Chapter XII: Appendix: Style-Book (1)

I. HANDLING COPY

=1. Definition.=--_Copy_ is any manuscript prepared for printing, and is written according to the individual style rules of each newspaper. The first thing for a reporter to do on beginning work in an office is to ask for the style-book, the manual for the guidance of reporters, copy-readers, and compositors. The chances are nine to one that the paper will not have such a book, since only the larger dailies print their rules of style, and that the reporter must study the columns of the paper and the changes made in his own stories for the individual office rules. If the paper happens to be the tenth one, however, the reporter should employ every spare moment studying the manual and should write every story, even his first one, as nearly as possible in accord with the printed rules, as the copy readers will insist on a strict observance of the regulations. Many of the rules will be mere _don'ts_, embodying common errors of diction. Others may be particular aversions of the editor or the head copy-reader and may have little regard for or relation to best usage. But such rules must be observed, even though they may be as absurd and contrary to all custom, as that of one metropolitan paper which makes its reporters write "Farwell-av," a usage peculiar to that journal. All such requirements may be found in the style-book, which, whenever in doubt, the reporter should consult rather than the columns of the paper, as the paper is not always reliable. Uncorrected matter is frequently hurried into the forms, causing variations that the rules of composition forbid.

=2. The Typewriter.=--The first requirement in preparing copy is a knowledge of how to handle a typewriter dexterously. In all offices the reporters are furnished with typewriters, and one is helpless until one learns how to use a machine. Longhand copy rarely is sent to the compositors nowadays. If such copy comes into the office, it is generally given to stenographers or reporters to type before being dispatched to the composing room.

=3. Longhand Copy.=--At times, however, when away from the office, one cannot obtain a machine and must write in longhand. In such cases, write with painstaking care for accuracy. Other things being equal, it is the legible copy that survives. Unusual proper names and technical words that are liable to be mistaken in copying should be printed letter by letter. If there is a possibility at any time of confusing an _o_ with an _a_, or a _u_ with an _n_, the _u_ and _a_ should be underscored and the _n_ and _o_ overscored. Quotation-marks should be enclosed in half-circles--thus, \"/jag\"/--to show whether they are beginning or end marks. And instead of a period, a small cross should be used, or else the period be enclosed in a circle.

=4. Paper.=--Writing paper is always supplied in the office. Even when one is a correspondent in a neighboring town, stationery, including self-addressed envelopes, is frequently furnished by the journal for which one corresponds. Some newspapers, however, do not provide writing supplies. In such cases the correspondent should choose unglazed paper of a neutral tint--gray, yellow, or manila brown. The paper most commonly used is unruled print paper 6 x 9 or 8-1/2 x 11 inches in size and of sufficient firmness to permit use of either ink or pencil.

=5. Margins.=--Except for the writer's name in a ring at the extreme left corner of the page, the top half of the first page of copy should be left blank, so that the headlines may be written there by the headline writer. All the sheets should have a margin of an inch at the bottom and at each side of the paper, and all other sheets than the first should have a margin of an inch at the top. The side margins are necessary for the corrections of the copy editors; the margins at the bottom are for convenience in pasting the sheets together; and the top margins are necessary for paging.

=6. Paragraph Indention.=--All paragraphs, including the first, should be indented an inch, irrespective of where the preceding paragraph has ended, and should be marked with the paragraph sign, a rectangle (=L=) placed before the first word. If two paragraphs have been run together thoughtlessly and it is necessary to separate them, insert the paragraph symbol (¶) immediately before the word beginning the new paragraph and write the same symbol in the margin. If the paragraph completes the page, a paragraph sign also should be put at the end, to indicate to the compositor that he may conclude his "take" with a broken line. No other lines than the first lines of paragraphs--quotations and summaries of course excepted--should be indented.

=7. Consolidation of Paragraphs.=--When it is necessary to consolidate two paragraphs that have been written separately, draw a line from the end of the first to the beginning of the second and mark _No_ ¶ in the margin. Use the same method when several lines or sentences have been canceled and the matter is meant to be continuous. Or when a new sentence has been indented unnecessarily, no paragraph being needed, draw a line from the first word to the left margin and mark _No_ ¶ there. If a sentence ends at the foot of a sheet, but the paragraph continues on the next page, draw a diagonal line from the last word to the right corner at the foot of the page, and on the next sheet draw a diagonal line from the upper left corner to the first word of the new sentence. These lines indicate to the compositor that any "take" ending with the first page or beginning with the second is not complete and may not conclude with a broken line or begin with an indented one.

=8. Crowded Lines.=--Do not crowd lines together. When the copy is typewritten, adjust the machine to make triple spaces between lines. When it is necessary to write the copy in longhand, leave a quarter-inch space between lines. Crowded lines saddle much extra trouble upon copy-readers, compelling them to cut and paste many times to make necessary corrections. Exception to the rule against crowded lines is made only when one has a paragraph a trifle too long for a page. It is better to crowd the last lines of a page a trifle than to run two or three words of a paragraph over to a new page.

=9. The Pages.=--If a paragraph would normally begin on the last line of a page, leave the line blank and start the new paragraph on a fresh sheet of paper. One may not write on more than one side of a sheet, not even if there are only two or three words to go on the next page. In the offices of the big dailies each sheet is cut into takes, numbered consecutively, and sent to as many different compositors. Irremediable confusion would be caused for a foreman who tried to handle copy written on both sides, for each take would contain a part of some other compositor's copy. The new page, too, should be numbered at the top with an arabic, not a roman, numeral. And in order to prevent the figure from being mistaken for a part of the article, it should be enclosed in a circle.

=10. Insertions.=--The reporter should make as few corrections as possible. But where any considerable addition or insertion is found necessary on a page, instead of writing the addition in the margin or on a separate sheet, cut the page and paste in the addition. The sheet may be made the same length as its fellows by folding the lower edge forward upon the written page. If it is folded backward, the fold is liable to be unnoticed, and therefore may cause confusion.

=11. "Add Stories."=--When a story is incomplete, either by reason of the end of the page being reached or because all the story is not yet in, write the word _More_ in a circle at the foot of the page, the purpose of the circle being to prevent the compositor from mistaking the word for a part of the story. "Add" stories,--stories that follow others already written or in type,--are marked with the catch line and the number of the addition. Thus the first addition to a story about a saloon robbery would be marked, "Add 1, Saloon Robbery"; and the second would be, "Add 2, Saloon Robbery." An insert into the story would be slugged, "Insert A, Saloon Robbery"; and the precise place of the insert would be indicated at the top of the inserted page: "Insert after first paragraph of lead, Saloon Robbery." Such directions are always enclosed in rings so that the compositor may not set them in the story.

