Chapter CVI: Section 3: , Taipei, Taiwan, telephone: 886 (2) 2162-2000, FAX (42)

Western Sahara
Western Sahara depends on pastoral nomadism, fishing,
and phosphate mining as the principal sources of income for the
population. The territory lacks sufficient rainfall for sustainable
agricultural production, and most of the food for the urban
population must be imported. All trade and other economic activities
are controlled by the Moroccan Government. Moroccan energy interests
in 2001 signed contracts to explore for oil off the coast of Western
Sahara, which has angered the Polisario. Incomes and standards of
living in Western Sahara are substantially below the Moroccan level.

World
Global output rose by 3.7% in 2003, led by China (9.1%), India
(7.6%), and Russia (7.3%). The other 14 successor nations of the
USSR and the other old Warsaw Pact nations again experienced widely
divergent growth rates; the three Baltic nations continued as strong
performers, in the 5%-7% range of growth. Growth results posted by
the major industrial countries varied from a loss by Germany (-0.1%)
to a strong gain by the United States (3.1%). The developing nations
also varied in their growth results, with many countries facing
population increases that erode gains in output. Externally, the
nation-state, as a bedrock economic-political institution, is
steadily losing control over international flows of people, goods,
funds, and technology. Internally, the central government often
finds its control over resources slipping as separatist regional
movements - typically based on ethnicity - gain momentum, e.g., in
many of the successor states of the former Soviet Union, in the
former Yugoslavia, in India, in Iraq, in Indonesia, and in Canada.
Externally, the central government is losing decision-making powers
to international bodies. In Western Europe, governments face the
difficult political problem of channeling resources away from
welfare programs in order to increase investment and strengthen
incentives to seek employment. The addition of 80 million people
each year to an already overcrowded globe is exacerbating the
problems of pollution, desertification, underemployment, epidemics,
and famine. Because of their own internal problems and priorities,
the industrialized countries devote insufficient resources to deal
effectively with the poorer areas of the world, which, at least from
the economic point of view, are becoming further marginalized. The
introduction of the euro as the common currency of much of Western
Europe in January 1999, while paving the way for an integrated
economic powerhouse, poses economic risks because of varying levels
of income and cultural and political differences among the
participating nations. The terrorist attacks on the US on 11
September 2001 accentuate a further growing risk to global
prosperity, illustrated, for example, by the reallocation of
resources away from investment to anti-terrorist programs. The
opening of war in March 2003 between a US-led coalition and Iraq
added new uncertainties to global economic prospects. After the
coalition victory, the complex political difficulties and the high
economic cost of establishing domestic order in Iraq became major
global problems that continue into 2004.

Yemen
Yemen, one of the poorest countries in the Arab world,
reported strong growth in the mid-1990s with the onset of oil
production. It has been harmed by periodic declines in oil prices,
but now benefits from current high prices. Yemen has embarked on an
IMF-supported structural adjustment program designed to modernize
and streamline the economy, which has led to substantial foreign
debt relief and restructuring. International donors, meeting in
Paris in October 2002, agreed on a further $2.3 billion economic
support package. Yemen has worked to maintain tight control over
spending and to implement additional components of the IMF program.
A markedly high population growth rate and internal political
dissension complicate the government's task. Plans include a
diversification of the economy, encouragement of tourism, and more
efficient use of scarce water resources.

Zambia
Despite progress in privatization and budgetary reform,
Zambia's economic growth remains below the 5% to 7% necessary to
reduce poverty significantly. Privatization of government-owned
copper mines relieved the government from covering mammoth losses
generated by the industry and greatly improved the chances for
copper mining to return to profitability and spur economic growth.
Copper output increased in 2003 and is expected to increase again in
2004, due to higher copper prices. The maize harvest doubled in
2003, helping boost GDP by 4.0%. Cooperation continues with
international bodies on programs to reduce poverty, including a new
lending arrangement with the IMF expected in the second quarter,
2004. A tighter monetary policy will help cut inflation, but Zambia
still has a serious problem with fiscal discipline.

Zimbabwe
The government of Zimbabwe faces a wide variety of
difficult economic problems as it struggles with an unsustainable
fiscal deficit, an overvalued exchange rate, soaring inflation, and
bare shelves. Its 1998-2002 involvement in the war in the Democratic
Republic of the Congo, for example, drained hundreds of millions of
dollars from the economy. Badly needed support from the IMF has been
suspended because of the country's failure to meet budgetary goals.
Inflation rose from an annual rate of 32% in 1998 to 383% in 2003,
and is expected to reach 700% in 2004. The government's land reform
program, characterized by chaos and violence, has badly damaged the
commercial farming sector, the traditional source of exports and
foreign exchange and the provider of 400,000 jobs.

