs (run together).

=Press out= (v; express?), núhbiris.

=Pretty=, sacki̍chtiss (_ich_ with the point of the tongue).

=Prick= (v; or sting), mah-aráchpüwiss.

=Prisoner=, náhkehäs (_e_ ½).

=Proud=, ichóa-ischi-saki̍ssas (_o_ and _a_ separated; _ischi_
short).

=Pulse=, dúschi-schi̍äs (_i_ with strong accent; _i_ and _as_
separated).

=Push= (v; thrust), páki-di̍äs (_di_ and _as_ separated; the
whole run together).

=Quarrel= (v; fight), aúk-schass-hähs (_auk_ with strong
emphasis; the whole run together).

=Quarter= (of the moon), wáhchkubbedi̍h-erúschkapiss.

=Quick=, hih-itats (run together; _tats_ low; the whole short).

=Quiver=, arúhtischa-i̍schi.

=Rain= (v), charä̍hs.

=Rainbow=, bi̍ddi-apóka; i.e., the cap of the water.

=Rattle= (sysyquoy, gourd rattle), éi-poh-chä (_ei_ like _ai_,
together; a loud, shrill fore-tone).

=Reconcile= (v), make-ikáh-as (_e_ ½; the whole pronounced
together).

=Red=, heischi̍ss (_hei_ together and pronounced very shrilly
with the point of the tongue).

=Refuse= (v; deny), e-ischi̍-arähs (the whole run together);
i.e., I will not.

=Rib=, wirrúh-tirrú (the whole very short).

=Ring= (v), tawóes (_o_ and _e_ separated; _es_ together and ½).

=Ripe= (of fruit), a̍otiss (_ao_ separated; the whole short and
run together).

=River=, a̍nji-ischti̍äss (first _i_ often silent; _j_ French).

=Roast= (v; or n), wahweriti̍ (_e_ ½).

=Rock= (cliff), bi-hách-pa (_hach_ guttural, yet almost like
_ha_).

=Root=, äscháhwichkä (_wich_ German, with the point of the
tongue).

=Rot= (v), karä̍hs.

=Rotten= (lazy), nah-ta-chéh-piss.

=Row= (v; paddle), wáh-tirachóhke (_e_ distinctly pronounced).

=Run= (v), tiriä̍s (_s_ very low and barely audible).

=Saddle= (for a horse), matanáh-chukchä-rubidá.

=Sand=, póhcha-ka (_ka_ short).

=Scaffold= (for the dead), mánsachti (_man_ French, long; _ti_
very short).

=Scalp= (n), biddarú (_ru_ with the point of the tongue, short,
and soft).

=Scalp= (v), addadúhs.

=Scar=, oh-áttass.

=Scratch= (v), rúchkapiss.

=Scream= (v), saski̍ss.

=Sea=, bi̍ddi-akichti̍a (_biddi_ very short; first _a_ barely
audible; _ti_ and _a_ separated).

=Secret= (adj), a-achóas (together; _as_ ½ and low).

=See= (v), i̍kahs.

=Seize= (v; attack), wapach-ti̍siss.

=Shade= (shadow), arru-oͣhkse (_e_ ½; _o_ between _a_ and _o_).

=Shake= (v; rock), chakáhrachkuss.

=Shallow= (water), biddi-chä̍hpis.

=Sharp= (keen), apsáss (second _a_ modulated).

=Shield= (pare-flèche), widáhki (_ki_ short).

=Shin= (shin-bone), wassóhpa (_pa_ short).

=Shiver= (v; with cold), wi̍htarichtiss (_ich_ German, with the
point of the tongue).

=Shoot= (with a bow), bi̍dda-arúhschischa-iwáhre-i̍ss (_e_ ½).

=Shoot= (with a gun), o̍hwassabérucha-ihwáhre-i̍ss (_e_ ½).

=Shooting-star=, ichkaró-han-kar-ä̍hs (_ich_ German, with the
point of the tongue; _an_ French; the whole run together).

=Shore= (bank), biddi-däh-tadu; (first and last words very short).

=Short=, párruwi (short and rapidly pronounced).

=Shoulder=, ah-tirú (_tiru_ very short).

=Show= (v; instruct in a matter), kikúhs-ki̍ss (short and run
together).

=Sick=, ächurä̍hs (_u_ and _a_ separated).

=Side=, itá-sú (_su_ very short).

=Sigh= (v), idi̍ahiss (_di_ and _a_ separated; emphasis on _i_).

=Sing= (v), mah-páh-hiss.

=Sister=, ittawi̍a (first _i_ barely audible; _i_ and _a_
separated, emphasis on _i_ not very strong).

=Sit= (v), amáhgis (_mah_ very long; _gis_ German guttural).

=Skin= (hide of animal), dachpi̍.

=Sledge=, bi̍dda-wa-ádussadua (the whole run together; the last
word indistinct and short).

=Sleep= (v), hi̍ddawiss, or heidabi̍ss (_hei_ shrill, with the
point of the tongue).

=Slow=, hóp-ha (_ha_ short).

=Small=, kari̍schta.

=Smell= (v; sniff, scent), wúhpiss.

=Smoke= (n), pi-ä̍hs.

=Smoke= (v; tobacco), aúpe-hihs (_ua_ together; _e_ ½).

=Smooth=, a̍h-atats (run together).

=Snarl= (v; growl), eháhte (final _e_ distinctly pronounced;
first _e_ short).

=Sneeze= (v), mahhachpi̍ss.

=Snore= (v), appatáhchis.

=Snow= (n), máh-a (short and run together).

=Sole= (of the foot), ittsi̍-wahú (_wahu_ very short).

=Son=, idischá.

=Sore-throat=, a̍hperu-arreä̍ss (first _e_ distinctly pronounced;
last word very short).

=Spark= (n), bi̍dda-alánka (_bidda_ very short; _an_ French;
_lan_ prolonged).

=Speak= (v), i̍ddähs.

=Speech= (language), máh-arúhdä (run together).

=Spirits= (distilled), widi̍h-araüi.

=Spittle=, arukschuá (strong accent on _a_).

=Split= (v; wood), bi̍dda-kiriki.

=Spring= (the season), ama-arä̍hs (run together).

=Spring= (source), mahá.

=Spy= (v; listen), achkochä-ruktahs.

=Squint= (v), ischtä̍rruchtahs.

=Star=, ichká (_ich_ German, with the point of the tongue; _ka_
short).

=Start= (v; start game), kárahäs.

=Steep=, nacháppäischass (_a_ and _i_ somewhat separated).

=Step-father=, same word as for father.

=Step-mother=, same word as for mother.

=Stick= (n), bidda-káhscha (_scha_ short).

=Stifle= (v; choke, repress), dút-hapiss.

=Still=, há-chä-hi-schi̍ss (pronounced together).

=Stinginess=, márachzats (_zats_ low and indistinct; the whole
nasal).

=Stomach=, bi̍hwaki (_bi_ with stronger accent; _i_ short; _waki_
sinks in tone).

