Chapter I: Front Matter

PHYSIOLOGICAL ECONOMY
IN
NUTRITION

_WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE MINIMAL
PROTEID REQUIREMENT OF THE
HEALTHY MAN_

AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY

BY
RUSSELL H. CHITTENDEN,
PH.D., LL.D., SC.D.

DIRECTOR OF THE SHEFFIELD SCIENTIFIC SCHOOL OF YALE UNIVERSITY
AND PROFESSOR OF PHYSIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY; MEMBER OF THE
NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES; PRESIDENT OF THE
AMERICAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY; MEMBER OF
THE AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY, ETC.

NEW YORK
FREDERICK A. STOKES COMPANY
1907

_Copyright, 1904_,
BY FREDERICK A. STOKES COMPANY

Published in November, 1904

THE UNIVERSITY PRESS, CAMBRIDGE, U. S. A.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

FACING PAGE

Group of soldiers at work in the Gymnasium 136

Side view of Fritz 198

Back view of Fritz 204

Front view of Coffman and Steltz 212

Back view of Coffman and Steltz 220

Side view of Zooman and Cohn 234

Back view of Zooman and Cohn 240

Side view of Loewenthal and Morris 258

Group of soldiers exercising in the Gymnasium 262

Front view of Sliney 272

Soldiers exercising in the Gymnasium 284

Soldiers exercising in the Gymnasium 296

Side view of Stapleton 328

Back view of Stapleton 366

Front view of W. L. Anderson and Bellis 440

Back view of W. L. Anderson and Bellis 442

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS OF FINANCIAL AID IN MEETING THE EXPENSE OF THE EXPERIMENTS HEREIN DESCRIBED

The writer has been most generously aided by substantial grants from the Bache Fund of the National Academy of Sciences, and from the Carnegie Institution of Washington; also by large donations from Mr. Horace Fletcher of Venice, and from Mr. John H. Patterson of Dayton, Ohio. In addition, the War Department of the United States met in large measure the expense of maintaining at New Haven the Detachment of Volunteers from the Hospital Corps of the United States Army, detailed here through the courtesy of Surgeon-General Robert Maitland O’Reilly.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS OF AID IN THE CONDUCT OF THE EXPERIMENTS

The successful carrying out of the experiments in all their details, especially the chemical work, has been rendered possible by the active and continuous co-operation of the writer’s colleague, Lafayette B. Mendel, Ph.D., Professor of Physiological Chemistry in the Sheffield Scientific School.

Efficient aid in the routine chemical and other work of the laboratory in connection with the experiments has been rendered by Frank P. Underhill, Ph.D., Arthur L. Dean, Ph.D., Harold C. Bradley, B.A., Robert B. Gibson, Ph.B., Oliver E. Closson, Ph.B., and Charles S. Leavenworth, Ph.B.

Dr. William G. Anderson, Director of the Yale Gymnasium, with the co-operation of his assistants, has rendered valuable aid in looking after the physical development of the men under experiment, in arranging for frequent strength tests, as well as in prescribing the character and extent of their work in the Gymnasium. The greater portion of the training of the soldiers was under the personal supervision of William H. Callahan, M.D., Medical Assistant at the Gymnasium, while Messrs. William Chase, Anton Muller, John Stapleton, and H. R. Gladwin, Assistant Instructors in the Gymnasium, led the drills and looked after the actual muscular training of the men.

In the study of “Reaction Time” and other matters of psychological interest the work was under the direction of Charles H. Judd, Ph.D., in charge of the Yale Psychological Laboratory, aided by Warren M. Steele, B.A., and Cloyd N. McAllister, Ph.D.

In the morphological study of the blood, etc., Dr. Wallace DeWitt, Lieutenant in command of the Army detail, rendered valuable aid. Dr. DeWitt likewise co-operated in all possible ways during his stay in New Haven to maintain the integrity of the conditions necessarily imposed on the soldier detail in an experiment of this character.

Further, acknowledgments are due the several non-commissioned officers of the Hospital Corps for their intelligent co-operation and interest. Finally, to the men of the Hospital Corps who volunteered for the experiment, our thanks are due for their cheerful compliance with the many restrictions placed upon them during their six months’ sojourn in New Haven, and for the manly way in which they conducted themselves under conditions not always agreeable.

To the students of the University who volunteered as subjects of experiment our acknowledgments are due for their intelligent co-operation, keen interest, and hearty compliance with the conditions imposed.