Chapter V: Notes

[112.1] Humboldt, _Voyage aux Régions Equinoxiales_, viii. 273.

[113.1] Alcide d’Orbigny, _Voyage dans l’Amérique Méridionale_, ii. (Paris and Strasburg, 1839-1843) pp. 99 _sq._ As to the thieving propensities of the Patagonians, the author tells us that “they do not steal among themselves, it is true; but their parents, from their tender infancy, teach them to consider theft from the enemy as the base of their education, as an accomplishment indispensable for every one who would succeed in life, as a thing ordained by the Evil Spirit, so much so that when they are reproached for a theft, they always say that Achekenat-Kanet commanded them so to do” (_op. cit._ p. 104). Achekenat-Kanet is the supernatural being who, under various names, is revered or dreaded by all the Indian tribes of Patagonia. Sometimes he appears as a good and sometimes as a bad spirit. See A. d’Orbigny, _op. cit._ ii. 87.

[114.1] Plato, _Laws_, ix. 8, pp. 865 d-866 a; Demosthenes, xxiii. pp. 643 _sq._; Hesychius, _s.v._ ἀπενιαυτισμός.

[114.2] Aeschylus, _Choëphor._ 1021 _sqq._, _Eumenides_, 85 _sqq._; Euripides, _Iphig. in Taur._ 940 _sqq._; Pausanias, ii. 31. 8, viii. 34. 1-4.

[114.3] Demosthenes, xxiii. pp. 643 _sq._

[114.4] Demosthenes, xxiii. pp. 645 _sq._; Aristotle, _Constitution of Athens_, 57; Pausanias, i. 28. 11; Pollux, viii. 120; Helladius, quoted by Photius, _Bibliotheca_, p. 535 a, lines 28 _sqq._ ed. I. Bekker (Berlin, 1824).

[115.1] Plato, _Laws_, ix. 8, p. 866 C D.

[115.2] Polybius, iv. 17-21.

[115.3] Plutarch, _Praecept. ger. reipub._ xvii. 9.

[115.4] Pausanias, ii. 31. 8.

[115.5] C. W. Hobley, “Kikuyu Customs and Beliefs,” _Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute_, xl. (1910) p. 431. The nature of the ceremonial pollution (_thahu_) thus incurred is explained by Mr. Hobley (_op. cit._ p. 428) as follows: “_Thahu_, sometimes called _ngahu_, is the word used for a condition into which a person is believed to fall if he or she accidentally becomes the victim of certain circumstances or intentionally performs certain acts which carry with them a kind of ill luck or curse. A person who is _thahu_ becomes emaciated and ill or breaks out into eruptions or boils, and if the _thahu_ is not removed will probably die. In many cases this undoubtedly happens by the process of auto-suggestion, as it never occurs to the Kikuyu mind to be sceptical on a matter of this kind. It is said that the _thahu_ condition is caused by the _ngoma_ or spirits of departed ancestors, but the process does not seem to have been analysed any further.” See also above, pp. 93, 105.

[116.1] Aeschylus, _Eumenides_, 280 _sqq._, 448 _sqq._; _id._, quoted by Eustathius on Homer, _Iliad_, xix. 254, p. 1183, ἐπιτήδειος ἐδόκει πρὸς καθαρμὸν ὁ σῦς, ὡς δηλοῖ Αἰσχύλος ἐν τῷ, πρὶν ἂν παλαγμοῖς αἵματος χοιροκτόνου αὐτός σε χρᾶναι Ζεὺς καταστάξας χεροῖν; Apollonius Rhodius, _Argonaut._ iv. 703-717, with the notes of the scholiast. Purifications of this sort are represented in Greek art. See my note on Pausanias ii. 31. 8 (vol. iii. pp. 276 _sqq._).

[116.2] Lieutenant Thomas Shaw, “The Inhabitants of the Hills near Rajamahall,” _Asiatic Researches_, Fourth Edition, iv. (London, 1807) p. 78, compare p. 77.