=Stone= (n), bih-i̍ (_i_ very short and explosive).

=Stop= (v; stop up), kipáhtakiss.

=Storm= (n), maapischi̍a (_aa_ separated; final _a_ short and
low).

=Straight=, zawóchtsitz (_tsitz_ low).

=Strike= (v), niki̍ss.

=Strong=, iss-hi̍h-äs (run together; strong emphasis on _hih_;
_as_ very short and low).

=Stump=, schohkiss (_o_ full and long).

=Stupid=, wahruchtahs.

=Summer=, abba-adä̍hs (_abba_ very short).

=Sun=, maápi-widdi̍ (_aa_ separated).

=Sunrise=, widdi̍-atä̍hs (_widdi_ very short).

=Sunset=, widdi̍-eihwachpiss (_ei_ shrill; pronounced together as
in German).

=Swallow= (v; choke), dáh-aschúhtis.

=Swamp=, biddichti̍a-karä̍hs (_i_ with strong emphasis; _ti_ and
_a_ separated).

=Sweat= (v), sabähs.

=Sweat-medicine=, bih-óh-aku-es (the whole short and run
together; _oh_ with strong accent; _akues_ sinks in tone; _es_
short and low).

=Sweep= (v; clean), maschi̍-arachahs.

=Sweet=, si-kóh-as (_si_ and _as_ short).

=Swim= (v), biddi-di̍hris (_biddi_ very short; the whole run
together).

=Swollen= (swell), póh-ats (_ats_ very soft and low).

=Tail= (of a bird), i̍hpi.

=Tail= (of a quadruped), si̍hta (second _i_ barely audible; _ta_
short; _sih_ long).

=Tattooing= (n), arukpi̍ (_pi_ with strong emphasis and very
short).

=Teach= (v), kikúhs-ki̍ (_ki_ very short, explosive).

=Tear= (v; tear or break to pieces), duuchä̍hschis (_uu_
separated; _schis_ low).

=Tear out= (v), rúhkitiss.

=Tears=, istá-biddi-huhs (short and run together).

=Teeth=, ihch-schá (_ihch_ German, with the point of the tongue;
_scha_ short and explosive).

=Testicle=, a̍hschuka (_ka_ short).

=There=, hidóhs.

=Thick= (stout), ichti̍häs (_tih_ together).

=Thin=, chahpis.

=Thorn=, wah-apsáh.

=Throat=, nóhtischka (_ka_ short).

=Thumb=, scháhkitta, or mascháktá (_ta_ very short).

=Thunder=, tachúrakiss.

=Tickle= (v), wihscheschúkhäs (_e_ ½; _has_ soft and modulated).

=Tie= (v; fasten), warut-hiss (run together).

=Tinder-box=, bi̍discha (_scha_ short).

=Tobacco=, aópi (_ao_ somewhat separated; _pi_ short).

=Tobacco-pouch=, áopischi.

=Toe=, ittsikansa (_an_ French, and prolonged; _sa_ short).

=To-morrow=, a̍htaruck.

=Tongue=, däh-eschi (_dah_ with strong emphasis, _e_ ½; and
short; _eschi_ short; the whole run together).

=Toothache=, ihch-schá-adä̍hs.

=Top= (summit), awa-áhguka (_awa_ nasal; _gu_ guttural; _guka_
short).

=Toughness=, erúhpupiss.

=Track= (of an animal), etsitti̍.

=Trade= (n), maschaki̍ (_i_ short).

=Trader=, akuwa-éh-hu (_kuwa_ and _hu_ short).

=Tree=, widá (_da_ short and with emphasis), or bida.

=Tremble= (v), tadichti̍ss (_ich_ German, with the point of the
tongue).

=True=, káh-tähs.

=Ugly=, i-schi̍-äs (run together).

=Unmarried=, u̍h-arä̍hschis; i.e., he has no wife.

=Unripe=, sáhs (nasal).

=Until= (unto), arudähs.

=Urine=, wä-ä̍h-chiss (_chiss_ guttural, short, and low).

=Valley=, arúcha-kupi̍ (_pi_ short).

=Vein= (artery), akáhscha.

=Village=, awati̍ (_ti_ short).

=Void= (adj; stale; or cool, moderate), wi̍htau-auschirähsches
(_wih_ with emphasis; _au_ together).

=Wait= (v; await), áh-kuch-takahs (_ah_ nasal, with strong
emphasis).

=War=, matauáh-ehá (_e_ ½; _aua_ has each vowel separated); i.e.,
they are my enemies.

=War-club= (casse-tête; with the iron point), bi̍dda-i̍hktärrä
(_tarra_ very short; _bidda_ likewise), or bi̍dda-aspapsá.

=War-club= (of stone covered with leather), biï̍-dakútse (_bii_
very short; _e_ ½), or wa-óh-upake (_e_ distinctly pronounced;
the whole run together).

=War-club= (of wood with knots), bi̍dda-pahuachi (the whole
short).

=War-whistle=, i̍h-akóhschi (short).

=War-whoop=, i̍h-kiriki̍ss.

=Warmth=, same word as for warm.

=Warrior=, wassaréhrickschack.

=Wash= (v), kiruski̍schis.

=Water=, biddi̍, or bidi̍.

=Weary=, wahr-häkatis (the whole run together).

=Weather= (it is good weather), wáhpe-saki̍ss (_e_ ½, almost like
_i_).

=Weep= (v), éhwüass (_eh_ with strong emphasis).

=Wet=, scharä̍hs.

=What? how?= toháhsi (nasal).

=Whip=, mata-i̍hki.

=Whirlpool=, bi̍ddi-arúhwiddi (_widdi_ very short; likewise
_biddi_).

=Whirlwind=, hoh-si-paruwi̍ (_wi_ short).

=Whistle= (or flute), bi̍dda-kóhotse (_o_ full; _ot_ short; _e_
½).

=Whistle=, (v; or pipe), i̍h-akóhsche (_a_ barely audible; _e_ ½).

=White=, ächóhtakiss (_o_ full; _takiss_ short).

=Whole=, chákahä-tan (_an_ French).

=Widow=, there is no corresponding word.

=Wind= (n), hoh-si̍ (_si_ short).

=Wind= (v; of game), mah-wóh-piss.

=Wing= (n), ächpá (_pa_ very short).

=Winter=, má-arahts.

=Woman= (wife), bi̍a (_a_ subdued).

=Wood=, biddá, bidá, or widá.

=Work= (v), wah-hid-a̍hch-kuss (German).

=Wound= (n), oh-átta (_ta_ short).

=Wound= (v), uh-uss.

=Wrap up= (v), wah-ipúh-wiss.

=Wrinkle= (n, or adj; wrinkled), chi̍hpiss.

=Turn= (v; twist), wipatáh-üiss (run together).

=Turn back= (v; return), kiwi-achkúhs (run together).

=Yawn= (v), büidahts (_u_ and _i_ separated; the whole
indistinct).

=Year=, máh-ara (the whole run together; _ara_ very short).

