Chapter I: Thorys (67)

_Note that to all the Possesiues, contrary to other Idiomes, the Italians ioyne such Articles, as the Substantiue requireth to which they are ioyned, as thus_, Il mí[o] líbr[o]. I tuói fastídij s[ó]n[o] i miẻi. La mía mán[o]. Le mie bráccia. Il tú[o] pádre. Le túe disgrátie. La súa s[ó]rte. Il sú[o] giudíti[o]. Il nóstr[o] Dí[o] punísce i nóstri peccati, La vóstra lẻttera. Le vóstre fórze. Il vóstr[o] sign[ó]re. I vóstri guanti. La l[ó]r[o] f[o]rtúna. Il l[ó]r[o] fratẻll[o]. Le l[ó]r[o] sciagùre. I l[ó]r[o] maríti, &c.

Of the Pronounes deriuatiues, or as some cal them Affixes, Adiuncts, or Particles, Mi, Ti, Si, Ci, Vi, Ne, Te, Se, Ce, Ve, Ne, Mo, Ma, To, Ta, So, which are so frequent in vse, and such an ornament or grace in the Italian tongue, which because they are some what difficile, I will say something of them.

_The aboue written Deriuatiues, Affixes, Adiuncts, or Particles are very worthy of great consideration for the true vse of them, which few English attaine vnto, though they haue beene in Italy, and because none that euer I saw hath yet truely written of them; therefore pardon me, I beseech your Royal Maiestie, if I seeme somewhat tedious or curious in them. They are commonly ioyned vnto Verbes, and are euer of the Datiue or Accusatiue cases, except verbs of Priuation, when they are of the Ablatiue, as before hath beene touched: as for example,_ Lui mi diẻde. Egli mi dísse. Ei mi c[o]n[ó]bbe ẻt súbit[o] mi prése. I[o] ti díc[o] ẻ ti m[ó]str[o], ẻ ti végg[o], ẻ ti c[o]n[ó]sc[o]. Egli si dà ad intẻndere di scusársi, ẻ s'accúsa da se stéss[o]. L[ó]r[o] si dánn[o] a crédere di n[o]n m[o]nstrársi pázzi (_Of_ Si, _more shall be said in this present Discourse._) Lui ci diẻde denári vedẻnd[o]ne giuocáre. Di[o] vi hà dáta la súa gratia acciò vi pentiáte, &c. _Here remember that_ Ci, _and_ Vi, _are often Aduerbes of place or locall signifying Here and There, as thus,_ Se i[o] ci s[ó]n[o], n[o]n ci vogli[o] ẻssere. I[o] n[o]n vi andái pẻr n[o]n tr[o]uárui l'amíc[o] che pr[o]míse di ẻsserui, &c.

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_Note that_ Mi, Ti, Si, Ci, Vi, _may often be changed into_ Me, Te, Se, Ce, Ve, _and yet are euer of one same signification, the_ I. _of which is neuer changed into_ E. _but when any of them are ioyned or affixed vnto some one of these Articles,_ Il. I. L[o]. Gli. La. Le. _or_ Ne. _being an Aduerbe, and then are the Affixes of the Datiue case, and the Articles of the Accusatiue cases, as this,_ Lúi me l[o] m[o]strò. I[o] te l[o] diẻdi. I[o] te ne parlái. Egli se la béue. Essi se le mangiór[o]n[o] sénza pentírsene. L[ó]r[o] ce ne hánn[o] parlát[o], ẻt ce l[o] significór[o]n[o]. I[o] ce l[o] víddi. Lui ce ne diẻde, ẻt ce ne féce párte. I[o] ve l[o] tr[o]uái. Di grátia n[o]n ve ne Scordáte. N[o]n vogliáte cercárveli se n[o]n ve ne v[o]léte pentíre, &c.

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_Note also that all these aboue written Particles_ Mi. Ti. Si. Ci. Vi. Me. Te. Se. Ve. Ne. L[o]. La. _and_ Le. _may indifferently be vsed and placed eyther before or after Verbes, at the pleasure of the speaker or writer, as for example in the Datiue case,_ Mi piáce. Piácemi. Ti gi[ó]ua. Gi[ó]uati. Si c[o]mpiáce. C[o]mpiácesi. Ci dilẻtta. Dilẻttaci. Vi piáce. Piáceui. Si c[o]mpiáci[o]n[o]. C[o]mpiáci[o]nsi. _And Accusitiuely,_ Mi vidde. Viddemi. Tí accúsa. Accúsati. Si m[ó]stra. M[ó]strasi. Ci áma. Ámaci. Vi truóua. Truóuaui.

_But remember that if the Verbe haue an accent ouer the last vowell, as_ M[o]strerò, D[o]nò, Dirà, Farà, Starà, Dà, È, _and that you will place the Particle after the verbe (as you may at your pleasure) the consonant of them ought euer to bee doubled, whereas before the Verbe it ought to be single, as for example,_ Ti m[o]strerò, M[o]strerótti, Mi d[o]nò, D[o]nómmi, Si dirà, Dirássi, Si farà, Farássi, Ci dà, Dácci, Ci ẻ del béne? Ecci del béne, Vi farò vedére, Faróuui vedére. Ve ne ẻ dauánz[o], Éuuene pur trópp[o]. Le d[o]nò il cuóre, D[o]nólle il cuóre, Se ne andò. Andóssene vía. Si trouò fuóri. Trouóssi fuóri. Le trouò che d[o]rmíuan[o]. Trouólle che d[o]rmíuan[o]. Ne dà. Dánne. Ne fà. Fánne, &c. _Note withall that none of these Particles should be vsed before any Infinitiue mood, Gerond or Participle (an error wherein many Englishmen fall very often) as_ Mi fáre, Ti díre, Si m[o]nstrand[o], Si dicẻnd[o], Si pentít[o], Si trouát[o], Ci fáre, Ci trouáre, Vi facẻnd[o], Vi parland[o], Ne vedẻnd[o], Ne trouánd[o], &c. _but you must euer say_ Fármi, Dírti, Fárci, Trouárci, _euer losing the last vowell of the Infinitue._ Dicẻnd[o]si, Facẻnd[o]si, Pentít[o]si, Trouát[o]si, Facẻnd[o]ui, Parlánd[o]vi, Vedẻnd[o]ne, Tr[o]uánd[o]ne, &c.

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_It is not amisse if you note that_ Se, _is sometimes an Aduerbe of doubt, as thus,_ Se _if,_ Se púre _if so be that,_ Se però _if yet as,_ Se tu ámi Di[o] _if thou loue God, &c._

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_Note also that these Affixes, or Participles are sometimes vsed among good Italians for an ornament or grace of speech rather then for necessity, and ioyning many times two or three together, as for example,_ Egli si créde, _He belieueth himselfe, or to himselfe._ Tù ti pénsi, _Thou thinkest thy selfe, or to thy selfe._ I[o] mi ti racc[o]mánd[o], _I recommend my selfe vnto thee._ Tù mi ti m[o]strásti am[o]réu[o]le, _Thou didst show thy selfe kinde vnto me._ Egli mi si pr[o]ferì da sè, _He of himselfe offered himselfe to me._ I[o] mi ci fermái, _I my selfe staide there._ Tù ti ci facésti inc[ó]ntr[o], _Thou madest thy selfe against vs. In which gracefull, elegant, and ornamentall speeches, they ought euer to end in_ I. _and not in_ E. _yet may they end in both after_ L. _or_ R. _as for example:_ Cálmi. Cálme. Válmi. Válme. Dármi. Dárme. Pármi. Párme. &c.

Of Si.