[116.3] See above, pp. 44 _sqq._

[116.4] Missionary Autenrieth, “Zur Religion der Kamerun-Neger,” _Mitteilungen der geographischen Gesellschaft zu Jena_, xii. (1893) pp. 93 _sq._

[117.1] V. Solomon, “Extracts from Diaries kept in Car Nicobar,” _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xxxii. (1902) p. 227.

[117.2] See my note on Pausanias, ii. 31. 8 (vol. iii. pp. 276 _sqq._).

[117.3] This was the view of C. Meiners (_Geschichte der Religionen_, Hanover, 1806-1807, ii. 137 _sq._), and of E. Rohde (_Psyche_3, Tübingen and Leipsic, 1903, ii. 77 _sq._).

[117.4] καθαίρονται δ᾽ ἄλλως αἵματι μιανόμενοι οἶον εἴ τις εἰς πηλὸν ἐμβὰς πηλῷ ἀπονίζοιτο, Heraclitus, in H. Diels’s _Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker_, Zweite Auflage, i. (Berlin, 1906) p. 62.

[117.5] Pausanias, viii. 34. 3.

[118.1] Rev. J. H. Bernau, _Missionary Labours in British Guiana_ (London, 1847), pp. 57 _sq._; R. Schomburgk, _Reisen in Britisch-Guiana_ (Leipsic, 1847-1848), ii. 497.

[118.2] J. Dumont D’Urville, _Voyage autour du monde et à la recherche de la Pérouse_ (Paris, 1832-1833), iii. 305.

[118.3] John Bradbury, _Travels in the Interior of America_ (Liverpool, 1817), p. 160.

[118.4] Pomponius Mela, _Chorogr._ ii. 12, p. 35, ed. G. Parthey (Berlin, 1867).

[118.5] A. C. Hollis, _The Nandi_ (Oxford, 1909), p. 27.

[119.1] Major A. G. Leonard, _The Lower Niger and its Tribes_ (London, 1906), pp. 180, 181 _sq._

[119.2] Mrs. Leslie Milne, _Shans at Home_ (London, 1910), p. 192. Among the Shans “in a case of capital punishment more than one executioner assisted, and each tried to avoid giving the fatal blow, so that the sin of killing the culprit should fall upon several, each bearing a part. The unfortunate man was killed by reason of repeated sword cuts, no one of which was sufficient to kill him, and died rather from loss of blood than from one fatal blow” (Mrs. Leslie Milne, _op. cit._ pp. 191 _sq._). Perhaps each executioner feared to be haunted by his victim’s ghost if he actually despatched him.

[119.3] Vincenzo Dorsa, _La Tradizione greco-latina negli usi e nelle credenze popolari della Calabria Citeriore_ (Cosenza, 1884), p. 138.

[119.4] J. Liorel, _Kabylie du Jurjura_ (Paris, N.D.), p. 441.

[120.1] Lieut.-Colonel J. Shakespear, “The Kuki-Lushai clans,” _Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute_, xxxix. (1909) p. 380; _id._, _The Lushei Kuki Clans_ (London, 1912), pp. 78 _sq._

[120.2] J. H. West Sheane, “Wemba Warpaths,” _Journal of the African Society_, No. 41 (October, 1911), pp. 31 _sq._

[120.3] _Taboo and the Perils of the Soul_, pp. 165 _sqq._

[120.4] Rev. E. Casalis, _The Basutos_ (London, 1861), p. 258.

[121.1] Father Porte, “Les Réminiscences d’un missionnaire du Basutoland,” _Les Missions catholiques_, xxviii. (1896) p. 371.

[122.1] _Psanyi_ is half-digested grass found in the stomachs of sacrificed goats (H. A. Junod, _The Life of a South African Tribe_, ii. 569).