=12. Illustrations, Clippings.=--If cuts or illustrations are to be printed with the copy, indicate as nearly as possible where they will appear in the printed story by "Turn rule for cut." That says to the compositor, "Make in the proofs a black ruled line for later insertion of a cut." The make-up editor may change the position of the cut to obtain a better balance of illustrations on the page or to avoid putting the picture where the paper will fold, but the direction will be worth while as an aid in placing the illustration accurately. Clippings included in the story should be pasted in the copy. Pins and clips slip easily and may cause loss of the clipping.

=13. Underscoring.=--Underscore once for _italics_, twice for SMALL CAPITALS, and three times for CAPITALS. Use wave-line underscoring to indicate =display type=. Many newspapers have abandoned italic type and small capitals altogether, because their linotype machines carry only two kinds of type, and black-face type is needed for headlines, etc. Because of this, where one formerly might underscore a word for emphasis, it is necessary now to reword the sentence altogether.

=14. Corrections.=--When it is necessary to strike out letters or words from copy, run the pen or pencil through them and draw a line between those to be set up together. Do not enclose in parentheses words to be erased. A printer will not omit, but will set up in type, parentheses and everything enclosed within them. When a letter or word has been wrongly stricken out, it may be restored by making a series of dots immediately beneath and writing the word _stet_ in the margin. Two letters, words, or phrases that one wishes transposed may be so indicated by drawing a continuous line over the first and under the second and writing _tr_ in the margin. A capital letter that should be a small letter may be so indicated by drawing a line downward from right to left through the letter. Because of the haste frequently necessary in writing copy, it has become a trick of the trade to enclose within a circle an abbreviation, a figure, or an ampersand that the writer desires the printer to spell out in full. Do not "ring" a figure or a number, however, without being sure it should be spelled out. It is much easier for a copy-reader to ring a number that needs to be spelled out than to erase an unnecessary circle. If it is necessary to have the printer set up slangy, misspelled, or improperly capitalized words, or ungrammatical or poorly punctuated sentences, put in the margin, _Follow Copy_. For illustrations of these corrections, the reader may examine the specimen proof sheet on page 276.

=15. The End.=--Mark the completion of the story with an end mark, a #, or the figure _30_ in a circle, the telegrapher's sign indicating the end of a day or a night report. Then read carefully every page of the copy, correcting every error, no matter how slight. Finally, give it to the city editor, unfolded if possible, but never rolled. If it is inconvenient to keep the pages flat, they may be folded lengthwise. Folding crosswise makes the copy inconvenient to handle. The sheets should not be pinned together. The pin betrays the novice.

=16. The Story in Type.=--A reporter should read his story with painstaking care after it has appeared in print, to detect any errors that may have crept into it since it left his hands and to note what changes have been made at the city desk. It is told of a reporter, now a star man on a leading New York daily, that he used to keep carbon copies of all his stories and compare them word for word with the articles as they appeared in the paper. Only in this way can a writer change his style for the better and learn what is expected of him.

II. PUNCTUATION

=17. Rules.=--While every well-regulated newspaper has rules of its own governing the use of capital letters, commas, dashes, parentheses, and other marks of punctuation, and any article written by a reporter will be punctuated according to the individual style of the paper in which it is printed, no matter how it may have been punctuated originally, it is nevertheless worth while to offer the following general rules of punctuation for the guidance of news writers. And it would be well for every properly trained journalist to have these rules well in hand; for in the eyes of the editor and the printer, bad punctuation is worse than bad spelling, because the meaning of a misspelled word usually can be deciphered, while that of an improperly punctuated sentence is often hopeless. For one, therefore, who hopes to do successful journalistic work a thorough knowledge of the following rules of punctuation is practically a necessity.

1. Capital Letters

=18. Proper Names.=--Capitalize all proper names. A proper name is one that designates a particular person, place, or thing. In particular:

=19. Titles of Books, etc.=--Capitalize the first word and all the important words in the titles of books, newspapers, magazines, magazine articles, poems, plays, pictures, etc.: that is, the first word and all other words except articles, demonstratives, prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliary verbs, relative pronouns, and other pronouns in the possessive case. A _the_ preceding the title of a newspaper or a magazine is regarded as part of the title and is capitalized.

=Right.=--Two copies of _The Atlanta Constitution_
were produced.

=20. Names and Titles of the Deity.=--Capitalize names and titles of the Deity and of Jesus Christ.

=21. Names of the Bible.=--Capitalize names of the Bible and other sacred books, of the versions of the Bible, and of the books and divisions of the Bible and other sacred books. Do not capitalize adjectives derived from such names.

=Right.=--The _Koran_, the _Septuagint_, the _Old
Testament_, _Psalms_; but _biblical_, _scriptural_,
_apocryphal_.

=22. Titles of Respect, Honor, Office, or Profession.=--Capitalize titles of respect, honor, nobility, office, or profession when such titles immediately precede proper names. Do not capitalize such titles elsewhere in the sentence. The prefix _ex-_ before a title is not capitalized and does not affect the capitalization of the title.

=Right.=--The Rev. Samuel Plantz, President Wilson,
ex-President Roosevelt, Senator Newlands.

=Right.=--The archbishop and the senator were in
conference all the morning with Mr. Bryan, former
secretary of state under President Wilson.

=23. Names Indicating Nationality or Locality.=--Capitalize names distinguishing nationality or locality: as, _Yankee_, _Creole_, _Hoosier_, _Wolverines_.

=24. Names of Athletic Teams.=--Capitalize names of athletic teams: as, _Giants_, _Cubs_, _Badgers_, _Tigers_, _Maroons_.

=25. Festivals and Holidays.=--Begin the names of festivals and holidays with capital letters: as, _Easter_, _Thanksgiving_, _Christmas_, _Labor day_.

=26. Societies, Political Parties, etc.=--Write with capitals the names of clubs, secret societies, religious denominations, colleges, political parties, corporations, railroads, and organizations generally: as _Riverview Country club_, _Elks_, _Baptist church_, _Mills college_, _Republican party_, _Santa Fe railroad_, etc.

=27. Ordinal Numbers.=--Ordinal numbers used to denote sessions of congress, political divisions, and city wards are written with capital letters: as, _Sixty-second congress_, _Tenth precinct_, _Third ward_, etc.