_Be your Maiestie pleased, I humbly entreate you, if I be somewhat tedious about this Particle_ Si. _which to all strangers seemeth a Particle so doubtfull and vncertaine, that most are therewith puzled, yea and Italians themselues are to seeke how to expresse it, or how to giue rules for it. For I could neuer yet see the Grammar that did giue me satisfaction, or that did in any sort show the true vse of it, or the diuers significations it hath, as your Highnesse may perceiue, if you compare their rules vnto mine. For if you duely consider it, eyther in writing or speaking, and withall examine the thing written or spoken of, there is no part of speech more certain, more regular, and more ornamentall, although it sometimes seeme to contrary it selfe, especially if it be ioyned vnto Verbes (as it is very often) and makes the Verbe to which it is affixed to be sometimes directly Actiue or Transitiue, and other times Passiue or Reciprocall, as indeed it is: and fauour me I beseech you, with the patience to consider these few rules, you shall finde is very easie and certaine, both how to be vnderstood, and how to be vsed._

Sì. _is often an Aduerbe of swearing or affirmation, yea, yes, yea marry as thus,_ Sì in verità, _yes in truth._ Sign[o]r sì, _yes, Sir._ Sì veraménte, _yes forsooth. &c. and then is it euer accented._

Sì. _serueth often for an Aduerbe of similitude or comparison in stead of_ C[o]sì, _in English So, As, or Thus, as for example,_ Huóm[o] sì c[o]rtése, sì nóbile, ẻ sì gentíle n[o]n víddi mái, _A man so courteous, so noble, and thus gentle, did I neuer see, &c. and should euer be accented._

Sì. _is sometimes an Aduerbe of quantity, comparatiuely, or relatiuely spoken, in liew of_ Tánt[o], _or_ Quánt[o], _in English As much, As well, So well, So much, hauing euer relation vnto_ C[ó]me _or_ Quánt[o], _as thus,_ Sì lui c[ó]me vn'altr[o], _As much or as well he as another._ Sì bene pẻr il mi[o] interẻsse quánt[o] pẻr il vóstr[o], _As well, or as much for mine interesse as for yours. Or else it may be placed before_ Pẻr, _or_ Pẻrchè, _or_ Pẻr tánt[o], _or_, Pẻr quánt[o], _as thus_, Sì pẻr am[ó]r vóstr[o], c[ó]me pẻr sú[o], _As much or as well for your sake as for his._ Sì pẻrchè ti ám[o], quánt[o] pẻrchè tù sẻi vertu[ó]s[o], _As well because I loue thee, as because thou art vertuous, &c. and should euer be accented._

Sì. _hath beene vsed for a Coniunction of continuing sense or yeelding reason, in place of_ N[o]ndimén[o], _yet or neuerthelesse, as thus,_ Se áltr[o] n[o]n mi vì facésse v[o]lér béne, Sì vi vógli[o] béne, pẻrchè l[o] meritáte, _If nothing else should make me to wish you well, yes or neuerthelesse I will loue you because you deserue it, &c._

Sì. _hath beene vsed for the Preposition_ Insín[o], _vntill, as thus,_ N[ó]n si riténne di c[ó]rrere sì fù a cása di lui, _he staide not his running vntill he came to his house, &c._

Si. _hath beene vsed sometimes for an ornament, as thus,_ Andò et si gli apẻrse, et si gli disse, &c.

Si. _being ioyned or affixed vnto the third person of any verbe, be it singular or plurall, or to any Infinitiue moode, or to any Gerond, or to any Participle, as it is most often, and that both before and after them, your Maiesty ought diligently to consider and obserue whether,_ Si, _hath reference and relation vnto persons animated, or creatures hauing life, namely men or women, or otherwise vnto creatures or things dead, and hauing no life, as also vnto actions of men or women, or as a man may say, whether in speech or writing the partie be ment and vnderstood himselfe, or whether but his action, and any dead thing else; for to some one of those two must euery verbe spoken, read or written necessarily haue relation, and of one of the two al meane and vnderstand. If_ Si. _haue relation and reference vnto persons animated and hauing or hauing had life, you shall assuredly finde the Verbe to which_ Si. _is affixed, to be of the Actiue or Transitiue signification, and_ Si. _to be a Pronoune Primitiue, or as some say, deriuatiue, both of the singular and plurall number, both of the Masculine and Feminine gender, and but of the Datiue or of the Accusatiue cases, signifying To him, to herselfe, to themselues, Him, her, themselues, as also sometimes, one another, as for example_, Lui si dà a crédere d'ẻsser sáui[o], ẻ si stíma ẻsser' huóm[o] da béne, ẻt n[o]n si rauéde dẻ suói err[ó]ri, di che si d[o]uerẻbbe verg[o]gnáre c[o]n[o]scẻnd[o]si. _That is in English, He giueth himselfe to beleeue that he is wise, and thinketh himselfe to be an honest man, and himselfe perceiueth not his owne faults, whereof he should be ashamed himself, knowing himselfe. Or thus_: L[ó]r[o] si pénsan[o] ẻsser sauij, mà si ingánnan[o], _They thinke themselues wise men, but they deceiue themselues. Or thus_: Lui si ẻ fátt[o] mále, pensánd[o]si di fársi béne, _He hath done hurt to himselfe, thinking to doe himselfe good. Or thus_: L[ó]r[o] si dánn[o] a crédere d'ẻssersi feriti, _They perswade themselues that they haue hurt themselues, or to haue hurt one another; for in the sense of One another it is often found. Here remember also (as I haue before touched) that_ Si. _being affixed vnto verbs of priuation, and speaking of persons animated, it may be of some Ablatiue case, as thus,_ Lui si ẻ cauát[o] la máschera, _He hath pulled the maske or vizard from himselfe. Or thus_: L[ó]r[o] si s[ó]n[o] leuáta la libertà, _They haue taken liberty from themselues, &c._

_Secondly, if_ Si, _be ioyned or affixed to any verbe, hauing relation to any dead or liuelesse thing, or to any action performed, be sure that it is a signe or inference of a passiue signification, which in English is expressed with these signes, It is, Men, Are, They, The world, Be it, or To be, namely with Infinitiues, as for example_, Si díce chè le cattíue cóse n[o]n si stíman[o], _It is said that euill things are not esteemed. Or thus_: M[ó]lte cóse si fánn[o], che n[o]n si c[o]nuẻng[o]n[o], _Many things are done that are not conuenient, &c. And so you may vnderstand it being ioyned vnto the third persons, eyther singular or plurall, of all the tences throughout the Verbe, as also with an Infinitiue mood, as thus_, Quést[o] dẻbbe fársi, _this thing is to be done, &c. Or with a Participle, as thus_, Fátt[o]si nótte si féce ánc[o] [o]scúr[o], _Night being made, darkenesse was also made, &c._

_Note also as a speciall thing, that if there be two or more verbes in a sentence, and that one of them be an Infinitiue, although they be farre asunder, and that_ Si. _be ioyned to any one, yet must it still gouerne the Infinitiue passiuely, as this_, Si può manifestaménte vedére, che gli huómini si póss[o]n[o] ingannáre, _It may manifestly be seene, that men may easily be deceiued, &c._

Of Ne.