=Yellow=, zi̍hdits (_dits_ very low).

=Yes=, äi̍ (together; a shrill sound).

=Young=, they say small.

_Clothing and Ornaments_

=Bracelets of metal=, itråuwassa (_sa_ short; the whole short).

=Breechcloth=, edde̍-ipschake (_edde_ very short; _e_ distinctly
pronounced).

=Buffalo robe=, waschi̍.

=Buffalo robe= (painted), waschi̍-i̍rutsicki.

=Girdle= (belt), ma-i-páschagih (_gih_ guttural).

=Gloves= (or mittens), chu-ti̍ (_ti_ short and explosive).

=Hair-ornament= (flat ornament for the back of the head),
arraúhwassa (_arra_ with the point of the tongue; in last word
_a_ is only ½).

=Hair-ornament= (on the temples), ächidúhwassa.

=Head-dress= (feather crown), wahaschu-lakukárahä.

=Leather-shirt=, wacháhpi-wa-itóhchi.

=Leggings=, wacháhpi-hu-psi̍h.

=Moccasins=, huupá (_uu_ somewhat separated).

=Necklace of bear's claws=, lachpitzi̍-sichpo-ahpöä (run
together).

_Plants_

=Ash=, wüschpá.

=Poplar=, máhchku.

=Prairie turnip= (pomme blanche, psoralea esculenta), ahi̍.

=Reed= (arundo), wüskapa-ah.

=Willow= (salix), bi̍dda-hahsi̍ (_si_ very short).

_Animals_

=Antelope= (cabri̍), u̍hchi; or o̍hchiki̍hdapi (_dapi_ short).

=Badger=, amakáh.

=Bat=, äschuattischi̍a (short).

=Bear= (black), haschidá.

=Bear= (grizzly), lachpitzi̍.

=Beaver=, wi̍rapa.

=Bighorn=, ansichti̍a (_ti_ and _a_ separated; strong emphasis on
_ti_; first _i_ barely audible).

=Buffalo=, witä̍.

=Buffalo= (bull), ki̍hrapi (_pi_ short).

=Buffalo= (calf), nahksi̍hdi.

=Buffalo= (cow), üichti̍a (_ich_ with the point of the tongue,
German; _i_ and _a_ separated).

=Crane= (gray), api̍ssa.

=Crane=, (white), api̍ssa-tocki (_tocki_ lower and short).

=Crow=, a̍hrischa (_scha_ short).

=Deer= (black-tailed), si̍h-tschüpischa.

=Deer= (common; general term), si̍h-tatacke (_e_ distinctly
pronounced).

=Deer= (stag or buck), si̍h-tatacke-ki̍hrape (_e_ distinctly
pronounced); the doe, si̍h-tatackte-mi̍chka (_ich_ German, with
the point of the tongue).

=Dog=, maschúkka.

=Duck=, mi̍hchahka.

=Eagle= (war eagle), mah-eschó (_e_ short).

=Fox= (black), éhchokuschi-sü̍pischa.

=Fox= (cross-fox), éhchokuschi-cháchi.

=Fox= (gray), éhchokuschi-sáotta.

=Fox= (prairie), éhchochka.

=Fox= (red), éhchokuschi.

=Gopher= (arctomys hoodii), dáhksassi (_sassi_ even and without
accent).

=Hare= (white), i̍htaki.

=Hedge-hog=, apäh-dii (run together; _dii_ slightly separated,
almost like _di_).

=Horse=, eisóh-waschukka (_ei_ very shrill, with the tongue;
second word very short).

=Horse= (young), éhsu-wassucka-náhnka (some pronounced first word
_ehsu_, others _eisoh_).

=Lizard=, wahkachpa.

=Lynx= (wildcat), si̍h-ta-chahe (_sih_ with strong accent; _e_ ½;
the whole run together).

=Magpie= (pica), i̍h-pe (_ih_ with strong emphasis; _e_ ½).

=Mink=, dacksúa (_u_ with strong emphasis; _u_ and _a_ separated).

=Mole=, appa-apsá.

=Mole= (gopher), kippapúhdi.

=Moose= (orignal), apatapá.

=Mouse=, éhtaho (_taho_ low and short; _eh_ with strong emphasis).

=Mule=, achichtia (_ich_ German, with the point of the tongue).

=Muskrat=, zi̍h-zirúkka (strong accent on _zih_).

=Nighthawk= (goatsucker, caprimulgidae), péhriska, or pä̍hriska.

=Otter=, bi̍dda-póhkä.

=Owl=, etáh-kupä̍.

=Owl= (German uhu, strix bubo; western horned owl?), itáhkupä.

=Panther=, itupáh-ächti̍a (_ach_ with the point of the tongue;
_i_ and _a_ separated; _i_ with strong emphasis).

=Pigeon= (great), máh-adach-kakichti̍a.

=Prairie-dog=, sihchpá.

=Prairie-hen=, sihská.

=Rabbit=, i̍htach-schüpi̍scha.

=Raccoon=, si̍h-tachächä (_sih_ with strong emphasis).

=Rat= (common, or house rat), ä̍hta-hichti̍a (_ti_ with strong
accent, and separated from _a_).

=Rat= (wood rat), ai̍hta-hiti̍a (_ti_ and _a_ separated; _i_ with
emphasis).

=Skunk=, chúchkä.

=Snake=, mapúckscha (_scha_ short).

=Snake= (rattle-snake), arrussidi̍awattú (the whole very short;
_i_ and _a_ separated; _i_ with strong accent).

=Swan=, dúhwisch-scha (the whole run together; _duh_ long and
with emphasis; _sch_ very short).

=Toad=, schánke-káhru (_an_ French; _e_ ½; likewise _u_).

=Troupial= (red-shouldered), ichpáhka-hischi̍.

=Turkey= (wild), sihs-kichti̍a (run together; _ich_ with the
point of the tongue; _ti_ and _a_ separated).

=Turtle=, wattáchä.

=Waxwing= (bombycilla), máhsi-pi̍schakurúhti.

=Weasel= (stoat), o̍hsisa (_oh_ with special emphasis and force).

=Wolf= (black), sä̍h-tschüpischá.

=Wolf= (gray), sä̍hscha (_scha_ short).

=Wolf= (prairie), bóh-sa (_boh_ long and full; _sa_ very short).

=Wolf= (white), sä̍hsch-attácki.

=Wolverene= (gulo), eh-tupáh.

=Woodpecker=, toschká.

_Names of Tribes_

=Arrapahos=, I̍ta-i̍ddi.

=Arrikkaras=, Arakárahu.

=Assiniboins=, Haduschi̍h-idi (run together; _idi_ short).

=Blackfeet=, Issi-schüpi̍scha.

=Chayennes=, Itáh-ischipáhji (first _i_ very short; the whole
short and low).

=Crows= (general term), Haideróhka.

=Crows= (the one band), Gi̍hchaitsá; i.e., the fighters for the
stomach.