=28. Names of Buildings, Squares, Parks, etc.=--Names of buildings, blocks, squares, parks, drives, etc., are capitalized: as, _Times building_, _Temple block_, _Yellowstone park_, _Sheridan road_, etc.

=29. Common Nouns Joined with Proper Names.=--Capitalize any common noun joined with a proper name and meaning the same thing, when the common noun precedes. Do not capitalize the common noun if it follows the proper name. Thus: _Columbia university_, _University of Chicago_, _First Presbyterian church_, _Church of the Savior_, _National Bank of North America_, _First National bank_, _Memorial day_, _Fourth of July_.

=30. Boards, Committees, Legislative Bodies, etc.=--Do not capitalize names of boards, bureaus, offices, departments, committees, legal, legislative, and political bodies, etc., when standing alone: as, _school board_, _weather bureau_, _war office_, _health department_, _nominating committee_, _assembly_, _state senate_, _lower house_, _city council_.

=31. Prefixes "von," "de," etc.=--Do not capitalize the prefixes _von_, _de_, _di_, _le_, _la_, etc., except when they begin a sentence: as, _Capt. von Papen_.

=32. Toasts.=--In toasts, capitalize all the important words in the phrase indicating the person, the place, or the cause to which the toast is made: as, "My Country--May it always be right; but, right or wrong, my country."

=33. Nouns Followed by Numerals.=--Do not capitalize a noun followed by a numeral indicating position, place, or order of sequence: as, _lot 14_, _block 3_; _article III_, _section 6_, _act v_, etc.

=34. Resolutions for Debate.=--In resolutions for debate, capitalize the _Resolved_ and the _That_ following.

=Right.=--_Resolved_, That Missouri should establish
schedules of minimum wages for workmen,
constitutionality conceded.

2. The Period

=35. Roman Numerals.=--Omit the period after roman numerals: as, _Louis XIV of France_.

=36. Abbreviations.=--Place a period after abbreviated words and after single or double initial letters representing single words: as, _Wm._, _Thos._, _Ph.D._, _LL.D._, etc.

=37. Contractions.=--Do not put a period after contracted words, including nicknames: as, _Bill_, _Tom_, _can't_, _hadn't_, etc.

=38. Side-Heads.=--Put a period after side-heads, including figures at the beginning of a paragraph. Compare, for example, the period after _Side-Heads_ at the beginning of this paragraph.

3. The Colon

=39. Formal Quotations.=--A colon is used to introduce a formal quotation.

=Right.=--The author also makes this significant
statement: "There is every reason to believe that
this disease plays a larger part in the production
of idiocy than has hitherto been admitted by writers
on insanity."

=40. Formal Enumerations.=--In lists of the dead, injured, persons present, and similar enumerations of particulars, use a colon to introduce the series.

=Right.=--Only four patrons appeared in this
morning's police matinee: Chip Owens, Allie McGowan,
Alfonso Blas, and Nick Muskowitz.

=41. Time Indications.=--In time indications and records place a colon between hours and minutes, and minutes and seconds: as, _Gates open, 2:30_; _Time, 1:42_.

=42. General Usage.=--In general, use a colon after any word, phrase, or clause when that which follows explains or makes clear what precedes.

4. The Semicolon

=43. Compound Sentences.=--A semicolon is used in compound sentences to separate independent clauses that have no connective between. The semicolon in such constructions, however, is fast disappearing from newspaper columns. Complex constructions are avoided. Usage favors making a separate sentence of the second clause.

=Right.=--Brown came first; Johnson followed five
seconds later, with Jones third.

=Permissible.=--The murder was committed sometime
before 12:00 o'clock; at 8:00 this morning the
murderer was in jail.

=Better.=--The murder was committed sometime before
12:00 o'clock. At 8:00 this morning the murderer was
in jail.

=44. Lists.=--In lists of dead, injured, guests, etc., where the name of the town from which the persons come or the place of residence is given, separate the different names by semicolons.

=Right.=--Among those present were: Allen Rogers of
Las Vegas, N. M.; Orren Thomas of Benton, Mo.; Mr.
and Mrs. Henry Barnes of Sioux City, Ia.

=45. Athletic Results.=--In football, baseball, and similar athletic results, use a semicolon to separate the names of the teams and their scores: as, _Cornell, 21_; _Syracuse, 14_.

=46. Instead of Commas.=--A semicolon may be used instead of a comma when a clause or sentence is so broken up by commas as to need some other mark of punctuation to keep the larger phrase- and clause-relations clear.

5. The Comma

=47. Parenthetic Expressions.=--Parenthetic words, phrases, and clauses, whether used at the beginning, middle, or end of a sentence, are set off by commas when they cause a marked interruption between grammatically connected parts of the sentence. If in doubt about the need of a comma, omit it.

=Right.=--He, like many others, believes firmly in
the rightness of the new movement.

=48. Words in Apposition.=--A word in apposition with another word and meaning the same thing should be set off by commas.

=Right.=--Henry Owen, lineman for the local
telegraph company, was the only witness of the
accident.

=49. With "namely," "that is," etc.=--A comma is placed before _and_, _namely_, _viz._, _that is_, _i.e._, _as_, _to wit_, etc., when introducing an example, an illustration, or an explanation.

=50. Contrasted Words and Phrases.=--Set off contrasted words and phrases with commas.

=Right.=--Hard work, not genius, was what enabled
him to succeed.

=Right.=--The faster they work, the better they are
paid.

=51. Introductory Words and Phrases.=--Introductory words, phrases, and clauses at the beginning of a sentence, when they modify the whole sentence and serve as a connective, are set off by commas.

=Right.=--Yes, he had even tried to bribe the
officer.

=Right.=--On the other hand, the prisoner had taken
her for a member of the gang.

=52. In Direct Address.=--Words used in direct address are set off by commas.

=Right.=--Mark this, gentlemen of the jury, in his
list of forgeries.

=53. Explanatory Dates and Names.=--A date explaining a previous date or a geographical name explaining a previous name is set off by commas.

=Right.=--On April 2, 1916, she was arrested at
Chicago, Ill.

=54. Phrases Indicating Residence, Position, or Title.=--Omit the comma before _of_ in phrases indicating residence, position, or title.

=Right.=--Among the out-of-town guests were Miss
Helen Hahn of Gainesville, Mrs. Henry Bushman of
Athens, and Orren Cramer of Atlanta.