_The reason why so few can directly vnderstand, or truely make vse in speaking or writing of this Particle_ Ne, _which in the Italian tongue is so often and so gracefully vsed, proceedeth of this, that as yet (as farre as I haue seene) none did euer shew directly, or rightly set down the essentiall proprietie, the certaine and distinct significations, and the vndoubted vse thereof, amusing the learner and stranger, with saying that it is but an ornament and affected grace of the tongue, and that it might well, or for the most part be spared; when if your Maiesty rightly examine the same, you shall finde it to be a most necessary, a most gracefull, and most significant part of speech: yea, and so significant, so gracefull, and so necessary, as the Italian tongue is lame, harsh, imperfect and gracelesse without it. I haue therefore as briefly as I could set downe the seuerall significations, and direct vses therof, and what it doth import, or may signifie, and without the compasse of which I would yet neuer heare, reade, or finde it. Remember therefore that_ Ne _hath onely fiue seuerall significations, and more it cannot haue._

_First_ Nè, _is sometimes an Aduerbe of distinction, or as some count it, of deniall or refusall, and is commonly accented, and without a verb, and in the beginning of a sentence, or immediately after a Comma, signifying in English, Nor, or Neither, or thus_, Nè ti s[ó]n[o] amíc[o], nè ánc[o] l[o] vógli[o] ẻssere, per chè, nè tù l[o] mẻriti, nè se ne c[o]ntẻnterẻbb[o]r[o] i miẻi amíci. _I neither am thy friend, nor will I be, because neither dost thou deserue it, nor would my friends be therewith contented. Or thus_, Nè quést[o], nè quéll[o] ti c[o]ncẻd[o], imperochè, nè mi ámi, nè mi puói vedére. _Nor this, nor that doe I graunt to thee, for thou dost neither loue me, nor canst abide to see me, &c._

_Secondly_, Ne _is somtimes an Aduerb local or of place, or as some cal it, a Preposition, importing In, In the, or Into, but then is the Article_ I. _included, and somtimes apostrophed, and somtimes not, as thus_, Spasseggiánd[o] ne' cámpi, m'imbattéi ne' miẻi nemíci, _walking in the fields, I chanced to fal into mine enemies. Or thus_, Tr[o]uánd[o]mi ne' cámpi, _finding my selfe in the fieldes. Or thus_, Leggẻnd[o] ne' libri, _reading in the bookes, Or thus_, Ne' sáuij si truóuan[o] buóni c[o]nsíglij, _in wise men are good counsels found, &c._

_Thirdly_, Ne. _being ioyned to a verbe of motion, as_ Andáre, Fuggíre, V[o]láre, Veníre, &c. _is sometimes an Aduerbe locall or of place, signifying in English Thence, Hence, or Away, as_ Lui se ne ẻ andát[o]; _He is gone away_. I[o] me ne vád[o], _I goe hence_. I[o] me ne vógli[o] fuggíre, _I will runne away or flie hence_, Lui se ne ẻ fuggit[o], _He is fled away thence or hence_. V[o]lánd[o]sene via, _Flying thence away_. Venitéuene, _Come away thence, &c._

_Fourthly_, Ne. _serueth sometimes for the Pronoune primitiue,_ N[o]i, _Vs, being euer of the Datiue or Accusatiue cases, except with verbes of priuation, with which it is of the Ablatiue. As for example_, Vedẻnd[o]ne giuocáre lui ne diẻde denári, _Seeing vs play he gaue vs money_. Inc[o]ntránd[o]ne lui ne diẻde il buón gi[ó]rn[o], _Meeting vs, he bade vs good morrow, with priuatiue verbes, let this example serue._ Lui ne hà tólt[o] il nóstr[o] ripós[o], furát[o]ne i nóstri denári, ẻd ascóst[o]ne i nóstri béni, _He hath taken from vs our rest, stolne our money from vs, and hidden our goods from vs_.

_Fifthly and lastly_, Ne. _being ioyned with a verbe doth most often and most commonly serue for an Aduerbe of quantity, or relation, signifying in English, Some, Of it, Any, Part of, There of, Of them, and sometimes, Therewith, hauing euer relation vnto the chief substantiue, mentioned, spoken of, or glanced at in the sentence, at being reciprocall vnto it, and is most elegantly and gracefully so often vsed of all the best Italians, to auoide that harshnesse or trouble of often iterating the same vpon euery occasion, and in continuance of the sense, as for example,_ Di grátia Sign[ó]r mi[o] se hauéte denári fátemene párte, Sign[ó]re I[o] n[o]n ne hò, se ne hauéssi, ve ne farẻi párte, quánd[o] ne hauerò, ne p[o]tréte dispórre, mi dispiáce n[o]n hauérne, víst[o] chè tánti ne hánn[o], chè n[o]n ne s[ó]n[o] degni, &c. _which in English is thus. Of courtesie Sir if you haue any money, lend me some. Sir I haue none, if I had any you should haue part thereof, when I shall haue some, you may dispose of it. I am sorry I haue not any, seeing so many haue some that are not worthy of it, &c. much more might be said of the vse thereof, but I thinke this sufficient. Now let vs come vnto the verbes._

Of verbes in generall.

_A Verbe is a part of speech which varieth in times; for Verbe is that which signifieth time, or sheweth variation of time, implying euer an action or working either of body or minde. Amongst all the Verbs some are vnder certaine orders, and are called Regular, some are not, and they are called Irregular. All Uerbs that maybe reduced vnder certaine orders and infallible rules, haue heretofore by the Fathers and best writers of the Italian tongue (in imitation of the Latin) beene deuided and ranged into foure squadrons by them named Coniugations._

_All those of the first Squadron or Coniugation are such as in their Infinitiue moodes end in_ Áre. _with the accent ouer the last_ A. _as_ Amáre, Balláre, Cantáre, Mangiáre, Saltáre, Tagliáre, _and infinite others._

_All those of the second Squadron or Coniugation are those that in the Infinitiue moode end in_ Ére, _with the accent ouer the last_ E. _sauing one, as_ Hauére, Godére, P[o]ssedére, Temére, Vedére, _and infinite others._

_All those of the third Squadron or Coniugation are those that in their Infinitiue moodes doe likewise end in_ Ére. _with the accent ouer the last vowell sauing two, as_ C[ó]rrere, Frémere, Lẻggere, Nuócere, Rídere, Strídere, Tẻssere, _and infinite others._

_All those of the fourth Squadron or Coniugation are those that in their Infinitiue moodes end in_ Íre. _with the accent ouer the first vowell sauing one, as_ Dormíre, M[o]ríre, Nutríre, [O]bedíre, Patíre, Sentíre, Vdíre, &c.

_All those Uerbes that may be reduced vnder certaine orders are called Regular, the number of which is infinite of euery Coniugation; where as those that more or lesse doe varie and estrange themselues from rules or order are called Irregular, whereof the number is but few, as shall appeare hereafter._

_All Verbs be either Actiue and Transitiue, or Passiue & Reciprocall, or else Personall or Impersonall, of which we will say somewhat and of their seuerall vses: and because some tences of all verbes are coniugated either with the Participle and helpe of the Auxiliar, or as I may call it Mother-verbe_, Hauére, _or else with the Participle and helpe of the other Auxiliar and helping verbe_ Éssere. _Know therefore that all Actiue or Transitiue verbs, that is to say, that passe into the subiect treated, meant, or spoken of, vse the helpe of the Auxiliar verbe_ Hauére, _as_ I[o] hò veduti ẻt lẻtti m[ó]lti libri. I[o] hó trouáti póchi amíci. I[o] me l'hauéu[o] guadagnát[o] c[o]n l'árme in mán[o], &c. _And the Passiue or Reciprocall verbs, that is to say, that returne vnto themselues with_ Mi. Ti. Si. Ci. Vi. _which answere vnto_ I[o]. Tù. Lúi. N[ó]i. L[ó]r[o]. _vse euer the helpe of the other Auxiliar verbe_ Éssere, _as for example_, I[o] mi s[ó]n[o] rallegrát[o] del tú[o] béne, ẻ tù ti sẻi dolút[o] del mí[o]. N[o]i ci siám[o] accostáti a lui, ẻ v[ó]i vi siéte verg[o]gnáti di fárl[o]. Quánd[o] l[o]r[o] si saránn[o] partíti dál mál fáre, n[o]i ci c[o]ns[o]lerém[o], &c.

