Chapter XLII: Appendix: I (15)

[1278] It was translated into English as _Peruvian Antiquities_, by Dr. Francis L. Hawkes, of New York, in 1853. [The English translation retained the woodcuts, but omitted the atlas. Cf. Field, _Ind. Bibliog._, no. 1306; Sabin, xvii. p. 319. There is a French edition, _Antiquités Péruviennes_ (Paris, 1859). Dr. Tschudi later published _Reisen durch Süd Amerika_, in five vols. (Leipzig, 1866-69), which was translated into English as _Travels in Peru_, 1838-1842, and published in New York and London.—ED.]

[1279] _Los Anales del Cuzco, por Dr. Mesa_ (Cuzco, 2 vols.).

[1280] _Historia Antigua del Peru, por Sebastian Lorente_ (Lima, 1860).

[1281] _Historia de la civilizacion Peruana, Revista de Lima_ (Lima, 1880).

[1282] _Recuerdos de la Monarquia Peruana, ó Bosquejo de la historia de los Incas, por Dr. Justo Sahuaraura Inca, Canonigo en la Catedral de Cuzco_ (Paris, 1850).

[1283] _Le Pérou avant la conquête espagnole, d’après les principaux historiens originaux et quelques documents inédits sur les antiquités de ce pays_ (Paris, 1858).

[1284] _Geschichte der Amerikanischen Urreligionen, von J. G. Müller_ (Basel, 1867).

[1285] _Anthropologie der Naturvölker, von Dr. Theodor Waitz_ (4 vols.) Leipzig, 1864.

[1286] _Myths of the New World, a treatise on the symbolism and mythology of the Red Race of America, by Daniel G. Brinton, M.D._ (New York, 1868). _Aboriginal American authors and their productions, especially those in the native languages, by Daniel G. Brinton, M.D._ (Philadelphia, 1883). [Brinton’s writings, however, in the main illustrate the antiquities north of Panama.]

[1287] _Antiquarian, ethnological and other researches in New Granada, Equador, Peru, and Chile; with observations on the Pre-Incarial, Incarial, and other monuments of Peruvian nations, by William Bollaert, F.R.G.S._ (London, 1860). [Bollaert’s minor and periodical contributions, mainly embodied in his final work, are numerous: _Contributions to an introduction to the Anthropology of the New World_. _Ancient Peruvian graphic Records_ (tr. in _Archives de la Soc. Amér. de France_, n. s., i.). _Observations on the history of the Incas_ (in the _Transactions Ethnological Soc._, 1854).—ED.]

[1288] _Vues des Cordillères, ou Monumens des Peuples indigènes de l’Amérique_ (Paris, 1810; in 8vo, 1816), called in the English translation, _Researches concerning the institutions and monuments of the ancient inhabitants of America, with descriptions and views of some of the most striking scenes in the Cordilleras_. _Transl. into English by Helen Maria Williams_ (London, 1814). _Voyage aux Régions équinoxiales du Nouveau Continent fait en 1799-1804, avec deux Atlas_, 3 vols. 4to (Paris, 1814-25; and 8vo, 13 vols., 1816-31), called in the English translation, _Personal narrative of travels to the equinoctial regions of America, 1799-1804, by A. von Humboldt_ [_and A. Bonpland_]: _translated and edited by Thomasina Ross_ (Lond., 1852); and in earlier versions by H. M. Williams (London, 1818-1829). [Humboldt’s later summarized expressions are found in his _Ansichten der Natur_ (Stuttgart, 1849; English tr., _Aspects of Nature_, by Mrs. Sabine, London and Philad., 1849; and _Views of Nature_, by E. C. Otté, London, 1850). Current views of Humboldt’s American studies can be tracked through _Poole’s Index_, p. 613.—ED.]

[1289] Antonio Ulloa’s _Mémoires philosophiques, historiques, physiques, concernant le découverte de l’Amérique_ (Paris, 1787). _Voyage historique de l’Amérique Méridionale, fait par ordre du Roy d’Espagne; ouvrage qui contient une histoire des Yncas du Pérou, et des observations astronomiques et physiques, faites pour déterminer la figure et la grandeur de la terre_ (Amsterdam, 1732). Or in the English translation, _Voyage to South America by Don Jorge Juan and Don Antonio de Ulloa_, 2 vols. 8vo (London, 1758, 1772; fifth ed. 1807). [Another of the savans in this scientific expedition was Charles M. La Condamine, and we have his observations in his _Journal du Voyage fait à l’Equateur_ (1751), and in a paper on the Peruvian monuments in the Mémoires of the Berlin Academy (1746). Other early observers deserving brief mention are Pedro de Madriga, whose account is appended to Admiral Jacques d’Heremite’s _Journael van de Nassausche Vloot_ (Amsterdam, 1652), and Amedée François Frezier’s _Voyage to the South Sea_ (London, 1717).—ED.]

[1290] _L’Homme Américain considéré sous ses Rapports Physiologiques et Moraux_ (Paris, 1839). [He gives a large ethnological map of South America. His book is separately printed from _Voyages dans l’Amérique Meridionale_ (9 vols.)—ED.]

[1291] _Expédition dans les parties centrales de l’Amérique de Sud, exécutée par ordre du Gouvernement Français pendant les annees 1843 à 1847. Troisième partie, Antiquités des Incas_ (4to, Paris, 1854).

[1292] _Pérou et Bolivie, Récit de voyage suivi d’études archéologiques et ethnographiques et de notes sur l’écriture et les langues des populations Indiennes. Ouvrage contenant plus de 1100 gravures, 27 cartes et 18 plans, par Charles Wiener_ (Paris, 1880). [Wiener earlier published two monographs: _Notice sur le communisme des Incas_ (Paris, 1874); _Essai sur les institutions politiques, religieuses, économiques et sociales de l’Empire des Incas_ (Paris, 1874).—ED.]

[1293] _Uira-cocha, por Leonardo Villar_ (Lima, 1887).

[1294] _Cuzco and Lima_ (London, 1856).

[1295] _Travels in Peru and India while superintending the collection of chinchona plants and seeds in South America, and their introduction into India_ (London, 1862). [Cf. Field’s _Indian Bibliog._ for notes on Mr. Markham’s book. He epitomizes the accounts of Peruvian antiquities in his _Peru_ (London, 1880), of the “Foreign Countries Series.” Cf. Vol. II. p. 578.]—ED.

[1296] _Peru, Incidents of travel and exploration in the land of the Incas_ (N. Y. 1877; London, 1877). [Squier was sent to Peru on a diplomatic mission by the United States government in 1863, and this service rendered, he gave two years to exploring the antiquities of the country. His _Peru_ embodies various separate studies, which he had previously contributed to the _Journal of the American Geographical Society_ (vol. iii. 1870-71); the _American Naturalist_ (vol. iv. 1870); _Harper’s Monthly_ (vols. vii., xxxvi., xxxvii.). He contributed “Quelques remarques sur la géographie et les monuments du Pérou” to the _Bulletin de la Société de géographie de Paris_, Jan., 1868. A list of Squier’s publications is appended to the Sale _Catalogue_ of his Library (N. Y., 1876), which contains a list of his MSS., most of which, it is believed, passed into the collection of H. H. Bancroft. Mr. Squier’s closing years were obscured by infirmity; he died in 1888.—ED.]