=Right.=--Dwight O. Conklin of the Bessemer Smelting
Company was the chief speaker.

=55. Academic and Honorary Titles.=--Academic and honorary titles are set off from proper names and from each other by commas: as, _President O. N. Fowler, Ph.D., LL.D._

=56. Names Followed by Initials.=--Baptismal names or initials following a surname are set off by commas: as, _Arendale, Charles V._

=57. Words, Phrases, and Clauses in a Series.=--The members of a series of two or more words, phrases, or clauses standing in the same relation and not connected by conjunctions, are separated by commas. When the series consists of three or more members and a conjunction is used to connect only the last two, the comma may or may not be put before the conjunction. Better usage, however, favors the inclusion of the comma.

=Right.=--The teller was kicked, beaten, and robbed
by four masked men.

=58. After Interjections.=--Interjections that are but slightly exclamatory are followed by commas.

The following distinctions in the use of the
interjections _O_ and _oh_ may be noted: _oh_
generally takes a comma after it, _O_ never; except
at the beginning of a sentence, _oh_ is written with
a small letter, _O_ always with a capital; and _oh_
is used always by itself, while _O_ properly comes
only in direct address: as, _O Lord of life_.

=Right.=--Ah, the happy days and the happy city!

=Right.=--Oh, but the way the boys splashed!

=59. Short Quotations and Maxims.=--Set off short informal quotations and maxims with commas.

=Right.=--He was last heard to say, "If I don't
return in time, call up the office."

=60. In Large Numbers.=--Use commas to separate large numbers into groups of three figures each: as, $2,518,675. Omit the comma, however, in dates and in street, telephone, and automobile numbers.

=61. Athletic Scores.=--In football, baseball, and similar records, place a comma between the name of the team and its score: as, _New Orleans, 7_; _Memphis, 4_.

=62. Biblical Passages.=--Place a comma between chapter and verse in citations of biblical passages: as, _John 2, 15_.

=63. Resolutions for Debate.=--In resolutions for debate, put a comma after _Resolved_.

=Right.=--_Resolved_, That women should be given the
right of suffrage.

=64. General Usage.=--In general, use a comma to mark any distinct pause not indicated by other marks of punctuation, and to make clear any word, phrase, or clause that may be obscure without a comma. But do not use commas except when they are a distinct necessity. Omit them except when they are needful for emphasis or for the clearness of the sentence.

6. The Dash

=65. Sudden Break in Thought.=--Use a dash to mark a sudden suspension of the thought or a violent break in the construction of the sentence.

=Right.=--"You mean to say--Just what are you
talking about?" he questioned awkwardly.

=66. Date Lines.=--In stories written under a date line place a dash between the date or the _Special_ and the beginning of the story. Thus:

Sylvester, Ga., Jan. 21.--Five negroes were taken
from the county jail and lynched at an early hour
this morning.

=67. After "namely," "viz.," etc.=--Place a dash after _namely_, _as_, _that is_, _viz._, etc., when introducing an example or an illustration.

=Right.=--The mob seemed to hold him responsible for
two things, namely--the lost key and the barred
door.

=68. Lists of Officers.=--In giving lists of officers, put a dash between the name of the office and the officer. Thus:

|The newly elected officers are: President--O. N. |
|Homer; Vice President--Abner King; Secretary--David |
|Thoeder; Treasurer--Mark Bronson. |

=69. Dialogue, Questions and Answers.=--In quoting questions and answers, proceedings of public bodies or trials, and dialogue generally, put a dash between the _Q._ or the _A._, or the name of the speaker, and the statement made. And make a new paragraph for each speaker. Thus:

_Q._--Are you a resident of Montana? _A._--I have
been for four years.

=70. Slowness of Speech.=--Put a dash between words or phrases to indicate slowness or hesitancy in speech. Thus: "These, he said, were his--er--wife's slippers."

7. Parentheses

=71. Political Parties.=--In legislative or congressional reports in which the political affiliation of a member, or the state or county from which he comes, is given, enclose the party, state, or county name in parentheses: as, _Mr. Smith (Dem., S. C.)_, _Mr. Harris (Jefferson)_.

=72. General Usage.=--Avoid the use of parentheses within sentences. Two short sentences are better than one long one containing a parenthetic expression. A sentence having a clause within marks of parentheses can generally be cut into two sentences and for newspaper purposes made more effective.

8. Quotation-Marks

=73. Direct Quotations.=--Quotation-marks are used to set off direct quotations printed in the same type and style as the remainder of the story. A quotation coming within a quotation is set off by single quotation-marks; and a third quotation coming within single quotation-marks is set off by double marks again. Do not fail to put "quotes" at the end of a quotation. This very common error, failure to include the "end quotes," is a source of great annoyance to printers and proof-readers.

=74. Quoted Paragraphs.=--When a quotation includes more than one paragraph set in the same type and style as the context, put quotation-marks at the beginning of each paragraph, but omit them at the end of every paragraph except the last. In this way the quotation is shown to be continuous. As a rule, a quotation of more than one sentence is written in a separate paragraph. When the quotation is to be set in smaller type than the body of the story, all quotation-marks at the beginning and end of the paragraphs are omitted.

=75. Quotations and Summaries.=--When reporting a speech or interview and alternately summarizing and quoting verbatim, do not include in the same paragraph a direct quotation and a condensed summary of what precedes or follows. Make a separate paragraph for each. Thus:

|"Shall we continue to listen to a wandering voice as|
|imbecile as our condition?" said the speaker. "When |
|this voice recently was removed from the counsels of|
|our government, we thought, good easy souls, that we|
|had got rid of it forever. Has Mr. Bryan proved |
|himself so good a prophet in the past that we can |
|afford to trust him in the future? Personally, I |
|have never believed in Mr. Bryan's wisdom, and I |
|grant him sincerity only because the point is not |
|worth arguing." |
| |
|Mr. Eastbrook said, amid applause, that to say the |
|nation is too big or too proud to fight in |
|self-defense is absurd. To say that a mob of a |
|million or so of untrained citizenry could leap to |
|arms and put to flight the bullet-tested soldiery of|
|Europe is worse than puerile--is murderous |
|stupidity, he declared.... |

=76. Books, Plays, etc.=--Enclose in quotation-marks the titles of books, dramas, songs, poems, stories, magazine articles, toasts, and lectures.

=77. Newspapers, Vessels, etc.=--Do not quote the names of newspapers, magazines, paintings, vessels, cars, or animals.

