Chapter IV: Part 4

Febr. 16th. Alauda arvensis 1.
" 18th. Ditto 1.
" 19th. Ditto 1.
" 21st. Sturnus vulgaris 1.
March 13th. Erythacus rubecula 1.
" 29th. Scolopax rusticula 1.
" " Tringa alpina 1.
May 1st. Sylvia hortensis 2.
" 6th. Saxicola œnanthe 2.
" 15th. Sylvia cinerea 1.
" " S. curruca 1.
" " Phylloscopus rufus 6.
" " Ruticilla phœnicurus 2.
" " Muscicapa atricapilla 2.
" " Sylvia hortensis 1.
July 23rd. Hæmatopus ostralegus 1.
" 26th. Turdus musicus 3.
" " Emberiza miliaria 1.
" " Fringilla montifringilla 1.
" " Jynx torquilla 1.
" " Saxicola œnanthe 5.
" 30th. Turdus musicus 7.
" " Motacilla alba 3.
" " Saxicola œnanthe 2.
" " Scolopax rusticula 1.
Oct. 5th. Fringilla cœlebs 1.
" 6th. Passer montanus 1.
" " Regulus cristatus 2.
" 11th. Turdus musicus 1.
" 13th. Turdus iliacus 1.
" 17th. Regulus cristatus 2.
" 22nd. Sturnus vulgaris 1.
" " Turdus iliacus 1.
" 23rd. Alauda arvensis 1.
" " Erythacus rubecula 1.
" 25th. Sturnus vulgaris 3.
" " Emberiza citrinella. 2.
" " Fringilla montifringilla 1.
" " Regulus cristatus 1.
" " Alauda arvensis 1.
Nov. 20th. Anas boschas 1.
" 29th. Linota linaria 1.
Dec. 8th. Alauda arvensis 1.
" 10th. Turdus viscivorus 1.
" 17th. Alauda arvensis 1.
" " Turdus iliacus 1.

Notes on Insects at the Lighthouses.

Under date of June 30th, Mr. Owen Boyle, of the Languard L.H., reports, "a Sky Lark followed by a string of Bees. The plaintive cries of this poor bird first attracted my attention, it flew so close that I almost caught it; it was closely pursued by a large number of Bees, and in its fright took to the water followed by its pursuers. When last seen it was making for the Essex coast." July 31st, at 10.14 a.m., "a cloud of mosquitoes pitched in this neighbourhood, similar to those seen in India; most of them were carried off at noon by a light breeze."

Mr. Charles Williams, of the Hanois L.H., Guernsey, says, under date of July 10th, "A great quantity of large ants with wings passing. A great many settled on the rocks and about the lighthouse. I have only once seen them before like this, when I was stationed at the South Bishop Rock off the coast of Wales."

Heligoland, by Mr. Gätke.--Night, July 2nd to 3rd, thousands of _Plusia gamma_; 3rd, myriads of Dragonflies; night, 21st to 22nd, great numbers of _Bombyx neustria_, east to west; 22nd to 23rd, the same; 27th to 28th, numerous nights passing on.

General Remarks.

The report for the East Coast of England shows that a great migration was carried on for six months in the autumn and winter of 1884-5. The schedules returned indicate that no one place had special preference, and that the inflow of migrants was equally distributed over the entire coast line.

The southerly movement of migrants was well established in July, and from this time to the end of the third week in January, 1885, there has been a steady flow, with slight intermissions, of birds either passing up the coast to the south or moving directly inland, the vast majority coming from the east across the North Sea, and moving westward or in westerly directions. Occasionally there have been heavy rushes or persistent bird waves continuous for days, and even weeks.

The periods of migration occupied by different species vary greatly, from four weeks to as many months; no general rule can be laid down in this respect.

As a rule, the young birds of the year migrate independently of the old, and some weeks in advance; there are, however, frequent exceptions to this, more especially late in the season, when the flocks are sometimes composed of old and young. With some of our shore birds, as Grey Plover, Knot, Sanderling, a few old birds, still in summer plumage, arrive very early in the season, some weeks later the main body of the young, and lastly the bulk of the adults, the latter having then assumed the ordinary winter dress.

The lines of migration have been those followed in previous years, the vast majority of immigrants coming either directly from east to west or from points south of east to others north of west. The records of birds travelling from points north of east are comparatively exceptional.

There was an immense and continuous rush, a gigantic feathery tide, on to the coast from the middle of October (15th) to the end of the month, migrants arriving continuously night and day. This rush was continued at some of the stations with but slight intermissions to the middle of November. The last fortnight in October is the average annual period of what may be called the "great rush" of immigrants on to the East Coast of England.

In previous reports we have drawn attention to the fact of a migration in opposite directions going on at the same time over the North Sea. This is observed more particularly at southeastern stations, on light vessels moored at many miles distance from the nearest land, where, during the spring and autumn, the same species of birds, as Crows, Rooks, Jackdaws, Starlings, Larks, Sparrows, Buntings and Finches, are recorded crossing the North Sea moving from opposite quarters and passing both towards the British coast and towards the Continent. This apparently abnormal movement in opposite directions is again indicated in the autumn and spring of 1884-5.

In a recent article in the 'Encyclopædia Britannica,' Professor Newton tells us that "there is scarcely a bird of either the Palæarctic or Nearctic regions, whose habits are at all well known, of which much the same may not be said; and hence we are led to the conclusion that every bird of the Northern Hemisphere is, to a greater or less degree, migratory in some part or other of its range." There can be no doubt that in this passage Professor Newton indicates the probable explanation of the special phenomena attending a double migration as recorded from time to time in our reports.