This page was last updated on 10 February, 2005

======================================================================

@2117 Pipelines (km)

Afghanistan
gas 387 km (2004)

Albania
gas 339 km; oil 207 km (2004)

Algeria
condensate 1,344 km; gas 85,946 km; liquid petroleum gas
2,213 km; oil 6,496 km (2004)

Angola
gas 214 km; liquid natural gas 14 km; liquid petroleum gas 30
km; oil 837 km; refined products 56 km (2004)

Argentina
gas 27,166 km; liquid petroleum gas 41 km; oil 3,668 km;
refined products 2,945 km; unknown (oil/water) 13 km (2004)

Armenia
gas 1,871 km (2004)

Australia
condensate/gas 492 km; gas 28,680 km; liquid petroleum gas
240 km; oil 4,773 km; oil/gas/water 110 km (2004)

Austria
gas 2,722 km; oil 663 km; refined products 149 km (2004)

Azerbaijan
gas 4,451 km; oil 1,518 km (2004)

Bahrain
gas 20 km; oil 53 km (2004)

Bangladesh
gas 2,012 km (2004)

Belarus
gas 5,223 km; oil 2,443 km; refined products 1,686 km (2004)

Belgium
gas 1,485 km; oil 158 km; refined products 535 km (2004)

Bolivia
gas 4,860 km; liquid petroleum gas 47 km; oil 2,457 km;
refined products 1,589 km; unknown (oil/water) 247 km (2004)

Brazil
condensate/gas 244 km; gas 10,739 km; liquid petroleum gas
341 km; oil 5,212 km; refined products 4,755 km (2004)

Brunei
gas 665 km; oil 439 km (2004)

Bulgaria
gas 2,425 km; oil 339 km; refined products 156 km (2004)

Burma
gas 2,056 km; oil 558 km (2004)

Cameroon
gas 90 km; liquid petroleum gas 9 km; oil 1,120 km (2004)

Canada
crude and refined oil 23,564 km; liquid petroleum gas 74,980
km (2003)

Chad
oil 205 km (2004)

Chile
gas 2,583 km; gas/lpg 42 km; liquid petroleum gas 539 km; oil
1,003 km; refined products 757 km (2004)

China
gas 15,890 km; oil 14,478 km; refined products 3,280 km (2004)

Colombia
gas 4,360 km; oil 6,134 km; refined products 3,140 km (2004)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
gas 54 km; oil 71 km (2004)

Congo, Republic of the
gas 53 km; oil 646 km (2004)

Costa Rica
refined products 242 km (2004)

Cote d'Ivoire
condensate 107 km; gas 223 km; oil 104 km (2004)

Croatia
gas 1,340 km; oil 583 km (2004)

Cuba
gas 49 km; oil 230 km (2004)

Czech Republic
gas 7,020 km; oil 547 km; refined products 94 km
(2004)

Denmark
condensate 12 km; gas 3,892 km; oil 455 km; oil/gas/water 2
km; unknown (oil/water) 64 km (2004)

Ecuador
extra heavy crude 578 km; gas 71 km; oil 1,386 km; refined
products 1,185 km (2004)

Egypt
condensate 289 km; condensate/gas 94 km; gas 6,115 km; liquid
petroleum gas 852 km; oil 5,032 km; oil/gas/water 36 km; refined
products 246 km (2004)

Equatorial Guinea
condensate 37 km; gas 39 km; liquid natural gas 4
km; oil 24 km (2004)

Estonia
gas 859 km (2004)

Finland
gas 694 km (2004)

France
gas 14,232 km; oil 3,024 km; refined products 4,889 km (2004)

Gabon
gas 210 km; oil 1,385 km (2004)

Georgia
gas 1,697 km; oil 1,027 km; refined products 232 km (2004)

Germany
condensate 325 km; gas 25,293 km; oil 3,540 km; refined
products 3,827 km (2004)

Ghana
refined products 74 km (2004)

Greece
gas 1,166 km; oil 94 km (2004)

Guatemala
oil 480 km (2004)

Hungary
gas 4,397 km; oil 990 km; refined products 335 km (2004)