[1297] [Among the recent travellers, mention may be made of a few of various interests: Edmund Temple’s _Travels in Peru_ (Lond., 1830); Thomas Sutcliffe’s _Sixteen Years in Chili and Peru_ (Lond., 1841); S. S. Hill’s _Travels in Peru and Mexico_ (Lond., 1860); Thos. J. Hutchinson’s _Two Years in Peru_ (with papers on prehistoric anthropology in the _Anthropological Journal_, iv. 438, and “Some Fallacies about the Incas,” in the _Proc. Lit. and Phil. Soc. of Liverpool_, 1873-74, p. 121); Marcoy’s _Voyage_, first in the _Tour du Monde_, 1863-64, and then separately in French, and again in English; E. Pertuiset’s _Le Trésor des Incas_ (Paris, 1877); and Comte d’Ursel’s _Sud-Amérique_, 2d ed. (Paris, 1879). F. Hassaurek, in his _Four Years among Spanish Americans_ (N. Y., 1867), epitomizes in his ch. xvi. the history of Quito.—ED.]

[1298] _Intellectual Observer_, May, 1863 (London).

[1299] _Riquezas Peruanas_ (Lima, 1884).

[1300] _The temple of the Andes, by Richards Inwards_ (London, 1884). [Mr. Markham has also had occasion to speak of these ruins in annotating his edition of Cieza de Leon, p. 374. There is a privately printed book by L. Angrand, _Antiquités Américaines: lettres sur les antiquités de Tiaguanaco, et l’origine présumable de la plus ancienne civilisation du Haut-Pérou_ (Paris, 1866).—ED.]

[1301] This superb work was issued at Berlin and London with German and English texts. The English title reads, _Peruvian Antiquities: the Necropolis of Ancon in Peru. A contribution to our knowledge of the culture and industries of the empire of the Incas. Being the results of excavations made on the spot._ Translated by A. H. Keane. With the aid of the general administration of the royal museums of Berlin (Berlin, 1880-87); in three folio volumes, with 119 colored and plain plates. The divisions are: 1. The Necropolis and its graves. 2. Garments and textiles. 3. Ornaments, utensils, earthenware; evolution of ornamentation, with treatises by L. Wittmack on the plants found in the graves; R. Virchow on the human remains, and A. Nehring on the animals. [A few of the plates are reproduced in black and white in Ruge’s _Geschichte des Zeitalters der Entdeckungen_. The authors represent that the graveyard of Ancon, an obscure place lying near the coast, north of Lima, was probably the burial-place of a poor people; but its obscurity has saved it to us while important places have been ransacked and destroyed. The reader will be struck with the richness of the woven materials, which are so strikingly figured in the plates. On this point Stübel published in Dresden in 1888, as a part of the _Festschrift_ of the twenty-fifth anniversary of the “Verein für Erdkunde,” a paper _Ueber altperuanische Gewebemuster und ihnen analoge Ornamente der altklassischen Kunst_ (Dresden, 1888). Some of the plates in the larger work impress one with the great variety of ornamenting skill. The collection formed by John H. Blake from an ancient cemetery on the bay of Chacota, now in the Peabody Museum at Cambridge, Mass., is described in the _Reports_ of that institution, xi. 195, 277. Reference may also be made to B. M. Wright’s _Description of the collection of gold ornaments from the “huacas,” or graves of some aboriginal races of the northwestern provinces of South America, belonging to Lady Brassey_ (London, 1885).—ED.]

[1302] Antonio Raimondi. _El Peru. Tomo I. Parte Preliminar, 4to, pp. 444_ (Lima, 1874). _Tomo II. Historia de la Geografia del Peru, 4to, pp. 475_ (Lima, 1876). _Tomo III. Historia de la Geografia del Peru, 4to, pp. 614_ (Lima, 1880).

[1303] _Voyages, Relations et Mémoires Originaux pour servir à l’Histoire de la Découverte de l’Amérique_, 20 vols. in 10, 8vo (Paris, 1837-41). See Vol. II., introd. p. vi.

[1304] [Among less important or more general later writers on this ancient civilization may be mentioned: Charles Labarthe’s _La Civilisation péruvienne avant l’arrivée des Espagnols (Archives de la Soc. Amér. de France_, n. s., i.), and his paper from the _Annuaire Ethnographique_, on the “Documents inédits sur l’empire des Incas” (Paris, 1861); Rudolf Falb’s _Das Land der Inca in seiner Bedeutung für die Urgeschichte der Sprache und Schrift_ (Leipzig, 1883); Lieut. G. M. Gilliss, in Schoolcraft’s _Ind. Tribes_, v. 657; Dr. Macedo’s comparison of the Inca and Aztec civilizations in the _Proc. of the Numism. and Antiq. Soc._ (Philad. 1883); Vicomte Th. de Bussière’s _Le Pérou_ (Paris, 1863); beside chapters in such comprehensive works as those of Nadaillac, Ruge, Baldwin, Wilson (_Prehistoric Man_), and the papers of Castaing and others in the _Archives de la Soc. Amér. de France_, and an occasional paper in the _Journals_ of the American and other geographical and ethnological societies. Current English comment is reached through _Poole’s Index_, pp. 627, 992.—ED.]

[1305] [Humboldt (_Views of Nature_, 235) points out that the name Chimborazo is probably a relic of this earlier tongue.—ED.]

[1306] [Wiener, _Pérou et Bolivie_, p. 98, gives a plan of the neighborhood of Truxillo, showing the position “du Gran Chimu,” and an enlarged plan of the ruins.—ED.]

[1307] Squier, 210.

[1308] [There are two or three Peruvian periodicals of some importance for their archæological papers. The _Mercurio Peruano de Historia, Literatura y Noticias publicas que da a luz la Sociedad Academica de Amantes de Lima_ (Lima, 1791-1795), appeared in twelve volumes. It is often defective, and the Spanish government finally interdicted it, as it was considered revolutionary in principle. It was edited at one time by the Père Cisneros. There is a set in Harvard College library.

The _Revista Peruana_ (Lima) has been the channel of some important archæological contributions. Others appeared in the _Museo Erudito, o los Tiempos y las Costumbres_ (Cuzco, 1837, etc.)—ED.]

[1309] Squier.

[1310] I do not now believe that the idolatrous practices and legends, preserved by Arriaga and Avila, had any connection with the _Chimu_ race.

[1311] _Grammatica o Arte de la lengua general de los Indios de los Reynos del Peru, nuevamente compuesta por el Maestro Fray Domingo de S. Thomas de la orden de S. Domingo, Morador en los dichos reynos. Impresso en Valladolid por Francisco Fernandez de Cordova, 1560. Lexicon ó Vocabulario de la lengua general del Peru, llamada Quichua_ (Valladolid, 1560). The grammar and vocabulary are usually bound up together. [The two were priced respectively by Leclerc, in 1878, at 2,500 and 600 francs.—ED.]

The grammar and vocabulary of San Tomas were reprinted at Lima in 1586 by Antonio Ricardo. In the list given by Rivero and Von Tschudi (_Antigüedades Peruanas_, p. 99), the printer Ricardo is entered as the author of this Lima edition of San Tomas.

[1312] _Grammatica y Vocabulario en la lengua general del Peru llamada Quichua por Diego de Torres Rubio S. S._ (Seville, 1603). This original edition is of great rarity. Quaritch, in 1885, asked £20 for a defective copy.—ED.