With very few exceptions, the vast majority of our British birds, such as are generally considered habitual residents, the young invariably, the old intermittingly, leave these islands in the autumn, their place being taken by others, not always necessarily of the same species, coming from more northern latitudes, or from districts of Eastern Europe, where, on the approach of winter, the conditions of locality and food-supply are found less favourable to existence. These immigrants on the approach of spring leave, moving back to the Continent on the same lines, but in the reverse direction to those traversed in the autumn; at the same time, also, our own birds return from the Continent to their nesting-quarters in these islands. To give one instance, out of many which might be cited, that of the Blackbird:--In the autumn, during September, the young of the year leave their summer-quarters, and their place is shortly taken by others, likewise young birds, coming in October and November from districts which lie directly east or south-east of Great Britain. Should our English winter prove generally severe, or even partially so, our old birds will also leave, and in their place we have an influx of old Blackbirds from the Continent, pushed forward by similar causes. In the last autumn and winter, which has been exceedingly variable, with many sudden changes of temperature, our East Coast reports show an enormous migration of this species to have taken place. This commenced on September 12th, and was continued at intervals throughout October, becoming nearly continuous in November; after this intermittent, in throbs and pulsations, up to the end of the third week in January, 1885. These influxes of old birds correlate with sudden changes of temperature and outbreaks of severe weather on the Continent. In the spring the continental visitors disappear, and our so-called resident Blackbirds come back to their nesting-quarters. In this way we have a regular interchange of birds in the spring and autumn,--a double migration, carried on twice a year between the British Islands and the Continent. As far as our knowledge extends the normal conditions of locality and climate over the whole area are such as do not necessitate a regular interchange of the members of their respective _avi-faunas_. There is apparently no reason why our Rooks, Starlings, Sky Larks, and Blackbirds should not be able to winter in England just as well as abroad; their not doing so, but persistently migrating, is suggestive of a regular succession of bird waves,--as one moves forward another quickly follows in its wake. The southern limit of autumn migration, in the individuals of any species, is in direct ratio to the breeding range; such as nest in southern latitudes move still further south, and thus make room for those of their sort which have nested further north. Such are the ordinary phenomena of migration, a movement which is as regular and persistent as the flow and ebb of the tide.[33]

[Footnote 33: Migration is a voluntary, and not a compulsory, movement; and it must not be imagined that recurring bird waves actually push each other forward. Young Blackbirds and Thrushes leave some weeks in advance of the great rush of their continental allies; and it is well known that Woodcocks, which breed in Great Britain, leave in the autumn, before the arrival of the northern flights, a distinct interval elapsing between the two events--the going and the coming.]

One of the last schedules received, at the time of going to press, from the Cockle L.V., off the Norfolk coast, records immense flights of Crows (probably Rooks), passing in a southeasterly direction to the Continent early in March, 1885, commencing on the 2nd at 7 a.m., in large numbers on the 6th at 6 a.m., and continuous from 6 a.m. to 8 a.m. on the 8th; large numbers again on the 9th at 5.30 a.m.

The notes under the head of separate species in the East Coast report for 1884, indicate several movements of special interest. Blackbirds, as has been already stated, have crossed the North Sea in extraordinary numbers, commencing on September 12th and throughout October, and immense numbers in November; on the 11th, 12th and 13th the rush appears to have been continuous, night, and day, over the whole coast line; after this intermittent to the end of the third week in January, 1885.

Another very interesting feature is the occurrence of the Arctic Bluethroat in considerable numbers between September 8th and 16th; eighty to one hundred were observed in one locality on the Norfolk coast on the 12th.

The migration of the Gold-crested Wren was very pronounced. The first are recorded on August 28th, and after this at various stations in large numbers up to November 22nd. Eighty-seven days against ninety-two in 1882, and eighty-two in 1883. The visible migration of this little wanderer across Heligoland has been considerably below the average of other years.

Pied Flycatchers arrived in large numbers from August 10th to September 17th. Across Heligoland also there was a great migration between August 10th and September 18th.

Immense numbers of Bing Doves are shown to have crossed from the Continent between the 21st of October and the end of November. This immigration appears to have covered the coast between Berwick and Yarmouth. On our northern coasts for nine days, between November the 20th and 28th, the rush was continuous. Large numbers of Stock Doves also crossed during the same period.

The main body of the Woodcocks generally arrive in two flights, known to East-coast sportsmen as the "first flight," and after this the "great flight." In the autumn of 1884 the immigration of this species was most prolonged, commencing on September 1st, and continued onward to January 20th, 1885, or 142 days. Four distinct rushes or flights are also indicated,--October 5th and 6th; another on the 10th to the 16th; a third, probably the "great flight," on the 28th; and again a very large flight between November the 11th and 13th. Independent of these there has been a constant dropping in by two or three together, or singly, throughout the autumn and winter. Woodcocks have also crossed Heligoland in the same desultory fashion; and the dates of the chief flights will be found to correlate closely with the rushes on to our East Coast.

In the latter part of November and early in December there was a considerable arrival of Bitterns on the East Coast, probably driven across by the severe weather on the Continent between November the 28th and December 2nd.

Besides the Bluethroats, already noticed, several rare and casual visitants have been recorded during the autumn. Two examples of the Barred Warbler, one at Spurn Point and another on the Norfolk coast. The Icterine Warbler, also on the Norfolk coast; and an Ortolan Bunting, likewise from the same locality. The Lapland Bunting, in Lincolnshire and Norfolk; Tengmalm's Owl, in Holderness; and a rose-coloured Starling, near Spurn.

Mr. Gätke's Heligoland notes, from June 28th to the end of the year, comprise 118 species, including, as usual, several rare visitors to the ornithological observatory:--Icterine Warblers on Aug. 18th; _Anthus richardi_, Sept. 3rd to Oct. 12th; _A. campestris_, Sept. 4th; _Carpodacus erythrinus_, Sept. 9th; _Anthus cervinus_, a great many, from Sept. 15th to Oct. 12th; _Lanius major_, in most unusual numbers, from Sept. 17th to Nov. 4th; _Alauda cristata_, Sept. 30th and Oct. 1st; _Saxicola stapazina_ (?), Oct. 2nd; _Turdus varius_, Oct. 3rd, 12th and 23rd, one each day; _Emberiza pusilla_, Oct. 5th, two; _Turdus migratorius_, one on Oct. 14th; _Fringilla rufescens_, our English Redpoll, one on Nov. 22nd. Besides these large numbers of continental species, which are classed amongst the rare and occasional visitants to the British Islands, and whose line of migration is normally far to eastward of these islands, as _Emberiza hortulana_, _Motacilla flava_, _M. alba_, _Sylvia suecica_, _Anthus rupestris_, _Calcarius lapponicus_, _Otocorys alpestris_, _Nyctala tengmalmi_, _Ruticilla titys_, _Regulus ignicapillus_, and _Larus minutus_.