[122.2] Henri A. Junod, _The Life of a South African Tribe_ (Neuchâtel, 1912-1913), i. 453-455. I have omitted some of the Thonga words which Mr. Junod inserts in the text.

[123.1] N. Adriani en Alb. C. Kruijt, _De Bare’e-sprekende Toradja’s van Midden-Celebes_, i. (Batavia, 1912) p. 239.

[123.2] Sir H. Johnston, _The Uganda Protectorate_ (London, 1902), ii. 743 _sq._; C. W. Hobley, _Eastern Uganda_ (London, 1902), p. 20.

[123.3] Extract from a type-written account of the tribes of Mount Elgon, by the Hon. Kenneth R. Dundas, which the author kindly sent to me.

[123.4] Sir H. Johnston, _op. cit._ ii. 794; C. W. Hobley, _op. cit._ p. 31.

[123.5] Pausanias, viii. 34. 3; compare Strabo, xii. 2. 3, p. 535.

[124.1] E. Torday and T. A. Joyce, “Notes on the Ethnography of the Ba-Yaka,” _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xxxvi. (1906) pp. 50 _sq._

[124.2] J. G. Frazer, “Folk-lore in the Old Testament,” in _Anthropological Essays presented to E. B. Tylor_ (Oxford, 1907), p. 108.

[124.3] “Relation des Natchez,” _Recueil de Voyages au Nord_, ix. 24 (Amsterdam, 1737); _Lettres édifiantes et curieuses_, Nouvelle Édition, vii. (Paris, 1781) p. 26; Charlevoix, _Histoire de la Nouvelle France_ (Paris, 1744), vi. 186 _sq._

[125.1] Ch. Keysser, “Aus dem Leben der Kaileute,” in R. Neuhauss’s _Deutsch Neu-Guinea_ (Berlin, 1911), iii. 147 _sq._

[125.2] Ch. Keysser, _op. cit._ p. 132.

[126.1] R. E. Guise, “On the Tribes inhabiting the mouth of the Wanigela River, New Guinea,” _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xxviii. (1899) pp. 213 _sq._

[126.2] Rev. J. Owen Dorsey, “Omaha Sociology,” _Third Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology_ (Washington, 1884), p. 369.

[127.1] Franz Boas, _Chinook Texts_ (Washington, 1894), p. 258.

[128.1] K. Vetter, “Über papuanische Rechtsverhältnisse, wie solche namentlich bei den Jabim beobachtet wurden,” _Nachrichten über Kaiser Wilhelms-Land und den Bismarck-Archipel_, 1897, p. 99; B. Hagen, _Unter den Papuas_ (Wiesbaden, 1899), p. 254.

[128.2] Rev. J. H. Weeks, _Among Congo Cannibals_ (London, 1913), p. 268; compare _id._, “Anthropological Notes on the Bangala of the Upper Congo River,” _Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute_, xl. (1910) p. 373.

[129.1] C. W. Hobley, “Kikuyu Customs and Beliefs,” _Journal of the Royal Anthropological Intitute_, xl. (1910) pp. 438 _sq._ As to the sanctity of the fig-tree (_mugumu_) among the Akikuyu, see Mervyn W. H. Beech, “The sacred fig-tree of the A-kikuyu of East Africa,” _Man_, xiii. (1913) pp. 4-6. Mr. Beech traces the reverence for the tree to the white milky sap which exudes from it when an incision is made in the bark. This appears to have suggested to the savages the idea that the tree is a great source of fertility to men and women, to cattle, sheep, and goats.

[129.2] N. Adriani en Alb. C. Kruijt, _De Bare’e-sprekende Toradja’s van Midden-Celebes_, i. (Batavia, 1912) pp. 285, 290 _sq._ In recent years the wars between the tribes have been suppressed by the Dutch Government.