=Crows= (the other band), Haideróhke; i.e., those who dwell in
the middle.

=Dacota=, Schaónni.

=Grosventres of the Prairie=, Eirichti̍-aruchpáhga (_ei_
together; _tih_ with emphasis; the whole short).

=Krihs=, Schahi̍.

=Mandans= (inhabitants of Mihtutta-hangkusch), Awatirátácka
(_tacka_ short).

=Mandans= (inhabitants of Ruhptare), A̍wa-ichpawati̍ (_awa_ very
short; _ich_ with the point of the tongue; _pawati_ short; _ti_
very short).

=Pahnis=, Sä̍jeruchpaga (_j_ French; _ga_ guttural).

_Names of Rivers_

=Grand=, Birridsipáhji (_ji_ French).

=Heart=, Nah-táh-schi (_schi_ short).

=Knife=, Maëttseruáhji (_e_ ½; _ji_ French).

=Missouri=, Amáhti (_ti_ short).

=Muscleshell=, Mató-káhsi (_o_ full; _si_ low and short).

=Teton=, Bi̍ddi-schu-wah-áhji.

=Upper Little Missouri=, Amáhtikasche (_mah_ nasal; _e_ ½; _sche_
short).

=White=, Biddi-attakáhsi, or Aúkatakáhsch.

=White earth=, O̍h-katakáhsi (_si_ barely audible).

=Yellowstone=, Wi̍sih-dáschi.

_Numerals_

=One=, nowassá (low).

=Two=, dúupa (_uu_ separated); usually pronounced rúhpa.

=Three=, náhwi (_wi_ very short).

=Four=, tohpá (_o_ full; _pa_ short and explosive).

=Five=, kechú (_e_ distinctly pronounced; _u_ short and
explosive).

=Six=, akahuá (_kah_ long; _wa_ together and short).

=Seven=, scháchpu.

=Eight=, dúhpachpi (_pi_ short).

=Nine=, nowássachpi (_pi_ short).

=Ten=, piraká.

=Twenty=, dúchpa-pirakas (_as_ low).

=Thirty=, dá-wi̍a-pi̍raka.

=Forty=, tochpáh-pi̍raka.

=Fifty=, kechóa-pi̍raka.

=Hundred=, pirikchti̍a (_ti_ together and with strong accent;
_ti_ and _a_ separated).

=Two-hundred=, pirikichtia-rúhpa.

=Thousand=, pirakichti̍a-achkakóhri.

=I eat=, mah-woh-tü̍wiss (_tuwiss_ very short).

=You eat=, máh-raruti.

=He eats=, mah-aruti̍ss.

=We eat=, máh-woh-tüwihas (final word short).

=They eat=, máh-ruta-áss (_ruta-ass_ pronounced together).

FOOTNOTES:

[258] Written from the pronunciation of the Indians themselves, especially that of the old chief, Addi̍h-Hi̍ddisch, and with the help of the Mandans who best understood the language. Where no exception is noted, _ch_ always has the guttural sound; _r_ is always spoken with the point of the tongue. Gallatin says that the Minnitarris consist of three tribes, of which two are the Mandans and Annahaways. I have already refuted this statement; besides, the Mandans themselves say that they had nothing in common with the Minnitarris, and that their language was utterly different when they came together; in the case of the Annahaways the statement is equally unfounded, for I could not even find this term, which no one recognized. I have already said that the Minnitarris are a branch of the Crows. These Indians, as well as the Mandans, have not moved their village for many years; they are, moreover, quite safe in them, for Indians do not usually attack fortified places, especially since the two tribes together can at any time put six hundred warriors into the field. Neither did I find among these Indians unusually light complexions nor blue eyes; they do not differ in this respect from the other Indians of the Missouri valley. The legend, likewise, that the Minnitarris are a white race, descended from the Welsh, has just as little foundation, as Gallatin has already shown (_ibid._, p. 125). Gallatin's words from the Minnitarri language are not correctly written, doubtless through the fault of incompetent interpreters.--MAXIMILIAN.

_Comment by Ed._ See, for the Ahnahaway, our volume xxii, p. 350, note 326.

[259] God is said by some to be called _manhopa_ in this language; but this term was never mentioned to me, and is, therefore, without doubt, incorrect.--MAXIMILIAN.

MUSQUAKE, or Fox[260]

=Arm=, neneck.

=Arrow=, onué.

=Beard=, nemisstóllakan.

=Beaver=, amachkuá (_kua_ short; _ach_ guttural).

=Bell=, katúchtåoal (_uch_ guttural).

=Black=, machkettauaw (_a_ and _u_ separated).

=Blanket= (woolen), makunaan.

=Bow=, matáck.

=Buffalo=, moskutáck-nallusuá (final _a_ short): i.e., prairie
cattle; for they call the domesticated ox, nallusuá.

=Child=, apannó.

=Cool= (of weather), kesü̍a.

=Day=, kischek.

=Devil= (evil spirit), matsché-mánito; often shortened to mallato.

=Dog=, honémua (_mua_ short and indistinct).

=Elk=, maschauáwe (_e_ short).

=Eyes=, naskissako; i.e., my eyes.

=Fire= (n), ascutä̍.

=Foot=, nassöt.

=God= (good spirit), kasché-manité.

=Green=, askipokáhk.

=Hair=, minásse; the red hair-ornament or deer's-tail, kateüikúnn.

=Hand=, nalake (_e_ very short).

=Head=, uësche (_e_ somewhat short).

=Heart=, netä̍.

=Horse=, nákoto-kaschá.

=Lance= (spear), achtauáll (_ach_ guttural; _a_ and _u_
separated).

=Leader= (chief), hokimaw (_w_ audible, but soft).

=Leg= (entire), nakátsch.

=Man=, nini̍.

=Mouth=, nattóle (_e_ barely audible).

=Night=, pachkuttáwe.

=Nose=, nakiuólle (_e_ very short).

=Otter=, kattatawe (_w_ between _u_ umlaut and _w_; _e_ short).

=Red=, meschkuáwe.

=Red-head= (General Clark), Maskata-pate (_e_ short).

=Sun=, kischés.

=Sword-lance= (lance with a sword blade), táüan (short).

=Teeth=, nettóne.

=Tongue=, ninoni̍ (indistinct).

=Turkey= (wild), mässesá (_a_ short); or messesá.

=War-club= (with the iron point), pakakachkó (_ach_ guttural).

=Warm=, nihoͣs.

=Water=, nápch (_pch_ almost like German _pich_).

=White=, wapé; wapé-mallato, the white devil; this was the name
of the Indian who gave me the words of this vocabulary.

=Woman= (wife), ikuá; hence the word "squaw."

=Wood=, mattäque (_que_ pronounced separately; _e_ short).

=Yellow=, assåuake (_e_ short).

=Yes=, hehä.

FOOTNOTES:

[260] These words were written down from the pronunciation of a Musquake Indian.--MAXIMILIAN.

OJIBUAS, OJIBEUAS, CHIPEWAS, or Algonkins[261]

=American= (an), Tschimoh-kuman (_an_ French).