The great rush of birds crossed Heligoland during the last fortnight in October, and appears to have come directly across to our eastern shores. Mr. Gätke remarks, under date Oct. 24th, S.E., clear, fine, early rather cold, _C. cornix_, _frugilegus_, and _monedula_, monstrous numbers; _cornix_ and _monedula_ mixed in uninterrupted flight of ten and twelve minutes each, continued with but short interruptions or gaps; width as far as the eye could reach in northerly and southerly directions; and thus from 9 a.m. till 1 p.m. _Sturnus_, "a succession of clouds sweeping past overhead."

Speaking generally of migration during the month of October, "weather exceptionally fine; nearly no _curruca_; very few _rufa_; few _rubecula_, _accentor_, _regulus_; and _fringilla_ but small numbers. Thrushes the same; not a single _Parus major_ nor other Tits; Pipits also far below the usual numbers."

"Marvellously many _Anthus cervinus_, _Lanius major_ and _excubitor_, and particularly _Corvidæ_ and Starlings. In December, Greenfinches, enormous numbers all the month, more than ever been seen here."

* * * * *

Since the completion of the Report Mr. J. H. Gurney informs me that he has received from Mr. J. Barrett, of the Swin Middle L.V., the wing of a Garganey Teal with the date July 22nd, 1884. Dunlin, March 21st, 1885, and that of a Wheatear with the extraordinary date of Feb. 4th attached.

From the Dudgeon L.V. comes a schedule signed by Mr. T. W. Harrison, the entries ranging from Nov. 10th, 1884, to March 6th, 1885. On Nov. 10th about forty Carrion Crows going from S.E. to N.W.; considerable numbers of Larks on the nights of the 11th and 12th, about twenty being killed; on the 13th, two Woodcocks at 6.40 p.m., N.N.E. 3, misty, one killed; the same night a great rush of Larks, Blackbirds, Fieldfares and Starlings; "Black Crows" and Larks, also a few Thrushes, at intervals through January, all coming from easterly and going in westerly directions. On the night of Feb. 15th, E., Knot, Stint, Lapwing and other birds round the lantern all night. Night of March 4th, E.S.E., Lapwings and Starlings about lantern, and eight of the latter killed; on the night of the 5th, several Carrion Crows between 7 and 12 p.m., three killed. The Dudgeon L.V. is about thirty-five miles east of Skegness on the Lincolnshire coast.

WEST COAST OF SCOTLAND.

Schedules were sent to thirty-four stations as before. We have received returns from fifteen.

Generally the returns are as well filled up as in previous years.

We have notes on about thirty-one species of land birds from this coast; about sixteen species of water birds; and of a few species of littoral or wading birds.

I have kept the spring and autumn movements distinct.

In the following list of stations we indicate the numbers of years in which each station has sent in returns, and the consecutive numbers of the stations, in the same way, and for the same reasons, that we have shown those in the report of the East Coast, and we also indicate the value and brilliancy of the lights at each.

List of Stations.

Returns
in 5 1884.
years. Feet.
3 * 81. Cape Wrath, Sutherland III. 400 { W. Wither
{ & H. Morrison.
3 * 82. Elm Stoir, Do. II. 195 Wm. Wither.

Outer Hebrides.

5 83. Butt of Lewis I. 170 { T. Edgar.
{ A. Thompson.
3 84. Stornoway, 2 lights { II.}
{ I. } 56 J. Grierson.
3 85. Island of Ghlais I. 130
5 * 86. Monach Isles { I. } 150 }
{ I. } 62 } J. Youngclause.
2 87. Ushenish VI. 176
1 * 88. Barra Head II. 683 Wm. Irvine.

Mainland, Skye, and Inner Hebrides.

0 * 89. Rona, Skye IV. 222 Frazer.
4 * 90. Kyleakin, Ross IV. 53 D. M'Culloch.
2 91. Isle of Ornsay, Skye I. 58
2 92. Ardnamurchan I.
5 { 93. Hynish Signal Tower, }
{ Tyree }
{ * 94. Skerryvore, off Tyree } II. 150 T. Dawson.
5 * 95. Dhuheartach, S. of }
Ross of Mull } I. 146 W. Davidson.
5 96. Sound of Mull V. 55 W. McLellan.
0 97. Corran Ferry, Loch Eil IV. 38
4 98. Lismore I., Oban I. 103
2 99. Fladda, Easdale VI. 42
3 *100. Rhuvaal, Islay IV. 147 G. Boreham.
4 *101. M'Arthur's Head IV. 128 Wm. Maill.
5 *102. Skervuile, Jura II. 73 John Ewing.
5 103. Rhinns of Islay IV. 159 P. Anderson.
2 104. Lochindaul IV. 50
0 105. Mull of Kintyre VI. 297
0 106. Devaar, off Kintyre II. 120
0 107. Pladda, Arran II. 130
2 *108. Lamlash IV. 46 D. M. Scott.
2 109. Turnberry, Ayrshire IV. 96 Andr. Nisbet.
4 *110. Corsewall, Wigtonshire IV. 112 R. Laidlaw.
5 111. Loch Ryan, do. I. 46
5 112. Portpatrick, do. I. 37
4 *113. Mull of Galloway, do. II. 325 Alx. Murray.
1 *114. Little Ross, Kircudbright IV. 175 Jas. Ferrier.

Isle of Man.

3 115. Point of Ayre, I. of Man III. 106
2 116. Douglas Head, do. I. 104
*117. Chickens Rock, do. II. 122
2 118. Bahama Bank (L.V.), do. ? ?
*119. Langness, do. ? ? Robt. Clyne.

Notes from the Stations.[34]

[Footnote 34: Only the notable events, or anything of particular interest, are here taken notice of. Such may be useful for faunal purposes.]

Mr. Morrison, at Cape Wrath, Bays birds are scarce at this station: the coast being so wild they keep more inland. Gamuts frequent the coast all the year from February to November. The Peregrine Falcon is on the coast almost all the year.

From Stoir Head Mr. Wither sends a few notes on land birds. Arrival of Swallow noted May 11th, rather an early date for the West Coast of Sutherland. Gannets were passing north continuously in August.