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_Note here that these two verbs_, Póss[o] _and_ Vógli[o], _may be vsed and ioyned with both the Auxiliar verbs_, Hauére _and_ Éssere. _The reason why I call them Auxiliar, is, because they are as helps to coniugate all other verbs both Actiue and Passiue, and I deeme them most necessary to be perfectly learned of him that is curious truly to vnderstand, rightly to speake, or exactly to write the Italian tongue, forsomuch as whosoeuer can readily coniugate_ Hauére, _may without any doubt or difficulty (knowing but the Infinitiue moode, which is as the roote and ground of all) coniugate and frame all the rest of the verbs, both regular and irregular of the Italian tongue, except three tences, and of those three tences but one person of each: that is to say, the Present tence of the Indicatiue moode; Secondly, the first distant or vndetermined Preterperfectence of the same moode; Thirdly, the Present tence of the Optatiue moode: as by coniugating of this verbe_ Hauére, _shall manifestly appeare, which I humbly entreate your Maiestie to learne carefully._

Of the verbe _Hauére_.

The Indicatiue moode or Demonstratiue manner of speech.

The Present or Deffinite tence.

_Singular Number._ _Plurall Number._

I[o] hó. I[o] hággi[o] N[o]i habbiám[o], _or_ hauém[o].
Tù hái. V[o]i hauéte.
Lúi hà, _or_ Egli hà. L[ó]r[o] hánn[o], _or_ Essi hánn[o].

Of the vse, and what may be learned by this Tence.

_Note that adding any Participle vnto this tence, you frame the second Certaine, Neare, or Determined Preterperfectence of the Indicatiue moode of all Actiue or Transitiue verbes, and of all coniugations, as for example._

I[o] hò amát[o], _or_ N[ó]i hauém[o] scritt[o], _or_
Vedút[o]. Tù hai cantát[o], fátt[o]. V[ó]i hauéte vbidít[o].
_or_ d[o]rmít[o]. Lui hà L[ó]r[o] hánn[o] volút[o].
saltát[o], _or_ lẻtt[o].

. . . . . . .

The Preterimperfect, Doubtfull, Vnlimited, or Vndetermined tence.

I[o] hauéu[o]. N[ó]i haueuám[o].
Tù hauéui. V[ó]i haueuáte.
Lúi hauéua. L[ó]r[o] hauéuan[o].

Of the vse, and what may be learned by this Tense.

_First note, that adding any Participle of what verbe soeuer vnto this tence, you frame the first vncertaine, vndetermined, and very distant Preterpluperfectence of the Indicatiue moode of all Actiue or Transitiue verbes, as for example._

I[o] hauéu[o] magniát[o]. N[o]i haueuám[o] scrítt[o].
Tù hauéui vedút[o]. V[o]i haueuáte dormít[o].
Lui hauéua studiát[o]. L[ó]r[o] hauéuan[o] saltát[o].

_Secondly note, that this tence of all the verbes of the second, of the third, and of the fourth coniugation, may at the pleasure of the speaker or writer lose and leaue out the last_ V. _in the third persons singular and plurall, as thus_, Lui hauéa, Lui scriuéa, Lui dormía, L[ó]r[o] hauéan[o], L[ó]r[o] scriuéan[o], L[ó]r[o] dormían[o], _as also it may lose the last vowell, or_ O. _of the said third persons plurall; for you may also say_ L[ó]r[o] hauéan', L[ó]r[o] scriuéan'. L[ó]r[o] dormían, &c.

_Thirdly note, that all third persons plurall of all Italian verbes must haue the accent placed vpon the last vowell sauing two, as_ L[ó]r[o] amáuan[o], L[ó]r[o] vedéuan[o], L[ó]r[o] scriuéuan[o], L[ó]r[o] dormíuan[o], &c. _except that of the future tence of the Indicatiue, where the accent is vpon the last vowell sauing one, by reason of the double_ Nn. _which followes the same, as_ L[ó]r[o] ameránn[o], L[ó]r[o] vederánn[o], L[ó]r[o] scriueránn[o], L[ó]r[o] m[o]riránn[o], &c.

_Fourthly note, that knowing the termination of this tence and of this verbe alone, you may therby learne how to frame the doubtfull or vnlimited Preterimperfectence of the Indicatiue moode of all the verbes of the Italian tongue, as for example of the first Coniugation by changing the_ E. _of this verbe_ Hauére, _into_ A. _as thus._

I[o] amáu[o]. I[o] saltáu[o]. N[ó]i amauám[o], _or_
Saltauám[o].
Tù amáui. Tù saltáui. V[ó]i amauáte _or_
saltauáte.
Lui amáua. Lui saltáua. L[ó]r[o] amáuan[o], _or_
saltáuan[o].

_Of the second and third Coniugation by keeping the very same desinence or termination of this tence, and of this Verbe, as for example._

I[o] vedéu[o]. I[o] c[o]rréu[o]. N[ó]i vedeuám[o], _or_
C[o]rreuám[o].
Tù vedéui. Tù c[o]rréui. V[ó]i vedeuáte, _or_
C[o]rreuáte.
Lui vedéua. Lui c[o]rréua. L[ó]r[o] vedéuan[o], _or_
C[o]rréuan[o].

_Of the fourth Coniugation by changing the_ E. _into_ I. _as for example._

I[o] dormíu[o]. I[o] patíu[o]. N[ó]i dormiuám[o], _or_
Patiuám[o].
Tù dormíui. Tù patíui. V[ó]i dormiuáte, _or_
Patiuáte.
Lui dormíua. Lui patíua. L[ó]r[o] dormíuan[o], _or_
Patíuan[o].

. . . . . . .

The first vncertaine, vndetermined, or distant Preterperfect tence.

I[o] hẻbbi. N[ó]i hauémm[o].
Tù hauẻsti. V[ó]i hauéste.
Lúi hẻbbe. L[ó]r[o] hẻbber[o], or hẻbber'

Of the vse of this tence, and what may thereby be learned.

_First note, that adding the Participle of what Verbe soeuer vnto this tence, you frame a tence, which although some Grammarians haue made no mention of, yet is so necessary, and so often vsed of good Italians, both in speaking and writing, as I am perswaded, that no man can truely speake or write without it; or that it is a second, vndoubted, most certaine and determined Preterpluperfect tence of all Actiue or Transitiue Verbes, as for example._

I[o] hẻbbi pagát[o]. N[ó]i hauémm[o] scrítto.
Tù hauẻsti saltát[o]. V[ó]i hauéste lẻtto.
Lúi hẻbbe g[o]dút[o]. L[ó]r[o] hẻbber[o] dormít[o].

_Secondly, you may learne by this tence to know, that whereas the first Preterperfect tences of the Indicatiue moode of most Italian Verbes, of the second and third coniugations are somewhat difficile, vncertaine, and irregular, that it is but in three persons, that is to say, in the first and third singular, and in the third plurall, yet are they not so vncertaine, but that if you finde only the first person singular, which doth euer end in_I, _as_ Hẻbbi. Sẻppi. Tácqui. Nácqui. Víddi. &c. _change that_ I. _into_ E. _and vndoubtedly you haue the third person singular, as_ Hẻbbe. Sẻppe. Tácque. Nácque. Vídde. _and to the third person singular adding_R[o], _you haue infallibly the third person plurall, as_ Hẻbber[o], Sẻpper[o], Tácquer[o], Nácquer[o], Vídder[o]. &c. _wheras the other three persons, to wit, the second singular, and the first and second plurall of this tence are euer regular, and keepe one certaine termination, and may be framed by the Infinitiue, as thus, Take_ Re, _from the Infinitiue moode, and adde_ Sti, _vnto the rest you haue the second person singular, as_ Hauésti, Sapésti, Tacésti, Nascésti, Vedésti, _and likewise take_ Re. _from the Infinitiue, and vnto it adde_ Mm[o], _you haue the first person plural, as_ Hauémm[o], Sapémm[o], Tacémm[o], Nascémm[o], Vedémm[o]. _And likewise take_ Re, _from the Infinitiue, and thereunto adde_ Ste, _as thus, change the last_ I. _of the second person singular of this tence into_ E. _you haue the second person plurall, as_ Hauéste, Sapéste, Tacéste, Nascéste, Vedéste. _Yet remember that this tence is not so strictly vncertain but that it may for a shift be made regular, as those of the first coniugation, as thus_, Hauéi, hauésti, hauétte, Hauémm[o], Hauéste, Hauétter[o], _and so_ Tacéi, Tacésti, Tacétte, Tacémm[o], Tacéste, Tacétter[o], Godéi, Godésti, Godétte, Godémm[o], Godéste, Godétter[o], &c.

