Chapter IV: Notes

[45.1] Rev. F. Mason, D.D., “On Dwellings, Works of Art, Laws, etc., of the Karens,” _Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal_, New Series, xxxvii. (1868) part ii. No. 3, pp. 147 _sq._ Compare A. R. McMahon, _The Karens of the Golden Chersonese_ (London, 1876), pp. 334 _sq._

[45.2] T. C. Hodson, “The _Genna_ amongst the Tribes of Assam,” _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xxxvi. (1906) p. 94.

[45.3] Lieutenant Thomas Shaw, “On the Inhabitants of the Hills near Rajamahall,” _Asiatic Researches_, Fourth Edition, iv. (1807) pp. 60-62.

[46.1] Major P. R. T. Gurdon, _The Khasis_ (London, 1907), pp. 94, 123.

[46.2] É. Aymonier, “Notes sur l’Annam,” _Excursions et Reconnaissances_, x. No. 24 (Saigon, 1885), pp. 308 _sq._

[46.3] J. B. Neumann, “Het Pane en Bilastroomgebied op het eiland Sumatra,” _Tijdschrift van het Nederlandsch Aardrijkskundig Genootschap_, Tweede Serie, dl. iii., afdeeling, meer uitgebreide artikelen, No. 3 (Amsterdam, 1886), pp. 514 _sq._; M. Joustra, “Het leven, de zeden en gewoonten der Bataks,” _Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap_, xlvi. (1902) p. 411.

[47.1] H. Sundermann, _Die Insel Nias und die Mission daselbst_ (Barmen, 1905), pp. 34 _sq._, 37, 84. Compare A. Fehr, _Der Niasser im Leben und Sterben_ (Barmen, 1901), pp. 34-36; Th. C. Rappard, “Het eiland Nias en zijne bewoners,” _Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië_, lxii. (1909) pp. 594, 596. The death penalty for these offences has been abolished by the Dutch Government, so far as it can make its arm felt in the island.

[47.2] Rev. J. Perham, “Petara, or Sea Dyak Gods,” _Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society_, No. 8, December 1881, p. 150; H. Ling Roth, _The Natives of Sarawak and British North Borneo_ (London, 1896), i. 180. _Petara_ is the general Dyak name for deity. The common idea is that there are many _petaras_, indeed that every man has his own. The word is said to be derived from Sanscrit and to be etymologically identical with _Avatar_, the Dyaks regularly substituting _p_ or _b_ for _v_. See Rev. J. Perham, _op. cit._ pp. 133 _sqq._; H. Ling Roth’s _Natives of Sarawak and British North Borneo_, i. 168 _sqq._

[48.1] H. Ling Roth, “Low’s Natives of Borneo,” _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xxi. (1892) pp. 113 _sq._, 133; compare _id._, _ibid._ xxii. (1893) p. 24.

[48.2] Spenser St. John, _Life in the Forests of the Far East_, Second Edition (London, 1863), i. 63 _sq._

[49.1] Hugh Low, _Sarawak_ (London, 1848), pp. 300 _sq._

[50.1] Charles Hose and William McDougall, _The Pagan Tribes of Borneo_ (London, 1912), ii. 196-199.

[50.2] Charles Brooke, _Ten Years in Sarawak_ (London, 1866), i. 69 _sq._

[51.1] A. W. Nieuwenhuis, _Quer durch Borneo_ (Leyden, 1904-1907), i. 367.

[51.2] M. T. H. Perelaer, _Ethnographische Beschrijving der Dajaks_ (Zalt-Bommel, 1870), pp. 59 _sq._

[51.3] A. W. Nieuwenhuis, _Quer durch Borneo_, ii. 99; _id._, _In Centraal Borneo_ (Leyden, 1900), ii. 278.

[51.4] A. H. F. J. Nusselein, “Beschrijving van het landschap Pasir,” _Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië_, lviii. (1905) p. 538.

[51.5] A. Bastian, _Indonesien_, i. (Berlin, 1884) p. 144.

[52.1] G. A. Wilken, _Verspreide Geschriften_ (The Hague, 1912), ii. 335 (“Huwelijken tusschen bloedverwanten,” p. 26).