A second edition was printed at Lima in 1619; and a third in 1700. To this third edition a vocabulary was added of the Chinchaysuyu dialect, by Juan de Figueredo. A fourth edition was published at Lima in 1754, also containing the Chinchaysuyu vocabulary, which is spoken in the north of Peru. [For this 1754 edition see Leclerc, no. 2409. It is worth about $50.—ED.]

[1313] _Vocabulario de la Lengua general de todo el Peru llamada lengua Quichua ó del Inca._ En la ciudad de los Reyes, 1586. Second edition printed by Francisco del Canto, 1607 (2 vols. 4to). [Leclerc (no. 2401), in 1879, priced this ed. at 2,000 francs; Quaritch, a defective copy, £21.—ED.]

[1314] _Gramatica y Arte nueva de la lengua general de todo el Peru llamada lengua Quichua o Lengua del Inca por Diego Gonzales Holguin de la Compañia de Jesus, natural de Caceres Impresso en la Ciudad de los Reyes del Peru, por Francisco del Canto, 1607._ [Leclerc, 1879, no. 2402, 500 francs.—ED.] A second edition was published at Lima in 1842.

[1315] _Arte y gramatica muy copiosa de la lengua Aymará con muchos y variados modos de hablar_ (Roma, 1603).

[1316] _Arte de la lengua Aymará con una selva de frases en la misma lengua y su declaracion en romance. Impresso en la casa de in Compañia de Jesus de Juli en la provincia de Chucuyto. Por Francisco del Canto, 1612._ pp. 348.

[1317] _Vocabulario de la lengua Aymara, Juli 1612_, Spanish and Aymara, pp. 420, Aymara and Spanish, pp. 378. [Priced by Quaritch in 1885 at £60; by Leclerc in 1879 at 2,000 francs.—ED.]

[1318] _Arte de la lengua general del’ ynga llamada Quechhua_ (Lima, 1691). Leclerc, 1879. 250 francs.

[1319] _Arte de la lengua Yunga de los valles del Obispado de Truxillo, con un confesionario, y todos las ovaciones cristianas y otras casas. Autor el beneficiado Don Fernando de la Carrera Cura y Vicario de San Martin de Reque en el corregimiento de Chiclayo_ (Lima, 1644).

This work is extremely rare. Only three copies are known to exist, one in the library at Madrid, one in the British Museum, which belonged to M. Ternaux Compans, and one in possession of Dr. Villar, in Peru. A copy was made for William von Humboldt from the British Museum copy, which is now in the library at Berlin.

The _Arte de la lengua Yunga_ was reprinted in numbers of the _Revista de Lima_ in 1880, under the editorial supervision of Dr. Gonzalez de la Rosa.

[1320] _Sermones de los misterios de nuestra Santa Fé catolica, en lengua Castellana, y la general del Inca. Impugnanse los errores particulares que los Indios han tenido, por el Doctor Don Fernando de Avendaño, 1648._ Rivero and Von Tschudi give some extracts from these sermons in the _Antigüedades Peruanas_, p. 108.

[1321] _Rituale seu Manuale Peruanum juxta ordinem Sanctæ Romanæ Ecclesiæ, per R. P. F. Ludovicum Hieronymum Orerum_ (Neapoli, 1607).

[1322] Carter-Brown, ii. 7.

[1323] _Primera parte de la miscelanea austral de Don Diego D’Avalos y Figueroa ex varias coloquias, interlocutores Delia y Cilena, con la defensa de Danias. Impreso en Lima por Antonio Ricardo, año 1602._

[1324] _Die Kechua Sprache, I._; _Sprachlehre, II._; _Wörterbuch, von J. J. Von Tschudi_ (Wien, 1853).

[1325] _Gramatica y Diccionario de la lengua general de Peru, llamada comunmuente Quichua, por el R. P. Fr. Honorio Mossi, Misionero Apostolico del colejio de propaganda fide de la ciudad de Potosi_ (Sucre, 1859). [An earlier _Gramática y Ensayo_ was published at Sucre in 1857. Leclerc says it has become very rare.—ED.]

[1326] _Gramatica Quichua o del idioma del Imperio de los Incas, por José Dionisio Anchorena_ (Lima, 1874).

[1327] _Elementos de Gramatica Quichua ó idioma de los Yncas por el Dr. José Fernandez Nodal._ The book was printed in England in 1874.

[1328] _El Evangelio de Jesu Christo segun San Lucas en Aymara y Español, traducido de la vulgata Latin al Aymará por Don Vicente Pazos-kanki, Doctor de la Universidad del Cuzco e Individuo de la Sociedad Historica de Nueva York_ (Londres, 1829).

[1329] _Apunchis Santa Yoancama Ehuangeliun, Quichua cayri Ynca siminpi quillkcasca. El Santo Evangelio de Nuestro Señor Jesu-Christo segun San Juan, traducido del original a la lengua Quichua o del Ynca; por el Rev. J. H. Gybbon Spilsbury, Buenos Aires, 1880._

[1330] _Les Races Aryennes du Pérou, leur langue, leur religion, leur histoire, par Vicente Fidel Lopez_ (Paris et Montevideo, 1871). [Lopez’s book was subjected to an examination by Lucien Adam, in a paper, “Le Quichua, est il une langue aryenne?” in the Luxembourg _Compte-Rendu du Congrés des Américanistes_, ii. 75. Cf. _Macmillan’s Mag._, xxvii. 424, by A. Lang.—ED.]

[1331] _Peruvia Scythica. The Quichua language of Peru: its derivation from Central Asia, with the American languages in general, and with the Turanian and Iberian languages of the Old World, including the Basque, the Llycian, and the Pre-Aryan language of Etruria; by Robert Ellis, B. D._ (Trübner & Co., London, 1875).

[1332] _Ollanta: ein Altperuanisches Drama aus der Kechuasprache, übersetzt und commentirt von J. J. von Tschudi_ (Wien, 1875).

[1333] _Ollanta, an ancient Inca Drama_, by Clements R. Markham (London, 1871).

[1334] _Ollanta o sea la severidad de un padre y la clemencia de un rey drama traducido del Quichua al Castellano por José S. Barranca_ (Lima, 1868).

[1335] _Ollanta por Constantino Carrasco_ (Lima, 1876).

[1336] _Los vinculos de Ollanta y Cusi Kcoyllor, Drama en Quichua. José Fernandez Nodal._ Dr. Nodal commenced, but never completed, an English translation.

[1337] _Collection Linguistique Americaine. Tome iv. Ollanaï, drama en vers Quechuas du temps des Incas traduit et commenté, par Gavino Pacheco Zegarra_ (Paris, 1878), pp. clxxiv and 265.

[1338] _Ollantay. Estudio sobre el drama Quichua, por Bartolomé Mitre, publicada en la Nueva Revista de Buenos Ayres_ (1881).

[1339] _Poesia Dramatica de los Incas. Ollantay, por Clemente R. Markham traducido del Ingles por Adolfo F. Olivares, y seguido de una carta critica del Dr. Don Vicente Fidel Lopez_ (Buenos Ayres, 1883).

[1340] See Vol. IV. p. 141.

[1341] A most graphic and picturesque account of the ceremonies attending the process of adoption is given in the _Narrative of the Captivity of Col. James Smith_. He was taken prisoner, in May, 1755, by two Delaware Indians, and carried to Fort Duquesne. He describes the methods of the men and the women in an Indian town by which he was adopted as one of the Caughnewagos. He shared the life and rovings of the tribe till 1760, when he got back to his home; accompanied Bouquet as a guide; was colonel of a regiment in our Revolutionary War, and afterwards a member of the Kentucky legislature. Here certainly was a varied career.