=Arm=, uni̍ck.

=Arrow=, uïbmah (_u_ and _i_ separated).

=Autumn=, tagoagick (_gick_ German).

=Black=, machkattä̍h-uah (_ach_ guttural).

=Blind=, kagipin-inquá (_n_ French; _qua_ together).

=Blood=, miskui̍ (_ui_ separated; the whole short; emphasis on
_kui_).

=Blue=, machkattä̍-uah.

=Bone= (bones), ochkánn (_och_ guttural).

=Bow=, miti̍guap.

=Brave= (adj), sungedä̍ (_su_ with the point of the tongue); a
brave man, mangodas.

=Brook=, sibins (_n_ French; _s_ soft but audible).

=Brother=, nitschkoé-esin (_esin_ low, short, and indistinct).

=Child= (boy), kuiuisän (short and run together; second _ui_
somewhat separated; the whole short; _an_ like French _ain_).

=Child= (small girl), squasän (_an_ like French _in_).

=Cloud= (n), anakuä̍tt.

=Cold= (n), kissi̍nna.

=Die= (v), nipú (_u_ between _o_ and _u_).

=Dog=, animúss.

=Drink= (v), mönnikué.

=Ear=, otauack (_o_ rather inaudible, short).

=Earth=, achki̍.

=Enemy=, boanack, or poanack; i.e., the Sioux, or Dacota.

=Englishman=, Ságanasch (German throughout).

=Evening=, onáhkuschink.

=Eye=, oschki̍njick (_n_ French).

=Father=, ohsann.

=Feather=, mikuánn, or miguánn.

=Fire= (n), schkuttä̍h.

=Fish= (n), kikon (_on_ French).

=Flesh=, uiiahs, (_ui_ separated; _iahs_ German).

=Forehead=, oskattick.

=Frenchman=, Uämestihóhsch.

=Friend= (my friend), nsaag-itimih (short and run together);
i.e., they love each other.

=Go= (v), pimussä̍h.

=God=, kijä̍h-mannittá.

=Good=, onischisching.

=Great= (tall), ischpigáboë.

=Green=, squáh.

=Gun=, pahskejigann (_e_ ½ and short).

=Hail= (n), sassä̍hgan.

=Hair=, uïnisiss.

=Hand=, uninjinn (_j_ French; otherwise German).

=Head=, uschteguán.

=Healthy=, nimino-aïá; i.e., I am well.

=Heart=, otä̍h.

=Heat=, kijachtä̍ (_j_ French; _ch_ barely audible).

=Heaven= (clear sky), mischáhkuätt.

=Horns= (of deer), otäsch-kanann.

=Horse=, päbäjiko-caji̍.

=House= (lodge), uïkiuámm.

=Hunger=, nuiuissinn (_ui_ separated); i.e., I am hungry.

=Hunt= (v), giussä̍ (_g_ palatal).

=I=, nin (_in_ soft).

=Ice=, michkuamm.

=Knife=, mohkuman (_an_ French).

=Laugh=, paach-pi̍.

=Lead= (n), annoin-abick (run together).

=Leg=, ochkaht.

=Life=, pühmáhtiss.

=Lightning=, oahstigann.

=Man=, hinnini̍.

=Meal= (or to eat?), uistinnetá (_e_ ½ and short); i.e., let us
all eat.

=Milky-way= (le chemin de St. Jacques), michkanank (_ich_ as in
German); i.e., the trail.

=Moon=, tibi̍ck-ki̍hsis.

=Morning=, pi̍ht-áhbann (_ah_ somewhat lengthened).

=Mother=, ning (_g_ like French _gue_).

=Mountain=, uattschiu (_u_ and _a_ somewhat separated; _i_ and
_u_ likewise).

=Mouth=, otóhn.

=Negro=, machkatä-üiahs (_ch_ guttural).

=Night=, tibichkatt (_ich_ German).

=Nose=, oschung-guann.

=Otter=, nikick.

=Pipe=, poagánn.

=Powder= (gun-powder), machkatä̍ (_ach_ guttural).

=Quick=, uï̍ha.

=Rain= (n), kimi̍huann; it rains, papángi-pi̍ssa.

=Red= (color), miskuáh.

=River=, ktschissi̍hpi.

=River= (a very large river), missisi̍hpi.

=Sea=, kitsikami̍n (_n_ French).

=Sick=, ndahgkuss.

=Small=, agaschin (_in_ like _i_ nasal; _ga_ German).

=Smoke= (n), kaschkáhbattä.

=Snow=, kóhn; it snows, soh-kipunn.

=Speak= (v), ki̍h-kitó.

=Spirits= (distilled), skutéo-apó.

=Spring= (the season), minóchkaming.

=Star=, anánk: otschi̍ganank (i.e., the Star of the Pekan,
or Fisher), the Wain, or Great Bear; otáhua-moh (les trois
rois), "the Three Kings" of the Canadians; makúsch-teguann
(run together) the Seven Stars, or the Pleiades; uåh-banank
(l'étoile du jour), Venus.

=Stingy=, sasáhgissi (_si_ short); or shortened to sasáhgiss.

=Stone=, assi̍nn.

=Strong=, maschkåh-uissih (run together).

=Summer=, nibi̍nn.

=Sun=, ki̍hsis.

=Thunder=, (n), nimeki̍h (_e_ ½).

=Tobacco=, assäman (_an_ almost like _ah_).

=Tomahawk=, uagachkuatons-poagann (_ach_ guttural, _ons_ French,
but _s_ audible; _ann_ German).

=Trail=, mihkannah.

=Ugly=, manah-ti̍ss.

=War=, mikahtink.

=Water=, nipi̍.

=White=, uahpisch-kah (somewhat nasal).

=Wind= (n), noti̍nk.

=Winter=, pibúhnk.

=Woman= (wife), ichkuá (_ich_ German).

=Wood=, misti̍ck.

=Yellow=, ossáuah (_uah_ shortened).

=Yes=, häa (like a prolonged _hae_).

_Numerals_

=One=, pä̍hjick (_j_ French).

=Two=, ni̍hsch.

=Three=, nissúe (_e_ distinctly pronounced).

=Four=, neh-uinn (short and run together).

=Five=, nóhnonn (first _o_ full).

=Six=, nkótto-uåssoe (_soe_ short; _e_ rather distinctly
pronounced).

=Seven=, nijoåssoe (_j_ French; _e_ rather distinctly pronounced).

=Eight=, schoåssoe.

=Nine=, jank (_j_ French).

=Ten=, mitassoe (_e_ distinctly pronounced, but short).

=Twenty=, nischtanna.

=Thirty=, nissoe-mitannáh.

=Forty=, neh-mitannáh.

=Fifty=, náhno-mitannáh.

=Sixty=, nkotoásse-mitannáh.

=Seventy=, nijóasso-mitannáh.

=Eighty=, schwásso-mitannáh.

=Ninety=, jangasso-mitannáh.

