Chapter I: Thorys (66)

Zonára, _an Ally or place to play at scales or nine pinnes in._

Zonáre, _to girdle, to belt or gird and compasse about._

Zonẻlla, _any little_ Zóna, _a little girdle or belt._

Z[o]nétti, _a kind of Venice drinking-glasses long and wide aboue._

Zóni, _keeles, scales or nine pinnes to play at with a bowle._

Z[o]níte, _a kind of Cadmia, hauing lines in it like girdles._

Z[o]nzeáre, andáre a spáss[o]. _Looke_ Z[ó]nz[o]. _Also to lie hulling at sea._

Z[o]nze[ó]ne, ún[o] chè n[o]n fà chè andáre a spáss[o]. _Looke_ Z[ó]nz[o].

Z[ó]nz[o], _any kind of recreating sport, glee, solace, pastime or idle play. Also_ Andáre a Z[ó]nz[o], _to goe or lie a hulling on the sea, as a ship when she hath no winde to saile by, or to goe a sporting._

Zoográphia, _painting or describing of beastes._

Zoográph[o], _a Painter or describer of beastes._

Z[o]phir[ó]ne, _a thing in forme of a border or girdle in which the shapes or diuers things and formes are wrought or grauen._

Z[o]phíte, _that are in part liuing creatures, and in part plants, as Spunges or Oysters, &c. partly sensitiue and partly vegetatiue._

Z[o]phtalm[ó]ne, _Sengreene, Housleeke._

Z[o]pír[o], _the hearbe called Pulioll of the mountaine, it is like a running Thime._

Z[o]pir[ó]ne, _as_ Z[o]pír[o].

Z[o]píssa, _a kinde of ship-pitch or gumme scraped from ships that haue beene at Sea._

ZOT

Zóppa, _a clod, a clot, a turfe or lumpe of earth. Also a lame limping woman._

Zoppággine, _lamenesse, haltingnesse, limpingnesse, criplenesse._

Zoppáre, _as_ Zoppegáre.

Zoppegáre, _to halt, to limpe or goe as a criple._

Zoppẻlli, _as_ Zócc[o]li.

Zoppicamént[o], _a halting, a limping, a cripling._

Zoppicáre, _to halt, to limpe, to cripple._

Zópp[o], _lame, halting, limping, cripple._

Zórl[o], _as_ Zorlútt[o].

Zorlútt[o], _a Chough with red feete._

Z[o]r[o]nísi[o], _a stone called the Magitians gem._

Z[o]r[o]nósi[o], _as_ Z[o]r[o]nísi[o].

Z[o]stéra, _as_ Pras[ó]ne.

Zóster[o], _the disease we call shingles or as some say, Saint Anthonies fire or the running euill._

Zóstr[o], _as_ Zóster[o].

Zoticaménte, _as_ Zótic[o], Zóttic[o].

Z[o]ttáre, _to halt, to limp, to cripple._

Z[o]ttáta, _a thumping blow, a bang._

Zotticaménte, _clounishly, rustically, rudely, carter-like, bungler-like._

Zottichézza, _clounishnesse, rudenesse, rusticity, blockishnesse, grossenesse._

Zóttic[o], _clounish, rude, rusticall, blockish, homely, vnmannerly._

Zottic[ó]ne, _a blockish, rude, rusticall, clounish or carter-like fellow._

Zótt[o], _haulting, limping, cripple, lame._

Zóui, _some part of a ship._

Zuáne, _as_ Záne, _as_ Zannuól[o].

Zúcca, _any kind of Gourd or Pumpion. Vsed also metaphorically for a mans head, sconce, nole pate or scull. Also a scull or a head-piece or steele-cap. Also a kind of wine measure of about a pottle of oures. Also a kind of drinking-glasse. Also a salt-box, a bottle, or a Lanthorne. For in Italy they make such of the dried rindes of Pumpions. Also a casting bottle for sweet water._

Zúcca al vẻnt[o], _a witlesse-scull, an adle-head or shallow-braine._

Zúcca da sále, _a salt-box made of a dried Gourd or Pumpion._

Zúcca fiaschétta, _a flaske for Gunpowder._

Zuccái[o], _a place where Gourds grow._

Zúcca marína, _a Turkie Coocomber or Sea-pumpion._

Zuccarína, _a kind of drinking-glasse. Also a kind of bright Roche-allum._

ZVC

Zúccar[o], _any kind of Sugar._

Zúccar[o] di trè cótte, _sugar thrice refined. Also, as wee say, a knaue in graine._

Zúcca saluática, _as_ Vitálba. _Also any kind of wilde Gourde._

Zúcca sénza sále, _a sconce without wit, a noddy, a block-head, a shallow-pate._

Zúcca spadáia, _as_ Vitálba.

Zuccáta, _a kind of meat made of Pumpions or Gourdes. Also any flim-flam tale or idle discourse without head or foote._

Zuccherái[o], _a Sugar-maker. Also a Confectionary or Comfet-maker._

Zuccheráre, _to sugar, to candy, to confect, to preserue or dresse with sugar._

Zuccherát[o], _sweet, sugared._

Zuccheríni, _all manner of pretty things made of sugar-paste._

Zúccher[o], _any kind of Sugar._

Zuccher[ó]s[o], _sweet, Candied, full of sugar._

Zucchétta, _any little Gourd or Pumpion. Looke_ Zúcca, _a little casting bottle._

Zucc[o]náre, _to pole, to not, to shaue._

Zucc[ó]ne, _a shauen pate, a notted skull. Also a logarhead, a gullish pate._

Zúffa, _a fray, a brawle, a quarrell, a bickering, a skirmishing, a riot._

Zuffáre, _to quarrell, to brawle, to bicker, to skirmish, to make a fray._

Zúff[o], _any kind of whistle or pipe. Also some part of a horse._

Zuff[o]láre, _to whistle or pipe._

Zuff[o]láta, _any kind of wistling._

Zuff[o]lat[ó]re, _a whistler, a piper._

Zuff[o]létt[o], _any little whistle._

Zuff[o]lín[o], _any little whistle._

Zúff[o]l[o], _any whistle or pipe._

ZVR

Zuffuráre, _to whistle. Also to whisper._

Zúg[o], _a gull, a ninny, a noddy, a silly foole. Also a darling, a wanton, a minion._

Zug[ó]ne, _any great_ Zúg[o].

Zúi, _a kind of bird._

Zúppa, _any kind of sop or sippet of bread in any drinke or broath. Also a messe of brewes._

Zuppáre, _to sop, or sippet._

Zupparẻll[o], _vsed for a little doublet._

Zúra, _a White thorne berry._

Zúrlare, _to scoffe, to mocke, to flout. Also to turne round as a top or whirligigge._

Zurlat[ó]re, _a scoffer, a flouter, a mocker._

Zúrl[o], _any kind of top, twirle, gigge nunne or whirligigge as children play withall. Also a round or turning trick in dansing. Also a giddinesse or dizzinesse in the head. Also a gull, a noddy or a ninny._

Zúrma, _as_ Ciúrma.

Zurmáglia, _as_ Ciurmáglia.

Zurmáre, _as_ Ciurmáre.

Zurmat[ó]re, _as_ Ciurmat[ó]re.

Zurnáppa, _as_ Giráffa.

Zurumbet, _a kind of strange tree._

Zúz[o], _vsed for an Owle or Howlet._

Zuzzáre, _as_ Succiáre, _or_ Succhiáre.

Zúzz[o]s, _a kind of beast very good to eat, fashioned like a Cunny, which carrieth hir yongue ones in a bag that hangs at hir belly._

Zuzzulín[o], _a kind of reddish colour called a Gingerline colour._

X.

Xágue, _a kind of tree in India, the iuice whereof dieth all things blacke._

XIL

Xanthéne, _a precious stone like to Amber._

Xánt[o], _a whitish stone, the ground wherof is of a yellowish tauny._

Xarbíle, _a Turkish word, as much to say perforce._

Xén[o], _an Hospitall or Spittle._

Xenódi[o], _as_ Xén[o].

Xen[o]féggia, _the first Moone in September so called of the Grecians._

Xer[o]líphi[o], _a Sepulcher made of stones for Princes to be buried in._

Xer[o]phtalmía, _sorenesse or smarting of the eies._

Xífi[o], _as_ Xíphi[o], _or_ Xíphie.

Xilína, _a kind of Linnen-cloath made of_ G[o]ssipi[ó]ne _or_ Xil[ó]ne.