Mr. Youngclause, after a long residence on the Monach Isles, has removed to an E. Coast station, but sends a last schedule from the former, dating March 30th to April 7th. Wrens seem scarce here, and the Goldcrest he saw this year, but never on any previous occasion. A robin had not been seen before for ten years until April 7th, 1884. Snow Buntings on April 4th are noted as unusual.

Mr. Youngclause adds "There has been a great scarcity of birds at this station for a number of years back, and unless the winds happen to be off the mainland, with hazy weather at the time of migration, we scarcely see a bird. Even Eider Ducks have deserted this place of late years, ever since we had the fearful storm of Nov. 15th, 1877, but I am told they have been very abundant about the Sound of Barra, and the sheltered places on the east side of the island."

Mr. William Irvine sends two interesting schedules from Barra Head. In September a continuous flight of birds flying east is noticed on 6th, light S.E. wind.

From Rona Lighthouse the Goldcrest, a single bird, is recorded in October as unusual, and is accurately described; evidently of rare occurrence here.

I have to thank Mr. McCulloch, Kyleakin, for the careful attention he has given to the subject of direction of flight in every instance of a record, and, I may add, I am pleased to find much more attention paid throughout the 1884 records to this important item of our inquiries.

_Skerryvore._--Mr. Thomas Dawson sends full schedules from February to December, but remarks, "Not one bird seen here between Dec. 1st and Jan. 15th, date of latest schedule." The only evidence of rushes was that of _Turdidæ_, in November, correlating with E. coast rushes, but there are many light entries. The same gale which detained a Blackbird on the rock also detained Mr. Crow, the under light-keeper, twelve days after time at Hynish Signal Tower. He and the Blackbird changed residence on the same date.

_Dhuheartach._--Numerous light entries also from this station, dating Dec. 2nd, by Mr. William Davidson.

_Sound of Mull._--Mr. William McLellan pays careful attention to the directions of flight, and set of the tides and movements of birds in connection therewith.

_Rhuvaal._--Mr. George Boreham also notes these important particulars, and takes note of the rainfall in August--3rd to 25th--a new feature in our reports. He adds, "It is only very rarely a bird strikes our lantern, as they keep well off shore when passing on the wing."

_M'Arthur's Head._--Evidences of a rush of migrants, of many species, are given in Oct. 7th, 8th, 9th, by Mr. W. Mail. Wind prevailing S.W., but an E. gale on 9th, when "great numbers" are recorded.

_Skervuile._--Mr. John Ewing sends well-filled schedules dating Jan. 13th to Nov. 19th, giving many directions of flight. A curious and interesting note is added. "On Oct. 5th" a "Sandpiper" occurs. "This bird came to the rock five years ago, when I succeeded in taming it, but I have not seen it since that time till now."

_Rhinns of Islay._--Mr. Peter Anderson makes a very good proposal indeed, and that is that our Committee ask the cooperation of assistants as well as principals, as "by so doing you will have a far better chance to get more notes; because, as at present assistants care very little about recording their operations, as they get no credit for doing so, whilst they have one-half of the night on duty." Mr. Anderson anxiously desires a "small book of plates of birds," and complains of the confusion connected with local names in different parts. I have urged, and still urge, on our Committee the advantage there would be in a printed list of local names. For Scotland, the MS. is ready in my hands to be made useful as it stands, and there is abundant room for enlargement; but it would cost somewhat to print and distribute it. I have three excellent schedules from Mr. Anderson. I think his proposals are worthy of the attention both of our Committee and of the British Association. Mr. Ross has also materially assisted Mr. Anderson in filling these up. We would be glad to receive from all stations the names of _all the assistant keepers_, which can be inserted in next return of schedules. A very pronounced rush is recorded at this station. It is quite a principal station on our W. coast.

_Lamlash, Arran._--Mr. David M. Scott does not consider it necessary to mention all occurrences of Herons at this station, "as they breed on the high rocks on the Island, and, of course, are always in the locality."

_Turnberry._--From February to December almost all records are accompanied by winds from S.S.E., S. or E. We have records on twenty-one dates in that time, and only on one day (Nov. 19th) is the wind out of another quarter, _viz._ N.N.W.; on this date a solitary Redshank was killed at the lantern.

_Corsewall._--Rushes evident both in spring and autumn. Winds on dates of heaviest records S. to E. and N.E., but also heavy returns on Sept. 22nd, with fresh S.W. and haze. Dates of rushes very marked. A short but largely bulking schedule.

_Mull of Galloway._--The migration is, on the whole, more distinctly shown in October on the West Coast south of the Clyde than on the East Coast at Isle of May during October. The direction of flight usually given is, where noticed, S.E. While on the East Coast, at Isle of May, winds were north of either E. or W. between Sept. 26th and Oct. 17th, on the West Coast south of Clyde they were S. and W. light. The coast lines in the W. thus showed their influence on the migration; and the normal winds, being west on the West Coast, developed a larger and steadier visible migration than on the East Coast. The only Woodcock recorded at this station in October--Oct. 19th--came during strong N. breeze. A considerable number of Swallows occurred between June 29th and July 4th, when there was a rush. I have no returns from the Mull of Galloway after Oct. 23rd.

_Little Ross._--Considerable evidence of rushes in latter end of October and in November. Mr. James Ferrier says, "Since the above dates--_viz._, plates of last schedule, 18th Nov. to 24th Dec.--there have been no birds." ... "No day migration observed here."

_Langness, Isle of Man._--Mr. Robt. Clyne, formerly under-keeper at Isle of May, writes that he considers the great flights of Linnets--grey and green--are all local, and also Starlings, and he thinks they need hardly be mentioned in the schedules, in the meantime. A very large congregation of Green Linnets took place at Langness on Nov. 19th, which must be noticed in connection with our records elsewhere, on both E. and W. coasts (J. A. H. B.),--probably about 500 to 600, Mr. Clyne says. The Committee marvels very much what can have become of their late coadjutor Mr. Philip M. Kermode. He has not, to Mr. Clyne's knowledge, as yet paid him a visit. Mr. Clyne mentions the abundance of Red-legged Crows. He had entered them as "Jackdaws," but subsequently has become aware of the error. They are numerous about Castletown. Very little fog has been experienced, and the fog-signal has only been once used in the past two months (_in lit._ Nov. 24th). The Committee are much obliged to Mr. Clyne for his interesting and well-filled schedules. He gave some interesting notes also on the species breeding around the station.

