Chapter III: Notes

[21.1] _Old New Zealand_, by a Pakeha Maori (London, 1884), pp. 94-97, compare _id._ p. 83.

[21.2] A. S. Thomson, _The Story of New Zealand_ (London, 1859), i. 103. Compare E. Dieffenbach, _Travels in New Zealand_ (London, 1843), ii. 105: “The breaking of the _tapu_, if the crime does not become known, is, they believe, punished by the _atua_, who inflicts disease upon the criminal; if discovered, it is punished by him whom it regards, and often becomes the cause of war.”

[22.1] W. Brown, _New Zealand and its Aborigines_ (London, 1845). pp. 12 _sq._

[22.2] _Old New Zealand_, by a Pakeha Maori (London, 1884), p. 97.

[23.1] Rev. R. Taylor, _Te Ika A Maui, or New Zealand and its Inhabitants_, Second Edition (London, 1870), pp. 167, 171.

[23.2] A. S. Thomson, _The Story of New Zealand_ (London, 1859), i. 105.

[23.3] Rev. R. Taylor, _op. cit._ pp. 172 _sq._

[24.1] Vincendon-Dumoulin et C. Desgraz, _Iles Marquises ou Nouk-hiva_ (Paris, 1843), pp. 258-260. For details of the taboo system in the Marquesas Islands, see G. H. von Langsdorff, _Reise um die Welt_ (Francfort, 1812), i. 114-119; Le P. Matthias G * * * _Lettres sur les Isles Marquises_ (Paris, 1843), pp. 47 _sqq._ This last writer, who was a missionary to the Marquesas, observes that while taboo was both a political and a religious institution, he preferred to class it under the head of religion because it rested on the authority of the gods and formed the highest sanction of the whole religious system.

[25.1] G. Turner, _Samoa_ (London, 1884), pp. 183-184.

[26.1] G. Turner, _Samoa_, pp. 185-188.

[26.2] W. Mariner, _An Account of the Natives of the Tonga Islands_, Second Edition (London, 1818), ii. 221.

[26.3] R. H. Codrington, D.D., _The Melanesians_ (Oxford, 1891), pp. 215 _sq._

[27.1] R. Parkinson, _Im Bismarck-Archipel_ (Leipsic, 1887), p. 144; _id._, _Dreissig Jahre in der Südsee_ (Stuttgart, 1907), pp. 193 _sq._

[27.2] Thomas Williams, _Fiji and the Fijians_, Second Edition (London, 1860), i. 234.

[27.3] G. A. Wilken, _Handleiding voor de vergelijkende Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch Indië_ (Leyden, 1893), pp. 596-603; G. W. W. C. Baron van Hoëvell, _Ambon en meer bepaaldelijk de Oeliasers_ (Dordrecht, 1875), pp. 148-152.

[27.4] A. R. Wallace, _The Malay Archipelago_, Sixth Edition (London, 1877), p. 196.

[28.1] J. G. F. Riedel, _De sluik- en kroesharige rassen tusschen Selebes en Papua_ (The Hague, 1886), pp. 61 _sq._

[28.2] J. G. F. Riedel, _op. cit._ pp. 114 _sq._

[28.3] Van Schmidt, “Aanteekeningen nopens de zeden, gewoonten en gebruiken, benevens de vooroordeelen en bijgeloovigheden der bevolking van de eilanden Saparoea, Haroekoe, Noessa Laut, en van een gedeelte van de zuidkust van Ceram, in vroegeren en lateren tijd,” _Tijdschrift voor Neêrlands Indie_, v. Tweede deel (Batavia, 1843), pp. 499-502.

[29.1] J. G. F. Riedel, _op. cit._ pp. 167 _sq._

[31.1] N. Adriani en Alb. C. Kruijt, _De Bare’e-sprekende Toradja’s van Midden-Celebes_, i. (Batavia, 1912) pp. 399-401.

[31.2] H. F. Standing, “Malagasy _fady_,” _The Antananarivo Annual and Madagascar Magazine_, vol. ii. (Antananarivo, 1896) pp. 252-265 (_Reprint of the second Four Numbers_).

[31.3] A. van Gennep, _Tabou et Totémisme à Madagascar_ (Paris, 1904).

[31.4] A. van Gennep, _op. cit._ pp. 183 _sqq._

[31.5] A. van Gennep, _Tabou et Totémisme à Madagascar_, p. 184. The writer has devoted a chapter (xi. pp. 183-193) to taboos of property.

[31.6] H. F. Standing, “Malagasy _fady_,” _Antananarivo Annual and Madagascar Magazine_, vol. ii. (Antananarivo, 1896) p. 256.

[32.1] W. Ellis, _History of Madagascar_ (London, preface dated 1838), i. 414.