Xil[o]bálsam[o], _the wood of the Balme-tree._

Xil[o]cinam[ó]m[o], _the wood of the Cinamond-tree._

Xil[ó]ne, _as_ G[o]ssipi[ó]ne, _which is a kind of Cotten or Bumbace._

Xil[o]phág[o], _a worme breeding in timber._

Xil[o]philáce, _a Wood-man or Forrester._

Xíphie, _blasing Starres short and sharp pointed in the top, shaking and brandishing like a Darte, and very swift._

Xíphi[o], _the Sword-fish or Emperour of the Sea, so called because it hath a beake like a sword. Also the weed Stinking-gladen or Spurge-wort, or as some say Glader or Flags._

Xiphi[ó]ne, _as_ Xíphi[o]. _Also Spurge-wort._

Xisti[ó]ne, _a kind of precious stone._

Xist[ó]ne, _a place of exercise in faire weather, a wrestling-place._

FINIS.

NECESSARY
RVLES AND SHORT
OBSERVATIONS FOR THE
TRVE PRONOVNCING AND
SPEEDIE LEARNING OF
The Italian Tongue.

COLLECTED FOR THE
IMPERIALL MAIESTIE OF
ANNA, Crowned Queene of England,
_Scotland, France and Ireland, &c._

By IOHN FLORIO Reader of the Italian tongue
_vnto her Maiestie, and one of the Gentlemen_
of her Royall Priuie Chamber.

(* *)
*

_LONDON_
Printed by _W. Stansby_ for _Edward Blunt_ and _William
Barret_. 1611.

NECESSARIE RVLES AND
SHORT OBSERVATIONS FOR
THE TRVE PRONOVNCING AND SPEEDY
LEARNING OF THE ITALIAN TONGVE,
Collected for the Imperiall Maiestie of ANNA, Crowned
Queene of England, Scotland, France and
Ireland, &c.

By IOHN FLORIO Reader of the Italian tongue
_vnto her Maiestie, and one of the Gentlemen_
of her Royall Priuie Chamber.

(* *)
*

Of Pronounciation.

_The Italian tongue is pronounced as it is written, and written as it is pronounced: No letter of it is lost or altered but_ G. _& that chiefly when_ N. _followeth the same, as in these wordes._ Ingégn[o], Mágn[o], Pégn[o], Ségn[o], Sdégn[o], &c. _which then is pronounced much like the English word Onion, as if an_ I. _were included between the_ N. _and the vowell following: It is likewise somwhat lost when_ Li. _followes it, as in these, and infinite other wordes_, Fígli[o], M[ó]glie, Quégli, Tógliere, _and then it is pronounced as the Welchmen and Spaniards pronounce their double_ Ll. _in_ Lloid, _and_ Quéll[o], _or as the French men doe their double_ Ll. _after an_ I. _as in their words_ Fille, Estrille, Merueille, &c. _except in the word_ Negligénza, _where it is pronounced as in the Latine, or in this English word Gleeke._

. . . . . . .

_Note that_ C. _before_ A. O. _and_ V. _is euer pronounced as_ K. _in English: which the Italians neuer vse, as in these wordes_. Cása, Cásta, Cóll[o], Cósa, Cúlla, Custóde, &c. _Whereas before_ E. _and_ I. _it is euer pronounced as_ Ch _in English, as in these wordes_, Celẻste, Cẻlebre, Cíb[o], Cínt[o], _as you doe in these English wordes, Cheape, Cheries, Children, Cheese, and such._

. . . . . . .

_Note that whensoeuer_ C. _is double before_ A. O. _and_ V. _it is euer pronounced as double_ K. _in English, as_ Accasáre, Accadére, Acc[o]m[o]dáre, Accostáre, Accumuláre, Accusáre, &c. _whereas if it come double before_ E. _and_ I. _as in these wordes_ Eccẻdere, Eccellẻnte, Accióche, Vccídere, Vccisi[ó]ne, _you must pronounce the first_ C. _as a_ T. _as if they were written_, Etcẻdere, Etcellẻnte, Atcióche, Vtcídere, Vtcisi[ó]ne, &c.

. . . . . . .

_Note that_ Ch. _is at all times, and in all Italian wordes pronounced as the letter_ K. _in English, as in these wordes_, Chè, Chénte, Chì, Chiúnque, _euen as you doe in these English wordes, Kettle, Kent, Keeper, Kindred, &c._

. . . . . . .

_Note that the rule giuen for_ C. _may also serue for the letter_ G. _for before_ A. O. _and_ V. _it is pronounced as in English, as_ Gámba, G[ó]ndola, Gúglia, &c. _as Gad, God, Good: whereas before_ E. _and_ I. _it is pronounced as the_ I. _being a consonant in English wordes, as_ Gentíle, Ginócchi[o], &c. _and_ Ghe. _in Italian is pronounced as_ Gue. _or_ Gui. _in English, as_ Ghermíre, Ghirlánda, _as in these wordes, Gealding, Guilt, &c. and if_ G. _be double before_ A. O. _and_ V. _pronounce it as you doe in English, but being double before_ E. _or_ I. _as in these wordes_, Lẻggere, Leggiér[o], Lóggia, Loggiáre. _You must pronounce the first_ G. _as it were a_ D. _euen as you doe in these English wordes, Hedge, Pledge, Dredge, Madge, Lodge, Drudge, &c._

. . . . . . .

_For so much as the Italians haue two very different sounds for the two vowels_, E. _and_ O. _which for distinctions sake, they name the one close and the other open, and that I neuer yet saw booke printed with their differences but one, which was the Familiar letters of that learned man_ Claudio Tolomẻi, _and that no rule hath yet beene giuen in so many of their tedious Grammars for the helpe of the learner, or for the right vse of them; to ease him, and teach him to avoide the many errors that diuers commit (namely my countrey men the English) in not giuing them their right sounds, I haue thought it most convenient to say something of them._

_Note then that throughout all my Dictionarie I haue caused two seuerall_ E. _and two different_ O. _to be cast and vsed, whereby the reader and learner may assuredly know how to pronounce them right, and giue them their proper and due sounds._

_The close_ E. _hath euer this forme_, e. _and is pronouced as the English_ E. _or_ Ea. _as in these wordes, Bell, Beane, Den, Deane, Fell, Flea, Meade, Quell, Sell, Tell, &c. and the open_ E. _hath this forme_ ẻ _which is euer pronounced as_ Ai. _in English, as in these words Baile, Baine, Daine, Faile, Flaile, Maide, Quaile, Saile, Taile, &c._

_The close_ E. _is seene in these Italian wordes_, Béne, Béuere, Sedére, Tenére, Vedére, _and infinite others, and the open_ E. _in these_, Bẻll[o], Bẻstia, Sẻlla, Sẻdia, Tẻsta, Tẻrra, Vẻrr[o], Vẻste, &c.

_So likewise to the close O. I haue throughout my booke giuen this oualle forme O. and to the open this round forme_ O. _The first, close or oualle is euer pronounced as the English single_ V. _in these wordes, Bun, Dug, Flud, Gud, Rud, Stun, Tun, &c. whereas the other round or open is euer pronounced as our_ O. _in these wordes, Bone, Dog, Flow, God, Rod, Stone, Tone, &c. as for example in these Italian wordes_, I[o] h[o]n[ó]r[o] il mí[o] Dí[o] c[ó]n [ó]gni diu[o]ti[ó]ne, _where euery O. is close and oualle. And in these_, lúi mi vuóle tórre la mia t[ó]rre; _or else_, lúi mi hà r[ó]sa la mia rósa: _where_ Tórre _with an open or round_ O. _is a verbe and signifieth to take, and_ t[ó]rre _with a close or oualle O. is a noune substantiue, and signifieth a tower; and_ R[ó]sa _with an oualle and close O. is a participle of the verbe_ Ródere, _and signifieth Gnawne or Nibled, and_ Rósa _with a round or open_ O. _is a noune substantiue, and signifieth the floure that we call a Rose._

_I could with many amplifications insist vpon these two letters, but because I desire to shunne prolixity, and addresse mine endeauours to reasonable creatures, and no Critikes, I thinke this sufficient, & for a triall referre them to my Dictionarie, where they may perceiue euery word truly accented, which was yet neuer seen in any printed booke of what language soeuer, and which was only done for her sacred Maiestie, whom alone next to God I desire to serue and satisfie, which if shee be, I haue my desire, I aime no further, and care not for the vulgar._

. . . . . . .

_Note that_ I. _is neuer consonant in the Italian tongue, but euer a vowell, and is commonly pronounced as double_ Ee. _in English, as in these words_, Biánc[o], Gridáre, Gír[o], Líbr[o], Mirác[o]l[o], Níd[o], Siréna, Tír[o], Vilúpp[o], &c. _as you doe in these English words, Bee, Creeke, Greene, Lee, Neede, Meede, Queene, Seene, Speede, Reede, Seede, Tree, Weede, &c._

. . . . . . .