India
gas 6,171 km; liquid petroleum gas 1,195 km; oil 5,613 km;
refined products 5,567 km (2004)

Indonesia
condensate 850 km; condensate/gas 128 km; gas 8,506 km;
oil 7,472 km; oil/gas/water 66 km; refined products 1,329 km (2004)

Iran
condensate/gas 212 km; gas 16,998 km; liquid petroleum gas 570
km; oil 8,256 km; refined products 7,808 km (2004)

Iraq
gas 1,739 km; oil 5,418 km; refined products 1,343 km (2004)

Ireland
gas 1,795 km (2004)

Israel
gas 140 km; oil 1,509 km (2004)

Italy
gas 17,335 km; oil 1,136 km (2004)

Japan
gas 2,719 km; oil 170 km; oil/gas/water 60 km (2004)

Jordan
gas 10 km; oil 743 km (2004)

Kazakhstan
condensate 18 km; gas 10,370 km; oil 10,158 km; refined
products 1,187 km (2004)

Kenya
refined products 752 km (2004)

Korea, North
oil 154 km (2004)

Korea, South
gas 1,433 km; refined products 827 km (2004)

Kuwait
gas 169 km; oil 540 km; refined products 57 km (2004)

Kyrgyzstan
gas 367 km; oil 13 km (2004)

Laos
refined products 540 km (2004)

Latvia
gas 1,097 km; oil 409 km; refined products 415 km (2004)

Lebanon
oil 209 km (2004)

Libya
condensate 225 km; gas 3,611 km; oil 7,252 km (2004)

Liechtenstein
gas 20 km (2004)

Lithuania
gas 1,696 km; oil 331 km; refined products 109 km (2004)

Luxembourg
gas 155 km (2004)

Macedonia
gas 268 km; oil 120 km (2004)

Malaysia
condensate 279 km; gas 5,047 km; oil 1,841 km; refined
products 114 km (2004)

Mexico
crude oil 28,200 km; petroleum products 10,150 km; natural
gas 13,254 km; petrochemical 1,400 km (2003)

Moldova
gas 606 km (2004)

Morocco
gas 695 km; oil 285 km (2004)

Mozambique
gas 649 km; refined products 292 km (2004)

Netherlands
condensate 325 km; gas 6,998 km; oil 590 km; refined
products 716 km (2004)

New Zealand
gas 2,213 km; liquid petroleum gas 79 km; oil 160 km;
refined products 304 km (2004)

Nicaragua
oil 54 km (2004)

Nigeria
condensate 105 km; gas 1,896 km; oil 3,638 km; refined
products 3,626 km (2004)

Norway
condensate 411 km; gas 6,199 km; oil 2,213 km; oil/gas/water
746 km; unknown (oil/water) 38 km (2004)

Oman
gas 3,754 km; oil 3,212 km (2004)

Pakistan
gas 9,945 km; oil 1,821 km (2004)

Papua New Guinea
oil 264 km (2004)

Peru
gas 388 km; oil 1,557 km; refined products 13 km (2004)

Philippines
gas 565 km; oil 135 km; refined products 100 km (2004)

Poland
gas 13,552 km; oil 1,772 km (2004)

Portugal
gas 1,099 km; oil 8 km; refined products 174 km (2004)

Qatar
condensate 319 km; condensate/gas 209 km; gas 1,024 km; liquid
petroleum gas 87 km; oil 702 km; oil/gas/water 41 km (2004)

Romania
gas 3,508 km; oil 2,427 km (2004)

Russia
condensate 122 km; gas 150,007 km; oil 75,539 km; refined
products 13,771 km (2004)

Saudi Arabia
condensate 212 km; gas 1,780 km; liquid petroleum gas
1,191 km; oil 5,068 km; refined products 1,162 km (2004)

Senegal
gas 564 km (2004)

Serbia and Montenegro
gas 3,177 km; oil 393 km (2004)

Singapore
gas 139 km (2004)

Slovakia
gas 6,769 km; oil 449 km (2004)

Slovenia
gas 2,526 km; oil 11 km (2004)

South Africa
condensate 100 km; gas 1,052 km; oil 847 km; refined
products 1,354 km (2004)

Spain
gas 7,306 km; oil 730 km; refined products 3,512 km (2004)

Sudan
gas 156 km; oil 2,365 km; refined products 810 km (2004)

Suriname
oil 51 km (2004)

Sweden
gas 798 km (2004)

Switzerland
gas 1,831 km; oil 94 km; refined products 7 km (2004)