[52.2] B. F. Matthes, “Over de _âdá’s_ of gewoonten der Makassaren en Boegineezen,” _Verslagen en Mededeelingen der Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen_, Afdeeling Letterkunde, Derde Reeks, ii. (Amsterdam, 1885) p. 182.

[52.3] _Digest_, xlviii. 9.9, “_Poena parricidii more majorum haec instituta est, ut parricida virgis sanguineis verberatus deinde culleo insuatur cum cane, gallo gallinaceo et vipera et simia: deinde in mare profundum culleus jactatur._” Compare Valerius Maximus, i. 1. 13; Professor J. E. B. Mayor’s note on Juvenal, viii. 214. If the view suggested above is correct, the scourging of the criminal to the effusion of blood (_virgis sanguineis verberatus_) must have been a later addition to the original penalty, unless indeed some provision were made for catching the blood before it fell on the ground.

[53.1] A. C. Kruijt, “Eenige aanteekeningen omtrent de Toboengkoe en de Tomori,” _Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap_, xliv. (1900) p. 235.

[53.2] A. C. Kruijt, “Van Posso naar Mori,” _Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap_, xliv. (1900) p. 162.

[53.3] N. Adriani en Alb. C. Kruijt, _De Bare’e-sprekende Toradja’s van Midden-Celebes_, i. (Batavia, 1912) p. 187.

[54.1] Hissink, “Nota van toelichting, betreffende de zelbesturende landschappen Paloe, Dolo, Sigi, en Beromaroe,” _Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde_, liv. (1912), p. 115.

[54.2] M. J. van Baarda, “Fabelen, Verhalen en Overleveringen der Galelareezen,” _Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië_, xlv. (1895) p. 514. In a letter to me of 14th March 1909 Sir John Rhŷs compares a Welsh expression, “Rain through sunshine, the devil going on his wife.” He adds: “I do not think I ever heard it except when it was actually raining during sunshine. I can now see that instead of _ar i wraig_ the original must have been _ar i fam_ ‘on his mother.’ In fact I am not at all sure but that I have heard it so.”

[54.3] F. S. A. de Clerq, _Bijdragen tot de kennis der Residentie Ternate_ (Leyden, 1890), p. 132.

[55.1] O. Dapper, _Description de l’Afrique_ (Amsterdam, 1686), p. 326; R. E. Dennett, _At the Back of the Black Man’s Mind_ (London, 1906), pp. 53, 67-71.

[56.1] R. E. Dennett, _op. cit._ p. 52.

[56.2] A. C. Hollis, _The Nandi, their Language and Folk-lore_ (Oxford, 1909), p. 76.

[56.3] Rev. E. Casalis, _The Basutos_ (London, 1861), p. 252.

[56.4] Rev. E. Casalis, _The Basutos_, p. 267. The writer tells us (pp. 255 _sq._) that “death with all that immediately precedes or follows it, is in the eyes of these people the greatest of all defilements. Thus the sick, persons who have touched or buried a corpse, or who have dug the grave, individuals who inadvertently walk over or sit upon a grave, the near relatives of a person deceased, murderers, warriors who have killed their enemies in battle, are all considered impure.” No doubt all such persons would also be prohibited from handling the corn.

[57.1] Edward Westermarck, _Ceremonies and Beliefs connected with Agriculture, Certain Dates of the Solar Year, and the Weather in Morocco_ (Helsingfors, 1913), p. 46.

[57.2] E. Westermarck, _op. cit._ p. 54; compare pp. 17, 23, 47.

[57.3] C. G. Seligmann, _s.v._ “Dinka,” in Dr. J. Hastings’s _Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics_, iv. (Edinburgh, 1911) p. 709.

[57.4] Henri A. Junod, “Les conceptions physiologiques des Bantou Sud-Africains et leurs tabous,” _Revue d’ Ethnographie et de Sociologie_, i. (1910) p. 146 note 2.

[59.1] Henri A. Junod, _The Life of a South African Tribe_ (Neuchatel, 1912-1913), ii. 60-62.