_Note that_ Sce, _and_ Sci, _as in these Italian wordes_ Scẻmpi[o], Scelerát[o], Scilinguát[o], Scim[o]nít[o], &c. _are euer pronounced as you doe_ Sh. _in these English words, Shame, Shent, Sheepe, Ship, &c._

. . . . . . .

_Note that_ V. _in the beginning, and sometimes in the middle of words, namely another vowell following the same, is euen a consonant, as in_ Vári[o], Vedére, Veníre, Antiuedére, Preueníre, &c. _but being a vowell, as in these words_, Cúra, Fur[ó]re, Manducáre, Natúra, Pút[o], Rúta, &c. _it is commonly pronounced as double_ Oo. _in English, as in these words, Foode, Moode, Good, Moote, Roode, Stoode, Wood, &c._

. . . . . . .

_Note that the coniunction copulatiue_ Et. Ed. _or_ E. _comming before a vowell it ought to be pronounced_ Et. _or_ Ed. _as for example_, Antóni[o], ẻt Andrẻa, ẻt í[o] siám[o] trè, _or else_, Antóni[o], ẻd Andrẻa ẻd i[o] siám[o] trè. _whereof the latter is the most elegant. Whereas before consonants it ought to be pronounced but as single open_ E. _as for example_, I[o], ẻ tù, ẻ lui, ẻ tútti gli áltri n[ó]n facciám[o] chè vn córp[o], _except sometimes in verse by_ Poẻtica Licẻnza, _which among Italians is very great._

. . . . . . .

_Note that when two_ Zz. _come together betweene two vowels, as in these words_, Bẻllézza, Cẻrtézza, Grandézza, F[o]rtézza, &c. _you ought to pronounce the first_ Z. _as a_ T. _as if they were written_ Bẻllétza, Cẻrtétza, F[o]rtétza, Grandétza, &c. _except in these words_, Mẻzzán[o], Mẻzz[o], Lẻzz[o], Rẻzz[o], R[ó]zz[o], _and some few others, where the first_ Z. _is pronounced as a_ D. _as if they were written_, Mẻdzán[o], Mẻdz[o], Lẻdz[o], Rẻdz[o], R[ó]dz[o], &c. _all which words were better written and printed with a single_ Z. _then with a double._

_Note also that when_ Z. _commeth betweene a vowell and a consonant, as in these words_, Ammorzáre, Fórza, Scórza, Sénza, &c. _you ought to pronounce the same_ Z. _as if a_ T. _did goe before it, as if they were written_, Ammortzáre, Fórtza, Scórtza, Séntza, &c.

_Thus much I thinke sufficient for the pronunciation._

Of the Articles of the Italian tongue, and of the frequent vse of them.

_Note that there is no part of speech more necessary to be truly knowen of him that learneth Italian, then the Articles, forsomuch as without them no man can perfectly distinguish of genders, which are two, Masculine and Feminine; of numbers, which are also two, Singular and Plurall; and of Cases, which are sixe; Nominatiue, Genitiue, Datiue, Accusatiue, Vocatiue, and Ablatiue; and no language hath so frequent vse of them, as the Italian, I haue therefore set them downe, and how they are to be declined and vsed. The Articles are in number seuen: fiue of the Masculine, and two of the Feminine genders. Of the fiue Masculine, two are of the Singular, and three of the Plurall number. Of the two Feminine, one is of the Singular, and one of the Plurall number._

The fiue articles of the Masculine gender are.

_Mas. Sing._ _Mas. Plu._ _Mas. Sing._ _Mas. Plu._ _Mas. Plu._

No. il. i. l[ó]. gli. li.
Ge. dél. déi, de'. déll[o]. dégli. délli.
Da. al. ai, a'. áll[o]. ágli. álli.
Accu. il. i. l[ó]. gli. li.
Voca. ô. ó. ó. ó. ô.
Abla. dal. dái, da'. dáll[o]. dágli. dálli.

_All which haue but one in English, and that is, The; which serueth for both genders and numbers; for you say, the man, the men, the woman, and the women._

_Fem. Sing._ _Fem. Plu._ _In English._

Nom. la. le. _the._
Gen. délla. délle. _of the._
Dat. álla. álle. _to the._
Accu. la. le. _the._
Vo. ó. ó. _oh the._
Abla. dálla. dálle. _from, of, or by the._

. . . . . . .

Of the true vse of these Articles.

_Note that_ Il _and_ I, _are commonly and ought to be vsed before nounes or words that begin with consonants, as_ Il béne, Il d[ó]lce, Il Mále, Il líbr[o], Il Préncipe, Il Rẻ, &c. I béni, I d[ó]lci, I máli, I líbri, I Préncipi, I Rẻ, &c.

. . . . . . .

_Note that_ L'[ó], _and_ Gli, _are or els ought euer to be vsed before nounes or words beginning with vowels, and are commonly by the best Speakers or Writers apostrophed, and pronounced together as they were but one word, as_ L'abbáte, L'altáre, L'Angel[o], L'am[ó]re, L'ódi[o], &c. gl'abbáti, gl'altári, gl'Angeli, gl'am[ó]ri, gl'ódij, &c.

. . . . . . .

_Note that forsmuch as good Italians shun as a thing most harsh among them, to haue or vse many consonants together, namely aboue two, seldome three, and never foure; and that there be diuers words of the Masculine gender that begin with_ S. _and one or more consonants follow the same, as_ Spirit[o], Strále, Strácci[o], Str[o]mẻnt[o], &c. _Before such words they will not, according to the foresaid rule, vse the Articles_ Il, _and_ I, _but will say and write, as being more pleasing in pronouncing, and to the eare_, l[o] Spírit[o], l[o] Strácci[o], l[o] Strále, l[o] Str[o]mẻnt[o], gli Spíriti, gli Stráccij, gli Stráli, gli Str[o]mẻnti, &c.

. . . . . . .

_Note that the Article_ Li, _is and may indifferently be vsed before consonants or vowels, as_ Li árb[o]ri, li cittadíni, li quáli, &c. _and I am of opinion that were it not that some ancient Writers haue vsed the same, moderne Writers would not much vse it._

. . . . . . .

_Note that_ La, _and_ Le, _before vowels are vsually apostrophed and pronounced as one word, whereas before consonants they are written and pronounced seuerally: as for example_, L'ácqua, l'ánima, l'altézza, l'acque, l'ánime, l'altézze, &c. La bálla, la Cárne, la fáccia, la ménte, la tẻrra, &c. Le bálle, le Carni, le fáccie, le ménti, le tẻrre, &c.

. . . . . . .

_Note that the foresaid particles are not euer or properly articles, except they be ioyned vnto absolute nounes, whether substantiues, adiectiues, or proper: for if they be affixed vnto verbes (as they are very often) they change their property, and become pronounes deriuatiues from the primitiues, or else demonstratiues of the Datiue and Accusatiue cases, as for example_; I[o] gli diédi, _I gaue him:_ I[o] il víddi, _I saw him:_ Tù l[o] c[o]n[ó]sci, _thou knowest him:_ Tù i Sénti, _thou hearest them,_ Tù la t[ó]cchi, _thou touchest her:_ Tù le fai mále, _thou dost her hurt: and with verbes of priuation, as hereafter shall be better declared_, Gli, _and_ li, _and_ le _become of the Ablatiue case: as for example;_ Tù gli rubásti, _thou stolest from him, or them._ Tu li tollésti, _thou tookest from him or them:_ Tu la furásti, _thou stolest from her._

. . . . . . .

_Note also that these two Articles_ La _and_ Li _are sometimes aduerbes of place, signifying There, or in that place, and then they are commonly accented, as_ Là _and_ Lì.

. . . . . . .

_Note that to the Articles are diuers times affixed these prepositions, as_ Di _of the Genitiue case_, A _of the Datiue, and_ Da _of the Ablatiue; which so ioyned, make of the Genitiue_ Del, Dell', Déi, De', Déll[o], Dégli, Délli, Délla, Delle, _and of the Datiue_ Al, All', Ai, A', All[o], Agli, Alli, Alla, Alle, _and of the Ablatiue_ Dál, Dáll', Dái, Da', Dáll[o], Dágli, Dálli, Dálla, Dálle; _which sometimes are in the Italian tongue diuersly vsed, and lose their ordinary significations: as for example; those of the Genitiue case become somtimes the signe of a comparison, in English, Then, or Then the, namely, after the Aduerbs of quantity,_ Più, _or_ Mén[o], _as thus:_ Tù Sẻi più dótt[o] di mè, mà n[ó]n già déll'amíc[o] nóstr[o]. _Other times following a verbe and being before a noune substantiue, whose quality may be diuisible, they become Aduerbs of quantity, and signifie Some, or part of, as thus,_ Dámmi dél páne ẻ dél vin[o], ẻt i[o] tì darò délla cárne, dégl'óssi, ẻ dél pésce.