[1342] Governor Colden says that when he first went among the Mohawks he was adopted by them. The name given to him was “Cayenderogue,” which was borne by an old sachem, a notable warrior. He writes: “I thought no more of it at that time than as an artifice to draw a belly-full of strong liquor from me for himself and his companions. But when, about ten or twelve years after, my business led me among them,” he was recognized by the name, and it served him in good stead. (_Hist. of Five Nats._, 3d ed., i. p. 11.) The savages always took the liberty of assigning names of their own, either general or individual, to the Europeans with whom they had intercourse. The governor of Canada, for the time being, was called “Onontio”; of New York, “Corlear”; of Virginia, “Assarigoa”; of Pennsylvania, “Onas,” etc. At a council of the Six Nations with the governors of Pennsylvania, Virginia, and Maryland, held at Lancaster in June, 1744, it came under notice that the governor of Maryland had as yet no appellation assigned him by the natives. Much formality was used in providing one for him. It was tried by lot as to which of the tribes should have the honor of naming him. The lot fell to the Cayugas, one of whose chiefs, after solemn deliberation, assigned the name “To-carryhogan.” (Colden, ii. p. 89.)

[1343] From Archives of Massachusetts, vol. lxviii. p. 193:—

“For the Indian Sagamores, and people that are in warre against us.

“Inteligence is Come to us that you haue some English (especially weomen and children) in Captivity among you. Wee haue therefore sent this messenger, offering to redeeme them either for payment in goods or wompom; or by exchange of prisoners. Wee desire your answer by this our messinger, what price you demand for euery man woman and child, or if you will exchainge for Indians: if you haue any among you that can write your Answer to this our messuage, we desire it in writting, and to that end haue sent paper, pen and Incke by the messenger. If you lett our messenger haue free accesse to you and freedome of a safe returne: Wee are willing to doe the like by any messenger of yours. Prouided he come vnarmed and Carry a white flagg Vpon a Staffe vissible to be seene: which we calle a flagg of truce: and is used by Civil nations in time of warre when any messingers are sent in a way of treaty: which wee haue done by our messenger.

“Boston 31th of March 1676 past by the Council E. R. S. & was signed

“In testimony whereof I haue set to my hand & Seal.

F. L. Gov.”

(From _N. E. Hist. and Gen. Register_, Jan’y, 1885, pp. 79, 80.)

[1344] _Dinwiddie Papers_, ii. p. 426.

[1345] Quoted in Parkman’s _Montcalm and Wolfe_, i. p. 297.

[1346] Margry, v. 135-250.

[1347] By the treaty at Lancaster, the Indians covenanted to cede to the English, for goods of the money value of £400, the lands between the Alleghanies and the Ohio. See our Vol. V. 566.—ED.

[1348] These treaties are fully presented, with all the harangues, by Colden, vol. ii.

[1349] The most capable and intelligent interpreter employed by the English for a long period, and who served at the councils for negotiating the most important treaties of this time, was Conrad Weiser. He came with his family from Germany in 1710, and settled at Schoharie, N. Y. His ability and integrity won him the confidence alike of the Indians and the English. In the _Collections of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania_, vol. i. pp. 1-34, are autobiographical, personal, and narrative papers and journals by this remarkable man, equally characterized by the boldest spirit of adventure and by an ardent piety. He gives in full his journal of his mission from the governments of Pennsylvania and Virginia to negotiate with the Six Nations in 1737. [See Vol. V. 566.—ED.]

[1350] Mahon’s _England_, ch. 35, and Smollett’s _England_, Book iii. ch. 9.

[1351] Governor Dinwiddie, in urging the assembly of Virginia, in 1756, to active war measures, warned them of the alternative of “giving up your Liberty for Slavery, the purest Religion for the grossest Idolatry and Superstition, the legal and mild Government of a Protestant King for the Arbitrary Exactions and heavy Oppressions of a Popish Tyrant.” (_Dinwiddie Papers_, ii. p. 515.)

[1352] In Mr. Parkman’s _Montcalm and Wolfe_, i. p. 65 and on, is a lively account of the busy zeal of Father Piquet in making and putting to service savage converts of the sort described in the text. [See Vol. V. 571.—ED.]

[1353] The excellent James Logan, who came over as secretary to William Penn, and who always claimed to be a consistent member of the Society of Friends, took an exception to a position on one point,—that of maintaining the right, and even obligation, of defensive warfare. A letter of very cogent argument to this effect was addressed by him to the Society of Friends in 1741, remonstrating with them for their opposition in the legislature to means for defending the colony. _Collections of Historl. Soc. of Penns._, i. p. 36. [See Vol V. p. 243.—ED.]

[1354] It was but a repetition of the passions and jealousies of the colonists of Massachusetts, as maddened by the devastation inflicted upon them in King Philip’s war, when they themselves broke up the settlements, then under hopeful promise, of “Praying Indians,” at Natick and other villages, the fruits of the devoted labors of the Apostle Eliot. The occasion of this dispersion and severe watch over the Indian converts was a jealousy that they had been warmed in the bosom of a weak pity merely for a deadly use of their fangs.

[1355] [See Vol. V. 240.—ED.]

[1356] _Spotswood Papers_, published by the Virginia Historical Society. [The events of this period are followed in our Vol. V.—ED.]

[1357] The official papers are given in full by Colden, who adds a very able memorial of his own, in favor of the act, addressed to Governor Burnet, in 1724. It was estimated that the Indian trade of New York increased fivefold in twelve years.

[1358] [See Vol. V. 530, 575.—ED.]

[1359] Appendix V to the _Ohio Valley Historical Series_, edition of _Bouquet’s Expedition_ (Cincinnati, 1868).

[1360] It is estimated that not less than two hundred of these scattered traders, who had confidently ventured into the wilderness on the assurance of the treaty, were massacred, after being plundered of goods of more than a hundred thousand pounds in value.

[1361] [The events of the Pontiac war can be followed in Vol. V.—ED.]

[1362] The bibliography of the subject is nowhere exhaustively done. The _Proof-sheets_ of Pilling as a tentative effort, and his later divisionary sections, devoted to the Eskimo, Siouan, and other stocks, though primarily framed for their linguistic bearing, are the chief help; and these guides can be supplemented by Field’s Indian _Bibliography_, the references for anonymous books in Sabin’s _Dictionary_ (ix. p. 86), and sections in many catalogues of public and private libraries, like the Brinley (iii. 5, 352 etc.), devoted wholly or in part to Americana, and the foot-notes and authorities given in Parkman, H. H. Bancroft, and many others.

[1363] Parkman’s merits as a historian are elsewhere recognized in the present history. See Vols. II., IV., and V. He first gave his summary of Indian character in the introductory chapter of his first historical book, his _Pontiac_. He later completed it in papers in the _North Amer. Rev._, July, 1865, and July, 1866, and finally in the introduction to his _Jesuits_.

[1364] This class of material, including the _Lettres Edifiantes_, has been examined in our Vol. IV. 292, 296, 316, etc. Cf. Shea’s _Charlevoix_, i. 88; _Glorias del segundo siglo de la compañia de Jesus, 1646-1730_ (Madrid, 1734).