[59.2] A. van Gennep, _Tabou et Totémisme à Madagascar_ (Paris, 1904), pp. 342 _sq._, quoting the evidence of M. Gabriel Ferrand. Similar testimony was given to me verbally by M. Ferrand at Paris, 19th April, 1910. Compare Gabriel Ferrand, _Les Musulmans à Madagascar et aux Iles Comores_, Deuxième Partie (Paris, 1893), pp. 20 _sq._

[60.1] In Fiji the rite of circumcision used to be followed by sexual orgies in which brothers and sisters appear to have been intentionally coupled. See Rev. Lorimer Fison, “The Nanga, or Sacred Stone Enclosure of Wainimala, Fiji,” _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xiv. (1885) pp. 27-30, with the note of Sir Edward B. Tylor on pp. 28 _sq._; _Totemism and Exogamy_, ii. 145-148. Such periods of general licence accorded to the whole community are perhaps best explained as temporary revivals of an old custom of sexual communism. But this explanation seems scarcely applicable to cases like those cited in the text, where the licence is not granted to the whole people but enjoined on a few individuals only in special circumstances. As to other apparent cases of reversion to primitive sexual communism, see _Totemism and Exogamy_, i. 311 _sqq._

[60.2] Job xxxi. 11 _sq._ (Revised Version).

[60.3] תְּכןּאָה. See _Hebrew and English Lexicon_, by F. Brown, S. R. Driver, and Ch. A. Briggs (Oxford, 1906), p. 100.

[61.1] Genesis xii. 10-20, xx. 1-18.

[61.2] Leviticus xviii. 24 _sq._

[61.3] Sophocles, _Oedipus Tyrannus_, 22 _sqq._, 95 _sqq._

[61.4] Tacitus, _Annals_, xii. 4 and 8.

[62.1] See _The Magic Art and the Evolution of Kings_, i. 12, 14 _sqq._

[62.2] G. Keating, _History of Ireland_, translated by J. O’Mahony (New York, 1857), pp. 337 _sq._; P. W. Joyce, _Social History of Ancient Ireland_ (London, 1903), ii. 512 _sq._

[62.3] “Corc means croppy or cropped: in this instance the name refers to the bearer’s ears, and the verb used as to the action of his brother maiming him is _ro-chorc_.”

[63.1] (Sir) John Rhŷs, _Celtic Heathendom_ (London and Edinburgh, 1888), pp. 308 _sq._, referring to the _Book of the Dun_, 54_a_.

[64.1] _Laws of Manu_, viii. 371 _sq._, translated by G. Bühler, pp. 318 _sq._ (_Sacred Books of the East_, vol. xxv.). Compare _Gautama_, xxiii. 14 _sq._, translated by G. Bühler, p. 285 (_Sacred Books of the East_, vol. ii.).

[64.2] _Code of Hammurabi_, §§ 129, 157, C. H. W. Johns, _Babylonian and Assyrian Laws, Contracts and Letters_ (Edinburgh, 1904), pp. 54, 56; Robert W. Rogers, _Cuneiform Parallels to the Old Testament_ (Oxford, preface dated 1911), pp. 427, 434.

[64.3] Deuteronomy xxii. 22.

[64.4] Deuteronomy xxii. 20 _sq._

[64.5] Leviticus xxi. 9.

[64.6] Leviticus xx. 14.

[65.1] Rev. J. Roscoe, _The Baganda_ (London, 1911), pp. 261 _sq._

[65.2] Rev. J. Roscoe, _op. cit._ p. 262. As to the totemic clans, see _id._ pp. 133 _sqq._ One clan (the Lung-fish clan) was excepted from the rule.

[65.3] Sir Harry Johnston, _The Uganda Protectorate_ (London, 1904), ii. 719.

[66.1] Sir Harry Johnston, _op. cit._ ii. 746 _sq._

[66.2] A. C. Hollis, _The Nandi_ (Oxford, 1909), p. 76.

[66.3] Werner Munzinger, _Ostafrikanische Studien_ (Schaffhausen, 1864), p. 243.

[66.4] W. Munzinger, _op. cit._ p. 322. However, the child of an unmarried slave woman is brought up; the father pays for its nurture.

[66.5] H. S. Stannus, “Notes on some Tribes of British Central Africa,” _Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute_, xl. (1910) p. 290.