=Hundred=, ngottóack.

=Thousand=, ktschi̍-ngottóack.

_Animals_

=Antelope=, api̍sti-tigosch.

=Badger=, mitánnask.

=Bear= (female), machkuáh-nojä̍ahkuann.

=Bear= (male), machkuáh-ayáhbä.

=Bear= (black), machkadéh-machkuáh (_ach_ guttural).

=Bear= (grizzly), ktschi̍-ayáh: when whitish he is called,
wåbachquah (_ach_ German and guttural).

=Caribou= (cervus tarandus), ati̍ck.

=Deer= (black-tailed deer, cervus macrotis), machkadéh-uanósch:
machkadeh, black; uanosch, tail.

=Deer= (common deer, cervus virginianus), uauáschkess.

=Elk= (cervus major), omaschkóhs.

=Elk= (the doe), onidjánn-omaschkohs.

=Elk= (the stag), ayábä-omaschkóhs.

=Fox= (general term), uagóhsch; the name of the color is added.

=Hare=, uabóhs.

=Hedge-hog=, káhk.

=Lynx= (loup cervier), pischúh.

=Lynx= (red; felix rufa, le chat sauvage), ä̍h-säbban (_sabban_
short).

=Marten=, uahbischänsch (_an_ like French _ain_).

=Mink=, tschang-goäsch (run together).

=Moose= (cervus alces), mons (French, but _s_ audible).

=Muskrat=, uaschásk.

=Pekan= (stone marten, or fisher), otschi̍hk.

=Skunk=, schikáhk.

=Weazel= (stoat), sching-gohs (run together).

=Wolf=, mai̍hngann (_ihn_ like _i_ nasal).

=Wolverene=, kuing-gua-agä̍ (run together).

FOOTNOTES:

[261] Written from the pronunciation of an Ojibua Indian. The letter _l_ is said to be wanting in this language, and the words given here seem to confirm this view. These Indians received the name Sauteurs from the French, because they lived at the falls (sauts) of St. Anthony. They are commonly called Chipeways (Tschipewäs); but pronounce this name, themselves, Ojibua.--MAXIMILIAN.

_Comment by Ed._ The name "Saulteurs" was derived from the residence of these Indians at Sault Ste. Marie.

OMAHA[262]

=Ahead= (in front), påhanga.

=All= (the whole), så-ni, or wå-så-ni̍.

=Alone=, snog-djé (_j_ French; _g_ almost like German _ch_).

=Always=, schon-schon (_on_ French).

=American= (an), Må̍hi-tánga; i.e., Long Knife.

=Anxiety= (fear), no-pä̍.

=Arm=, ah-schih.

=Arrow=, måh.

=Ashes=, må-chu-dä̍ (_ch_ guttural).

=Ask= (question), j-uá-cha-ga (_ch_ palatal; _ga_ short).

=Awake= (v, intr), wåtómbe-najeh (_j_ French; _e_ distinctly
pronounced).

=Awake= (v, tr), ih-ki-räh (the whole even); same word as in the
Oto language.

=Axe=, måsöppä.

=Back= (n), nokkån (_n_ French).

=Back= (backwards), chára (_ch_ guttural).

=Backward= (back), charah (_ch_ guttural); charah-monni, go back,
return.

=Bad= (malicious), båskidä.

=Ball= (bullet), måh-seh-man (_an_ French).

=Beard=, ndähi̍.

=Beautiful=, oh-campé (_campe_ French; the whole pronounced
together).

=Belly=, ni̍cha (_ch_ guttural).

=Below= (beneath), mottata (all syllables even).

=Beside= (near), ohanga.

=Between=, ohrisa.

=Bird=, uåji̍nga (_j_ French).

=Bite= (v), wåråchta (_ch_ guttural; _ta_ short).

=Bitter=, ski-da-jä (_j_ French); i.e., not sweet.

=Black=, såh-bä̍ (_ba_ short).

=Bladder=, nä̍chä (_ch_ guttural).

=Blind= (adj), ischtá-uäraje (_je_ French; final _e_ distinct).

=Blond=, på-hi̍ssong.

=Blood=, uåh-mi̍.

=Bloody=, uåh-mi̍-ogippi.

=Blow= (v; blowout), abichä (_ch_ guttural).

=Blue=, túh.

=Bone= (bones), uaï-hih.

=Bough=, jån-jinga (French).

=Bow=, mondähi̍.

=Break open= (v), grabä̍.

=Breast=, mong-gä̍.

=Breast= (female), månsä̍ (_an_ French), i.e., iron.

=Bridge=, ohäata.

=Broad=, bróska.

=Brook=, wåtischka-jinga (_j_ French).

=Brother=, sónga.

=Brown=, chudä̍ (_ch_ guttural).

=Burn= (v), nåh-ning-gä.

=Burn= (v; consume by burning), nåh-chu-dä̍ (_ch_ guttural).

=Bury=(v; inter), oh-chä (_ch_ guttural).

=Buy= (v), uåh-ri-mäh.

=Calm= (n), obrágä (_ga_ short).

=Call= (v), hah-gä.

=Canoe=, mondäh.

=Cave=, mon-schont-djé (_on_ French, likewise _j_; _e_ audible).

=Caught= (taken prisoner), uåhnihih.

=Child=, schi̍nga-schi̍nga.

=Circle=, uah-nasseh (run together).

=Clear= (bright), kéhra (_ra_ with the point of the tongue).

=Cloud= (masses of cloud), mååchpi̍h.

=Cold=, sni̍h.

=Come= (v), gih-ga.

=Conquer= (v; be victorious), uåhuang.

=Convenient= (comfortable), same word as for good.

=Count= (v; number), råh-uä (_a_ short).

=Cure= (v), gini̍h.

=Cut= (v), måh-chån (_ch_ guttural; _an_ French).

=Cut= (v; cut down, fell), gå-säh.

=Cut down= (v; fell), gåhsä̍.

=Cry= (v; scream, shout), pån (French).

=Dark=, hogan-nåpasseh.

=Daughter=, ih-jang-gä (_j_ French).

=Day=, ombá; to-day, ombara.

=Dance= (n), uatschi̍-góchä (_cha_ guttural).

=Dead=, tsä̍h.

=Deaf=, nåh-chiddä-ning-gä (_ch_ guttural; the whole run
together).

=Dear= (costly; of goods), uåhrimitächä (_ch_ guttural).

=Death=, tsä̍h.

=Deceive= (v; cheat), siesch-tánka.

=Devil= (evil spirit), wåhkonda-pehjhé (_j_ French).

=Die= (v), gih-tsäh.

=Dirty=, mån-chri-chri (_n_ French; _ch_ guttural).

=Dirty= (v; or adj), må-cherihcherih (_ch_ guttural; _e_ very
short; the whole short).

=Door=, tih-ombah (_om_ French).

=Double=, nombá (French).

=Drag= (v; pull along), påhi̍-gåh-chä (_ch_ guttural).

=Draw= (v; draw water), nih-isé.