Parkman calls Brébœuf the best observer among the Jesuits. On their missions see _Revue Canadienne_, Jan., 1888; _Dublin Review_, xii. (1869) 70; _Mag. Amer. Hist._, iii. 250. Margry (vol. i.) has a “Mémoire” on the Recollects, 1614-1884. Cf. _Revue Canadienne_, by S. Lesage, Feb., 1867, p. 303. On the earlier Canadian missions see N. E. Dionne in _Nouvelles Soirées Canadiennes_, i. 399; _U. S. Catholic Monthly_, vii. 235, 518, 561; and the Abbé Verreau on the beginnings of the Church in Canada, in _Roy. Soc. Canada, Proc._, ii. 63.

[1365] See Vol. IV. 130, 290, 296, 298.

[1366] _Jesuits_, p. liv.

[1367] Shea’s ed. Charlevoix, p. 91. See _post_, Vol. IV. 298.

[1368] Cf. Vol. IV. p. 242.

[1369] _U.S. Statutes at Large_, xvii. 513.

[1370] Parkman in his _La Salle_ lets us into the feelings of that explorer. La Salle’s account of the Indians is translated in the _Mag. Amer. Hist._, Ap., 1878.

[1371] Cf. _Travels of several learned missionaries of the Society of Jesus, translated from the French_ (London, 1714).

[1372] See Vol. V. 245, 582.

[1373] See Vol. V. p. 169.

[1374] Other missionary records are noticed in Vol. V. Brinton enlarges upon the traces of Indian degradation following upon all missionary efforts among them. _Amer. Hero Myths_, 206, 231.

[1375] The careers of Johnson and Croghan are traced in Vol. V.

[1376] Vol. V. _passim_.

[1377] Such were the _Travels_ of Alexander Henry, the _Sufferings_ of Peter Williamson, and the long list of so-called “Captivities” (see Vol. V. 186, 490). Probably Mr. Samuel G. Drake was for many years the most assiduous promoter of this class of books. This compiler’s sympathetic sentiment clearly affected his rhetoric and sometimes the accuracy of his statements. Cf. titles of his books in Pilling, Sabin, and Field. Cf. Drake’s _Aboriginal Races of North America, revised by H. L. Williams_ (N. Y., 1880).

[1378] _Voyages: an account of his travels and experiences among the North American Indians, from 1652 to 1684. Transcribed from original manuscripts in the Bodleian Library and the British Museum. With historical illustrations and an introduction by G. D. Scull_ (Boston, 1885), a publication of the Prince Society.

[1379] _Voyages_, 2d ed., London, 1724.

[1380] See Vol. IV. p. 299.

[1381] In 1766-68.

[1382] _Reise in das Innere Nord Amerikas_ (Coblenz, 1841); also in an English translation (London).

[1383] _Border Reminiscences_ (N. Y., 1872).

[1384] _Army Sacrifices._

[1385] _Notes of the settlement and Indian wars of the western parts of Virginia and Pennsylvania_, 1763-1783. See Vol. V. p. 581.

[1386] The question has often been discussed as to the origin of the title of “Indian summer,” as applied to a beautiful portion of our autumnal season. Dr. Doddridge gives us an explanation of its original significance, or, at least, of an association with it, which would make a feeling of dread rather than of romance its most striking suggestion. He says that to a backwoodsman the term in its original import would cause a chill of horror. The explanation is as follows: The white settlers on the frontiers found no peace from Indian alarms and onsets save in the winter. From spring to the early part of the autumn, the settlers, cooped up in the forts, or ever at watch in their fields, had no security or comfort. The approach of winter was hailed as a jubilee in cabin and farm, with bustle and hilarity. But after the first set-in of winter aspects came a longer or shorter interval of warm, smoky, hazy weather, which would tempt the Indians—as if a brief return of summer—to renew their incursions on the frontiers. The season, then, was an “Indian summer” only for blood and mischief. So the spell of warm open weather, of melting snows, in the latter part of February—a premature spring—was a period of dread for the frontiersmen. It was called the “pawwawing days,” as the Indians were then holding their incantations and councils for rehearsing for their spring war-parties.

[1387] Cf. further on Hildreth and his books our Vol. VII. p. 536.

[1388] There are notices of other books of this kind in Vols. V. and VII. of the present History. Particularly, may be mentioned Joseph Pritt’s _Mirror of Olden Time_ (Chambersburg, Va., 1848; 2d ed., Abingdon, Va., 1849), in which the most interesting portions are the personal narratives of such captives to the Indians as Col. James Smith, John M’Cullough, and others, the full credibility of which is vouched for by those who knew them as neighbors and associates. This class of narratives by men who for years, willingly or unwillingly, affiliated with their wild captors make very intelligible to us the fact that the whites are much more readily Indianized than are Indians led to conform to the ways of civilization. Cf. Archibald Loudon’s _Selection of some of the most interesting narratives, of outrages, committed by the Indians, in their wars with the white people. Also, an account of their manners, customs, traditions, etc._ (Carlisle, 1808-11; Harrisburg, 1888).

[1389] Vol. VII. p. 448. As types of successive ranges of anthropological studies see Happel’s _Thesaurus Exoticorum_ (Hamburg, 1688); Stuart and Kuyper’s _De Mensch zoo als hij voorkomt_ (Amsterdam, 1802), vol. vi., and the better known _Researches_ of Prichard (vol. v.).

[1390] See Vol. V. 68.

[1391] See Vol. VII. 264.

[1392] The original paintings for the plates are now in the Peabody Museum (_Report_, xvi. 189). M’Kenney also published his _Memoirs, official and personal, with sketches of travel among the northern and southern Indians_ (N. Y., 1846), in two volumes. He had been in 1816 the agent of the United States in dealing with the Indians, and in 1824 had been put at the head of the Indian bureau.

[1393] The English editions are generally called _Illustrations of the Manners_, etc.

[1394] The best bibliographical record of Catlin’s publications is in Pilling’s _Bibliog. Siouan languages_ (1887), p. 15. Cf. Field, p. 63; Sabin, iii. p. 436.

[1395] The volume contains three interesting portraits of Catlin and reimpressions of his drawings as originally published.

[1396] For diversity of opinions respecting it see Allibone’s _Dictionary_. The modern scientific historian and ethnologist think in conjunction in giving it a low rank compared with what such a book should be. The fullest account of the bibliography of this and of Schoolcraft’s other books is in Pilling’s _Proof-sheets_. Whatever credit may accrue to Schoolcraft is kept out of sight in the title-page of a condensation of the book, which has some interspersed additions from other sources, all of which are obscurely included, so that the authorship of them is uncertain. The book is called _The Indian Tribes of the United States, edited by F. S. Drake_ (Philad., 1884), in 2 vols. There is another conglomerate and useful book, edited by W. W. Beach, _The Indian Miscellany; papers on the history, antiquities [etc.] of the American aborigines_ (Albany, 1877), which is a collection of magazine, review, and newspaper articles by various writers, usually of good character.

[1397] Particularly in Vol. IV.

[1398] Cf. Vol. VI. 610, 611, 650.

[1399] A part of it is reproduced by J. Watts de Peyster in his _Miscellanies by an Officer_, part ii. (N. Y., 1888).

[1400] Vol. VII. p. 448.

[1401] There is a map of the distribution of Indians in the eastern part of the United States in Cassino’s _Standard Nat. Hist._, vi. 147.

[1402] See _ante_, p. 106.

[1403] Paul Kane’s _Wanderings of an artist among the Indians_ is translated by Ed. Delessert in _Les Indiens de la baie d’Hudson_ (Paris, 1861).