_Now for your Maiesties more facility, and to know certainly what verbes of the second or third coniugation varie in this tence, I haue throughout my Dictionarie set downe next to all Infinitiues, the first person singular of this tence, as also all the participles, because they are somewhat irregular and variable, as I will shew when I come to speake of them which I haue done for the ease of such as delight in the tongue, and haue not readily Italians by to aske, or good Grammarians at hand to resolue them. As for the verbes of the first and fourth coniugations, they are almost all regular in this tence, and who knowes one, may say he knowes all, except foure of the first, and some few of the fourth; which I will note when I come to speak of irregular verbes. Of which I will say more then euer yet was said of any other._

. . . . . . .

The second, certaine, neare, or determined Preterperfect tence.

I[o] hò hauút[o]. N[ó]i habbiám[o] hauút[o].
Tù hái hauút[o]. V[ó]i hauéte hauút[o].
Lúi hà hauút[o]. L[ó]r[o] hánn[o] hauút[o].

Of the vse, and what may be learn't by this tence.

_The chiefe thing that is to be noted in this tence is this; The first, or (as I may rightly call it) distant, vncertaine, or vndertermined Preterperfect tence_, Hẻbbi, _or that of any other verbe, is most commonly vsed (or at least should be) in speaking of times or things gone or past, and that ended their time the present morning, wherein you speak of them._

_And this second, certaine, nearer, or determined Preterperfect tence is euer vsed (or should be vsed) in speaking of times or things, hauing relation vnto, or ended in the day present, and wherein you speake: and therefore doe I call it nearer and certaine. As for example, if you demaund of me_, Quánd[o] hauéte vedút[o] il tále? _When saw you such a one? If I saw him this day, I must answere_, I[o] l'hò vedút[o] hoggi. _But if I saw him at any other time before, I must say_, I[o] l[o] víddi l'áltr[o] gi[ó]rn[o], &c. _And looke what is said of this tence of_ Hauére, _the same may be said of the same tence of all other verbes, wherein English men erre so much; but indeed they may be excused, because they neuer yet saw Grammar that shewed the difference betweene them: for most make them indifferently all one._

. . . . . . .

The first, vncertaine, very distant, or vnderdetmined preterpluperfect tence.

I[o] hauéu[o] hauút[o]. N[ó]i haueuám[o] hauút[o].
Tù hauéui hauút[o]. V[ó]i haueuáte hauút[o].
Lúi hauéua hauút[o]. L[ó]r[o] hauéuan[o] hauút[o].

The second, certaine, somewhat distant, or determined Preterpluperfect tence.

I[o] hẻbbi hauút[o]. N[ó]i hauémm[o] hauút[o].
Tù hauésti hauút[o]. V[ó]i hauéste hauút[o].
Lúi hẻbbe hauút[o]. L[ó]r[o] hẻbber[o] hauút[o].

Of the vse of these two Tences, and what is to be obserued by them.

_The chiefest thing that is to be obserued in these two Tences, is, that_ I[o] hẻbbi hauút[o]. I[o] hẻbbi amát[o]. I[o] hẻbbi scrítt[o]. I[o] hẻbbi vdít[o], _haue euer refference vnto times and things further off, and so hapned that some other time, action or chance hath succeeded betweene: and_ I[o] hauéu[o] hauút[o]. I[o] hauéu[o] amát[o]. I[o] hauéu[o] scrítt[o]. I[o] hauéu[o] vdít[o], _haue euer refference vnto times, actions, or chances hapned long time since, and a great distance off; which is the reason that I haue placed them vnder titles of very distant or vndetermined, and of somewhat distant or determined, by which your Maiesty may easily distinguish them, and know their differences, as thus._ Quánd[o] i[o] hò mangiát[o], desíder[o] di bére, _whereas_ I[o] hẻbbi hauút[o] _answereth a time more certaine and deffinite, as thus._ Quánd[o] l'hẻbbi vedút[o], di súbit[o] il c[o]n[ó]bbi, _and_ I[o] hauéu[o] hauút[o], _hath relation vnto a time or distance further off, and indeffinite, as thus._ I[o] l'hauéu[o] bén vedút[o], ma n[ó]n l[o] c[o]n[o]scéu[o], &c.

_Here I thinke it not impertinent to desire your Maiesty to remember, that the Participles of all the verbes of the Italian tongue, ioyned vnto any tence of what verbe soeuer, may at the discretion or choise of the speaker or writer be accommodated and referred to both numbers and genders, or as you would say more plainly, to the person speaking, or spoken of; as also to the substantiue or things meant or spoken of, as thus._ I[o] hò desiderát[o] il tú[o] cómm[o]d[o]. I[o] hó desideráta la túa c[o]mm[o]dità. I[o] hò desideráti i tuói cómm[o]di. I[o] hò desideráte le túe c[o]mm[o]dità, _or thus._ La tua ess[o]rtati[ó]ne ha mutát[o] il mi[o] disségn[o], mutáti i miẻi disségni, mutáta la mia [o]pini[ó]ne, mutáte le mie [o]pini[ó]ni, &c. _all which participles haue relation vnto the substantiue, whereas you may as well make them to haue relation vnto the person speaking, as thus,_ I[o] hò desiderát[o] il tù[o] cómm[o]d[o], la túa c[o]mm[o]dità, i tuói cómm[o]di, le túe c[o]mm[o]dità, _or thus._ La túa ess[o]rtati[ó]ne hà mutát[o] il mi[o] disségn[o], i miẻi disségni, la mia [o]pini[ó]ne, le mie [o]pini[ó]ni, &c. _Yet note that the Participles ioyned vnto any tence of the other Auxiliar verbe_ Éssere, _doe commonly agree with the Nominatiue case, as in that verbe shall appeare._

. . . . . . .

Of the future Tence or time to come.

I[o] hauerò, haurò, _or_ harò.
tù hauerái, haurái, _or_ harái.
lúi hauerà, haurà, _or_ harà.

n[ó]i hauerém[o], haurém[o], _or_ harém[o].
v[ó]i haueréte, hauréte, _or_ haréte.
l[ó]r[o] haueránn[o], hauránn[o], _or_ haránn[o].

Of the vse of this Tence, and what may thereby be learned.

_The chiefest thing to be obserued in this Tence, is, that whosoeuer hath the terminations or last sillables of this tence of any verbe, hath also those of the future tences of all verbes of what coniugation soeuer of the Italian tongue without exception: For, all first persons singular must end in_ Rò _with the accent ouer the last vowell, as thus._ I[o] amerò, I[o] vederò, I[o] scriuerò, I[o] m[o]rirò, &c.

_All second persons singular must end in_ Rái. _with the accent ouer the last_ A. _as_ Tù amarái, Tù vedrái, Tù scriuerái, Tù m[o]rirái, &c.

_All third persons singular must end in_ Rà. _with the accent ouer the last vowell, as_ Lúi amerà, Lúi vederà, Lúi scriuerà, Lúi m[o]rirà, &c.

_All first persons plurall must end in_ Rém[o], _with the accent ouer the last vowell sauing one, as_ N[o]i amerém[o]. N[o]i vedrém[o]. N[o]i scriuerém[o]. N[o]i m[o]rirém[o], &c.

_All second persons plurall must end in_ Réte, _with the accent ouer the last vowell sauing one, as_ V[ó]i ameréte, V[ó]i vedréte, V[ó]i scriueréte, V[ó]i m[o]riréte, &c.