. . . . . . .

_Note that_ Alla, _being placed before any noune adiectiue, it makes the same an aduerbe of similitude; like vnto, or after the fashion of, as thus,_ I[o] pr[o]céd[o] álla reále, _I proceed like vnto an honest man, or honest-man-like. Or thus,_ Lui párla all'Italiána, vẻste álla Francése, béue álla T[o]désca, &c. _He speaketh after the Italian fashion, clotheth after the French, and drinkes after the Dutch manner, &c._

_And euen so doth_ Da, _being placed before a noune substantiue, as thus,_ I[o] pr[o]céd[o] da huóm[o] da béne, tù vẻsti da capitán[o], párli da D[o]tt[ó]re, ẻ fái da p[o]ltr[ó]ne.

. . . . . . .

_Note that all the Datiue cases_ A, Al, All', All_o_, Alla, Ai, A', Agli, Alli, Alle, _as also all these Articles, Affixes, or Pronounes deriuatiues_, Mi, Ti, Si, Ci, Vi, Me, Te, Se, Ce, Ve, Ne, _which are of the Datiue case, if any of them be affixed to any verbes of priuation, as_ Asc[ó]ndere, Furáre, Rubbáre, Tógliere, &c. _contrary to all rules (and which was yet neuer noted in any Grammar that I haue seene) they all become of the Ablatiue case, and with no other verbes, as thus,_ I[o] hò leuáte le fórze a', _or,_ alli miéi amici, Tù mi t'asc[ó]ndi, Tù ci hai furáti i nostri líbri; Di[o] vi torrà i vóstri piacéri, v[ó]i ne hauéte tólt[o] il nóstr[o] ripós[o]. I peccat[ó]ri non si póss[o]n[o] nasc[ó]ndere á Dí[o], &c. _which be meere Italianismes._

. . . . . . .

_Note also that the Preposition of the Ablatiue case_ Da. _whether alone or ioyned to any Article, as_ Dál, Dai, Dáll[o], Dágli, Dálli, Dálla, Dálle, _comming after any of these verbes of motion_, Andáre, C[ó]rrere, Fuggíre, Veníre, &c. _so that the party or persons to whom you goe, runne, flie, or come, be named or mentioned, contrary to all rules giuen in Grammars, they become of the Datiue case. As for example,_ Andánd[o] dal Sign[ó]r Pá[o]l[o], C[ó]rsi dálla Sign[ó]ra María, v[o]lẻnd[o] fuggíre dalli Sign[ó]ri Th[o]mas[o] ẻd Andrẻa, vénni dal Sign[ó]r Henric[o], &c.

_Note also that the preposition of the Ablatiue case_ Da. _comming before any Noune numerall or number, it serueth for the Preposition_, Círca _or_ Int[ó]rn[o], _in English, About, as thus._ Éran[o] da venti s[o]ldáti. _They were about twenty souldiers._ I[o] vi tr[o]uái da diẻci huómini da béne. _There I found about ten honest men, &c._

_Note also that_ Da, _or_ Da' _are likewise often vsed for an Aduerbe of exception, sauing or except: but then the thing excepted must immediately follow_ Da, _and_ Infuóri _or in_ pói, _must succeede the same, as_ I[o] truóu[o] m[ó]lte cóse da denári in fuóri. Tútti s[ó]n[o] huómini da béne da' furbi in pói. &c.

. . . . . . .

_Note that these prepositions_, C[o]n, Pẻr, In, N[ó]n, _are often ioyned vnto Articles, and made as one word or sillable, as for_ C[o]n il. C[o]n i. C[o]n l[o]. C[o]n gli. C[o]n la. C[o]n le. _the Italians will say and write._ C[o]l tẻmp[o]. C[o]i líbri. C[o]' fratẻlli. C[o]ll'am[ó]re. C[o]gl'ódij. C[ó]lla mádre. C[ó]lle s[o]rẻlle, &c. _in English, with or with the._

. . . . . . .

_In steede of,_ Pẻr il. Pẻr i. Pẻr l[o]. Pẻr gli. Pẻr li. Pẻr la. Pẻr le. _They say and write._ Pẻl. Pẻi. Pẻ', Pẻll[o]. Pẻgli. Pẻlli. Pẻlla. Pẻlle. _For, Through, or by the._

. . . . . . .

_In steede of,_ In il. In i. In l[o]. In gli. In li. In la. In le. _They say and write,_ Nél. Nei. Ne'. Néll[o]. Négli, Nélli. Nélla. Nélle. _In English, In, Into, or in the._

. . . . . . .

_In steede of,_ N[o]n il. N[o]n i. N[o]n l[o]. N[o]n gli. N[o]n li. N[o]n la. N[o]n le. _They say and write,_ N[o]l. N[o]i. N[o]'. N[ó]ll[o]. N[ó]gli. N[ó]lli. N[ó]lla. N[ó]lle. _In English, Not the, not him, not her, or not them, &c. Let this suffice for the Articles and the vse of them._

Of Nounes in generall, namely of Substantiues, and of the vse of them.

_A Noune is properly any thing of Essence or Substance, which may either be touched, seene, or imagined, as_ Árb[o]re, Córn[o], Fi[ó]re, Sáss[o], &c. S[ó]le, Lúna, Ciẻl[o], Stélla, &c. Dí[o], Ánima, Speránza, Paradís[o], &c.

_Note that all Italian Nounes, both Substantiues, Adiectiues, and Proper, be either of the Masculine or Feminine genders, and that most of them be either meerely Latine, or deriued of the Latine. Those that be Latine, haue only the Ablatiue case singular of the same, which serueth for all cases singular of the Italian, and only the Articles distinguish both genders and numbers; so that whosoeuer knowes the Articles perfectly, and learneth to decline but one Noune, shall thereby know how to decline all. I will not therfore be tedious._

. . . . . . .

_Note that all Masculine Nounes in the singular number, end and terminate either in_ O. _or in_ E. _or in_ A. _and all in_ I. _in the Plurall, except some few heteroclites, whereof shall be spoken hereafter, as for example._ Il Castẻll[o], Il Ciẻl[o], Il líbr[o], Il tẻmp[o], L'ódi[o], L'[o]rgógli[o], &c. I castẻlli, I ciẻli, I líbri, I tẻmpi, Gl'ódij, gl'[o]rgógli, &c. Il fiúme, Il nóme, Il pádre, Il sángue, Il túrbine, &c. I fiúmi, I nómi, I pádri, I sángui, I túrbini, &c. Il Dúca, Il Poẻta, Il Pr[o]fẻta, l'Euangelísta, &c. I Dúchi, I Poẻti, I Pr[o]phẻti, Gl'Euangelisti, &c.

. . . . . . .

_Note that most of Italian Feminine nounes end in the singular either in_ A. _or in_ E. _if in_ A. _then in_ E. _in the plurall. As for example,_ La bálla. la cárta. la tẻrra. la táu[o]la, &c. Le bálle. le cárte. le tẻrre. le táu[o]le. &c. L'ácqua. L'ánima. L'ácque. L'ánime. &c. _And if in_ E. _in the singular, then in_ I. _in the plurall, as for example,_ La c[o]nsuetúdine. La mádre. La ménte. La salúte. &c. Le c[o]nsuetúdini. Le mádri. Le ménti. Le salúti, &c. L'[o]ccasi[ó]ne. L'[o]ccasi[ó]ni. _One only Feminine noune endeth in_ O. _that is,_ La mán[o], _which in the plurall endeth in_ I. _as_ Le máni.

. . . . . . .

_Note that all Feminine nounes that in their Ablatiue case singular of the Latin end in_ Áte, _or_ V´te. _The Italians (namely in prose) reiect and loose the last sillable_ Té, _and take the rest, euer placing an accent ouer the last_ A. _or_ V. _making Singular and Plurall all one, which they distinguish by the Articles, or by the Adiectiues, or by the Pronounes ioyned vnto them, as for example,_ La Città. La qualità. La quantità. La realità. &c. Le città. Le qualità. Le quantità. Le realità. &c. La gi[o]uentù. La seruitù. La vertù. &c. Le giouentù. Le seruitù. Le vertù. &c. _Yet obserue that Poets may, and doe often dispence with this rule: for at their pleasure they may vse both, yea and often change_ Te _into_ De, _as for example._ La città. la cittáte. la cittáde. La qualità. la qualitáte. la qualitáde. La vertù. la vertúte. la vertúde. &c. Le città. le cittáti. le cittádi. Le qualitá. le qualitáti. le qualitádi. Le vertù. le vertúti. le vertúdi. &c.