[67.1] Cullen Gouldsbury and Hubert Sheane, _The Great Plateau of Northern Rhodesia_ (London, 1911), p. 57.

[67.2] Peter Kolben, _The Present State of the Cape of Good Hope_, Second Edition (London, 1738), i. 157. For more examples of the death penalty inflicted for breaches of sexual morality in Africa, see A. H. Post, _Afrikanische Jurisprudenz_ (Olbenburg and Leipsic, 1887), ii. 69 _sqq._

[68.1] G. J. van Dongen, “De Koeboes,” _Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië_, lxiii. (1910) p. 293.

[68.2] R. van Eck, “Schetsen van het eiland Bali,” _Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië_, Nieuwe Serie, viii. (1879) pp. 370 _sq._; Julius Jacobs, _Eenigen Tijd onder de Baliërs_ (Batavia, 1883), p. 126.

[68.3] See above, pp. 52 _sq._

[68.4] Hoorweg, “Nota bevattende eenige gegevens betreffende het landschap Mamoedjoe,” _Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde_, lxiii. (1911) p. 95.

[68.5] G. A. Wilken, _Verspreide Geschriften_ (The Hague, 1912), ii. 481.

[69.1] J. S. G. Gramberg, “Schets der Kesam, Semendo, Makakauw en Blalauw,” _Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde_, xv. (1866) pp. 456-458. Compare G. G. Batten, _Glimpses of the Eastern Archipelago_ (Singapore, 1894), pp. 105 _sq._

[69.2] G. A. Wilken, _Verspreide Geschriften_, ii. 481 _sq._

[69.3] Franz Junghuhn, _Die Battaländer auf Sumatra_ (Berlin, 1847), ii. 147, 156 _sq._

[70.1] A. R. Wallace, _The Malay Archipelago_, Sixth Edition (London, 1877), pp. 173 _sq._

[71.1] See above, pp. 46-54.

[72.1] James Dawson, _Australian Aborigines_ (Melbourne, Sydney, and Adelaide, 1881), p. 28.

[73.1] A. W. Howitt, _Native Tribes of South-East Australia_ (London, 1904), pp. 222-224.

[74.1] Walter E. Roth, _Ethnological Studies among the North-West-Central Queensland Aborigines_ (Brisbane and London, 1897), p. 181.

[74.2] A. W. Howitt, _Native Tribes of South-East Australia_, pp. 264, 266.

[74.3] A. W. Howitt, _Native Tribes of South-East Australia_, pp. 246 _sq._

[74.4] Mrs. Daisy M. Bates, “The Marriage Laws and some Customs of the West Australian Aborigines,” _Victorian Geographical Journal_, xxiii.-xxiv. (1905-1906) p. 42. The statement in the text was made by a settler who had lived in the Tableland district, inland from Roeburne, for twenty years.

[75.1] A. W. Howitt, _Native Tribes of South-East Australia_, p. 208. Similarly among tribes on the Hunter River “a man is not permitted to speak to his wife’s mother, but can do so through a third party. In former days it was death to speak to her, but now a man doing so is only severely reprimanded and has to leave the camp for a certain time” (A. W. Howitt, _op. cit._ p. 267).

[75.2] See for example (Sir) E. B. Tylor, “On a method of investigating the Development of Institutions,” _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xviii. (1889) pp. 246-248; Salomon Reinach, “Le Gendre et la Belle-Mère,” _L’Anthropologie_, xxii. (1911) pp. 649-662; _id._, _Cultes, Mythes et Religions_, iv. (Paris, 1912) pp. 130-147.

[75.3] In _Totemism and Exogamy_ (Index, _s.vv._ “Avoidance” and “Mother-in-law”) will be found a collection of examples. In what follows I abstain for the most part from citing instances which have been adduced by me before.

[76.1] Rev. John H. Weeks, _Among Congo Cannibals_ (London, 1913), pp. 133 _sq._ Compare _id._, “Anthropological Notes on the Bangala of the Upper Congo,” _Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute_, xl. (1910) pp. 367 _sq._

[77.1] Father M. A. Condon, “Contribution to the Ethnography of the Basoga-Batamba, Uganda Protectorate,” _Anthropos_, vi. (1911) pp. 377 _sq._

[78.1] C. W. Hobley, _Ethnology of A-Kamba and other East African Tribes_ (Cambridge, 1910), pp. 103, 104.