=78. Slang and Technical Terms.=--Enclose in quotation-marks slang and technical terms that are supposedly unfamiliar to the reader.

=79. Nicknames.=--Do not quote nicknames of persons or of characters in plays or novels: as, _Ty Cobb_, _T. R._, _Heinie Zim_, _Becky Sharp_, etc.

9. The Apostrophe

=80. Possessive Case.=--Use an apostrophe and an _s_ to indicate the possessive case singular, no matter whether the word ends in one or two _s's_: as, _Burns's house_, _Furness's hat_.[51] Use the apostrophe and _s_ to indicate the possessive case plural when the plural does not end in _s_: as, _men's meeting_, _children's shoes_. Use only the apostrophe to indicate the possessive case plural when the plural ends in _s_: as, _boys' hats_, _ladies' outfitter_. In names of corporations, cases of joint authorship, etc., where two names are equally in the possessive case, put the apostrophe, or the apostrophe and _s_, only after the name nearest the thing possessed: as, _Farmers and Merchants' bank_, _Allen and Bowen's "Classical Mythology_."

[51] Occasional exceptions to this general rule are found,
where euphony would be violated by the additional _s_:
as, Ulysses' son, Moses' staff.

=81. Possessive Pronouns.=--Do not use the apostrophe before the _s_ in possessive pronouns: as, _its_, _hers_, _theirs_.

=82. Contractions.=--Use an apostrophe in contracted words to indicate the omission of letters: as, _couldn't_, _he'll_, _you're_.

10. The Hyphen

=83. Compound Words.=--Put a hyphen between the members of a compound word. Words compounded with the following prefixes and suffixes are generally hyphenated: _able-_, _brother-_, _by-_, _cross-_, _-elect_, _ex-_, _father-_, _great-_, _half-_, _-hand_, _mother-_, _open-_, _public-_, _quarter-_, _-rate_, _self-_. In particular, hyphenate the following words:

able-bodied
attorney-general
balk-line
base-hit
base-line
basket-ball
brother-in-law
bucket-shop
by-law
by-product
court-martial
cross-examine
ex-president
father-in-law
full-back
goal-line
goal-post
good-by
great-grandfather
half-back
half-witted
home-stretch
judge-elect
kick-off
kick-out
law-abiding
life-saving
line-up
mail-box
man-of-war
mother-in-law
office-seeker
old-fashioned
post-mortem
post-office
president-elect
quarter-back
quarter-stretch
second-rate
shop-girl
short-stop
side-lines
so-called (a.)
son-in-law
spit-ball
to-day
to-morrow
to-night

84. Words Written Solid.--Words compounded of the following prefixes and suffixes are generally written solid: _a-_, _after-_, _ante-_, _anti-_, _auto-_, _bi-_, _demi-_, _-ever_, _grand-_, _-holder_, _in-_, _inter-_, _intra-_, _-less_, _mid-_, _mis-_, _off-_, _on-_, _over-_, _post-_, _re-_, _-some_, _sub-_, _super-_, _tri-_, _un-_, _under-_, _up-_, _-ward_, _-wise_, _-with_. The following should be written solid:

anyone
anyway (adv.)
anywhere
awhile
baseball
billboard
bipartizan
bondholder
carload
classmate
corespondent
downstairs
everyday (a.)
everyone
fireproof
football
footlights
footpad
gateman
holdup
inasmuch
infield
ironclad
juryman
landlady
lawsuit
letterhead
linesman
midnight
misprint
misspell
nevertheless
newcomer
nonunion
northeast
northwest
Oddfellows
officeholder
oneself
outfield
pallbearer
paymaster
postcard
posthaste
postmaster
rewrite
saloonkeeper
schoolboy
schoolgirl
semicolon
shopkeeper
sidewalk
skyscraper
snowstorm
southeast
southwest
taxpayer
typewriter
upstairs

=85. Words Written Separately.=--Write the following as two words:

all right
any time
back yard
every time
ex officio
fellow man
half dollar
half dozen
half nelson
mass meeting
no one
pay roll
police court
per cent
pro tem
some one
some way
squeeze play

=86. Compound Numbers.=--Compound numbers between twenty and a hundred, when spelled out, should have a hyphen: as, _twenty-one_, _forty-three_.

=87. Word Division.=--When dividing a word at the end of a line, observe the following rules:

1. Do not break a syllable: as, _cre-ditable_, _attemp-ted_, for _cred-itable_, _attempt-ed_.

2. Do not divide a monosyllable: as, _mob-bed_, _tho-ugh_.

3. Do not separate a consonant from a vowel that affects its pronunciation: as, _nec-essity_ for _ne-cessity_.

4. Do not divide a diphthong or separate two successive vowels, one of which is silent: as, _bo-wing_, _pe-ople_, for _bow-ing_, _peo-ple_.

5. Do not separate a syllable that has been added to a word by the addition of an _s_: as, _financ-es_.

6. Do not divide hyphenated words except at the syllable where the regular hyphen comes: as, _pocket-book_, _fool-killer_.

7. Do not make awkward divisions: as, _noth-ing_, _crack-le_.

8. Do not begin a line with a hyphen.

9. As a rule, avoid dividing a word at the end of a line and never divide one at the end of a page.

10. Abbreviations

=88. Abbreviations Avoided.=--Abbreviations should as a rule be avoided. The coming of the typewriter into journalism has created a tendency to write out all words in full.

=89. Personal and Professional Titles.=--The following personal and professional titles are abbreviated when preceding proper names:

Adjt. Gen.
Brig. Gen.
Capt.
Col.
Dr.
Gen.
Gov.
Gov. Gen.
Hon.
Lieut.
Lieut. Col.
Lieut. Gen.
M.
Maj.
Maj. Gen.
Mlle.
Mme.
Mr.
Mrs.
Prof.
Rev.
Rt. Rev.
Sergt.
Supt.

=90. Use of Titles.=--Use personal titles under the following restrictions:

1. Do not use _Mr._ before a man's name when his baptismal name or initials are given.

=Not Good.=--Mr. A. B. Crayton of Belleville was a
guest at the Horton house to-day.

=Right.=--A. B. Crayton of Belleville was a guest at
the Horton house to-day.

2. After a person's name has been mentioned once in a story, his initials or Christian names are omitted thereafter, and a _Mr._ or his professional title is put before the name.