. . . . . . .

_Note that all Italian Feminine nounes that end in_ Ántia _or_ Éntia, _may at the pleasure of the speaker or writer, end in_ Anza _or_ Enza, _and Tuscans count the latter the best, as thus_ Ab[o]ndántia, Ab[o]ndánza. Vigilántia, Vigilánza, &c. Diligẻntia, Diligẻnza, Patiẻntia, Patiẻnza, &c.

. . . . . . .

_Note that all Italian Masculine Nounes, that in the singular end in_ Io. _whereof there are many, should in the plurall end in_ ij. _as for example._ Essẻrcíti[o], Ódi[o], Óti[o], Víti[o], Essẻrcítij, Ódij, Ótij, Tẻmpij, Vitij, &c.

. . . . . . .

_Note that most of those Latine Nounes that in their Ablatiue case singular end in_ Ine. _as_ Flúmine, Nómine, Sánguine, _the Italians loose and reiect that sillable_ Ne, _and changing the_ I. _into_ E. _they say._ Fiúme, Nóme, Sángue, _excepting_ Hómine, _whereof they frame_ Huóm[o] _in the singular, and_ Huómini _in the plurall, yet vse they to say,_ Fúlmine, Túrbine, Fúlmini, Túrbini.

. . . . . . .

_Note that adding an Article of the Masculine gender to any Infinitiue moode, the same becommeth a Noune substantiue, a thing much vsed among the Italians, as also by putting a Pronoune demonstratiue before them, as thus._ Il mi[o] descináre n[o]n mi c[ó]sta núlla. Il d[o]rmíre di gi[ó]rn[o] n[o]n ẻ sán[o]. L'amáre il m[ó]nd[o] n[o]n piáce a Di[o]. Quést[o] tánt[o] studiáre n[o]n vi gi[ó]ua. Quést[o] vóstr[o] lẻggere vi darà nóia. Quéll[o] C[ó]rrere in frétta fà cadére, &c.

. . . . . . .

_Note that the Italians haue a certaine liberty in framing Substantiues or rather Nicknames, according to their diuers humours or capriccios, a thing much vsed among them: and that is, by taking the third person singular of the Present tence of the Indicatiue moode of any verbe of the first Coniugation, or else the scond person singular of the same Tence and Moode of all Verbs of the second, third, and fourth Coniugations, and putting any substantiue noune to the same, as for example._ Vn Caua-dẻnti, _a Tooth-drawer._ Vn Spázza-camín[o], _a Chimney-sweeper._ Vn Vendi-légna, _a Wood-seller,_ Vn S[ó]rbi-bród[o], _a Broth-supper, &c._

. . . . . . .

_Note that in Nounes of Trees and Fruits in the Italian tongue, the trees should euer be of the Masculine gender, and the fruits of the Feminine. As for example,_ Castágn[o], _a Chesse-nut-tree,_ Castágna, _a Chesse-nut,_ Mánd[o]rl[o], _an Almond-tree,_ Mánd[o]rla, _an Almond,_ Pér[o], _a Peare-tree,_ Péra, _a Peare,_ P[ó]om[o], _an Apple-tree,_ P[ó]ma, _an Apple,_ Pẻrsic[o], _a Peach-tree,_ Pẻrsica, _a Peach,_ Prún[o], _a Plum-tree,_ Prúna, _a Plum, &c._

. . . . . . .

_Note that taking the name of any manuall thing or wrought by hand, so it be euer made to end in_ A. _as_ B[o]tt[ó]ne, B[ó]tte, Capẻll[o], Guánt[o], Líbr[o], Candéla, Cárta, Sẻlla, Spáda, &c. _and ioyning_ R[o]. _or_ I[o]. _vnto it, you make substantiuely the professor or workeman of that trade, as thus._ B[o]tt[o]nár[o], B[o]tt[o]nái[o], B[o]ttár[o], B[o]ttái[o], Capẻllár[o], Capẻllái[o], Guantár[o], Guantái[o], Librár[o], Librái[o], Candelár[o], Candelái[o], Cartár[o], Cartái[o], Sẻllár[o], Sẻllái[o], Spadár[o], Spadái[o].

. . . . . . .

_Note that taking the Participle of any verbe actiue, and putting_ Re. _vnto the same, you make a substantiue that expresseth the actor of that verbe, as thus._ Ballát[o], _Danced,_ Ballat[ó]re, _a Dancer,_ Amát[o], _Loued,_ Amat[ó]re, _a Louer,_ Cantát[o], _Sung,_ Cantat[ó]re, _a Singer,_ G[o]uernát[o], _Gouerned,_ G[o]uernat[ó]re, _a Gouernour,_ Lẻtt[o], _Read,_ Lẻtt[ó]re, _a Reader,_ Scrítt[o], _Written,_ Scritt[ó]re, _a Writer,_ Vdít[o], _Heard,_ Vdit[ó]re, _a Hearer,_ &c. _All which you may make of the Feminine gender by changing,_ T[ó]re _into_ Tríce. _as thus._ Amatríce, Ballatríce, Cantatríce, G[o]uernatríce, Lẻttríce, Scrittríce, Vditríce. &c.

. . . . . . .

_Note that some late good writers haue quaintly vsed to conuert Adiectiues into Substantiues, which being discreetly placed some deeme it a very elegant Italianisme, and that is by adding an Article to any Adiectiue, namely the Mas. gender, and Sing. number. As for example_, C[ó]l púr[o] dél cuóre, c[o]n il cándid[o] dèll ánim[o], ẻt c[o]n il víu[o] déll'affẻtt[o], I[o] ám[o] il sincẻr[o] délle vóstre vertù, il d[ó]lce del vóstr[o] pr[o]cédere, mà n[o]n il dúr[o] délla vóstra rigidézza, &c.

. . . . . . .

_Note that the Italians haue foure Sustantiues of one sillable, that is to say_ Piè, Rè, Fè, _and_ Grù, _deriued of_ Piẻde, _a Foote; of_ Rége, _a king; of_ Féde, _Faith, and of_ Grúe, _a Crane. The first two are of the Mas. and the other two of the Fem. gender, and serue for both numbers and are euer accented._

. . . . . . .

_Note that taking the name of manageable thing, so you make it of the Feminine gender ending in_ A. _and ioyning_ Ta. _vnto it, you may elegantly expresse substantiuely the power, effect, or blow of the same, as this,_ Arco, _a Bow;_ Arcáta, _a Blow or effect of a bow._ Bast[ó]ne, Bast[o]náta, C[o]ltẻll[o], C[o]ltẻlláta, Palétta, Palettáta, Pugnále, Pugnaláta, Sáss[o], Sassáta, &c.

. . . . . . .

_Note that for as much as the Italians vnto certaine Nounes substantiues of the Masculine gender, besides their owne and proper plurall, they giue them another, which in sound and writing seemeth to be of the Feminine gender and singular number ending in_ A. _and yet hath the Article, the Pronoune, or Adiectiue, that must gouerne the same of the Feminine gender and Plurall number, which they call heteroclites: and because this Feminine plurall is deemed to be the most elegant, and that there be but some few of them, I have therefore set downe here as many as I could remember, as followeth alphabetically._

Il Brácci[o]. I Bráccij. Le Bráccia.
Il Budẻll[o]. I Budẻlli. Le Budẻlla.
Il Calcágn[o]. I Calcágni. Le Calcágna.
Il Cárr[o]. I Cárri. Le Cárra.
Il Castẻll[o]. I Castẻlli. Le Castẻlla.
Il Ceruẻll[o]. I Ceruẻlli. Le Ceruẻlla.
Il Cígli[o]. I Cíglij. Le Cíglia.
Il Córn[o]. I Córni. Le Córna.
Il Dít[o]. I Díti. Le Díta.
Il Fíc[o]. I Fíchi. Le Fíca.
Il Fíl[o]. I Fíli. Le Fila.
Il F[o]ndamént[o]. I F[o]ndaménti. Le F[o]ndaménta.
Il Frútt[o]. I Frútti. Le Frútta.
Il Ginócchi[o]. I Ginócchij. Le Ginócchia.
Il Lábbr[o]. I Lábbri. Le Lábbra.
Il Légn[o]. I Légni. Le Légna.
Il Múr[o]. I Múri. Le Múra.
Il Mẻmbr[o]. I Mẻmbri. Le Mẻmbra.
L'[O]récchi[o]. Gl'[O]récchij. Le [O]récchia.
L'Óss[o]. Gl'Óssi. Le Óssa.
Il Pái[o]. I Páij. Le Páia.
Il Pár[o]. I Pári. Le Pára.
Il Peccát[o]. I Peccáti. Le Peccáta.
Il Púgn[o]. I Púgni. Le Púgna.
Il Quadrẻll[o]. I Quadrẻlli. Le Quadrẻlla.
Il Rastell[o]. I Rastẻlli. Le Rastẻlla.
Il Rís[o]. I Rísi. Le Rísa.
Il Stái[o]. I Stáij. Le Stáia.
Il Stár[o]. I Stári. Le Stára.
Il Stríd[o]. I Strídi. Le Strída.
Il Vestígi[o]. I Vestígij. Le Vestígia.
Il Vestimént[o]. I Vestiménti. Le Vestiménta, &c.