[78.2] Father Eugene Hurel, “Religion et vie domestique des Bakerewe,” _Anthropos_, vi. (1911) p. 287.

[79.1] Father Picarda, “Autour du Mandera, Notes sur l’Ouzigoua, l’Oukwéré et l’Oudoé (Zanquebar),” _Les Missions Catholiques_, xviii. (1886) p. 286.

[79.2] H. S. Stannus, “Notes on Some Tribes of British Central Africa,” _Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute_, xl. (1910) p. 307.

[79.3] H. S. Stannus, _op. cit._ p. 309.

[79.4] Cullen Gouldsbury and Hubert Sheane, _The Great Plateau of Northern Rhodesia_ (London, 1911), p. 259.

[79.5] “The Angoni-Zulus,” _British Central Africa Gazette_, No. 86, April 30th, 1898, p. 2.

[80.1] Henri A. Junod, _Les Ba-Ronga_ (Neuchâtel, 1898), pp. 79 _sq._; _id._, _The Life of a South African Tribe_ (Neuchatel, 1912-1913), i. 230-232.

[80.2] Henri A. Junod, _The Life of a South African Tribe_, i. 239.

[81.1] Hermann Tönjes, _Ovamboland, Land, Leute, Mission_ (Berlin, 1911), p. 133.

[81.2] A. C. Hollis, “A Note on the Masai System of Relationship and other Matters connected therewith,” _Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute_, xl. (1910) p. 481.

[81.3] Werner Munzinger, _Sitten und Recht der Bogos_ (Winterthur, 1859), p. 63.

[81.4] G. Casati, _Ten Years in Equatoria_ (London and New York, 1891), i. 69.

[81.5] _Travels of an Arab Merchant_ [_Mohammed Ibn Omar El-Tounsy_] _in Soudan_, abridged from the French by Bayle St. John (London, 1854), pp. 97 _sq._

[82.1] J. Kreemer, “De Loeboes in Mandailing,” _Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië_, lxvi. (1912) p. 324.

[82.2] Stefan Lehner, “Bukaua,” in R. Neuhauss’s _Deutsch Neu-Guinea_ (Berlin, 1911), iii. 426 _sq._

[83.1] J. Baegert, “An Account of the Aboriginal Inhabitants of the Californian Peninsula,” _Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution for the year 1863_, p. 368. This and the following American cases have already been cited by me in _Totemism and Exogamy_, iv. 314 _sq._

[83.2] Alvar Nuñez Cabeça de Vaca, _Relation et Naufrages_ (Paris, 1837), pp. 109 _sq._ (in Ternaux-Compans’ _Voyages, Relations, et Mémoires originaux pour servir à l’Histoire de la Découverte de l’Amérique_). The original of this work was published in Spanish at Valladolid in 1555.

[83.3] Brasseur de Bourbourg, _Histoire des Nations civilisées du Mexique et de l’Amérique-Centrale_ (Paris, 1857-1859), ii. 52 _sq._

[83.4] G. Klemm, _Allgemeine Culturgeschichte der Menschheit_ (Leipsic, 1843-1852), ii. 77.

[83.5] J. B. du Tertre, _Histoire generale des Isles de S. Christophe, de la Guadeloupe, de la Martinique et autres dans l’Amerique_ (Paris, 1654), p. 419. A similar, but rather briefer, account of the custom is given by De la Borde, who may have borrowed from Du Tertre. See De la Borde, “Relation de l’origine, mœurs, coustumes, réligion, guerres et voyages des Caraibes, sauvages des Isles Antilles de l’Amerique,” p. 56 (in _Recueil de divers Voyages faits en Afrique et en l’Amerique qui n’ont pas esté encore publiez_, Paris, 1684).

[84.1] Edmond Reuel Smith, _The Araucanians_ (London, 1855), p. 217.

[84.2] We have met with a custom of avoidance between father and daughter among the Akamba (above, p. 78). For more examples see _Totemism and Exogamy_, Index, _s.v._ “Avoidance,” vol. iv. p. 326.