=Right.=--Prof. O. C. Bowen of Atawa was a speaker
at the local Y. M. C. A. to-day. Prof. Bowen chose
as his subject, "The Four Pillars of State."

3. If a person has more than one professional title, the one of highest rank should be used. If he has two titles of apparently equal rank, choose the one last received or the one by which he is best known among his friends.

4. _Mrs._ always precedes the name of a married woman, _Miss_ that of an unmarried woman, no matter whether the initials or Christian names are used or not.

5. In giving lists of unmarried women, precede the names with _Misses_, taking care always to give the full Christian name of each woman.

6. In giving lists of married women, _Mesdames_ may introduce the names, though present usage prefers _Mrs._ before each name.

7. When mentioning a man and his wife, put it _Mr. and Mrs. William Black_, not _William Black and wife_.

8. Do not use _Master_ before the name of a boy.

9. Before a _Rev._ preceding the name of a clergyman always put a _the_: as, _the Rev. T. P. Frost_. If the clergyman's initials are not known, write it, _the Rev. Mr. Frost_, not _the Rev. Frost_.

=91. Names of the Months.=--Abbreviations of the months, except March, April, May, June, and July, are permissible when followed by a numeral indicating the day of the month, but not when used alone.

=Right.=--Richard Malone, who was injured in an
automobile collision Sept. 18, died at the county
hospital to-day.

=Wrong.=--The time of the meet has been set for a
date not later than the middle of Sept.

=92. Names of the States.=--Names of states, territories, and island possessions of the United States are abbreviated when preceded by the name of a town or city: as, _Pueblo, Col._; _Manila, P.I._

=93. Miscellaneous Abbreviations.=--The following abbreviations are also in good usage: _Esq._, _Inc._, _Jr._, _A.B._, _Ph.D._, _M.D._, _U.S.N._, etc., when used after proper names; _a.m._, _p.m._, _A.D._, _B.C._, when preceded by numerals.

=94. Forbidden Abbreviations.=--The following abbreviations may not be used on most newspapers:

1. Christian names: as, _Chas._ for _Charles_, _Thos._ for _Thomas_.

2. Mount, Fort, and Saint: as, _Mt. St. Elias_ for _Mount Saint Elias_, _Ft. Wayne_ for _Fort Wayne_.

3. Railroad, Company, Brothers, etc.: as, _New Haven R. R._ for _New Haven Railroad_, _National Biscuit Co._ for _National Biscuit Company_.

11. Numbers

=95. Dates.=--Observe the following rules concerning dates:

1. Write year dates always in figures: as, _1776_.

2. Write month dates in figures when preceded by the name of the month: as, _July 7, 1916_. When the name of the month does not precede, spell out the date: as, _Bills are due on the tenth_.

3. Do not write the day before the name of the month: as, _the 25th of December_ for _Dec. 25_.

4. Do not put a _d_, _nd_, _st_, or _th_ after a date: as, _Sept. 7th_ for _Sept. 7_.

=96. Money.=--When mentioning sums of money, use figures for all amounts over one dollar; spell out all sums below a dollar: as, _$5.75_, _fifty cents_. But if in the same sentence it becomes necessary to mention sums above and below a dollar, use figures for all.

=97. Street and District Names.=--Spell out street, ward, district, and precinct names designated by numbers: as, _Second ward_, _Tenth precinct_.

=98. Sporting Records.=--Use figures for sporting records: as, _10 feet, 5 inches_; _Time, :49-3/5_; _18-2 balk-line_.

=99. Beginning of Sentences.=--Do not begin a sentence with figures. If impossible to shift the number to a later place in the sentence, place _about_ or _more than_ before the figures: as, _More than 14,000 persons passed through the gates_.

=100. Dimensions.=--Use figures with an _x_ to express dimensions of lots, buildings, floors, boats, machinery, etc.: as, _90x125 feet_, _60-foot beam_, etc.

=101. General Usage.=--Observe the following general rules concerning numbers:

1. Use figures to express dates, distances, latitude and longitude, hours of the day, degrees of temperature, percentage, street numbers, telephone numbers, automobile numbers, votes, and betting odds. In other cases spell out all numbers under 100, except where several numbers, some of which are above and some under 100, are used in the same paragraph. In such a case, use figures for all.

MARKS USED IN CORRECTING COPY

amb = Ambiguous.
and = A bad "and" sentence. Make two
sentences or subordinate one
clause.
ant = Antecedent not clear.
Cl = Not clear.
Cst = Construction faulty.
Coh = Coherence not good.
Con = Wrong connective.
Consult = Bring copy to instructor for
discussion.
delta = Delete.
dull = Dull reading; put more life into
the story.
E = Error.
ed = Editorializing; too much personal
opinion.
FW = "Fine writing."
Gr = Bad grammar.
K = Awkward; clumsily expressed.
ld = Poor lead; revise.
P = Punctuation wrong.
pt = Point of view shifted.
qt = Make this a direct quotation.
rep = Same word repeated too much.
rew = Rewrite.
sent = Use shorter sentences.
Sl = Slang.
Sp = Bad spelling.
SU = Sentence lacks unity.
T = Wrong tense.
unnec = Unnecessary details; omit some
of them.
tr = Transpose.
W = Wrong use of word.
? = Truth of statement questioned.
¶ = Begin a new paragraph.
No ¶ = No ¶ needed.
_| = Indent.
[Horizontal
parentheses] = Put the words together as one
# = Separate into two words.
[Upward slanting
equals sign] = Hyphen needed.

CORRECTIONS

CORRECTED PROOF

PROOF-READERS' MARKS

Cap Capitalize.
lc Lower case; small letter.
delta Delete; omit.
stet Restore the words crossed out.
^ Insert at the place indicated.
[. in circle] Insert a period.
/,\ Insert a comma.
\"/ Insert quotation-marks.
=/ Insert a hyphen.
X Imperfect letter.
9 Letter inverted; turn over.
¶ Make a new paragraph.
No ¶ No paragraph.
# Put a space between.
[Breve] Smaller space.
[Horizontal
parentheses] Close up; no space needed.
\/ /\ Badly spaced; space more evenly.
[Breve] Quad shows between the words; shove down.
wf Wrong font.
tr Transpose.
__
| Carry to the left.
|__| Lower.
__
| | Elevate.
// Straighten crooked line.
lead Add lead between the lines.
delta lead Take out lead.
(?) Query: Is the proof correct?

TERMINOLOGY

=Ad Alley.=--The part of the composing room where the
advertisements are set.