_Chickens Rock, Isle of Man._--A very heavy rush is recorded between 15th Oct. and 21st to 26th, "the flocks being so dense that no approximate number could be given; they formed by far the most numerous flocks of migrants seen this season" (James Black, principal keeper). We were singularly unfortunate at the Isle of May, the winds there being N. of E. or W.; while here, in the Isle of Man, they were, during the heaviest filled dates, 15th and 21st Nov., strong W. and haze, the migrants crossing the wind, and showing largely at these more southerly stations of our West Coast.

To Mr. M'Iver, Teacher at Culken, in Assynt, Sutherland, I am obliged for some land notes of interest, which will appear under the various species in connection with Stoir Head Lighthouse.

Report under Species.

Turdidæ.--While in 1883, Spring migration almost escaped notice on the West Coast, in 1884 a rush was very evident between the 18th and 20th Feb., at stations south of Clyde, such as at Corsewall, and indications of same movement north of Clyde, at Skerryvore; but most records south of Clyde. Doubtless Isle of Man could also testify to this, but we have no schedules thence till date of July 20th, when Mr. Clyne went there. There are also a few movements in March at Skerryvore and Skervuile. In both months winds light S.S.E. or S.E. In autumn, much greater than on the East coast. Every station from Cape Rhu Stoir, south, gave movements, as follows:--Rhu Stoir (slight), Barra Head (six seen, 19th Nov.), Rona (light, and only in July), Kyleakin (light indication, 15th Nov.), Skerryvore (a number, 12th, 15th and 16th Nov.), Dhuheartach (light, 15th, 16th to 24th Oct., a few as early as 4th July and 1st Aug., probably local), Sound of Mull (few only, on 19th Sept. and 19th Dec.), Skervuile (light, in November), Rhinns of Islay (enormous rush of Redwings, Thrushes, Fieldfares, Blackbirds, with Woodcocks, Larks, Crows, 14th to 19th Nov.), and southwards, at Lamlash, Arran (good indication on 10th), at Corsewall (a rush on 10th), at Mull of Galloway (rushes, between 10th and 13th and 23rd), and at Little Ross (mostly of Blackbirds). Winds, north of Clyde, in October northerly and westerly, and in November southerly and easterly; for the most part returns lighter in October than in November, and great rushes in November at stations south of Clyde, where winds, during latter half of October and November, were S. and easterly. Great rushes all this time, correlating with East Coast of England, but not so much observed on East Coast of Scotland, owing to winds then being N., and never S., of E. or W. The species mentioned are for the most part Thrushes and Blackbirds, Fieldfares and Red-wings, but there is reason to believe that the latter really bulk largely in the migration, as where the bird is distinguished from the Thrush or Mavis they appear to have come in numbers,, as at Isle of Man (R. Clyne) and Rhinns of Islay (Peter Anderson and Wm. Ross). The migration extended over a considerable time; yet the rushes were remarkable for intensity and uniformity in time at the various stations. The earliest record given is at Dhuheartach (July 4th), but may have been a local movement, along with two other summer records. Next in August (1st, 10th and 28th, a few). Actual first migration in mass commencing Sept. 19th, 21st, and 25th at Sound of Mull, M'Arthur's Head, and Corsewall, respectively. The latest records reaching me date Dec. 19th, at Sound of Mull,--a solitary Blackbird; and by the 19th Nov. the body of the rush was past, the latest record being on that date at Rhinns of Islay. The rush was strictly defined, and there are not many full records before the last week in October. The earliest species recorded (excluding July) is Thrush, and the next Fieldfares, at Skervuile. The latest species recorded are Blackbirds, at Sound of Mull. Those species which bulk largest are Blackbirds and Thrushes; and those least, Fieldfares. Redwings are probably more numerous than actually recorded, as all our reporters do not perhaps distinguish them.

Saxicolinæ.--_Note._--For all purposes of this Report, "Stonechats" and Wheatears are identical. Where true Stonechats are recognised and mentioned, the records relating to these are kept distinct. In Spring: earliest Wheatears at Sound of Mull (29th March); latest, single bird at Skerryvore, 14th May, and one on 11th; appearance of rush at Skerryvore on 22nd, twelve birds at the lantern, fresh S., haze; and at Skervuile indications on 22nd to 24th, light E. and S.E. In Autumn: earliest at Isle of Man stations, 2nd, 9th, and 10th Aug.; almost a rush on 10th at Chickens Rock; and several, 9th and 10th, at Langness. [_Note._--Chickens Rock reporter calls them "Stonechats," but Langness reporter correctly terms them "Wheatears."] Then at Rhu Stoir, in the north, comes the next earliest date, 16th Aug. Thereafter stations returning them are Rhu Stoir, Skerryvore, Dhuheartach, Skervuile, Chickens Rock, and Langness. Bush appears most decided at the early dates at Isle of Man; and again between 20th and 24th Aug. at Dhuheartach, N. of Clyde, and at Skervuile; whilst a third considerable movement is noticeable on 15th and 26th Sept., at Isle of Man. The latter is also the latest date on record. Besides Wheatears we have the following records of true Stonechats (Stonechat, Pratincola rubicola). Earliest at Dhuheartach, August; and at Skervuile between 20th and 26th, accompanying rush of the last species. Of Redstarts only one record; and two or three at Langness on 8th Sept. Winds in August at most localities, S., S.E. and S.W., light or fresh.

Silviinæ.--In spring only one record, _viz._, Robin; one, at Monach Isles, on 7th April, S.E., clear; and a rush at Corsewall on 29th March. In autumn: earliest at Kyleakin, 24th Aug., light S. (Two previous records on 19th and 28th July at Rona, Skye, are in the debatable ground between local and general migration.) In September two single records only, at Sound of Mull and M'Arthur's Head, both on 19th, at which latter station it is reported as "arriving in winter." One Blackcap, female, sent me for identification from Skerryvore, on 16th Nov., moderate N.E., haze, completes our records of this group.