[85.1] Among those who incline more or less definitely to accept this view are the late Dr. A. W. Howitt (“Notes on some Australian Class Systems,” _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xii. (1883) pp. 502 _sq._), Dr. R. H. Codrington (see below, p. 86), M. Joustra (see below, p. 85), and the Rev. J. H. Weeks (see above, p. 76). Three of these writers are experienced missionaries who are only concerned to record the facts, and have no theories to maintain.

[85.2] _Totemism and Exogamy_, ii. 188 _sq._ The authority for these statements is M. Joustra, “Het leven, de zeden en gewoonten der Bataks,” _Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap_, xlvi. (1902) pp. 391 _sq._

[86.1] R. H. Codrington, D.D., _The Melanesians_ (Oxford, 1891), p. 232.

[87.1] R. H. Codrington, _op. cit._ p. 43.

[88.1] Max Girschner, “Die Karolineninsel Námōluk und ihre Bewohner,” _Baessler-Archiv_, ii. (1912) p. 164.

[90.1] P. G. Peckel, “Die Verwandtschaftsnamen des mittleren Neumecklenburg,” _Anthropos_, iii. (1908) pp. 467, 470 _sq._

[90.2] P. G. Peckel, _op. cit._ pp. 463, 467.

[90.3] Rev. J. Roscoe, _The Baganda_ (London, 1911), pp. 128 _sq._, 131; Sir Harry Johnston, _The Uganda Protectorate_ (London, 1904), ii. 695. The latter writer says generally: “Cousins cannot enter the same house, and must not eat out of the same dish. A man cannot marry his cousin.” But from Mr. Roscoe’s researches it appears that a man has only to avoid certain cousins, called _kizibwewe_, that is, the daughters either of his father’s sisters or of his mother’s brothers.

[91.1] Rev. J. Roscoe, _op. cit._ p. 129. Among the women with whom man was forbidden to have sexual relations under pain of death were (besides his cousins mentioned above) his father’s sister, his daughter, and his wife’s sister’s daughter. See J. Roscoe, _op. cit._ pp. 131, 132. The reason alleged for avoiding a mother-in-law, namely, because a man has seen her daughter’s nakedness (compare above, p. 76) is probably a later misinterpretation of the custom.

[91.2] G. McCall Theal, _Records of South-Eastern Africa_, vii. (1901) pp. 431, 432. The writer adds: “Among the tribes within the Cape Colony at the present time the differences are as follows:--

“Xosas, Tembus, and Pondos: marry no relative by blood, however distant, on either father’s or mother’s side.

“Hlubis and others commonly called Fingos: may marry the daughter of mother’s brother and other relatives on that side, but not on father’s side.

“Basuto, Batlaro, Batlapin, and Barolong: very frequently marry cousins on father’s side, and know of no restrictions beyond actual sisters.”

[92.1] Henri A. Junod, _The Life of a South African Tribe_ (Neuchatel, 1912-1913), i. 243-245. As to the rules concerning the marriage of cousins in this tribe, see _id._ i. 241 _sq._

[92.2] Heinrich Claus, _Die Wagogo_ (Leipsic and Berlin, 1911), p. 58.

[93.1] C. W. Hobley, “Kikuyu Customs and Beliefs,” _Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute_, xl. (1910) p. 438.

[94.1] See above, pp. 78 _sq._, 81.

[94.2] See above, pp. 80, 81, 84.

[94.3] See above, p. 81.

[94.4] See above, pp. 44 _sqq._

[94.5] See below, pp. 102 _sqq._

[95.1] On the question of the effect of inbreeding see _Totemism and Exogamy_, iv. 160 _sqq._

[95.2] A. H. Huth, _The Marriage of Near Kin considered with respect to the Laws of Nations, the Results of Experience, and the Teachings of Biology_, Second Edition (London, 1887).

[96.1] J. Arthur Thomson, article “Consanguinity,” in Dr. James Hastings’s _Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics_, iv. (Edinburgh, 1911) p. 30.

[96.2] André Thevet, _La Cosmographie Universelle_ (Paris, 1575), ii. 933 [967].

[97.1] Father P. Schumacher, “Das Eherecht in Ruanda,” _Anthropos_, vii. (1912) p. 4.