=Add.=--Late news added to a story already written or printed.

=A. P.=--Abbreviation for Associated Press.

=Arrest Sheets.=--The police record on which all arrests are
entered.

=Assignment.=--A story that a reporter has been detailed to cover;
any duty assigned by the city editor.

=Assignment Slips.=--Slips of paper containing assignments the city
editor wishes a reporter to cover. These slips are made out
daily and laid on the reporter's desk at the beginning of his
day's work.

=Bank.=--(1) One of the whole divisions of the headlines, separated
from the next by a blank line; called also a _deck_. (2) A table
or frame for holding type-filled galleys.

=Bank-man.=--A helper in the composing room whose duty it is to
assemble type received from the different linotype machines,
close up the galleys on the bank, and see that they are proved.

=Beat.=--(1) A definite place or section of town,--as the city hall,
the capitol, the police court, fire stations, hotels,
etc.,--regularly visited by a reporter to obtain news; also
termed a _run_. (2) See _scoop_.

=B. F.=--Abbreviation for =bold-face=, =black-face type=.

=Blind Interview.=--An interview given by a man of authority on
condition that his name be withheld.

=Blotter.=--The police record-book of crime.

=Box.=--A rectangular space marked off in a story, usually at the
beginning, for calling attention to the news within the box. The
news is often a list of dead or injured or of athletic records,
printed in bold-face type.

=Break-line.=--A line not filled to the end with letters, as the
last line of a paragraph. In a head a break-line may contain
white space on each side.

=Bridge.=--The raised platform in front of the magistrate's desk in
police court.

=Bull.=--A statement or a series of statements, the terms of which
are manifestly inconsistent or contradictory.

=Bulldog Edition.=--The earliest regular edition.

=Bulletin.=--A brief telegraphic message giving the barest results
of an event, often an accident, unaccompanied by details.

=Catch-line.=--(1) A short line set in display type within the body
of a story to catch the eye of the reader and enable him to get
the striking details by a hasty glance down the column. (2) A
line at the top of each page of copy sent to the composing room
one page at a time: as, "Society," "State," "Suicide." Such
lines enable the bank-men to assemble readily all the stories
and parts of stories belonging together.

=Chase.=--A rectangular iron or steel frame into which the forms are
locked for printing or stereotyping.

=Condensed Type.=--Type thin in comparison to its height; contrasted
with extended type.

=Copy.=--Any manuscript prepared for the press. _Blind Copy_ is copy
that is difficult to read. _Clean Copy_ is manuscript requiring
little or no editing. _Time Copy_ is any matter for which there
is no rush,--usually held to be set up by the compositors when
they would otherwise be idle, or to be used in case of a
scarcity of news. The Sunday paper is filled with time copy.

=Copy Cutter.=--An assistant in the composing room who receives copy
from the head copy reader, or editor, cuts it into takes, and
distributes the takes to the compositors to set up.

=Copyholder.=--A proof-reader's assistant who, to correct errors,
reads copy for comparison of it with the proof.

=Copy-reader.=--One who revises copy and writes the headlines. Not
to be confused with _proof-reader_.

=Cover.=--To go for the purpose of getting facts about an event or
for the purpose of writing up the event: as, "Jones covered the
prize fight."

=Dead.=--A term applied to composed type that is of no further use;
also sometimes applied to copy.

=Deck.=--See _Bank_ (1).

=Department Men.=--Reporters who seek news regularly in the same
places, as the police courts, city hall, coroner's office.

=Display Type.=--Type bolder of face or more conspicuous than
ordinary type.

=Dope.=--Slang for any information or collection of facts to be used
in a story; applied specifically to sporting stories, meaning a
forecast of the outcome, as in a horse-race or a boxing
contest.

=Em.=--The square of the body of any size of type; used as the unit
of measurement for making indentions, indicating the length of
dashes, etc.

=End Mark.=--A mark put at the end of a story to indicate to the
compositor that the story is complete. The two end marks used
are the figure 30 enclosed in a circle and a #.

=Feature.=--To give prominence to; to display prominently.

=Feature Story.=--A story, often with a whimsical turn, in which the
interest lies in something else than the immediate news value;
one that develops some interesting feature of the day's news for
its own sake rather than for the worth of the story as a whole.
Also called "human interest" story. See page 224.

=Filler.=--A story of doubtful news value included for lack of
better news in a column or section of a paper. The so-called
"patent insides" in country weeklies and small dailies are known
as fillers.

=Flash.=--A brief telegraphic message sandwiched between two
sentences of a running story, giving the outcome before it is
reached in the story: as, "Flash--Smith knocked out in
fourteenth round," when the reporter's story has got only as far
as the eleventh round; or, "Flash--Jury coming in; get ready for
verdict," thrust into the body of a story a reporter is sending
about a murder trial.

=Flimsy.=--Thin tissue paper used in duplicating telegraphic stories
as they come off the wire.

=Flush.=--On an even line or margin with.

=Follow Copy.=--An instruction, written on the margin of manuscript,
to the compositor that he must follow copy exactly, even though
the matter may seem wrong.

=Folo.=--An abbreviation for _follow_, marked at the beginning of
stories to indicate that they are to follow others of a similar
nature: as, "Folo Suicide," meaning to the bank-man, "Put this
story in the form immediately after the one slugged 'Suicide.'"
See page 15.

=Form.=--An assemblage of type, usually seven or eight columns,
locked in a chase preparatory to printing or stereotyping.

=Fudge.=--A small printing cylinder and chase that can be attached
to a rotary press; used for printing late news. See page 18.

=Future Book.=--The book in which the city editor records future
events: as, speeches, conventions, lawsuits, etc.

=Galley.=--A long, shallow, metal tray for holding composed type.
From the type in this tray the first or _galley proof_ is pulled
for corrections.

=Galley Proof.=--An impression made from type in a galley.

=Gothic.=--A heavy, black-faced type, all the strokes of which are
of uniform width.

=Guide Line.=--See _Catch Line_ (2).

=Hanging Indention.=--Equal indention of all the lines of a
paragraph except the first, which extends one em farther to the
left than those succeeding.

=Head.=--Abbreviation for _headline_.

_Drop-Line Head_

SECOND YEAR OF
THE GREAT WAR
OPENS TODAY

_Pyramid Head_

Clash between Germany
and Russia Occurred
August 1, 1914

_Cross-Line_

END NOT IN SIGHT

_Hanging Indention_

First Anniversary Finds
Little Change in Relative
Strength of the Two
Opposing Forces.