[1404] The truth seems to be that some were last seen in that year. It is uncertain whether they died out, or the final remnant crossed into Labrador.

[1405] See Vol. IV. p. 292.

[1406] Cf. _Account of the customs and manners of the Micmakis and Maricheets savage nations. From an original French manuscript letter, never published. Annexed, pieces relative to the savages, Nova Scotia_ [etc.] (London, 1758); J. G. Shea in _Hist. Mag._, v. 290; _No. Am. Rev._, vol. cxii., Jan., 1871. For missions among them see Vol. IV. p. 268.

[1407] See Vol. IV. p. 299. The Hurons as the leading stock in Canada are, of course, to be studied in the _Jesuit Relations_ and in all the other accounts of the Catholic missions in Canada, as well as in the early historical narratives, alluded to in the text, and in such special books as the Sieur Gendron’s _Pays des Hurons_ (see Vol. IV. 305), and in the accounts of leading missionaries like Jean de Brébœuf. Cf. Félix Martin’s _Hurons et Iroquois_ (Paris, 1877); J. M. Lemoine in _Maple Leaves_, 2d ser. (1873); Cayaron’s _Chaumont_, 1639-1693, and his_ Autobiographie et pièces inédites_ (Poitiers, 1869); B. Sulte on the Iroquois and Algonquins in the _Revue Canadienne_ (x. 606); D. Wilson on the Huron-Iroquois of Canada in _Roy. Soc. Canada, Proc._ (1884, vol. ii.), and references, _post_, Vol. IV. p. 307. W. H. Withrow has a paper on the last of the Hurons in the _Canadian Monthly_ (ii. 409).

[1408] All of these books are further characterized in Vols. IV. and V. Cf. also J. Campbell in the _Quebec Lit. and Hist. Soc. Trans._, 1881, and Wm. Clint in _Ibid._ 1877; and Daniel Wilson in _Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci. Proc._ (1882), vol. xxxi., and in his _Prehist. Man_, ii. Also Vetromile’s _Abnakis_ (N. Y., 1866).

[1409] Vol. III.

[1410] “Hist. Coll. of the Indians of N. E.” in _Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll._, i.

[1411] Noyes’ _New England’s Duty_, Boston, 1698.

[1412] Cf. Neal’s _New England_, i. ch. 6; _Conn. Evang. Mag._, ii., iii., iv.; _Amer. Q. Reg._, iv.; _Sabbath at Home_, Apr.-July, 1868.

[1413] Cf. his letters in _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, Nov., 1879; _N. E. Hist. Gen. Reg._, July, 1882; Birch’s _Life of Robert Boyle_; and the lives of Eliot. For the Eliot tracts see our Vol. III. p. 355. Marvin’s reprint of Eliot’s _Brief Narration_ (1670) has a list of writers on the subject. Cf. Martin Moore on Eliot and his Converts in the _Amer. Quart. Reg._, Feb., 1843, reprinted in Beach’s _Indian Miscellany_, p. 405; Ellis’s _Red Man and White Man in No. America_; Jacob’s _Praying Indians_; and Bigelow’s _Natick_.

[1414] Sabin, x. p. 191.

[1415] _Archæologia Amer._, ii.

[1416] Cf. John Gillies’ _Hist. Coll. relating to remarkable periods of the success of the Gospel_ (Glasgow, 1754).

[1417] _Success of the gospel among the Indians of Martha’s Vineyard_ (1694). _Conquests and Triumphs of Grace_ (1696), which is reprinted in part in Mather’s _Magnalia_. _Indian Converts of Martha’s Vineyard_ (1727), and Experience, its author, appended to one of his discourses a “State of the Indians, 1694-1720.”

[1418] _Origin and early progress of Indian missions in New England, with a list of books in the Indian language printed at Cambridge and Boston, 1653-1721_ (Worcester, 1874, or _Amer. Antiq. Soc. Proc._, Oct., 1873); a paper on the Indian tongue and its literature in the _Mem. Hist. Boston_, i. 465.

[1419] Wheelock has given us _A brief narrative of the Indian Charity School_ (London, 1766; 2d ed., 1767), and a series of tracts portray its later progress. Cf. McClure and Parish’s _Memoir of Wheelock_. Samson Occum and Brant were his pupils. Also see Miss Fletcher’s _Report_, p. 94, and S. C. Bartlett in _The Granite Monthly_ (1888), p. 277.

[1420] See Vol. III. p. 364. There is a bibliography of the Indians in Maine in the _Hist. Mag._, March, 1870, p. 164. Cf. Hanson’s _Gardiner_, etc.; the histories of Norridgewock by Hanson and Allen; Sabine in the _Christian Examiner_, 1857; and _Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll._, vols. iii., ix. On the Maine missions, see _post_, Vol. IV. 300; and R. H. Sherwood in the _Catholic World_, xxii. 656.

[1421] See Vol. III. p. 367.

[1422] Cf. _Report on the Mass. Archives_ (1885).

[1423] Vol. III. p. 362.

[1424] Dr. Ellis has a paper on the Indians of eastern Massachusetts in the _Mem. Hist. Boston_, i. 241. For the middle regions there are Epaphras Hoyt’s _Antiquarian Researches_ (Greenfield, 1824), and Temple’s _North Brookfield_, not to name other books. For the Stockbridge tribe and the Housatonics, see Samuel Hopkins’ _Hist. Memoirs relating to the Housatunnuk Indians_ (1753); Jones’ _Stockbridge_; Charles Allen’s _Report on the Stockbridge Indians_ (Boston, 1870; _Ho. Doc. Mass. Leg._, no. 13, of 1870); S. Orcutt’s _Indians of the Housatonic and Naugatuck Valleys_ (Hartford, 1882); _Mag. Amer. Hist._, Dec., 1878; and Miss Fletcher’s _Report_, pp. 38, 90. For the Wampanoags on the borders of Rhode Island, see _Smithsonian Report_, 1883; and William J. Miller’s _Notes concerning the Wampanoag tribe of Indians, with some account of a rock picture on the shore of Mount Hope Bay, in Bristol, R. I._ (Providence, 1880).

[1425] Potter’s _Early Hist. of Narragansett_; _R. I. Hist. Coll._, viii.; Henry Bull’s Memoir in _R. I. Hist. Mag._, April, 1886; Usher Parsons on the Nyantics in _Hist. Mag._, Feb., 1863.

[1426] Theo. Dwight’s _Connecticut_, ch. 5-7; Trumbull’s Connecticut, ch. 5, 6; Ellis’ _Life of Capt. Mason_; W. L. Stone’s _Uncas and Miantonomoh_; S. Orcutt’s _Stratford and Bridgeport_ (1886); Luzerne Ray in _New Englander_, July, 1843 (reprinted in Beach’s _Ind. Miscellany_).

On the Pequods, see Wm. Apes’ _Son of the Forest_, and other small books by this member of the tribe, published from 1829 to 1837; Lossing in _Scribner’s Monthly_, ii., Oct., 1871 (included in Beach). Cf. our Vol. III. p. 368.

[1427] Further modern portraitures can be found in Dwight’s _Travels_; Barry’s _Massachusetts_; Felt’s _Eccles. Hist. N. E._ (p. 279); Samuel Eliot on the “Early relations with the Indians” in the volume of the _Mass. Hist. Soc. Lectures_; Zachariah Allen on _The conditions of life, habits, and customs of the native Indians of America, and their treatment by the first settlers. An address before the Rhode Island Historical Society, Dec. 4, 1879_ (Providence, 1880). Cf. on the Indians and the Puritans, _Amer. Chh. Review_, iii. 208, 359.