[97.2] H. H. Milman, _History of Latin Christianity_, New Impression (London, 1903), ii. 54.

[97.3] These particulars as to the Slavonic peoples of the Balkan peninsula I take from a letter with which Miss M. Edith Durham, one of our best authorities on these races, was so good as to favour me. Her letter is dated 116a King Henry’s Road, London, N.W., October 16th, 1909. The stoning of the betrothed couple near Cattaro is recorded, so Miss Durham tells me, in a Servian book, _Narodne Pripovjetke i Presude_, by Vuk Vrcević. For many more examples of the death penalty and other severe punishments inflicted for sexual offences, see E. Westermarck, _The Origin and Development of Moral Ideas_ (London, 1906-1908), ii. 366 _sqq._, 425 _sqq._

[98.1] F. S. Krauss, _Sitte und Brauch der Südslaven_ (Vienna, 1885), pp. 209, 216, 217. Compare F. Demelić, _Le Droit Coutumier des Slaves Méridionaux_ (Paris, 1876), p. 76.

[98.2] F. S. Krauss, _op. cit._ pp. 208-212, citing as his authority Vuk Vrčević, _Niz srpskih pripovijedaka_, pp. 129-137.

[98.3] F. S. Krauss, _Sitte und Brauch der Südslaven_, p. 204.

[99.1] For examples of the attempt to multiply edible plants in this fashion, see _The Magic Art and the Evolution of Kings_, ii. 97 _sqq._ The reported examples of similar attempts to assist the multiplication of animals seem to be rarer. For some instances see George Catlin, _O-Kee-Pa, a Religious Ceremony and other Customs of the Mandans_ (London, 1867), Folium Reservatum, pp. i.-iii. (multiplication of buffaloes); _History of the Expedition under the Command of Captains Lewis and Clark to the Sources of the Missouri_ (London, 1905), i. 209 _sq._ (multiplication or attraction of buffaloes); Maximilian Prinz zu Wied, _Reise in das innere Nord-America_ (Coblentz, 1839-1841), ii. 181, 263-267 (multiplication or attraction of buffaloes); _Reports of the Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to Torres Straits_, v. (1904) p. 271 (multiplication of turtles); J. Roscoe, “Further Notes on the Manners and Customs of the Baganda,” _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xxxii. (1902) p. 53; _id._, _The Baganda_ (London, 1911), p. 144 (multiplication of edible green locusts); S. Gason, in _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xxiv. (1895) p. 174 (multiplication of edible rats); _id._, “The Dieyerie Tribe,” in _Native Tribes of South Australia_ (Adelaide, 1879), p. 280 (multiplication of dogs and snakes).

[100.1] I have given my reasons for thinking so elsewhere (_The Magic Art and the Evolution of Kings_, i. 220 _sqq._).

[103.1] Rev. J. Roscoe, _The Baganda_ (London, 1911), p. 262.

[103.2] Rev. J. Roscoe, _op. cit._ p. 55. Compare _id._, “Further Notes on the Manners and Customs of the Baganda,” _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xxxii. (1902) p. 39.

[103.3] Rev. J. Roscoe, _The Baganda_, p. 262.

[103.4] Rev. J. Roscoe, _op. cit._ pp. 72, 102.

[104.1] Cullen Gouldsbury and Hubert Sheane, _The Great Plateau of Northern Rhodesia_ (London, 1911), pp. 57, 178.

[104.2] Henri A. Junod, “Les Conceptions Physiologiques des Bantou Sud-Africains et leurs Tabous,” _Revue d’Ethnographie et de Sociologie_, i. (1910) p. 150; _id._, _The Life of a South African Tribe_ (Neuchatel, 1912-1913), i. 38 _sq._

[105.1] Henri A. Junod, “Les Conceptions Physiologiques des Bantous Sud-Africains et leurs Tabous,” _Revue d’Ethnographie et de Sociologie_, i. (1910) p. 150; _id._, _The Life of a South African Tribe_, i. 194 _sq._

[105.2] C. W. Hobley, “Kikuyu Customs and Beliefs,” _Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute_, xl. (1910) p. 433. A similar state of ceremonial pollution (_thahu_) is supposed by the Akikuyu to arise on many other occasions, which are enumerated by Mr. Hobley (_op. cit._ pp. 428-440). See further below, p. 115, note 5.