Phylloscopinæ, Gold-crested Wren.--Evident rush noticeable in spring, when great numbers, along with the Robins, were seen at Corsewall on 29th March. One bird occurred at Monach Isles, "new to Mr. Youngclause," but accurately described, therefore hitherto rare at that station; and one is recorded from Rona Skye, but no date given. In autumn a considerable migration, beginning with the earliest at Sound of Mull, on 28th Aug., strong S., with showers. Ending with latest at Lamlash, on 16th Nov., a single bird. (Note here the exactness of how even single records on West coast agree with movements on the East coast.) Scattered records occur at Lamlash, Firth of Clyde, and at Corsewall, between 10th and 19th Sept.; almost a rush on latter dates. Rush on 24th at Little Ross, and indications of ditto at Langness, on 17th and 18th; desultory records at Little Ross before these dates, 11th to 22nd. In October evidence of rushes on night of the total eclipse of the moon, _viz._, 4th Oct., between the same hours, 9 and 12 midnight, the hours of total eclipse of greatest darkness, just as was observed by Mr. Geo. E. Paterson and myself at Isle of May, on the East coast; another indication of a rush, between Oct. 19th and 23rd, at Mull of Galloway. Only single records at Dhuheartach, Skervuile, and Lamlash in November; but, as before remarked, these single records marvellously coincide with East Coast records, and are therefore important. Wind at stations returning, mostly light and various, W., E., and S. Night of eclipse, light W., cloudy and dark. Of Willow Warblers, a few on 10th and 11th Sept., at Little Ross.

Acrocephalinæ.--No records either spring or autumn. The negative evidence is worth positive record.

Paridæ.--Two records only. At Mull, of Galloway, on Sept. 10th, two Titmice, in strong S. wind at lantern, and at Sound of Mull, two struck, but not killed, on Oct. 30th, light S.W. How far these are only local movements or not, it is difficult to know with the small data yet to hand.

Troglodytidæ.--On March 30th, one Common Wren returned in schedule from Monach Isles. Fresh south haze. It would be interesting to know the original starting place of this solitary Wren. The newly-discovered insular variety of St. Kilda is, however, probably entirely resident there all winter. Nevertheless we would like specimens of Wrens from Monach Isles at all seasons for examination. In September, one occurred at Lismore, sitting on rock, on 22nd, light N.E. wind and haze. In October a single bird at Rhu Stoir, at noon, strong S. and rain, and three occurred at Lamlash on Nov. 4th, flying south against a strong S.W. wind and showers.

Motacillidæ.--Only spring record of Wagtails on May 11th two males and two females at Rhu Stoir. In autumn, earliest Aug. 27th, at Skerryvore, when one remained three days on the rock, indicating thus the correlating rush on 31st at Langness, where about a hundred in a large flock of young Pied Wagtails were seen all day. These are called "Grey Wagtails or young Pied Wagtails" by Mr. Clyne. The true Grey Wagtail is a yellow bird with a black throat and very long tail. [Surely British ornithologists can find a more descriptive and truer name than Grey Wagtail for _Motacilla boarula_. If confusion occurs amongst ordinary observers as to names, it is as often the fault of the naturalists who misapplied the names in the first instance as not.] In September a further rush of the same young Pied Wagtails observable on the 10th at Langness--a flock seen--and a dozen at Rhinns of Islay on 7th; and a few at Barra Head and one at Dhuheartach on Sept. 1st. In October a few at Langness, on the 6th, the latest given.

Motacillidæ, Pipits.--Earliest Meadow Pipit in spring, single records on 8th and 21st, at Skerryvore, light S.E. haze and fresh N.W. clear respectively. One rested on lantern of Lamlash Light on May 2nd. In autumn, the rush of Meadow Pipits took place at Isle of Man--Langness during Sept. 4th (a lot), 9th (very many), 24th (large flock), 29th (large flock). Earliest, August 31st (large flock). Later, a few in October at Skerryvore, on 6th and 16th, fresh S.W. breeze, and at same station on 1st and 12th Nov., fresh S.W., rain.

Muscicapidæ, Flycatchers.--Only one record at Longness (R. Clyne), the first record in six years' observation, on Sept. 11th. Mr. Clyne has met with the Pied Flycatcher on Isle of May, as well as the Spotted, but these two seen on Isle of Man are only designated "Flycatchers." As the Pied Flycatcher breeds in Cumberland and N. of England, it would be interesting to know which species (or if both) visits Isle of Man.

Hirundinidæ, Swallows.--Dates of arrivals are as follows:--March 30th, at Corsewall. It is worthy of note that I observed a Swallow at Glendoune Girvan hawking for insects as late in autumn of 1884 as Nov. 8th (see East Coast Report). May 11th, three seen at Rhu Stoir (an early arrival for Sutherland W. coast, J. A. H. B.), light south, one seen at Skerryvore, light S.E.; 17th, one at Skerryvore, fresh, S.W.; 14th, three at Lamlash; 19th, several all day at Rhinns of Islay, light S.E., haze; 21st, one seen at Rhu Stoir, light S.; 22nd, two Sand Martins at Barra Head; June 3rd and 4th, two Sand Martins at Barra Head, light N., cloudy; 19th, two Swallows at Kyleakin, flying S., light S. and clear; 22nd, one Swallow at Rhu Stoir, light fog and rain; 29th, great numbers (rush) flying around at Mull of Galloway, and ditto flying E. at same place on 30th; and on 30th one seen at Cape Wrath; in July, eight Swallows on 3rd and "scores" on 4th (probably local at Mull of Galloway, preparing for departure); one at Langness on. 25th; in August, flock at Langness of Swallows on 20th, and another on 25th; in September, several on 5th, at Langness, and on 8th and 10th, and single records at same place, and at Rhinns of Islay on 29th and 30th; in October, a large flock of Swallows and a party of twelve at Langness, and a flock at Chickens Rock on 6th; a flock of twelve on 19th at Langness, the latest record.

Fringillidæ.--Very few returns in spring. A few Grey Linnets on May 12th at Skervuile, and a few at Rona, Skye, on 26th, being all. In autumn, a rush, and earliest record save one, at Rhuvaal, of young Grey Linnets flying W. on Aug. 20th, and a few same day at Skervuile. The earliest date is a flock at Isle of Man (Langness) on July 29th. Latest record on Nov. 19th of Green Linnets, a rush of 700 or 800, and rushes between 4th and 19th, all at Langness. Bushes during latter end of October at Langness, and sufficient indications at several stations N. of Clyde, as Kyleakin, Skervuile, and Rhinns of Islay. This species bulks largest in all the schedules. Other species noticed are Sparrows (large flock at Langness, Oct. 13th); "Mountain Sparrow" (true Tree Sparrow), one at Rhinns of Islay; "Small Linnets" (Twites or Redpoles?) at Rhinns of Islay, Oct. 21st; Chaffinch, a few stray entries at Dhuheartach, one found dead on rock on Nov. 2nd, others seen on 17th and 19th (male), and a flock at Langness on Oct. 3rd.