[1428] Cf. Brodhead’s _New York_; the _Doc. Hist. N. Y._; and Wm. Eliot Griffis’ _Arent van Curler and his policy of peace with the Iroquois_ (1884).

[1429] Cf. Vol. IV. 306. The best source for the story of Jogues is Felix Martin’s _Life of Father Isaac Jogues, missionary priest of the Society of Jesus, slain by the Mohawk Iroquois, in the present state of New York, Oct. 18, 1646. With [his] account of the captivity and death of René Goupil, slain Sept. 29, 1642. Translated from the French by J. G. Shea_ (New York, 1885). It is accompanied by a map of the county by Gen. John S. Clark, indicating the sites of the Indian villages and missions, which is an improvement upon Clark’s earlier map, given _post_, Vol. IV. 293. Cf. _Hist. Mag._, xii. 15; Hale’s _Book of Rites_, introd. W. H. Withrow has a paper on Jogues in the _Proc. Roy. Soc. Canada_, iii. (2) 45.

[1430] Vol. IV. 279, 309.

[1431] Cf. D. Humphrey’s _Hist. Acc. of the Soc. for propagating the Gospel_ (1730); _Doc. Hist. N. Y._, iv.; A. G. Hopkins in the _Oneida Hist. Soc. Trans._, 1885-86, p. 5; W. M. Beauchamp in _Am. Chh. Rev._, xlvi. 87; S. K. Lothrop’s _Kirkland_; and Miss Fletcher’s _Report_ (1888), p. 85.

[1432] Sylvester’s _Northern New York_; Clark’s _Onondaga_; Jones’s _Oneida County_; Simms’ _Schoharie County_; Benton’s _Herkimer County_; C. E. Stickney’s _Minisink Region_; G. H. Harris’ _Aboriginal occupation of the lower Genesee County_ (Rochester, 1884,—taken from W. F. Peck’s _Semi-Centennial Hist. of Rochester_); Ketchum’s _Buffalo_; John Wentworth Sanborn’s _Legends, Customs, and Social Life of the Seneca Indians_ (Gowanda, N. Y., 1878). On the origin of the name Seneca, see O. H. Marshall’s _Hist. Writings_, p. 231.

[1433] See Vol. IV. 299. Shea says the only copies known of the 1727 edition are those noted in the catalogues of H. C. Murphy, Menzies, Brinley, and T. H. Morrell. Stevens noted a copy in 1885, at £42. The _Murphy Catalogue_ gives the various editions. Cf. Sabin and Pilling. There is an account of Colden in the _Hist. Mag._, Jan., 1865. Palfrey (_New England_, iv. 40) warns the student that Colden must be used with caution, and that he needs to be corrected by Charlevoix.

[1434] See Vol. V. 618.

[1435] Cf. Vol. IV. 297. Schoolcraft later included in his _Indian Tribes_ a reprint of David Cusick’s _Ancient Hist. of the Six Nations_ (1825), the work of a Tuscarora chief. Brinton (_Myths_, 108) calls it of little value. Elias Johnson, another Tuscarora, printed a little _Hist. of the Six Nations_ at Lockport in 1881.

[1436] See Vol. V., VI., VII.

[1437] This was the earliest of Morgan’s important writings on the Iroquois, but the full outcome of all his views on the Indian character and life can only be studied by following him through his later _Ancient Society_, his _Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity_, and his _Houses and House-life of the American Aborigines_. Cf. Pilling’s _Proof-sheets_ for a conspectus of his works. Morgan’s early studies on the Iroquois sensibly affected his judgment in his later treatment of all other North American tribes.

[1438] Hale has also contributed to the _Mag. Amer. Hist._, 1885, xiii. 131, a paper on “Chief George H. M. Johnson, his life and work among the Six Nations;” and to the _Amer. Antiquarian_, 1885, vii. 7, one on “The Iroquois sacrifice of the white dog.”

A few other references on the Iroquois follow: Drake’s _Book of the Indians_, book v.; D. Sherman in _Mag. West. Hist._, i. 467; W. W. Beauchamp in _Amer. Antiquarian_ (Nov., 1886), viii. 358; D. Gray on the last Indian council in the Genesee Country, in _Scribner’s Mag._, xxv. 338; _Penna. Mag._, i. 163, 319; ii. 407. For the Schaghticoke tribe, see _Hist. Mag._, June, 1870; and for those of the Susquehanna Valley, Miner’s _Wyoming_ and Stone’s _Wyoming_. E. M. Ruttenber’s _Indian Tribes of the Hudson River_ (Albany, 1872) is an important book. Miss Fletcher’s _Report_ includes a paper on the N. Y. Indians, by F. B. Hough.

[1439] _N. Jersey Hist. Soc. Proc._, vol. iv.

[1440] There is a sketch of this singular character in Brinton’s _Lenape_, ch. 7.

[1441] Also _Amer. Whig Review_, Feb., 1849; and in Beach’s _Indian Miscellany_.

[1442] We may also note: D. B. Brunner’s _Indians of Berks county, Pa.; being a summary of all the tangible records of the aborigines of Berks County_ (Reading, Pa., 1881), and W. J. Buck’s “Lappawinzo and Tishcohan chiefs of the Lenni Lenape” in the _Penna. Mag. of Hist._, July, 1883, p. 215. The early writers to elucidate the condition of the Delawares soon after the white contact are Vanderdonck, Campanius, Gabriel Thomas, and later there is something of value in Peter Kalm’s _Travels_. The early authorities on Pennsylvania need also to be consulted, as well as the _Penna. Archives_, and the _Collections_ of the Penna. Hist. Soc., and its _Bulletin_, whose first number has Ettwein’s _Traditions and language of the Indians_. Of considerable historical value is Charles Thomson’s _Enquiry_ (see Vol. V. 575), and the relations of the Quakers to the tribes are surveyed in an _Account of the Conduct of the Society of Friends towards the Indian Tribes_ (Lond., 1844); but other references will be found _post_, Vol. V. 582, including others on the Moravian missions, the literature of which is of much importance in this study. Cf. Chas. Beatty’s _Journal of a two months’ tour_ (London, 1768), the works of Heckewelder and Loskiel, and Schweinitz’s _Zeisberger_. Cf. Miss Fletcher’s _Report_, p. 78.

[1443] Vol. III., under Virginia and Maryland. Cf. _Hist. Mag._, March, 1857.

[1444] For instance, the _Relatio itineris in Marylandiam_.

[1445] See Vol. III.

[1446] The latest summary is in Miss Fletcher’s _Report_, ch. 2 and 3.

[1447] F. Kidder in _Hist. Mag._ (1857), i. 161. Doyle’s _English in America, Virginia, etc._ (London, 1882) gives a brief chapter to the natives. Cf. travels of Bartram and Smyth, and Miss Fletcher’s _Report_, ch. 19.

[1448] Vol. II.

[1449] Vol. V. p. 65.

[1450] Vol. V. p. 69, 344, 393.

[1451] Vol. V. p. 401.

[1452] This also makes part of the Urlsperger tract, _Ausführliche Nachricht von den Saltzburgischen Emigranten_ (Halle, 1835). See Vol. V. p. 395.

[1453] Vol. V. p. 399. Cf. _Mag. Amer. Hist._, v. 346.