[105.3] H. S. Stannus, “Notes on some Tribes of British Central Africa,” _Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute_, xl. (1910) p. 305. Compare R. C. F. Maugham, _Zambezia_ (London, 1910), p. 326.

[105.4] Max Weiss, _Die Völkerstämme im Norden Deutsch-Ostafrikas_ (Berlin, 1910), p. 385.

[105.5] C. W. Hobley, _Ethnology of A-Kamba and other East African Tribes_ (Cambridge, 1910), p. 61.

[106.1] C. W. Hobley, _op. cit._ p. 103.

[106.2] A. Karasek, “Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Waschambaa,” _Baessler-Archiv_, i. (1911) p. 186.

[106.3] P. Reichard, _Deutsch Ostafrika_ (Leipsic, 1892), p. 427; H. Cole, “Notes on the Wagogo of German East Africa,” _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xxxii. (1902) pp. 318 _sq._; A. D’Orbigny, _Voyage dans l’Amérique méridionale_, iii. Part i. (Paris and Strasburg, 1844) p. 226; Ivan Petroff, _Report on the Population, Industries, and Resources of Alaska_, p. 155.

[106.4] C. Lumholtz, _Unknown Mexico_ (London, 1903), ii. 128 _sq._

[106.5] De Flacourt, _Histoire de la Grande Isle Madagascar_ (Paris, 1658), pp. 97 _sq._ Compare John Struys, _Voiages and Travels_ (London, 1684), p. 22; Abbé Rochon, _Voyage to Madagascar and the East Indies_, translated from the French (London, 1792), pp. 46 _sq._

[107.1] Rev. J. Roscoe, _The Baganda_ (London, 1911), pp. 352, 362, 363, _sq._

[107.2] Rev. John H. Weeks, “Anthropological Notes on the Bangala of the Upper Congo River,” _Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute_, xl. (1910) p. 413; _id._, _Among Congo Cannibals_ (London, 1913), p. 224.

[107.3] J. R. Swanton, “Contributions to the Ethnology of the Haida,” p. 56 (_The Jesup North Pacific Expedition, Memoir of the American Museum of Natural History_, vol. v. Part i., Leyden and New York, 1905).

[107.4] 2 Samuel xi.

[108.1] “Mr. Farewell’s Account of Chaka, the King of Natal,” Appendix to W. F. W. Owen’s _Narrative of Voyages to explore the Shores of Africa, Arabia, and Madagascar_ (London, 1833), ii. 395.

[108.2] L. Alberti, _De Kaffers_ (Amsterdam, 1810), p. 171.

[108.3] C. Wunenberger, “La Mission et le Royaume de Humbé, sur les bords du Cunène,” _Les Missions Catholiques_, xx. (1888), p. 262.

[108.4] J. B. Labat, _Relation historique de l’Éthiopie occidentale_ (Paris, 1732), i. 259 _sq._

[109.1] Proyart, “History of Loango, Kakongo, and other Kingdoms in Africa,” in J. Pinkerton’s _Voyages and Travels_ (London, 1808-1814), xvi. 569.

[109.2] J. Kreemer, “De Loeboes in Mandailing,” _Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië_, lxvi. (1912) p. 323.

[109.3] _P._ Rascher, M.S.C., “Die Sulka, ein Beitrag zur Ethnographie Neu-Pommern,” _Archiv für Anthropologie_, xxix. (1904) p. 211; R. Parkinson, _Dreissig Jahre in der Südsee_ (Stuttgart, 1907), pp. 179 _sq._ In the East Indian island of Buru a man’s death is sometimes supposed to be due to the adultery of his wife; but apparently the notion is that the death is brought about rather by the evil magic of the adulterer than by the act of adultery itself. See J. H. W. van der Miesen, “Een en ander over Boeroe, inzonderheit wat betreft het distrikt Waisama, gelegen aan de Z.O. Kust,” _Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap_, xlvi. (1902) pp. 451-454.

[110.1] P. A. Talbot, “The Buduma of Lake Chad,” _Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute_, xli. (1911) p. 247.