[130.1] Compare _The Belief in Immortality and the Worship of the Dead_, i. (London, 1913) pp. 136 _sq._, 278 _sq._, 468 _sq._

[130.2] Rev. E. B. Cross, “On the Karens,” _Journal of the American Oriental Society_, iv. No. 2 (New York, 1854), pp. 312 _sq._

[130.3] Bringaud, “Les Karins de la Birmanie,” _Les Missions catholiques_, xx. (1888) p. 208.

[131.1] W. H. Keating, _Narrative of an Expedition to the Sources of St. Peter’s River_ (London, 1825), i. 109, quoting Mr. Barron.

[131.2] Charlevoix, _Histoire de la Nouvelle France_ (Paris, 1744), vi. 77, 122 _sq._; J. F. Lafitau, _Mœurs des sauvages amériquains_ (Paris, 1724), ii. 279.

[131.3] H. von Rosenberg, _Der malayische Archipel_ (Leipsic, 1878), p. 461. Compare J. L. van Hasselt, “Die Papuastämme an der Geelvinkbai (Neuguinea),” _Mitteilungen der geographischen Gesellschaft zu Jena_, ix. (1891) p. 101.

[131.4] K. Vetter, “Über papuanische Rechtsverhältnisse,” in _Nachrichten über Kaiser Wilhelms-Land und den Bismarck-Archipel_ (1897), p. 94; B. Hagen, _Unter den Papuas_ (Wiesbaden, 1899), p. 266.

[131.5] Stefan Lehner, “Bukaua,” in R. Neuhauss’s _Deutsch Neu-Guinea_ (Berlin, 1911), iii. 444.

[131.6] George Brown, D.D., _Melanesians and Polynesians_ (London, 1910), pp. 142, 145.

[132.1] John Jackson, in J. E. Erskine’s _Journal of a Cruise among the Islands of the Western Pacific_ (London, 1853), p. 477.

[132.2] C. Wiese, “Beiträge zur Geschichte der Zulu im Norden des Zambesi,” _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, xxxii. (1900) pp. 197 _sq._

[132.3] Rev. Samuel Mateer, _The Land of Charity, a Descriptive Account of Travancore and its People_ (London, 1871), pp. 203 _sq._

[132.4] E. W. Nelson, “The Eskimo about Bering Strait,” _Eighteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology_, Part i. (Washington, 1899) p. 423.

[133.1] Rev. J. Owen Dorsey, “A Study of Siouan Cults,” _Eleventh Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology_ (Washington, 1894), p. 420.

[133.2] Dr. P. H. Brincker, “Character, Sitten, und Gebräuche speciell der Bantu Deutsch-Südwestafrikas,” _Mitteilungen des Seminars für orientalischen Sprachen zu Berlin_, iii. dritte Abteilung (1900), pp. 89 _sq._

[133.3] Rev. R. H. Nassau, _Fetichism in West Africa_ (London, 1904), p. 220; M. Abeghian, _Der armenische Volksglaube_ (Leipsic, 1899), p. 11.

[133.4] H. A. Rose, “Hindu Birth Observances in the Punjab,” _Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute_, xxxvii. (1907) pp. 225 _sq._

[133.5] G. F. D’ Penha, “Superstitions and Customs in Salsette,” _The Indian Antiquary_, xxviii. (1899) p. 115.

[133.6] _Census of India, 1911_, vol. xiv. _Punjab_, Part I. (Lahore, 1912) p. 303. As to these perturbed and perturbing spirits in India, see further W. Crooke, _Popular Religion and Folk-lore of Northern India_ (Westminster, 1896), i. 269-274. They are called _churel_.

[134.1] E. M. Gordon, _Indian Folk Tales_ (London, 1908), p. 47.

[134.2] Rev. P. Dehon, S.J., “Religion and Customs of the Uraons,” _Memoirs of the Asiatic Society of Bengal_, vol. i. No. 9 (Calcutta, 1906), pp. 139 _sq._

[134.3] Lieut.-Colonel H. W. G. Cole, “The Lushais,” in _Census of India, 1911_, vol. iii. _Assam_, Part I. (Shillong, 1912) p. 140.