_All third persons plurall must end in_ Ránn[o], _with the accent ouer the last vowell sauing one, as_ L[ó]r[o] ameránn[o], L[ó]r[o] vedránn[o], L[ó]r[o] scriueránn[o], L[ó]r[o] m[o]riránn[o], &c.

_And so all the rest both regular and irregular; alwaies remembred that in verbes of the first coniugation, the last_ A. _of the Infinitiue moode in this tence must be changed into_ E. _and in steede of_ Amarò, Danzarái, Cantarà, Andarém[o], Saltaréte, Mangiaránn[o], _the best Italians vse to say and write,_ Amerò, Danzerái, Canterà, Anderém[o], Salteréte, Mangieránn[o], &c. _whereas all those of the second, third, and fourth coniugations doe euer keep the last vowell sauing one of the Infinitiue moode in framing of this tence, as_ I[o] tacerò, Tù c[o]rrerái, Lúi scriuerà, N[o]i vederém[o], V[o]i d[o]rmiréte, L[ó]r[o] m[o]riránn[o]. _Yet note that the foure Irregulars of the first coniugation doe in this tence, keepe the_ A. _of the Infinitiue moode, as_ Andarò. Darò. Farò. Starò. _and so throughout, although the first is most times written and pronounced,_ Andrò, Andrái. Andrà. Andrém[o]. Andréte. Andránn[o]. _loosing the middle vowell. And so are diuers verbes of the second and third coniugations vsed more often sincopated of the middle vowell, yea sometimes of a whole sillable, then not, as namely,_ Haurò. Berò. Tẻrrò. Sciẻrrò. Cadrò. Parrò. Potrò. Rimarrò. Varrò. Vedrò. Vorrò. C[o]ndurrò. &c. _with some others, in steede of _Hauerò. Beuerò. Tenerò. Scẻglierò. Sciorglierò. Caderò. Parerò. Poterò. Rimanerò. Valerò. Vederò. Volerò. C[o]nducerò. &c. _and so throughout all the persons of this tence. I remember but one of the fourth coniugation, that is sincopated or varied in this tence, and that is in steede of_ I[o] m[o]rirò. &c. I[o] morrò. Tu morrái. Lui morrà. N[o]i morrém[o]. V[o]i morréte. L[o]r[o] morránn[o].

_Remember also that all third persons plurall of this tence, may at the pleasure of the speaker or writer loose the last sillable_ N[o]. _and in liew of_ Ameránn[o]. Vedránn[o]. Scriueránn[o], M[o]riránn[o]. _They may say_. Amerán'. Vedrán'. Scriuerán'. Morirán. _For so much as_ N. _is counted as a liquid._

_Note also that placing the Aduerbe of time,_ Quánd[o], _before any person of this tence,_ Hauerò, _and the Participle of any verbe whatsoeuer, you frame and learne the Future tence of the Subiunctiue or potentiail moode of all Actiue or Transitiue verbes. As for example._

I[o] hauerò mangiát[o].
Quánd[o]. Tù hauerái danzát[o].
Lúi hauerà vedút[o].

N[ó]i hauerém[o] scrítt[o].
Quánd[o]. V[ó]i haueréte vdít[o].
L[ó]r[o] haueránn[o] dormít[o].

_As in it's due place shall more at large be shewed._

. . . . . . .

Of the Imperatiue moode or Commanding manner of speech.

Habbiám[o] n[ó]i.
Hábbi tù. Habbiáte v[ó]i.
Hábbia lúi. Hábbian[o] _or_ Hábbin[o] l[ó]r[o].

Of the vse of this tence, and what may be obserued by it.

_Concerning this moode no other rule can be giuen, but that it hath euer correspondency with the Present tences of of the optatiue and subiunctiue moodes, as being in a manner all one with them, sauing that the Imperatiue hath most commonly the Pronoune after the verbe, and they haue it before, except in questions, and that the Imperatiue moode wanted euer his first person singular. The terminations are all one, and therefore he that knowes the Present tence of the Optatiue of any verbe, knowes the same of the Imperatiue and Subiunctiue thereof, as elsewhere shall more particularly be showen._

_Note also that Imperatiuely and in commanding wise you may liew of this tence vse the Infinitiue of any verbe speaking to an equall or inferior person, or the second person plurall of the Present tence of the Indicatiue moode, speaking to one whom you will seeme to respect with this particle,_ N[ó]n, _before it. Whereas the English put euer the word_ Not, _after the verbe, as for example._

N[o]n hauére a mále N[o]n habbiáte a mále.
N[o]n dormíre c[o]sì tóst[o]. N[o]n dormíte c[o]sì tóst[o].
N[o]n andáre vía. N[o]n andáte via.
N[o]n ti scordáre di me. N[o]n vi scordáte di me.
N[o]n te ne andáre. N[o]n ve ne andáte.

_With some few verbes as namely_ Hauére, _and_ Volére, _you must in liew of the second person plurall of the Present tence of the Indicatiue moode, vse the second person plurall of the present tence of the Optatiue moode, and say thus._ N[o]n habbiáte paúra. N[o]n vogliáte partíre, &c.

_Note also that the second person singular of all verbes of the first Coniugation in this tence, end euer in_ A. _and the third in_ I. _as for example._ Ama tù. Cánta tù. Sálta tù. Mángia tù. &c. Ami lúi. Cánti lúi. Sálti lúi. Mángi lúi. &c. _except the foure Irregular, as you shall perceiue in them. Whereas the second persons singular of the same tence of all verbes of the second, third, and fourth coniugations endeth euer in_ I. _and the third in_ A. _as for example._ Védi tù. C[ó]rri tù. Lẻggi tù. Scríui tù. Dórmi tù. &c. Véda lúi. C[ó]rra lúi. Lẻgga lúi. Scríua lúi. Dórma lúi. &c. _Of the three persons plurall of this tence I will speake in the Present tence of the Optatiue moode._

Of the Optatiue Mood or wishing maner of Speech.

_Note first that whereas the Latins haue for a helpe or signe of the Optatiue or wishing moode the word_, Vtinam: _the French_ Dieu vueille, _or_ Pleut á Dieu, _and the English, God graunt, Would to God, Oh God that, or else, Oh that: the Italians haue in their Grammars placed these signes_, Di[o] vóglia chè, Di[o] v[o]lésse chè, Piáccia a Di[o] chè, Oh Dí[o] chè. _All which indeed are good and true Italian. But for as much as they are not so generally vsed as this one_, Ochè, _I haue therefore thoughout all this moode in all verbes vsed and placed no other signe or helpe, expressing fully as much as any of the rest, as for example:_

The present or definite tence.

I[o] hábbia. N[ó]i habbiám[o].
O chè: Tù hábbi. O chè: V[ó]i habbiáte.
Lúi hábbia. L[ó]r[o] hábbian[o].

Of the vse, and what may be obserued in this tence.

_First it is to be noted, that all three persons Sing. of this tence, of all verbs of the first Coniugation, end commonly in_ I. _as_ O che i[o] ámi, Oche tù ámi. Oche lúi ámi, &c. _whereas in the second and third coniugations the first and third persons end all in_ A. _and the second in_ I. _as thus,_ O chè i[o] góda. O chè tù gódi. O chè lúi góda. _or_ Ochè i[o] scríua. Ochè tù scríui. _although some make them to end all in_ A. _which is not greatly amisse: whereas all three persons Sing. of the fourth coniugation end in_ A. _or_ O chè I[o] dórma. O chè tù dórma. O chè lúi dorma, &c.