[32.2] E. Westermarck, _The Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas_, ii. (London, 1908) pp. 59-69. In an article on taboo published many years ago (_Encyclopaedia Britannica_, Ninth Edition, xxiii. (1888) pp. 15 _sqq._) I briefly pointed out the part which the system of taboo has played in the evolution of law and morality. I may be allowed to quote a passage from the article: “The original character of the taboo must be looked for not in its civil but in its religious element. It was not the creation of a legislator, but the gradual outgrowth of animistic beliefs, to which the ambition and avarice of chiefs and priests afterwards gave an artificial extension. But in serving the cause of avarice and ambition it subserved the progress of civilization, by fostering conceptions of the rights of property and the sanctity of the marriage tie,--conceptions which in time grew strong enough to stand by themselves and to fling away the crutch of superstition which in earlier days had been their sole support. For we shall scarcely err in believing that even in advanced societies the moral sentiments, in so far as they are merely sentiments and are not based on an induction from experience, derive much of their force from an original system of taboo. Thus on the taboo were grafted the golden fruits of law and morality, while the parent stem dwindled slowly into the sour crabs and empty husks of popular superstition on which the swine of modern society are still content to feed.”

[33.1] É. Aymonier, _Notes sur le Laos_ (Saigon, 1885), p. 233.

[33.2] _Central Provinces, Ethnographic Survey_, vii., _Draft Articles on Forest Tribes_, Third Series (Allahabad, 1911), p. 45.

[33.3] R. Percival, _Account of the Island of Ceylon_ (London, 1803), p. 198.

[33.4] C. F. Ph. v. Martius, _Zur Ethnographie Amerikas, zumal Brasiliens_ (Leipsic, 1867), p. 86.

[33.5] P. Giran, _Magie et Religion Annamites_ (Paris, 1912), p. 186.

[34.1] P. Giran, _op. cit._, pp. 190 _sq._

[34.2] H. Sundermann, _Die Insel Nias und die Mission daselbst_ (Barmen, 1905), p. 34.

[36.1] Edwin H. Gomes, _Seventeen Years among the Sea Dyaks of Borneo_ (London, 1911), pp. 64-66.

[36.2] (Sir) Charles Thomas Newton, _Essays on Art and Archaeology_ (London, 1880), pp. 193 _sq._

[36.3] G. Dittenberger, _Sylloge Inscriptionum Graecarum_2 (Leipsic, 1898-1901), vol. ii. pp. 284 _sq._, No. 584; Ch. Michel, _Recueil d’Inscriptions Grecques_ (Brussels, 1900), p. 624, No. 728. The goddess was probably the Syrian Atargatis or Derceto, to whom fish were sacred (Xenophon, _Anabasis_, i. 4. 9). For more examples of these ancient Greek curses, see Ch. Michel, _op. cit._, pp. 877-880, Nos. 1318-1329. Compare W. H. D. Rouse, _Greek Votive Offerings_ (Cambridge, 1902), pp. 337 _sqq._

[37.1] (Sir) C. T. Newton, _Essays on Art and Archaeology_, p. 195.

[37.2] Demosthenes, _De Halonneso_, 40.

[37.3] Plato, _Laws_, viii. 9, pp. 842 _sq._

[37.4] Festus, _s.v._ “Termino,” p. 368, ed. C. O. Müller (Leipsic, 1839); Varro, _De lingua latina_, v. 74; Dionysius Halicarnasensis, _Antiquitates Romanae_, ii. 74. As to Terminus, the Roman god of boundaries, and his annual festival the _Terminalia_, see L. Preller, _Römische Mythologie_3 (Berlin, 1881-1883), i. 254 _sqq._; G. Wissowa, _Religion und Kultus der Römer_2 (Munich, 1912), pp. 136 _sq._

[37.5] Deuteronomy, xxviii. 17.

[37.6] C. H. W. Johns, _Babylonian and Assyrian Laws, Contracts and Letters_ (Edinburgh, 1904), p. 191.

[38.1] R. W. Rogers, _Cuneiform Parallels to the Old Testament_ (Oxford, preface dated 1911), pp. 390-392.

[38.2] David Livingstone, _Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa_ (London, 1857), p. 285.

[39.1] Charles New, _Life, Wanderings, and Labours in Eastern Africa_ (London, 1873), p. 106.

[39.2] John H. Weeks, _Among Congo Cannibals_ (London, 1913), pp. 310 _sq._

[39.3] P. Amaury Talbot, _In the Shadow of the Bush_ (London, 1912), p. 296.

[40.1] _Travels of an Arab Merchant_ [_Mohammed Ibn-Omar El Tounsy_] _in Soudan_, abridged from the French by Bayle St. John (London, 1854), pp. 69-73.

[41.1] A. C. Hollis, _The Nandi, their Language and Folk-lore_ (Oxford, 1909), pp. 36, 37.

[41.2] Proyart’s “History of Loango, Kakongo, and other Kingdoms in Africa,” in J. Pinkerton’s _Voyages and Travels_ (London, 1808-1814), xvi. 595.

[41.3] Rev. J. Leighton Wilson, _Western Africa_ (London, 1856), pp. 275 _sq._

[42.1] A. B. Ellis, _The Ewe-speaking Peoples of the Slave Coast of West Africa_ (London, 1890), pp. 91 _sq._ Compare _id._, _The Yoruba-speaking Peoples of the Slave Coast of West Africa_ (London, 1894), p. 118.

[42.2] Thomas Winterbottom, _An Account of the Native Africans in the Neighbourhood of Sierra Leone_ (London, 1803), pp. 261 _sq._

[43.1] Bryan Edwards, _History, Civil and Commercial, of the British West Indies_, Fifth Edition (London, 1819), ii. 107-111.