_There be some others that I remember not. Yet note that there be ancient Poets that make some of them end in_ Óra, _as these,_ Lát[o], Cámp[o], Luóg[o], Órt[o], Córp[o], Prát[o], Rám[o], &c. _and in the Plurall say,_ Camp[ó]ra, Corp[ó]ra, Lat[ó]ra, Luog[ó]ra, Prat[ó]ra, Ort[ó]ra, &c. _In steede of_ Cámpi, Córpi, Láti, Luóghi, Órti, Práti, &c. _but are not generally allowed._

. . . . . . .

_Note that the Italians haue a peculiar priuiledge more liuely to declare, and more succinctly to expresse the proper forme and quality of any primitiue, positiue, or radicall Noune, then all other nation or languages, and which among them is very much vsed, both in speaking and writing, and is counted very quaint and elegant; and because it was neuer yet noted of any, and is so frequently vsed, I deeme the knowledge thereof to be most necessary, and thinke it behoofefull to be declared vnto your soueraigne Maiesty; which is, by adding certaine terminations or sillables vnto any primitiue or positiue nounes, as for example,_ Ín[o], Étt[o], V´cci[o], Ótt[o], [Ó]ne, Ácci[o]; _for these are most used. What noune soeuer endeth in_ Ín[o], _sheweth the same to be very little, small, and the least that may be. What noune soeuer endeth in_ Étt[o], _declares the same to be both very little, and therewithall quaint and pretty. What noune soeuer endeth in_ V´cci[o], _importeth the same to be poore, miserable, wretched, and deseruing compassion. Whatsoeuer noune endeth in_ Ótt[o], _implieth the same to be handsomly big, well compact, and indifferently goodly. What noune soeuer endeth in_ [Ó]ne, _doth manifest the same to be great beyond reason, bigge and ouer great, farre exceeding due proportion, huge aboue measure. What noune soeuer endeth in_ Ácci[o], _argueth the same to be ugly, lothsome, contemptible, filthy, and odious. Let these few examples serue for all the rest._

Anẻll[o], _any kinde of ordinary Ring._
Anẻllín[o], _a very little or small Ring._
Anẻllétt[o], _a little, and therewith pretty and quaint Ring._
Anẻllúcci[o], _a silly, poore, abiect, and base Ring._
Anẻllótt[o], _a handsome, well fashioned, and not despisable
Ring._
Anẻll[ó]ne, _a huge, bigge, great, exceeding due proportion
Ring._
Anẻllácci[o], _a filthy, contemptible, lothsome, and to be
reiected Ring._
Cauáll[o], Cauallín[o], Cauallétt[o], Cauallúcci[o], Cauallótt[o],
Cauall[ó]ne, Cauallácci[o].
Dónna, Donnína, Donnétta, Donnúccia, Donnótta, Donn[ó]ne, Donnáccia.
Spáda, Spadína, Spadétta, Spadúccia, Spadótta, Spad[ó]ne, Spadáccia.

_And so of all the rest: but remember, that if you will haue them end in_ Ótt[o], _or_ [Ó]ne, _you must make the Feminin positiue to end in O. as_ Donn[ó]ne, Cas[ó]ne, Spad[ó]ne, Tau[o]l[ó]ne, _of_ Dónna, Spáda, Cása, Táu[o]la, &c.

_Note also that if the primitiue noune end in_ N[o], _or_ Re, _as_ Ásin[o], Past[ó]re, _to expresse a kind of diminution or prettinesse and littlenesse, you may make them end in_ Ell[o], _as_ Asinẻll[o], Bast[o]ncẻll[o], Past[o]rẻll[o], &c.

. . . . . . .

_Note that all Nounes ending in_ L[o]. Le. R[o]. Re. or Ne. _except the last vowell require an accent, the said vowell may be left out, and at pleasure both in speaking and writing, in steed of_ Búffal[o]. Cauáll[o]. Mále. Quále. Tále. Amár[o]. Cár[o]. C[o]l[ó]re. H[o]n[ó]re. Buón[o]. Sán[o]. Mán[o]. Cáne. Páne. _as also all Infinitiue moods, as_ Amáre. Cantáre. Tenére. Vedére. C[ó]rrere. Tẻssere. D[o]rmíre. Vdíre. _you may very well say_, Buffal'. Cauál'. Mál'. Quál'. Tal'. Amár'. Cár'. C[o]l[ó]r'. H[o]n[ó]r'. Buón. Sán'. Mán'. Cán'. Pán'. Amár'. Cantár'. Tenér'. Vedér'. C[ó]rrer'. Tẻsser'. D[o]rmír'. Vdír'. &c. _For_ L. N. _and_ R. _are among the Italians counted the principall liquids in which words may end, though some count_ M. _and_ T. _liquids also. For some make the first persons plurall of Verbes end in_ M. _leauing out the_ O. _as you shall see better in Verbes, as also because the Coniunction copulatiue ended in_ T. _namely before consonants, as hath alreadie beene said._

. . . . . . .

_Note also that all plurals of most masculine words, whose singulars end in_ Ll[o], _or_ Le, _may at the pleasure of the Speaker or Writer end in_ Gli. Li. _or_ I. _as_ Cauáll[o]. Cauágli. Cauálli. Cauái. _or_ Cauá'. Capẻll[o]. Capẻgli. Capẻlli. Capẻi. _or_ Capẻ'. Quéll[o]. Quégli. Quélli. Quéi. _or_ Que'. Tále. Táli. Tái. Ta'. &c.

. . . . . . .

_Note that where the Latins vse in diuers of their words the letter_ E. _after the first consonant of the first sillable, as_ Melle. Felle. Feno. Leto. Pede. Sedet. Tenet. _the Italians for elegancy sake put an_ I. _betweene the said consonant and the_ E. _and say and write_, Miẻle. Fiẻle. Fiẻn[o]. Liẻt[o]. Piẻde. Siẻde. Tiẻne. &c.

. . . . . . .

_Note also that where the Latines haue the open or round_ O. _for the second letter after a consonant, as in these wordes_: Bon[o]. Corde. Foc[o]. Hom[o]. Mouére. Son[o]. Ton[o]. Nocére. &c. _the Italians commonly put an_ V. _before the_ O. _and say and write,_ Buón[o], Cuóre, Fuóc[o], Huóm[o], Muóuere, Nuócere, Suón[o], Tuón[o], &c.

. . . . . . .

_Note that where the Latins vse in diuers words the letter_ L. _after_ C. F. _and_ P. _the Italians change the_ L. _into_ I. _and in steede of_ Cláro, Claritáte, Clamáre, Claue, Conclusione, Flamma, Flóre, Flumen, Plano, Planta, Plombo, Templo, &c. _they say_, Chiár[o], Chiarità, Chiamáre, Chiáue, C[o]nchiusi[ó]ne, Fiámma, Fi[ó]re, Fiúme, Pián[o], Piánta, Pi[ó]mb[o], Tẻmpi[o], &c.

. . . . . . .

_Note that when an Italian word beginneth with_ S. _and that any other consonant followes the same, as in these examples_, Sbandáre, Scacciáre, Sc[o]ns[o]lát[o], Sfacẻndát[o], Sfórz[o], Smenticát[o], Spauẻnt[o], Stẻrminát[o], Str[o]mént[o], Suenimént[o], &c. _the best Italians for Elegancies sake, place and pronounce an_ I. _before the_ S. _and say_, Isbandáre, Iscacciáre, Isc[o]ns[o]lát[o], Isfacẻndát[o], Isfórz[o], Ismenticát[o], Ispauẻnt[o], Isterminát[o], Istr[o]mẻnt[o], Isuenimént[o], &c.

. . . . . . .