_The three persons Plu. of this tence of verbes of the first coniugation, are commonly framed thus: To the first person Sing. which is_ Ami, _adde euer_ Am[o], _and that makes the first Plu. as_ Amiám[o]. Danziám[o]. Mangiám[o]. Saltiám[o], &c. _To the said first person Sing. adde euer_ Ate, _and that makes the second Plu. as_ Amiáte. Danziáte. Mangiáte. Saltiáte, &c. _To the said first person Sing. adde euer_ N[o]. _and that makes the third Plu. as_ Ámin[o]. Dánzin[o]. Mángin[o]. Sáltin[o], &c. _The same rule doth serue for the verbes of the second and third Coniugations: so that you change the_ A. _into_ I. _or take the second person Sing. of this tence of them all, as of_ Gódi, _or of_ Scríui, _which make in the Plu._ Godiám[o], Godiáte. Gódin[o]. Scriuiám[o]. Scriuiáte. Scríuin[o], &c. _The three persons Plu. of this tence of verbs of the fourth Coniugation, are framed by adding_ Ám[o]. Áte. _and_ N[o]. _to the second person Sing. of the present tence of the Indicatiue mood, which euer ends in_ I. _or thus by changing the_ A. _of the Sing. of this tence in_ I. _which makes_ Dormiám[o]. Dormiáte. Dórmin[o], &c.

_Note also as an especiall thing, that whosoeuer hath the present tence of the Optatiue moode of this verbe, hath also (as hath beene said) first the Imperatiue moode, by placing the Pronoune after the verbe; Secondly he hath the present tence of the subiunctiue mood; Thirdly, only by adding any Participle vnto it, he hath the determined Preterperfect tences of the Optatiue and of the Subjunctiue moods of all actiue or transitiue verbes, as thus_, I[o] hábbia amát[o]. Tù hábbi vedút[o]. Lúi hábbia scritt[o], &c. N[ó]i habbiám[o] saltát[o]. V[ó]i habbiáte lẻtt[o]. L[ó]r[o] hábbin[o] dormít[o], &c. _Fourthly, he hath also the future tence of the Optatiue moode of all actiue verbes, by placing this Aduerbe of time_, Da qui inánzi, _after the verbe, as you shall see in its place. So that whosoeuer hath this present tence, or of any verbe else, hath sixe tences, and nothing is left him to learn but the imperfect or vndetermined tence, which he may learn by this ensuing tence, which also sheweth the tence called respectiue of the subiunctive mood._

. . . . . . .

The Preterimperfect or vndetermined tence.

I[o] hauéssi. N[ó]i hauéssim[o].
Ochè. Tù hauéssi. Ochè. V[ó]i hauéste.
Lúi hauésse. L[ó]r[o] hauéssero _or_ hauéssin[o].

Of the vse of this Tence.

_First remember that who hath the terminations of this tence, hath also the same tence of all verbs of the second & third c[on]iugations (except of_ Éssere, _as in his place shal appear) w[hich] is framed by the infinitiue moode, by leauing out the last sillable_ Re. _and adding_ Ssi. _for the first and second Sing._ Sse. _for the third Sing._ Ssim[o]. _for the first Plur._ Ste. _for the second Plur. and_ Sser[o]. _or_ Ssin[o]. _for the third Plur. as_ I[o] vedéssi. Tù sapéssi. Lúi c[o]rrésse. N[o]i godéssim[o]. V[ó]i Leggéste. L[ó]r[o] C[o]rrésser[o]. _or_ C[o]rréssin[o]. &c. _And changing the_ E. _of this tence into_ A. _he hath the same tence of all the verbes of the first coniugation, as thus._ I[o] amássi. Tù cantássi. Lúi saltásse. N[ó]i amássim[o]. V[ó]i cantáste. L[ó]r[o] saltásser[o]. _or_ Saltássin[o]. &c. _And changing the said_ E. _into_ I. _he hath the same tence of all verbes of the fourth coniugation, as thus._ I[o] vdíssi, Tù patíssi, Lúi dormísse, N[o]i vdíssim[o], V[o]i patíste, L[ó]r[o] dormísser[o], &c.

_Secondly, note that in steede of the wishing signe_, O chè, _vsing_, Se, chè, Benchè, Purchè, _or_ Quánd[o], _or any of them, he hath also the conditionall Preterimperfectence of the Subiunctiue moode of all verbes actiue. And putting any participle vnto it, he hath first the preterpluperfectence of the optatiue, and then the first or conditionall preterpluperfectence of the subiunctiue moode of all verbes actiue, and of all coniugations, as in their proper places may apeare._

_Thirdly, note that all third person plur. of this tence may loose the last vowell_ O. _and you may as well say_, Amásser', Amássin', Hauésser', Hauéssin', Dormísser', &c. _as_ Amásser[o], Amássin[o], Hauésser[o], Hauéssin[o], Dormísser[o], &c.

. . . . . . .

The Preterperfect or Determined tence.

I[o] hábbia hauút[o]. N[ó]i habbiám[o] hauút[o].
O chè. Tù hábbi hauút[o]. O chè. V[ó]i habbiáte hauút[o].
Lúi hábbia hauút[o]. L[ó]r[o] habbin[o] hauút[o].

. . . . . . .

The Preterpluperfect or vndetermined tence.

I[o] hauéssi hauút[o].
O chè. Tù hauéssi hauút[o].
Lúi hauésse hauút[o].

N[ó]i hauéssim[o] hauút[o].
O chè. V[ó]i hauéste hauút[o].
L[ó]r[o] hauésser[o] hauút[o].

. . . . . . .

The Future tence or time to come.

I[o] hábbia.
O chè. Tù hábbi. da qui inánzi.
Lúi hábbia.

N[ó]i habbiám[o].
O chè. V[ó]i habbiáte. da qui inánzi.
L[ó]r[o] hábbin[o].

_Of these three tences little neede be said, forsomuch as I haue already spoken of them in the vse of the Present tence of this verbe, to which I referre your Maiestie._

. . . . . . .

The Subiunctive, Dependent, or Potentiall moode, whose proper signes or helps, are euer, Chè, Se, Benchè, Pur chè, Acciochè _or_ Quánd[o], without some one of which it neuer commeth, one tence excepted.

_The Present or Deffinite tence whose helps or signes are_, Chè, Benchè, Purchè, _or_ Quánd[o].

I[o] hábbia. N[ó]i habbiám[o].
Chè. Tù hábbi. Chè. V[ó]i habbiáte.
Lúi hábbia. L[ó]r[o] hábbian[o] _or_ hábbin[o].

_Little neede be said of this tence because it hath been spoken of before._

. . . . . . .

The first Conditionall, Doubtfull, Dependent, or vndetermined Preterimperfectence, _whose helps are_, Se, Chè, Benchè, Accióche, Purchè, _or_ Quánd[o].

I[o] hauéssi. N[ó]i hauéssim[o].
Se. Tù hauéssi. Se. V[ó]i hauéste.
Lúi hauésse. L[ó]r[o] hauésser[o] _or_ hauéssin[o].

. . . . . . .

The second respectiue, relatiue, or limited Preterimperfect tence, which doth euer eyther expressiuely or inclusiuely answere or regard the former, which I call _conditonall or doubtfull, and hath no signe or helpe_.

I[o] hauerẻi. haurẻi. harẻi. hauería. hauría. _or_ haría.

Tù hauerésti. haurésti. _or_ harésti.

Lúi. hauerẻbbe. haurẻbbe, harẻbbe. hauería. hauría. _or_ haría.

N[ó]i hauerémm[o]. haurémm[o]. harémm[o]. haueríam[o]. hauríam[o],
_or_ haríam[o].

V[ó]i haueréste. hauréste, _or_ haréste.

L[ó]r[o] hauerẻbber[o]. haurẻbber[o]. harẻbber[o]. hauerẻbb[o]n[o].
haurẻbb[o]n[o]. harẻbb[o]n[o]. hauerían[o], haurían[o], _or_
harían[o].

Of the necessary vse of these two tences, and what may be obserued vpon them.