[1454] The long contested case of the Cherokees _v._ Georgia brought out much material. Cf. Vol. VII. p. 322, and _Poole’s Index_, p. 225. There is a somewhat curious presentation of the Cherokee mind in the address of Dewi Brown in the _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, xii. 30.

[1455] The histories of the Creek war give some material. See Vol. VII. and Harrison’s _Life of John Howard Payne_, ch. 4. Cf. _Poole’s Index_, p. 314.

[1456] Cf. _Poole’s Index_.

[1457] See Vol. VII.

[1458] Cf. Claiborne’s _Mississippi_, i.; Brinton in _Hist. Mag._, 2d ser., vol. i. p. 16; and E. L. Berthoud’s _Natchez Indians_ (Golden, 1886), a pamphlet.

[1459] Vol. V. p. 68. Cf. also an abridged memoir of the missions in Louisiana by Father Francis Watrin, Jesuit, 1764-65, in _Mag. West. Hist._, Feb., 1885, p. 265; the _Travels into Arkansa territory_, 1819, by Thomas Nuttall (Philad., 1821), for other accounts of the aboriginal inhabitants of the banks of the Mississippi; the _History of Kansas_ (Chicago, 1883), p. 58; and the _Proceedings_ of the Kansas Hist. Society.

[1460] Cf. Vol. IV. p. 298; and C. W. Butterfield in the _Mag. West. Hist._, Feb., 1887; and on the Indian occupation of Ohio, _Ibid._, Nov., 1884. David Jones’ _Two Visits, 1772-73_, concerns the Ohio Indians. Our Vol. V. covers this region during the French wars. J. R. Dodge’s _Red Man of the Ohio Valley, 1650-1795_ (Springfield, O., 1860), is a popular book.

[1461] _Hist. Mag._, x. (Jan., 1866).

[1462] _Mag. West. Hist._, ii. 38.

[1463] _Hist. Writings_, 1887.

[1464] _Fergus Hist. Series, No. 27_ (1884). Cf. Hough’s map of the tribal districts of Indiana in his _Rept. on the Geology and Nat. Hist. of Indiana_ (1882).

[1465] See Vol. IV. 298.

[1466] Cf. _Hist. Mag._, Sept., 1861; and Peter D. Clarke’s _Origin and Traditional Hist. of the Wyandotts_ (Toronto, 1870). Clarke is a native Indian writer.

[1467] Cf. I. A. Lapham on the _Indians of Wisconsin_ (Milwaukee, 1879); and E. Jacker on the missions in _Am. Cath. Quart._, i. 404; also Miss Fletcher’s _Report_, ch. 21.

[1468] Vol. VII.

[1469] Cf. her _Report_ (1888), ch. 10, and her _Indian ceremonies_ (Salem, Mass., 1884), taken from the xvi. _Report of the Peabody Museum of Amer. Archæology and Ethnology_, 1883, pp. 260-333, and containing: The white buffalo festival of the Uncpapas.—The elk mystery or festival. Ogallala Sioux.—The religious ceremony of the four winds or quarters, as observed by the Santee Sioux.—The shadow or ghost lodge: a ceremony of the Ogallala Sioux.—The “Wawan,” or pipe dance of the Omahas.

The _Minnesota Hist. Soc. Collections_ have much on the Dacotahs.

[1470] _Ab-sa-ra-ka, home of the Crows, being the experience of an officer’s wife on the plains, with outlines of the natural features of the land, tables of distances, maps_ [etc.] (Philad., 1868).

[1471] These may be supplemented by Letheman’s account of the Navajos in the _Smithsonian Rept._, 1855, p. 280; and books of adventures, like Ruxton’s _Life in the Far West_; Pumpelly’s _Across America and Asia_; H. C. Dorr in _Overland Monthly_, Apr., 1871 (also in Beach’s _Indian Miscellany_); James Hobbs’ _Wild life in the far West_ (Hartford, 1875),—not to name others, and a large mass of periodical literature to be reached for the English portion through _Poole’s Index_. Cf. Miss Fletcher’s _Report_ (1888).

[1472] _A Journal, kept at Nootka Sound, by John R. Jewitt, one of the surviving crew of the ship Boston, of Boston, John Salter, commander, who was massacred on 22d of March, 1803. Interspersed with some account of the natives, their manners and customs_ (Boston, 1807). Another account has been published with the title, “A narrative of the adventures and sufferings of J. R. Jewitt,” compiled from Jewitt’s “Oral relations,” by Richard Alsop; and another alteration and abridgment by S. G. Goodrich has been published with the title, “The captive of Nootka.” Cf. Sabin, Pilling, Field, etc. Cf. also _Hist. Mag._, Mar., 1863. The French half-breeds of the Northwest are described by V. Havard in the _Smithsonian Rept._, 1879.

[1473] Dall’s _Alaska and its Resources_ (Boston, 1870), with its list of books, is of use in this particular field. Cf. also Miss Fletcher’s _Report_ (1888), ch. 19 and 20.

[1474] His map is reproduced in Petermann’s _Geog. Mittheilungen_, xxv. pl. 13.

[1475] The periodical literature can be reached through _Poole’s Index_; particularly to be mentioned, however, are the _Atlantic Monthly_, Apr., 1875; by J. R. Browne in _Harper’s Mag._, Aug., 1861, repeated in Beach’s _Ind. Miscellany_. For the missionary aspects see such books as Geronimo Boscana’s _Chinigchinich; a historical account of the origin, customs, and traditions of the Indians at the missionary establishment of St. Juan Capistrano, Alta California; called the Acagchemem nation. Translated from the original Spanish manuscript, by one who was many years a resident of Alta California_ [Alfred Robinson] (N. Y., 1846), which is included in Robinson’s _Life in California_ (N. Y., 1846); and C. C. Painter’s _Visit to the mission Indians of southern California, and other western tribes_ (Philadelphia, 1886).

[1476] See, for instance: Maj. Powell on tribal society in the _Third Rept. Bur. of Ethnology_. On Totemism, see the _Fourth Rept._, p. 165, and J. G. Frazier in his _Totemism_ (Edinburgh, 1887). Lucien Carr on the social and political condition of women among the Huron-Iroquois tribes, in _Peabody Mus. Rept._, xvi. 207. J. M. Browne on Indian medicine in the _Atlantic_, July, 1866, reprinted in Beach’s _Indian Miscellany_. J. M. Lemoine on their mortuary rites in _Proc. Roy. Soc. Canada_, ii. 85, and H. C. Yarrow on their mortuary customs in the _First Rept. Bur. Ethnol._, p. 87, and on their mummifications in _Ibid._ p. 130. Andrew MacFarland Davis on Indian games in the _Bulletin, Essex Institute_, vols. xvii., xviii., and separately. On their intellectual and literary capacity, John Reade in the _Proc. Roy. Soc. of Canada_ (ii. sect. 2d, p. 17); Edward Jacker in _Amer. Catholic Quarterly_ (ii. 304; iii. 255); Brinton’s _Lenape and their legends_; W. G. Simms’ _Views and Reviews_.

[1477] _The North Americans of Antiquity_, by John T. Short, p. 130.

[1478] _Ibid._ p. 127.

[1479] _The Antiquity of Man in America_, by Alfred R. Wallace in _Nineteenth Century_ (November, 1887), vol. xxii. p. 673.

[1480] _Palæolithic Man in America_, in _Popular Science Monthly_ (November, 1888), p. 23.