[135.1] Mrs. Leslie Milne, _Shans at Home_ (London, 1910), p. 96. The custom of carrying the dead out of the house by a special opening, which is then blocked up to prevent the return of the ghost, has been observed by many peoples in many parts of the world. For examples see _The Belief in Immortality and the Worship of the Dead_, i. 452 _sqq._

[136.1] Ch. Gilhodes, “Naissance et Enfance chez les Katchins (Birmanie),” _Anthropos_, vi. (1911) pp. 872 _sq._

[136.2] Van Schmidt, “Aanteekeningen nopens de zeden, etc., der bevolking van de eilanden Saparoea, etc.,” _Tijdschrift voor Neêrlands Indie_, v. Tweede Deel (Batavia, 1843), pp. 528 _sqq._; G. Heijmering, “Zeden en gewoonten op het eiland Timor,” _Tijdschrift voor Neerlands Indië_, vii. Negende Aflevering (Batavia, 1845), pp. 278 _sq._, note; B. F. Matthes, _Bijdragen tot de Ethnologie van Zuid-Celebes_ (The Hague, 1875), p. 97; W. E. Maxwell, “Folk-lore of the Malays,” _Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society_, No. 7 (June 1881), p. 28; W. W. Skeat, _Malay Magic_ (London, 1900), p. 325; J. G. F. Riedel, _De sluik- en kroesharige rassen tusschen Selebes en Papua_ (The Hague, 1886), p. 81; B. C. A. J. van Dinter, “Eenige geographische en ethnographische aanteekeningen betreffende het eiland Siaoe,” _Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde_, xli. (1899) p. 381; A. C. Kruijt, “Eenige ethnografische aanteekeningen omtrent de Toboengkoe en de Tomori,” _Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap_, xliv. (Rotterdam, 1900) p. 218; _id._, _Het Animisme in den Indischen Archipel_ (The Hague, 1906), p. 252; G. A. Wilken, _Handleiding voor de vergelijkende Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië_ (Leyden, 1893), p. 559; J. H. Meerwaldt, “Gebruiken der Bataks in het maatschappelijk leven,” _Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelineggnootschap_, xlix. (1905) p. 113. The common name for these dreaded ghosts is _pontianak_. For a full account of them see A. C. Kruijt, _Het Animisme in den Indischen Archipel_, pp. 245 _sqq._

[137.1] J. Perham, “Sea Dyak Religion,” _Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society_, No. 14 (Singapore, 1885), pp. 291 _sq._

[137.2] W. W. Skeat and C. O. Blagden, _Pagan Races of the Malay Peninsula_ (London, 1906), ii. 109.

[137.3] T. de Pauly, _Description ethnographique des peuples de la Russie_ (St. Petersburg, 1862), _Peuples ouralo-altaïques_, p. 71.

[137.4] A. W. Howitt, _Native Tribes of South-East Australia_ (London, 1904), p. 474.

[137.5] A. W. Howitt, _op. cit._ p. 473.

[137.6] H. Zimmer, _Altindisches Leben_ (Berlin, 1879), p. 402.

[138.1] Rev. Father Julius Jetté, “On the Superstitions of the Ten’a Indians,” _Anthropos_, vi. (1911) p. 707.

[138.2] T. de Pauly, _Description ethnographique des peuples de la Russie_ (St. Petersburg, 1862), _Peuples ouralo-altaïques_, p. 71.

[138.3] (Sir) H. H. Risley, _The Tribes and Castes of Bengal, Ethnographic Glossary_, ii. (Calcutta, 1891) pp. 75 _sq._ Compare E. T. Atkinson, _The Himalayan Districts of the North-Western Provinces of India_, ii. (Allahabad, 1884) p. 832; W. Crooke, _Popular Religion and Folk-lore of Northern India_ (Westminster, 1896), ii. 57.