=Hell-box.=--The box into which waste lead is thrown for remelting
in the stereotyping room.

=Hold.=--An instruction written at the beginning of copy or proof,
instructing the make-up man in the printing room to hold the
article, not print it, until he has received further orders.

=Human Interest Story.=--See _Feature Story_.

=I.N.S.=--Abbreviation for International News Service.

=Insert.=--One or more sentences or paragraphs inserted in the body
of a story already written, giving fuller or more accurate
information.

=Jump-head.=--A headline put above the continuation of a story begun
on a preceding page.

=Justifier.=--A short story of little or no news value inserted at
the foot of a column to fill it out evenly.

=Justify.=--To make even or true by proper spacing, as lines of type
or columns on a page.

=Kill.=--To destroy the whole or a part of a story, usually after it
has been set in type.

=Lead.=--The initial sentence or paragraph of a story, into which is
crammed the gist of the article. See page 68.

=Lead.=--Thin strips of metal placed between lines of type to make
the lines stand farther apart, and hence to make the story stand
out more prominently on the printed page.

=Lower Case.=--(1) A shallow wooden receptacle divided into
compartments called boxes, for keeping separate the small
letters of a font of type; distinguished from the _upper case_
which stands slantingly above the lower case and contains the
capital letters; hence (2) the letters in that case.

=Make-up.=--The arrangement of type into columns and pages
preparatory to printing.

=Make-up Man.=--The workman who arranges composed type in forms
preparatory to printing.

=Morgue.=--The filing cabinet or room in which are kept stories and
obituaries of prominent persons, photographs of them, their
families, and their homes, clippings of various kinds about
disasters, religious associations, big conventions, strikes,
wars, etc. See page 9.

=Must.=--A direction put on the margin of copy to indicate that the
story must be printed.

=Pi.=--Type that has been so jumbled or disarranged that it cannot
be used until reassembled.

=Pi Line.=--A freak line set up by a compositor when he has made an
error in the line and completed it by striking the keys at
random until he has filled out the measure and cast the slug:
ETAOINS

=Play Up.=--To emphasize by writing about with unusual fullness.

=Police Blotter.=--See _Blotter_.

=Pony Report.=--A condensed report of the day's news, sent out by
news bureaus to papers that are not able or do not care to
subscribe for the full service.

=Proof-reader.=--One whose time is given to reading and making
corrections in the printer's proof; not to be confused with
_Copy-reader_.

=Prove.=--To take a proof of or from.

=Pull.=--To make an impression on a hand-press: as, to _pull_ a
proof.

=Pyramid Head.=--A heading of three, four, or five lines,--usually
of three,--the first of which is full, the second indented at
both sides, the third still more indented at both sides, all the
lines being centered. See _Head_.

=Query.=--A telegraphic request to a paper for instructions on a
story that a correspondent wishes to send. See page 240.

=Quoins.=--Wedges used for fastening or locking type in a galley or
a form.

=Release.=--To permit publication of a story on or after a specified
date, but not before. See page 54.

=Revise.=--A corrected proof.

=Rewrite.=--A story rewritten from another paper. See page 218.

=Rewrite Man.=--A reporter who rewrites telegraphic, cable, and
telephone stories, or who rewrites poor copy submitted by other
reporters. See page 219.

=Run.=--See _Beat_ (1).

=Run-in.=--To omit paragraph indentions for the sake of saving
space.

=Running Story.=--A story which develops as the day advances, or
from day to day.

=Scoop.=--Publication of an important story in advance of rival
papers; also called a _beat_.

=Sheets.=--See _Arrest Sheets_.

=Slips.=--Slips of paper hung on the police bulletin board or pasted
in a public ledger, announcing such crimes, misdemeanors,
complaints, and the like as the police are willing to make
public. See page 35.

=Slug.=--(1) A solid line of type set by a linotype machine. (2) A
strip of type metal thicker than a lead and less than type high,
for widening spaces between lines, supporting the foot of a
column, etc. (3) A strip of metal bearing a type-high number
inserted by a compositor at the beginning of a take to mark the
type set by him. (4) The compositor who set the type marked by a
slug. See also _Catch Line_ (2).

=Solid.=--Having no leads between the lines: as, a _solid_ column of
type.

=Space Book.=--A book in which the state editor keeps a record of
stories sent in by correspondents and space writers.

=Space Writer.=--A writer who is paid for his stories according to
the amount of space they occupy when printed.

=Special.=--A story written by a special correspondent, usually one
out of town.

=Stick.=--(1) A small metal tray holding approximately two inches of
type, used by printers in setting type by hand. (2) The amount
of type held by a stick.

=Stone.=--A smooth table top, once of stone, now usually of metal,
on which the page forms are made up.

=Story.=--(1) Any article, other than an editorial or an
advertisement, written for a newspaper. (2) The event about
which the story is written: as, a burglar story, meaning the
burglary that the reporter writes up.

=Streamer Head.=--A head set in large type and extending across the
top of the page.

=String.=--A strip of clipped stories pasted together end to end to
indicate the number of columns contributed by a space writer.

=Style Book.=--The printed book of rules followed by reporters,
copy-readers, and compositors. See page 249.

=Take.=--The portion of copy taken at once by a compositor for
setting up. See page 13.

=30.=--A telegrapher's signal indicating the end of the message;
also put at the end of a story to indicate its completion.

=Tip.=--Secret information about an item of news valuable to a
paper.

=Turn Rule.=--A copy-reader's signal to the composing room to turn
the black face of the rule, indicating thereby that the story is
not yet complete and that more will be inserted at that place.

=U.P.=--Abbreviation for United Press Associations.

=w.f.=--Abbreviation for _wrong font_; a proof-reader's mark of
correction, indicating that a letter from another font has
slipped into a word: as, the _u_ in beca_u_se.

EXERCISES

_CHAPTER V_

Most of the following stories held front-page positions on leading metropolitan dailies. Explain their story values:

1. Philadelphia, Oct. 31.--With a record of 314 eggs in 365 days, Lady Eglantine, a white Leghorn pullet, became to-day the champion egg layer of the world. The little hen, which weighs three and a half pounds, completed her year of an egg-laying competition at Delaware College, Newark, Del., and beat the previous record of 286 eggs by 28. The pen of five hens of which she was a member also broke the American pen record with 1,211 eggs. The average barnyard fowl produces only 70 eggs in a year.