Emberizidæ, Buntings.--Snow Buntings in spring, 203 on 14th to 17th March at Barra Head; a large flock at Rhu Stoir on 16th, and one female, same place, on 24th; flock at Monach Isles April 4th; one female at Rhu Stoir as late as June 2nd, fresh various rain. In autumn, records light everywhere. One in October only at Barra Head; ten on Nov. 2nd at Cape Wrath; ten on 7th at Barra Head; odd birds at Skerryvore and Dhuheartach on 16th, and an apparent rush or local flight of fifty on Island at Rhinns of Islay on 14th, and a number (with Thrushes) on 16th at same place.

Alaudidæ, Larks.--Autumn migration of 1883-4 continued with some force into January, 1884, especially noted at Kyleakin, or these may have been local flights. In spring, Larks occur sparingly at same time as Thrushes and Starlings. Feb. 1st, at Lamlash, and Feb. 19th at Skerryvore; also nine (three killed) at latter station March 10th; no more till June 15th; "Larks" at Skervuile, and four on 29th at Dhuheartach. In July, four at Dhuheartach. In autumn, earliest record at Dhuheartach on Aug. 1st, the only record that month; then only a single bird all September, on 21st, at Langness. Latest record, October 24th, a few at Rhinns of Islay. The rush was very great, and took place between the 14th and 21st October, or perhaps more compressed still between the 14th and 19th Oct. The whole duration of time in which Larks migrated is thus very limited this season, _viz._, between Oct. 14th and Oct. 24th, the latest date given. During the rush, which was observable principally at Rhinns of Islay, north of Clyde, the wind was northerly or north-westerly, the same as on the East Coast at the same dates, which accounts for the body of the rush penetrating more to the north and reaching further than in other winds. At Rhinns of Islay hundreds, and on 19th thousands were seen, wind fresh W. to N.W. All flying west. On the East Coast the winds favourable to their continued flight prevented my observing them in any great numbers at Isle of May, but there can scarcely be any doubt these great flights passed up the Firth of Forth, as we had plentiful opportunities of seeing almost continuous indications of their presence at the above dates on the Isle of May. The stations returning Larks are Skerryvore, Dhuheartach, and Rhinns of Islay, and Langness (only a small record on Oct. 2nd). Query, will our Irish Coast returns show the continuance of this flight of Larks?

Sturninæ, Starlings.--Spring, rare indications at Rhu Stoir, March 25th (probably local), one female, and at Lamlash, one on April 1st, and March 2nd one killed, and at Corsewall on Feb. 19th, struck along with Thrushes and Larks. The latter record may have been an indication of real migration, the others are most likely local only. In autumn, earliest Aug. 12th, at Isle of Man, a flock; on 23rd, a number at Rhinns of Islay, culminating in hundreds and hundreds on August 30th at Langness (Isle of Man), and again in hundreds and hundreds at Langness Sept. 18th, and indication by a flock at Mull of Galloway. Again, in October, rushes evident it may be said between 18th and 23rd, and on 29th, observable at Kyleakin (on 18th), at Mull of Galloway on 22nd and 23rd, "flocks," and on 29th by 200 or 300 at Rhinns of Islay. Another rush along with Thrushes, &c., dating Nov. 14th, at Rhinns of Islay. Indications of movements also at Kyleakin and Dhuheartach on Nov. 1st and 2nd. Latest, a solitary record on Dec. 24th at Lamlash. Migration of this species we may designate in 1884 as short, sharp and decisive.

Corvidæ, Crows.--Spring: movement of Carrion Crows, Ravens and Rooks few, and only in February and March. In February, "Black Crows" at Barra Head, one on 23rd, and fifteen on 14th and 15th, fresh S.E. and strong E.; also Carrion Crows at Skerryvore (three, "very seldom seen") flying around, fresh S. clear. Ravens, two at Cape Wrath (probably breeding in the neighbourhood, at Craig Riabhach), light S.W. haze; and one at Skerryvore flying N.E. Rooks at Rhu Stoir, probably belonging to one of two rookeries in N. and W. of Sutherland, _viz._, at Cama Loch in W. Cromarty, or at Tongue. In autumn, from 1st to 25th Aug., a very large flock, mostly young, feeding daily around Rhu Stoir (probably a local visitation from Cama Loch or Tongue), but Tongue Rooks are known to feed, regularly in winter at Far-out Head in the neighbourhood of Durness, and in severe winters are seen going there and returning in evening. The Rhu Stoir birds are therefore more likely to belong to the Cama Loch rookery. At Chickens Rock, Isle of Man, a number of Rooks flying W. towards Ireland on 11th August. No records in September. In October, Hooded and Carrion Crows flying W.S.W. for Ireland at Rhinns of Islay, and a few seen for days at Langness, feeding, about the same time. Records continue to increase in November, a rush of hundreds and thousands at Rhinns of Islay by 13th, continuing in force up to 17th and 18th, flying east on 13th, but resting or flying S.W. on 17th and 18th, along with enormous rush of Curlews, Woodcocks, Snipe, Sandpipers, Larks, Redwings, Thrushes, Starlings, Blackbirds, and a few Jacksnipes. Latest record on 19th. Also Ravens same dates, a few, and Jackdaws on 16th and 1st Dec. at Skerryvore and Dhuheartach.

Cypselidæ, Swifts.--On July 20th, about twenty flying S., strong E., rain and haze, at Skervuile, and at same station a few along with Swallows, light E. and clear.

Cuculidæ, Cuckoo.--In spring, arrivals as follows:--At Rona Skye, May 11th, first heard, light S.W. Kyleakin, May 10th, first heard, moderate S.S.W., haze. Sound of Mull, May 8th, first heard, moderate S.W., clear. Skervuile, May 10th, first seen, light E. Rhinns of Islay, May 19th, first seen, fresh E., clear. Lamlash, May 12th, first heard. Corsewall, May 11th, first heard. Autumn, Barra Head, June 28th, 1 first seen. Mull of Galloway, 1 first seen in July. Autumn records of Cuckoos scarce during six years' records.