_Note that where the Latins vse in many words these two consonants together,_ Bf. Bn. Bs. Bt. Ct. Dm. Mn. Pt. _which the Italians call_ Aspre c[o]ns[o]nánti, _of most of their Latin wordes following, they make Italian wordes by losing the first of them, and euer doubling the latter consonants, as for example._

Obfuscáre. [O]ffuscáre.
Abnuntiáre. Ann[o]ntiáre.
Obsẻruáre. [O]ssẻruáre.
Obtẻstáre. [O]ttẻstáre.
Obtúso. [O]ttús[o].
Doctrína. D[o]ttrína.
Admonitione. Amm[o]niti[ó]ne.
Aduẻrsitate. Auuẻrsità.
Omnipotẻnte. [O]nnip[o]tẻnte.
Optatiuo. [O]ttatíu[o].
Optimo. Óttim[o].

_and infinite others: yet remember that in these two Latine wordes_, Omnis, _and_ Somnium, _the Italians change_ Mn. _into_ Gn. _and say_, Ogni, S[ó]gn[o], S[o]gnáre, &c.

. . . . . . .

_Note also that where the Latines vse the letter_ X. _betweene two vowels, as_ Alexandro, Exemplo, Dixi, Prolixitate, Sáxo, Taxatio, &c. _the Italians change the_ X. _into double_ SS. _and say,_ Alessándr[o], Essẻmpi[o], Díssi, Pr[o]lissità, Sáss[o], Tassati[ó]ne, &c.

. . . . . . .

_Note that adding_ Dis. In. Is. _or_ S. _vnto any actiue or possessiue word or verbe, the same becommeth of the priuatiue sense, as appeareth by these examples._

Fáre. Disfáre.
Pr[o]p[o]rti[ó]ne. Dispr[o]p[o]rti[ó]ne.
Felíce. Infelíce.
C[o]stánte. Inc[o]stánte.
Mem[o]rát[o]. Ismem[o]rát[o].
C[o]ns[o]lát[o]. Isc[o]ns[o]lát[o].
C[o]n[o]scẻnte. Isc[o]n[o]scẻnte.
Vólgere. Suólgere.

_And infinite others._

Of Nounes Adiectiues, and of the vse of them.

_I will not stand vpon the definition of an Adiectiue, but in briefe, An Adiectiue is but a part of speech, to signifie and set forth the true quality, nature, state, or condition of any substantiue._

_Note that the Italians haue two sorts of Adiectiues, one ending in_ O, _in the singular number, the other in_ E. _the first doth euer varie according to the substantiue whereunto it is ioyned, as thus_, Buón[o] amíc[o]. Buoni amíci. Buóna amíca. Buóne amíche, _and so of all the rest. The second ending in_ E. _as it were neutrally serueth both genders, and varieth only in number, as thus_, Gentíle Spírit[o]. Gentíli Spíriti. Gentíle ánima. Gentíli ánime. Felíce huóm[o]. Felíci huómini. Felíce dónna. Felíci dónne, &c.

. . . . . . .

_Note that these two Adiectiues_, Sánt[o] _and_ Gránde, _are diuersly used in the Italian tongue; for, before consonants they loose the last sillable_ To _and_ De, _and say and write_ Grán _and_ Sán, _both in the singular and plurall number, as this_, Grán fuóc[o]. Grán fuóchi. Grán cal[ó]re. Grán cal[ó]ri. Sán Pá[o]l[o]. Sán Francésc[o]. _whereas before vowels they are written at large, and sometimes apostrophed, as thus_, Gránde am[ó]re. Grándi am[ó]ri. Sánt[o] Andrẻa. Sant'Andrẻa.

. . . . . . .

_Note that taking any Adiectiue of the Feminine gender, and adding_ Ménte _vnto it. You may frame any Aduerbe of quality or order, as_ Amára. Amaraménte. Furi[ó]sa. Furi[o]saménte. C[o]rtése. C[o]rteseménte. D[ó]lce. D[o]lceménte. &c. _and if you will frame or expresse any superlatiue degree, as we doe in English by adding Very or Most vnto any Adiectiue, so loosing the last vowell of any Italian Adiectiue, and putting_ Issimo _vnto the same, you make the superlatiue as_ Amaríssim[o]. Furi[o]síssim[o]. C[o]rtesíssim[o]. D[o]lcíssimo. &c. _and so consequently if you will expresse any Aduerbe of quality superlatiuely, change_ Issimo _into_ Issimaménte, _as thus_, Amarissimaménte. Furi[o]sissimaménte. C[o]rtesissimaménte. D[o]lcissimaménte. _And so of all the rest._

. . . . . . .

_Note that taking of any Noune substantiue, whether Latin or Italian, you may thereof at your pleasure frame his Adiectiue either Active or Passiue (be it lawfull for me to use these words:) to frame the first make your substantiue to end in_ O. _and put_ So _vnto it, as_ Am[ó]re, Am[o]r[ó]s[o], Bis[ó]gn[o], Bis[o]gn[ó]s[o], Gúst[o], Gust[ó]s[o], Fórza, Forz[ó]s[o], Paúra, Paur[ó]s[o], Tẻrra, Tẻrr[ó]s[o], &c. _which termination implyeth euer the quality or fulnesse of the substantiue. To frame the second, make your substantiue to end in_ E. _and put_ Vole _vnto it, as_ Am[o]réu[o]le, Bis[o]gnéu[o]le, Gustéu[o]le, H[o]n[o]réu[o]le, L[o]déu[o]le, Pauréu[o]le, &c. _You may also in steede of_ Vole _vse_ Bile; _but then the substantiue must end in_ A. _and say,_ Amicábile, Biasimábile, Gustábile, Laudábile, T[o]lerábile, &c. _From all which taking away the last vowell, and adding_ Ménte _vnto the rest, you frame of them Aduerbs of quality, as is before said, as thus,_ Amicheu[o]lménte. Biasimabilménte, Laudabilménte, Gusteu[o]lménte, H[o]n[o]reu[o]lménte, T[o]lerabilménte, &c. Am[o]r[o]saménte, Gust[o]saménte, &c.

Of Nounes proper or appellatiues.

_Of Nounes Appellatiues or Proper, I will say little, for being but proper names of Persons or of Places, they are soone learned._

Of Comparatiues and how to frame them.

_Note that the Italians haue but sixe comparatiues that may be expressed in one word, that is to say,_ Maggi[ó]re, Min[ó]re. Megli[ó]re. Peggi[ó]re. Superi[ó]re. Inferi[ó]re. _which may as well be counted Latine as Italian. All the rest may be framed by placing any of these two Aduerbs of quantity_, Più _or_ Mén[o], _before any Adiective, as thus_, Amár[o]. Più amár[o]. Mén[o] amár[o]. Bẻll[o]. Più bẻll[o]. Men bẻll[o]. Cár[o]. Più cár[o]. Mén cár[o]. Dótt[o]. Più dótt[o]. Mén dótt[o]. Gránde. Più gránde. Mén gránde. _And so of all the rest._

Of Superlatiues.

_Note that the Italians haue two sorts of Superlatiues, which I distinguish thus, that one may admit a comparison, and the other not. That which admitteth no comparison, is euer framed by adding the Article that the positiue adiectiue requireth, unto your already framed Comparatiue, as thus._ Amár[o], Più amár[o], Mén[o] amár[o]. Il più amár[o]. Il mén' amár[o]. Cára. Più cára. Mén cára. La più cára. La mén cára. Dótt[o]. Più dótt[o]. Mén dótt[o]. Il più dótt[o]. Il mén dótt[o]. Gránde. Più gránde. Mén gránde. La più gránde. La Mén gránde. _The other Superlatiue that doth admit a comparison, which the English expresse with the addition of Most, Right, Thrice, or Very, vnto their positiues, is framed among the Italians thus by adding_ Issim[o] _or_ Issima, _vnto any positiue, which must euer loose his last vowell, as_, Amaríssim[o], Bẻllíssim[o], Caríssim[o], Dottíssim[o], Grandíssima, Illustríssima, &c.

. . . . . . .