=Dream= (n), ombrä̍ (_om_ French).

=Dream= (v), ihra-ombrä (_om_ French).

=Drink= (v), ratan (_an_ French).

=Dry= (adj), bihsä (_sa_ short).

=Dust=, måh-åh-schudä̍.

=Dwelling place= (hunting stand), goss-sin (_in_ like _i_ nasal).

=Ear=, nittá.

=Ear-ornament=, uh-uï̍n (_in_ nasal, like _i_).

=Early=, chossonn (_ch_ guttural).

=Earth=, moniká.

=Egg=, uë̍sa.

=Enemy=, oki̍thä.

=Englishman=, Ságanasch (German throughout).

=Enough=, schéhna (_na_ short).

=Entertain= (v; eat), wåratä-gih-i.

=Evening=, påh-séh.

=Everywhere=, mánschon-brughä̍ (_on_ French).

=Eye=, ischtá.

=Eyelid=, ischtá-hi̍.

=Face= (sight), indjäh (_i_ barely audible; _j_ French).

=Fall= (v) gochhiára (_ch_ guttural; the whole short).

=Far= (distant), uä̍-ahiddä (the whole run together).

=Far= (distant), uä̍h-ahiddäh.

=Fat=, uä̍gri.

=Father=, dah-dä̍h.

=Feather=, måh-schung.

=Female= (of animals), ming-gá.

=Finger=, nombä̍; same word as for hand.

=Fire=, pädé.

=Fish=, hů́h.

=Fish= (v), hu-issä.

=Fish-hook=, hu-uä-gossä̍.

=Fist=, nombä̍-sóngä̍ (_om_ French).

=Flee= (v; escape), o̍nhä (_on_ French, and nasal).

=Flesh=, tah-núka; i.e., fresh meat.

=Flesh= (dried), táh.

=Flint=, manhissi̍ (_an_ French).

=Flow= (v), kahirá.

=Fog=, schuschudä̍.

=Foot=, sihá.

=Forehead=, pä̍h.

=Forest=, chråbä (_ch_ guttural; _ba_ short).

=Forget= (v), gih-sirajäh (_j_ French; the whole run together).

=Freeze= (v), osnih.

=Frenchman=, Uǻchä (_ch_ guttural).

=Friend=, kågä̍.

=Full=, ogipi.

=Go= (v), monni̍h.

=God= (creator, good spirit), wǻhkonda.

=Good=, udá; the best, eh-jna-udá (_j_ French).

=Gray=, són (French).

=Gray-haired=, påhi̍-son (French).

=Great= (tall), tangá.

=Green=, tuch-tsche (_e_ short); i.e., literally, very blue.

=Ground= (earth), moniká.

=Grow= (v), granräh-tigräh (_an_ French; _gr_ with the point of
the tongue).

=Gun=, uahutan (_ua_ like _wa_; _an_ French).

=Hair=, påhi̍.

=Hand=, nombä̍ (_om_ French).

=Hard=, sågäh.

=Head=, nasch-kéh.

=Healthy=, uåh-kägajäh (_j_ French).

=Hear= (v), nåhk-on (_on_ French; the whole run together).

=Heart=, nondä̍.

=Heavy= (difficult), sking-gä.

=Hide= (v), na-che-ran (_ch_ guttural; _an_ French; _e_ short).

=High=, manschih (_an_ French).

=Hope= (v), bräh-gan (_an_ French).

=Horn=, hä̍h.

=Horns=, hä̍h.

=Horse= (a young horse), schantón-schi̍nga (_an_ and _on_ French;
first word with emphasis; second without).

=Hot=, manschtä̍ (_an_ French).

=House= (lodge), ti̍h.

=Hunger=, nånpähi (_an_ French).

=Hunt= (v), åh-baäh.

=Hurricane=, taddäh-soggäh-noppewårre (_e_ always distinctly
pronounced).

=I=, ui̍h.

=Ice=, nuchä̍ (_ch_ guttural).

=Incurable=, ginitä̍chä.

=Intoxicate= (v; intoxicated), tǻhni.

=Iron=, månsä̍ (_an_ French).

=Jar= (vessel), dähchä (_ch_ guttural).

=Knife=, må-ni̍h, or mahi̍.

=Know= (v), ihpahan (_an_ French).

=Know= (v; be acquainted with), ih-pahán (_pa_ short; _an_
French).

=Lance= (spear), måndähi̍ (_an_ French).

=Land=, manschon (_an_ and _on_ French).

=Laugh= (v, or n), måndehi̍ (_an_ French).

=Leader= (chief), kahigä.

=Leaf=, jån-hich-pä (_jan_ French; final _e_ distinct).

=Leg=, jägá (_j_ French).

=Lie= (v; deceive), i-uh-sisch-tan (_an_ French; the whole run
together).

=Lip=, ih-há.

=Little= (in quantity), diuba.

=Loose= (of clothes), gran-deh (_an_ French).

=Maiden=, mi̍h-jinga (_mih_ with emphasis; _ji_ French; _jinga_
without emphasis).

=Maize=, uå-tån-säh (_an_ French).

=Man=, núh.

=Man= (human being), núh.

=Marry= (v), ming-grán (_gran_ French).

=Meal= (or to eat?), uǻrateh.

=Messenger=, ikih-monnäh.

=Milk= (n), påsé-nih.

=Mirror=, ni̍o-kigrásse (_a_ audible; _i_ and _o_ separated).

=Moon=, mih-om-ba (_mih_ with emphasis; the whole run together).

=Morning=, kåsi̍n (_in_ French).

=Mother=, nåh-håh.

=Mountain=, påhi̍-moschä̍.

=Mouth=, hi̍h.

=Much=, ah-hi̍gä.

=Music=, uåhuan (_an_ French).

=My=, uïh-uïh-tá.

=Nail= (on hand, foot, hoof, claw), schagä̍.

=Naked=, juh-núka (_j_ French).

=Name=, jajä̍ (French).

=Neck= (throat), táh-hi.

=Necklace=, uåh-nompi̍ (last word French).

=Needle=, uåkóh.

=Negro=, nikka-schinga-sóbbä; or wåchä-sóbbä (_ch_ guttural).

=New=, tähga.

=Night=, hán (_an_ French).

=Noon=, mih-oh-kan-ska (_an_ French).

=Nose=, pǻh.

=Old=, isch-ágä.

=Old man=, isch-ágä.

=Old woman=, uåu-schi̍nge (_uau_ somewhat separated).

=Oldest=, jini̍ (_j_ French); my oldest brother, vijini̍.

=Over= (above), manschiata (_an_ French).

=Pain= (n), nih-ä (run together).

=Paint= (v), gih-kon-sä (_on_ French; _sa_ short).

=Peace=, manchon-úda (_an_ and _on_ French); i.e., not war.

=Pipe= (tobacco), ninibǻh.

=Play= (v), skådä.

=Pluck= (v; feathers), hi-snú-djä (_j_ French).