[139.1] Rev. G. Whitehead, “Notes on the Chins of Burma,” _Indian Antiquary_, xxxvi. (1907) pp. 214 _sq._

[139.2] _Relations des Jésuites_, 1639, p. 44 (Canadian reprint, Quebec, 1858).

[140.1] Rev. Peter Jones, _History of the Ojebway Indians_ (London, N.D.), pp. 99 _sq._

[141.1] “Sitten und Gebräuche der Lengua-Indianer, nach Missionsberichten von G. Kurze,” _Mitteilungen der geographischen Gesellschaft zu Jena_, xxiii. (1905) pp. 17 _sq._, 19 _sq._, 21 _sq._ The Cross River natives of Southern Nigeria, like the Lengua Indians, cut off the diseased members of a corpse, in the belief that if they did not do so the person would suffer from the same disease at his next reincarnation. See Charles Partridge, _Cross River Natives_ (London, 1905), pp. 238 _sq._

[142.1] Charles A. Sherring, _Western Tibet and the British Borderland_ (London, 1906), pp. 127-132.

[142.2] Lieutenant Herold, “Bericht betreffend religiöse Anschauungen und Gebräuche der deutschen Ewe-Neger,” _Mitteilungen von Forschungsreisenden und Gelehrten aus den deutschen Schutzgebieten_, v. Heft 4 (Berlin, 1892), p. 155; H. Klose, _Togo unter deutscher Flagge_ (Berlin, 1899), p. 274.

[143.1] Franz Boas, in _Sixth Report on the North-Western Tribes of Canada_, p. 92 (_Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science_, Leeds, 1890, separate reprint).

[143.2] Franz Boas, in _Tenth Report on the North-Western Tribes of Canada_, p. 45 (_Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science_, Ipswich, 1895, separate reprint).

[144.1] Franz Boas, in _Sixth Report on the North-Western Tribes of Canada_, pp. 23 _sq._ (_Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science_, Leeds, 1890, separate reprint).

[144.2] Franz Boas, in _Seventh Report on the North-Western Tribes of Canada_, p. 13 (_Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science_, Cardiff, 1891, separate reprint).

[145.1] James Teit, “The Thompson Indians of British Columbia,” pp. 332 _sq._ (_The Jesup North Pacific Expedition, Memoir of the American Museum of Natural History_, April, 1900).

[146.1] James Teit, “The Lillooet Indians” (Leyden and New York, 1906), p. 271 (_The Jesup North Pacific Expedition, Memoir of the American Museum of Natural History_).

[147.1] Franz Boas, in _Fifth Report on the North-Western Tribes of Canada_, pp. 43 _sq._ (_Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science_, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 1889, separate reprint).

[148.1] Father Guis (de la Congrégation du Sacré-Cœur d’Issoudun, Missionnaire en Nouvelle-Guinée), “Les Canaques, mort-deuil,” _Les Missions catholiques_, xxxiv. (Lyons, 1902) pp. 208 _sq._

[149.1] Elsewhere I have illustrated the fear of the dead as it is displayed in funeral customs (“On certain Burial Customs as illustrative of the Primitive Theory of the Soul,” _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xv. (1886) pp. 64 _sqq._).

[150.1] J. J. M. de Groot, _The Religious System of China_, iv. (Leyden, 1901) pp. 436 _sqq._, especially pp. 450, 464.

[150.2] J. J. M. de Groot, _The Religious System of China_, iv. 450 _sq._

[151.1] J. J. M. de Groot, _The Religious System of China_, iv. 457-460.

[151.2] The Greek orator Antiphon observes that the presence of a homicide pollutes the whole city and brings the curse of barrenness on the land (Antiphon, ed. F. Blass, Leipsic, 1871, pp. 13, 15, 30). See further L. R. Farnell, _The Evolution of Religion_ (London, 1905), pp. 139 _sqq._