_Note that the Italians haue also an other manner of speech very ordinary among them to expresse any comparison, and that is with the helpe of_ Di, Del, Chè, _and_ Che n[ó]n. _which must euer haue reference vnto_ Più, Mén[o], Mẻgli[o], _or_ Pẻggi[o], _as thus_. Tu sẻi più dott[o] di mè, ma i[o] s[ó]n[o] più dabbéne di tè. I[o] ti ám[o] più del d[o]uére. Tu mi dái mén[o] del mẻrit[o]. Chi áma Di[o] più che'l m[ó]nd[o] sarà felíce. Lui cérca mén[o] la vertù che tútti i vitij, &c. _But note that all these comparatiue phrases must haue but one verbe in them: For, if they haue two or more, you must then vse_ Che n[o]n, _and neuer else, and it must euer be placed before the second verbe of the sentence, as thus_, Tù sẻi più dótt[o], che n[o]n s[ó]n[o] i[o], ma i[o] fácci[o] mẻgli[o] che n[o]n fái tù. I[o] ám[o] Dí[o] mẻgli[o] che n[o]n fái tù, ẻ l'[o]ffẻnd[o] mén[o] che n[o]n fánn[o] m[ó]lti. Lui fa pẻggi[o] che n[o]n díce. Lui ẻ più ricc[o] che n[o]n siám[o] n[ó]i. _And infinite others._

. . . . . . .

_Note that the Italians speaking or writing to any person, whom they will seeme to respect or honour, and whom they would seeme to acknowledge their superior, they vse not to speake or write vnto him in the second person singular._ Tu, _or_ Túa, _as the Latines, nor in the second person plurall_ V[ó]i, _or_ Vóstra, _as most nations doe, but in the third person singular, to one, as_ Lẻi _or_ Súa, _and in the third person plurall to many, as_ L[ó]r[o], _And accordingly frame all the verbs to be vsed in the sentence, as for example._ Súa Sign[o]ría mi tẻrrà pẻr iscusát[o], se príma n[ó]n s[ó]n[o] venút[o] a basciárle le máni, ẻ fárle riuerẻnza. I[o] mi reputerò felíce che éssa mi tẻnga nélla súa buóna grátia, c[ó]me sú[o] minim[o] sẻruit[ó]re, pẻrchè tále le farò sẻmpre. &c. _Or else speaking to many._ Le l[ó]r[o] Sign[o]ríe mi tẻrránno pẻr iscusát[o] se príma n[o]n s[ó]n[o] venút[o] a basciár l[ó]r[o] le máni, & fár l[o]r[o] riuerẻnza. I[o] mi reputerò felice che ésse mi tẻngan[o] nélla l[ó]r[o] buóna grátia, c[ó]me l[ó]r[o] mínim[o] sẻruit[ó]re, perchè tále vógli[o] ẻsser l[ó]r[o]. _In steede of_, Vóstra Sign[o]ría mi tẻrrà pẻr iscusát[o] se príma n[o]n s[ó]n[o] venút[o] a basciárui le máni, ẻ fárui riuerẻnza. I[o] mi reputerò felice che v[o]i mi teniáte nélla vóstra buóna grátia, c[ó]me vóstr[o] mínim[o] sẻruit[ó]re che vi s[ó]n[o], &c.

Of the declining of Nounes.

_Note that whosoeuer can perfectly decline the Articles, and fitly appropriate them to the Nounes, may (as I haue said before, speaking of the articles) with great facility learne how to decline all Italian Nounes both Substantiues and Adiectiues: and therefore for breuity sake I haue declined and set downe but one of euery kinde and gender, which shall serue for all the rest; for, whosoeuer can decline one may also decline all._

_Mas._ _Sing._ _Number._
No. Il Ciẻl[o]. Il pádre. Il dúca.
Ge. dél ciẻl[o]. del pádre. dél dúca.
Da. al ciẻl[o]. al pádre. al dúca.
Accu. il ciẻl[o]. il padre. il dúca.
Vo. ó ciẻl[o]. ó pádre. ó dúca.
Abl. dál ciẻl[o]. dál padre. dal dúca.

_Mas._ _Plu._ _Number._
No. I ciẻli. I pádri. I dúchi.
Ge. dei ciẻli. dei pádri. dei dúchi.
Da. ai ciẻli. ai pádri. ái dúchi.
Accu. i ciẻli. i pádri. i dúchi.
Vo. ó ciẻli. ó pádri. ó dúchi.
Abl. dái ciẻli. dai pádri. dái dúchi.

_Mas. Sing._ _Number._
No. l'am[ó]re. l[o] Spírit[o].
Ge. dell'am[ó]re. déll[o] Spirit[o].
Da. all'am[ó]re. áll[o] Spírit[o].
Acc. l'am[ó]re. l[o] Spírit[o].
Voc. ó am[ó]re. ó Spírit[o].
Abl. dall'am[ó]re. dáll[o] Spírit[o].

_Mas. Plu._ _Number._
No. gl'am[ó]ri. gli Spíriti.
Ge. dégl'am[ó]ri. dégli Spíriti.
Da. agl'am[ó]ri. agli Spíriti.
Accu. gl'am[ó]ri. gli Spíriti.
Voc. ó am[ó]ri. ó Spíriti.
Abl. dagl'am[ó]ri. dágli Spíriti.

_Fem. Sing._ _Num._
No. la tẻrra. l'ánima.
Ge. délla tẻrra. déll'ánima.
Da. alla tẻrra. all'ánima.
Accu. la tẻrra l'ánima.
Vo. ó tẻrra. ó ánima.
Abl. dálla tẻrra dáll'ánima.

_Fem. Plur._ _Num._
No. le tẻrre. l'ánime.
Ge. délle tẻrre. dell'ánime.
Da. álle tẻrre. áll ánime.
Accu. le tẻrre. l'anime.
Vo. ó tẻrre. ó ánime.
Abl. dálle tẻrre. dáll'ánime.

Of Pronounes in generall.

_By Pronounes haue been vnderstood certaine determinate words that imply or represent a Noune, eyther of person or thing; and Grammarians haue diuided them into diuers sorts or rankes, calling some Primitiues, some Possessiues, some Deriuatiues, some Demonstratiues, some Relatiues, some Interogatiues, and some Indefinitiues._

_The Primiues are_, I[o], Tú, Lúi, Egli, Ei, Ess[o], Essa, _of the Sing._ N[ó]i, V[ó]i, L[ó]r[o], Eglin[o], Ellen[o], _of the Plur._

_The Possessiues are_, Mí[o], Mía, Tú[o], Túa, Sú[o], Súa, _of the Sing._ Miẻi, Tuói, Suói, Míe, Túe, Súe, Nóstr[o], Nóstri, Nóstra, Nóstre, Vóstr[o], Vóstri, Vóstra, Vóstre, L[ó]r[o], Altrúi, _of the Plu. from which are deriued cartaine bastards, and seldome vsed except in compositions, as_ Mò, M[o]n, Ma, Tò, Tà, Sò, _as_ Fratẻlmò, M[o]nsign[ó]re, Madáma, Fratẻltò, &c.

_The Deriuatiues are_, Mi, Ti, Si, Ci, Vi; Me, Te, Se, Ce, Ve, _as also_, Mò, Ma, Tò, Ta, Sò, _whereof more shall be said._

_The Demonstratiues are_, C[o]lúi, C[o]lẻi, C[o]l[ó]r[o], Quell[o], Quégli, Quélli, Quél, Quéi, Qué', Quélla, Quélle, Quésta, Quéste, Quést[o], Quésti. Est[o], Stó, Sta, Sti, Ste. C[o]stúi, C[o]stẻi, C[o]tést[o], C[o]testúi, C[o]test[ó]r[o], Ciò, Ciochè, Ess[o], Déss[o], Stéss[o].

_The Relatiues are_, Quále, Chè, Cui.

_The Interogatiues are_, Che?, Chi?, Quále?

_The Indefinitiues are_, Alcún[o], Altrúi, Altri, Altr[o], Cadaún[o], Ciaschedún[o], Ciascún[o], Medésim[o], Nessún[o], Niún[o], [O]gniún[o], Qualcún[o], Qualún[que], Chiúnque, Tále, Talún[o], C[o]tále, Verún[o], Stéss[o], Istéss[o].

. . . . . . .

_Note that no Pronounes haue Articles ioyned vnto them, except_ Altrúi. Chè. Cúi. C[o]tále. Medésim[o]. Quále. Tále. _and the possessiues_, Mí[o]. Tú[o]. Sú[o]. Mía. Túa. Súa. Nóstr[o]. Nóstra. Vóstra. Vóstr[o]. _and_ L[ó]r[o]. _and yet all may haue the signes of the cases_, Di. A. _or_ Da. _or else they could not be declined; as thus_, Il medésim[o] gi[ó]rn[o] che i[o] ti c[o]n[ó]bbi, l'istéss[o] ti amái. Il tále m'hà fátt[o] mále. Il c[o]tále m'hà ferít[o]. L'amíc[o] il quále i[o] ám[o]. Il che i[o] ti m[o]strerò sẻmpre. I[o] desíder[o] l'altrúi bene, Il cúi dánn[o] n[o]n mi piáce. I cúi denári i[o] hò spesi, &c. _and so all their plurals._