_These two tences are so frequent and ordinary in vse both in speaking and writing, namely of things, accidents or actions that be doubtfull, contingent, potentiall, in suspence, vncertaine, or that may be, of which men oftener vse to speake and write, then of things or actions already past, certain, determined, and undoubted. And there is such coherency and dependency betweene them, and they haue such relation and respect one to the other, that they are seldome separated or farre asunder: and if they be (as they are often) they are notwithstanding relatiuely, respectiuely, and inclusiuely meant or vnderstood. And I could yet neuer see Grammar that did directly set downe eyther the true difference betweene them, or demonstrate the right vse of them, yea most Grammarians are so simple, as they make then both one and indifferent, when the difference is most great, and the seuerall vse of them most necessary to be knowne, which is this, that the first hath euer one of these signs or helps before it, as_ Se, _if, or if so be_, Chè, _that_, Benchè, _albeit_, Acciochè _to the end that_, Purchè, _so that_, Quánd[o], _when or if. And the second as hauing relations or respect & answer to the former, hath no signe at all. And that is the reason that I haue named them by their effects; the first conditionall, doubtfull, dependent or vnlimited, and the second, respectiue, relatiue, or limited. The first you shall neuer heare or fine without the second, eyther spoken, written, or specifed, though the second be sometimes written or spoken without the first, yet is it euer more meant, vnderstood, and some condition implied or included. And there is no tence in the Italian tongue, where English men commit more incongruities. And remember what is said of these two tences, the like may said of the two ensuing Preterpluperfect tences, not onely of this verbe, but of all other actiue verbes, as they that are composed of the two former, with the addition of any Participle._

_Note also that knowing the termintion of the second respectiue or relatiue, you learn to frame the said tence of all other verbes, and of all coniugations, as for example_, I[o] amerẻi _or_ amería. Tù amerésti. Lui amerẻbbe _or_ Amería. N[ó]i amerémm[o]. V[ó]i ameréste. L[ó]r[o] amerẻbber[o]. Amerẻbb[o]n[o], _or_ amerían[o]. I[o] vederẻi, _or_ vedería. Tù vederésti. Lui vederẻbbe _or_ vedería. L[ó]r[o] vederẻbber[o], vederẻbb[o]n[o], _or_ vederían[o]. I[o] leggerẻi, _or_ leggería. Tù leggerésti. Lui leggerẻbbe, _or_ leggería. N[ó]i leggerémm[o]. V[ó]i leggeréste. L[ó]r[o] leggerẻbber[o], leggerẻbb[o]n[o], _or_ leggerían[o]. I[o] dormirẻi, _or_ dormiría. Tù dormirẻsti. Lui dormirẻbbe _or_ dormiría. N[ó]i dormirémm[o]. V[ó]i dormiréste. L[ó]r[o] dormirẻbber[o], dormirẻbb[o]n[o] _or_ dormirían[o], &c.

_Note also that all third persons plu. of this tence may both in speaking and writing lose the last vowell_ O. _and instead of_ Amerẻbber[o]. Amerẻbb[o]n[o] _or_ Amerían[o]. Vederẻbber[o]. Vederẻbb[o]n[o] _or_ vederían[o]. Scriuerẻbber[o]. Scriuerẻbb[o]n[o], _or_ Scriuerían[o]. M[o]rirẻbber[o]. M[o]rirẻbb[o]n[o], _or_ M[o]rirían[o], _you may at your pleasure say_, Amerẻbber'. Amerẻbb[o]n'. Amerían.' Scriuerẻbber'. Scriuerẻbb[o]n'. Scriuerían'. D[o]rmirẻbber'. dormirẻbb[o]n'. dormirían'. &c.

. . . . . . .

The Preterperfect or determined tence, whose helps or signes are euer _Chè, Benchè, Purchè_, or _Quándo_.

I[o] hábbia hauút[o]. N[ó]i habbíam[o] hauút[o].
Che. Tu hábbi hauút[o]. Che. V[ó]i hábbiáte hauút[o].
Lúi hábbia hauút[o]. L[ó]r[o] hábbian[o] hauút[o].

_The vse of this tence, and the framing thereof in all other verbes hath been spoken of before._

. . . . . . .

The first conditionall, doubtfull, dependent or determined Preterpluperfect tence, whose signes are euer Se, Chè, Benchè Purchè, or Quándo.

I[o] hauéssi hauút[o]. N[ó]i hauéssim[o] hauút[o].
Se. Tù hauéssi hauút[o]. Se. V[ó]i hauéste hauút[o].
Lúi hauésse hauút[o]. L[ó]r[o] hauésser[o] hauút[o].

. . . . . . .

The second respectiue, relatiue or limited Preterpluperfect tence, expressiuely inclusiue, by hauing respect vnto, or answering the former, and hauing no signe at all.

I[o] hauerẻi, _or_ hauería hauút[o].
Tù hauerésti hauút[o].
Lui hauerẻbbe, _or_ hauería hauút[o].

N[ó]i hauerémm[o] hauút[o].
V[ó]i haueréste hauút[o].
L[ó]r[o] hauerẻbber[o], _or_ Hauerían[o] hauút[o].

_For the vse of these two tences, I referre you to the two former Preterimperfect tences, from which they are composed._

. . . . . . .

The future tence or time to come, whose helpe is Quándo.

I[o] hauerò hauút[o].
Quánd[o]. Tù hauerái hauút[o].
Lúi hauerà hauút[o].

N[ó]i hauerém[o] hauút[o].
Quánd[o]. V[ó]i haueréte hauút[o].
L[ó]r[o] haueránn[o] hauút[o].

Of the vse of this tence.

_Change but the Participle, and take that of any other verbe whatsoeuer, and you frame the same tence of all actiue or transitiue verbes, as thus_, Quánd[o] i[o] hauerò mangiát[o] tù hauerái vedút[o], lúi hauerà spedít[o]. N[ó]i hauerém[o] lẻtt[o], v[ó]i haueréte c[o]rrẻtt[o]. L[ó]r[o] haueránn[o] sentít[o], &c.

. . . . . . .

_The present Infinitiue or vndetermined moode._

Hauére.

_The past or preter Infinitiue or vndetermined mood._

Hauére hauút[o].

_The future or indetermined Infinitiue moode._

Hauére ad hauére, D[o]uére hauére, Éssere per hauére.

Of the vse of these three Infinitiues, and what is to be obserued by them.

_First you may learne to frame all other Infinitiues, as thus: Those of the first coniugation by changing the middle_ E. _of this into_ A. _with the accent euer vpon the last_ A. _as_ Amáre, Balláre Cantáre, Danzáre, Mangiáre, &c.

_Those of the second coniugation, by keeping the termination of this verbe, with the accent vpon the last_ E. _sauing one, as thus_, Cadére, Vedére, Godére, Parére, Tacére, &c.

_Those of the third coniugation by keeping the termination of this verbe, with the accent ouer the last vowell sauing two, as thus_, C[ó]rrere, Lẻggere, Estóllere, Nuócere, Náscere, Scríuere, &c.

_Those of the fourth coniugation by changing the middle_ E. _of this Verbe into_ I. _with the accent ouer the said_ I. _as thus_, Dormíre, M[o]ríre, Patíre, S[o]ffríre, Vbidíre. Veníre, &c.

_Secondly note, that to frame the future infinitiue of any verbe, you must take the Infinitiue present of this verbe_ Hauére, _and before any other Infinitiue beginning with a vowell, ioyne_ Ad. _and before a consonant_ A. _as thus_. Hauére ad amáre. Hauére a scríuere. _or else take the Infinitiue_ D[o]uére _or_ Éssere pẻr, _and place them before any other Infinitiue present, as thus_. Hauére ad amáre. D[o]uére amáre. _or else_ Éssere pẻr amáre. Hauére a scríuere. D[o]uére scríuere. Ésser pẻr scríuere. _and so of all the rest_.

_Note also that all Infinitiues may at the pleasure of the speaker or writer loose the last vowell_ E. _and in steede of_ Amáre, Godére, C[ó]rrere, _or_ Dormíre, _you may say_, Amár', Godér', C[ó]rrer', _or_ Dormír', &c.