Strigidæ.--Spring, April 28th, one Brown Owl for three days at Skerryvore; and 1 Owl in May (probably Short-eared Owl) at Dhuheartach. No autumn records.

Falconidæ.--At Skerryvore, one Sparrow Hawk on 29th. At Cape Wrath, Game Falcon and a "Small Hawk" (Merlin?) on the coast all the year round. In autumn, fewer records than usual on predatory visits. One Falcon on Aug. 28th at Rhuvaal. Sparrow Hawk on 1st, and again on 19th, at Skerryvore; one on Oct. 15th and 16th at Dhuheartach; and one Sparrow Hawk resting on sun-dial on 9th. One Eagle seen at Erraid ("rarely seen here") in November.

Pelicanidæ, Gannet.--Records in order of dates:--At Skervuile, March 10th, one flying S., fresh S.E.; 14th, one flying N., S. gale. Rhu Stoir, April 25th, five fishing, light S.E., clear. Skervuile, April 16th, one flying N. (local?). Rona, May 25th, twelve, W. clear; 29th, one, strong N., clear. Kyleakin, June 20th, in flock flying E., E. clear. Lismore, 22nd, flying S., various, light, clear. Dhuheartach, July 4th, one; 20th, flying S. Skervuile, 6th and 7th, Solans flying S.; 23rd and 24th, Solans flying S. Little Ross, July 9th, three flying W. from the Solway. At Rhu Stoir, Aug. 28th, rush, and passed daily in flocks flying N. up to the middle of August (see directions of flight at Pentland Skerries, E. Coast). During the rest of August, 24th to 30th, records are given from Rhuvaal, Skervuile, and Lamlash and Little Ross, but directions of flight are omitted under the dates given (see records off Cape St. Vincent). In September, a flock flying W. at Langness on 21st, a single bird flying N. at Barra Head, and two flying S.E. on 6th; and a late record at Lamlash on Nov. 6th (marked "late").

Anatidæ, Ducks, Geese, Swans.--Spring records of "Wild Geese" are six flying S.E., wind E. and snow, at Kyleakin (local), and two on March 23rd flying S.W. In April, 17th and 21st, two or three flying W. and flying S. Autumn ditto of Wild Geese, numerous. Earliest, Aug. 21st, flying S., at Kyleakin. Latest, Dec. 9th, six flying S. at Lamlash. Other records in Oct., but no rush evident. Of Eider Ducks there are many records. Earliest at Rhinns of Islay, seventeen males and females on Aug. 6th. Latest December 14th, seven males and seven females flying S. on 3rd, and six on 22nd at Rhinns of Islay. Greatest numbers seen at Rhinns of Islay Oct. 29th, when at least 200 were seen at 7 a.m., and 100 at 9 a.m. In November the "first seen this fall" at Skerryvore on 1st, and large flock on 6th flying S., and others at Dhuheartach. Other species are Sheldrakes (breeding at Rona), arrived in May; Barnacle Geese, thirteen at Barra Head on Oct. 13th, resting. Wigeon, one female, at Rhinns of Islay, on Aug. 23rd. Of Swans, two flying N., seen at Sound of Mull on June 2nd, with light N.W. airs. Barnacle Geese identified by head sent me.

Columbidæ.--Two Rock Doves flying S. (local) at Kyleakin, and six Wood Pigeons at same place on 22nd, flying S.S.W., moderate S. wind. In August, five doves flying E. at Rhuvaal; and in December, at Rhinns of Islay, 300 flying south, about one mile inland, light W., haze.

Rallinæ, Corn Crakes, Water Rails, &c.--Only spring record: a Corn Crake at Barra Head on 6th June. Only autumn records: one killed at lantern of Mull of Galloway, and one Water Rail killed at Rhinns of Islay (sent to me in the skin, J. A. H. B.) on 23rd October.

Charadriadæ.--Large flocks of Golden Plover arrive on the coast around Rhu Stoir during winter, when snow lies inland, and are seen onwards after March 12th and 15th, 1884, at same station. In autumn, records of Golden Plover unusually scarce; single ones at Sound of Mull, Sept. 19th, and Rhinns of Islay, Sept. 18th. Large flocks begin to arrive at Rhu Stoir ("to come towards the shore") early in November, remain all winter. At Rhinns of Islay, two "Gray Plovers," marked "rare," seen on Oct. 6th. Usual records of Oystercatchers, not so abundant or general as usual.

Lapwings.--One seen Feb. 15th at Barra Head; twenty on March 15th at Rhu Stoir, and one or two single ones there on 7th and 11th; and two on April 2nd. No great movement recorded in autumn. Rhinns of Islay, 10 flying about on 24th August and seven resting at Barra Head on 7th October.

Scolopacidæ, Woodcock, Snipe, Curlew, Whimbrel.--Woodcock: Earliest in autumn, Oct. 9th, one shot at Mull of Galloway. Latest, Nov. 18th, one at Dhuheartach, resting. Indication of more general movement between 15th, 16th, to 23rd Oct., but very slight, at Barra Head, one on 19th at Skervuile, Rhinns of Islay, and at Dhuheartach. Snipe: Only some three records; in September one at Skerryvore, in October one at Dhuheartach, and in August two at Rhinns of Islay, killed. Curlews: Numerous records from July on to November at many stations. Whimbrel: One noticed at Langness in August. A few records of Sandpipers (see notes under stations at Skervuile.)

Sterninæ, Terns.--Arrivals in spring: At Rona, a rush of 200 arrived on May 11th, light S.W. and clear. At Skervuile, one first seen on May 23rd, calm; a number arrived between 24th and 31st, light, various. At Kyleakin, Terns first seen 26th June, strong S. At M'Arthur's Head, Terns first seen 18th June. At Rhinns of Islay, Terns first seen 23rd and 24th July, light S.W. Query, return Journey? In autumn: Terns seen 11th and 12th at Skervuile; and more on 18th; and at Chickens Rock large quantities flying north on August 8th. Last seen at Kyleakin on September 6th.