=Pray= (v), wåkonda-berihs-tubä̍ (_e_ short; otherwise German
throughout).

=Prisoner=, uåh-nihih.

=Point= (n), påhi̍.

=Pouch= (sack), uh-ji̍.

=Powder= (gun-powder), måh-chudä̍ (_ch_ guttural; the whole run
together).

=Pull= (v; draw), gih-snuh.

=Punish= (v; whip), uh-tih.

=Quarrel= (v; fight), kihkinna.

=Quick=, hocherä (_ch_ German).

=Rain= (n), nah-jé (_j_ French).

=Red=, jidä̍ (_ji_ French).

=Rib=, rittih.

=Ripe=, (of fruit), nidä̍.

=River=, uåti̍schka.

=Roast= (v, or n), djä-gran (French).

=Rock= (cliff), in-in (French nasal).

=Round=, buut-ton (_on_ French).

=Run= (v), toh-neh.

=Sack= (leather), uh-ji̍-hå.

=Sand=, bih-saak.

=Sea=, ni̍h-tánga; i.e., big water.

=See= (v), tom-bä̍.

=Sharp= (pointed), på-hi̍.

=Shave= (v), båhs-kébbä.

=Shoot= (v; with a bow), måh-wåkiddäh.

=Shoot= (v; with a gun), wåhutonwåkiddäh (_on_ French).

=Shore= (bank), nih-cǻhan (_an_ French).

=Show= (v), ahbasuh.

=Sick=, uåh-ká-ga.

=Sister=, tangä̍.

=Sit= (v), gerin (_e_ short; _r_ with the point of the tongue;
_in_ like _i_ nasal).

=Skin= (hide), håh.

=Sleep= (v), ajan (French).

=Sleepy=, ján-gonda (_jan_ French).

=Small=, jingá (_j_ French).

=Smell= (v; sniff at, scent), amberan (French).

=Smoke= (n), schudä̍, or schudé.

=Smoke= (v; tobacco), ninihi̍.

=Snow= (n), måh.

=Son=, ji-ingä̍ (_j_ French; the whole run together).

=Speak= (v), i̍h-ä.

=Spirits= (distilled), pädji-ni̍h (_j_ French).

=Spring= (source), ni̍h-hónga.

=Spring= (the season), mä̍h.

=Spring= (v; leap, jump), o-uis-seh (run together).

=Squint= (v), tåguscheh.

=Star=, pikä̍.

=Stomach=, mång-gäh.

=Stone=, ih-in (_n_ French; _in_ like _i_ nasal).

=Storm= (thunder storm), tadähsoggäh.

=Strong=, uååsch-kán-tanga (_an_ French).

=Stump=, buhtan (_an_ French).

=Stupid=, uåje-ningé (_j_ French).

=Summer=, núgä.

=Sun=, mi̍h.

=Sunrise=, mi̍h-hi̍h.

=Sunset=, mi̍h-núschä.

=Sweet=, skidä̍.

=Swim= (v), ni̍huan (_an_ French); same word as in the Oto
language.

=Tail= (of an animal), sindä̍ (German throughout).

=Tear= (v; tear, or break to pieces), ih-bråh-sä (_ah_ French;
_sa_ short).

=Tear out= (v; pull out), schuúdä.

=Tears=, ischtá-nih; i.e., eye water.

=Teeth=, ihí.

=Thick=, tångá.

=Thin=, bräkä.

=Tobacco=, nini̍h.

=Toe=, sih-schogä̍.

=Tomahawk=, mǻse-päji̍inga (_se_ short; _j_ French; last word
rapidly pronounced).

=To-morrow=, kåsonn.

=Tongue=, rä̍hse (_e_ distinctly pronounced); téh-rähs, buffalo
tongue.

=Toothache=, ihí-nidä̍.

=Top= (summit), måschiadä̍.

=Trace= (track of an animal), sihgerä.

=Trader=, uåh-ri-mäh.

=Tree=, chråbä (_ch_ guttural).

=True=, mikkä.

=Turn= (v; twist), ohma-terischan (_an_ French).

=Unhealthy= (sickly), wåh-kägaschtån (the whole even and run
together).

=Unripe=, nihd-aije (_ai_ together; _j_ French; _e_ low but
distinct).

=Wait= (v), ihra-pä̍.

=War=, noh-dan (_an_ French).

=Warm=, moschtä̍.

=Warmth=, tåhbrä (_bra_ short).

=Warrior=, uå-schu-schäh.

=Wash= (v), ni̍h-ja-hä̍ (_j_ French).

=Water=, ni̍h.

=Water-jar= (water cask), ni̍h-ujé (_j_ French).

=Wax=, kegranchä-uägrä (_an_ French; _ch_ guttural; _g_ with the
point of the tongue).

=Weep= (v), hahgä.

=Wet=, núka.

=What? how?= dah-dan (_an_ French).

=Whirlpool=, nih-berih-berin (short and run together; _e_ short;
_in_ like _i_ nasal).

=Whistle= (v; pipe), suhdä̍.

=White=, ská.

=White man=, nika-schinga-hi̍chaskah (_ch_ guttural).

=Widow=, igrangä-tsäh (run together).

=Wind= (n), tahdä.

=Wind= (v; wind game), obrán (_an_ French).

=Wing=, ahi̍.

=Winter=, måhrä (_ra_ short).

=Woman= (wife), wåh-úh.

=Wood=, ján (French).

=Work= (v), monni̍.

=Wound= (v; shoot), o̍h.

=Wrap up= (v), ih-kónta.

=Yellow=, si̍h.

=Yes=, anhán (indistinct, nasal).

=Young=, jingáh (_ji_ French; _g_ guttural).

_Numerals_

=One=, miachtscheh (_ach_ guttural).

=Two=, nombáh.

=Three=, råh-beneh (_be_ short).

=Four=, túba.

=Five=, såtoͣn (_n_ French).

=Six=, schåh-peh.

=Seven=, péh-nombáh.

=Eight=, péh-rǻbene (first _e_ short; second _e_ audible).

=Nine=, schónka.

=Ten=, chrä̍bene (_bene_ short).

_Animals_

=Bear= (black), wåssóbbä.

=Bear= (grizzly), mån-tchú (_an_ French; _tchu_ German).

=Beaver=, jǻbä (_j_ French; _ba_ short).

=Buffalo=, téh, or tä̍h.

=Deer= (common), tahg-tchä (German).

=Dog=, schinúda (_da_ short).

=Elk=, onpǻh (_on_ French).

=Horse=, schóngä-tónga.

=Lynx=, igrong-gá (pronounced together).

=Otter=, tuhsch-nongä̍.

=Ox= (European), tä̍h-ská (run together).

=Panther=, igronga-sindä̍-snaddäh; sindä-snaddäh, with long tail.

=Skunk=, móng-ga.

=Snake=, ueh-sá.

=Swine=, kokosch.

=Turkey=, (wild), sihsikah.

=Turtle=, kehtan (_an_ French).

=Wolf=, (black), schánton-sóbbä (_a_ short).