Syria
gas 2,300 km; oil 2,183 km (2004)

Taiwan
condensate 25 km; gas 435 km (2004)

Tajikistan
gas 541 km; oil 38 km (2004)

Tanzania
gas 29 km; oil 866 km (2004)

Thailand
gas 3,112 km; refined products 265 km (2004)

Trinidad and Tobago
condensate 253 km; gas 1,117 km; oil 478 km
(2004)

Tunisia
gas 3,059 km; oil 1,203 km; refined products 345 km (2004)

Turkey
gas 3,177 km; oil 3,562 km (2004)

Turkmenistan
gas 6,549 km; oil 1,395 km (2004)

Ukraine
gas 20,069 km; oil 4,540 km; refined products 4,169 km (2004)

United Arab Emirates
condensate 469 km; gas 2,655 km; liquid
petroleum gas 300 km; oil 2,936 km; oil/gas/water 5 km (2004)

United Kingdom
condensate 370 km; gas 21,446 km; liquid petroleum
gas 59 km; oil 6,420 km; oil/gas/water 63 km; refined products 4,474
km (2004)

United States
petroleum products 244,620 km; natural gas 548,665 km
(2003)

Uruguay
gas 192 km (2004)

Uzbekistan
gas 9,149 km; oil 869 km; refined products 33 km (2004)

Venezuela
extra heavy crude 992 km; gas 5,262 km; oil 7,360 km;
refined products 1,681 km; unknown (oil/water) 141 km (2004)

Vietnam
condensate/gas 432 km; gas 210 km; oil 3 km; refined
products 206 km (2004)

Yemen
gas 88 km; oil 1,174 km (2004)

Zambia
oil 771 km (2004)

Zimbabwe
refined products 261 km (2004)

This page was last updated on 10 February, 2005

======================================================================

@2118 Political parties and leaders

Afghanistan
note - includes only political parties approved by the
Ministry of Justice: Afghan Millat [Anwarul Haq AHADI]; De
Afghanistan De Solay Ghorzang Gond [Shahnawaz TANAI]; De Afghanistan
De Solay Mili Islami Gond [Shah Mahmood Polal ZAI]; Harakat-e-Islami
Afghanistan [Mohammad Asif MOHSINEE];
Hezb-e-Aarman-e-Mardum-e-Afghanistan [Iihaj Saraj-u-din ZAFAREE];
Hezb-e-Aazadee Afghanistan [Abdul MALIK]; Hezb-e-Adalat-e-Islami
Afghanistan [Mohammad Kabeer MARZBAN]; Hezb-e-Afghanistan-e-Wahid
[Mohammad Wasil RAHEEMEE]; Hezb-e-Afghan Watan Islami Gond [NA
leader]; Hezb-e-Congra-e-Mili Afghanistan [Lateef PIDRAM];
Hezb-e-Falah-e-Mardum-e-Afghanistan [Mohammad ZAREEF];
Hezb-e-Libral-e-Aazadee Khwa-e-Mardum-e-Afghanistan [Ajmal SOHAIL];
Hezb-e-Hambastagee Mili Jawanan-e-Afghanistan [Mohammad Jamil
KARZAI]; Hezb-e-Hamnbatagee-e-Afghanistan [Abdul Khaleq NEMAT];
Hezb-e-Harakat-e-Mili Wahdat-e-Afghanistan [Moahammad Nadir AATASH];
Hezb-e-Harak-e-Islami Mardum-e-Afghanistan [Ilhaj Said Hssain
ANWARY]; Hezb-e-Ifazat Az Uqoq-e-Bashar Wa Inkishaf-e-Afghanistan
[Baryalai NASRATEE]; Hezb-e-Istiqlal-e-Afghanistan [Dr. Gh. Farooq
NIJZRABEE]; Hezb-e-Jamhoree Khwahan [Sibghatullah SANJAR];
Hezb-e-Kar Wa Tawsiha-e-Afghanistan [Zulfiar OMID]; Hezb-e-Mili
Afghanistan [Abdul Rasheed AARYAN]; Hezb-e-Mili
Wahdat-e-Aqwam-e-Islami Afghanistan [Mohammad Shah KHOGYANEE];
Hezb-e-Nuhzhat-e-Mili Afghanistan [Ahmad Wali MASOUD];
Hezb-e-Paiwand-e-Mili Afghanistan [Said Mansoor NADIRI];
Hezb-e-Rastakhaiz-e-Islami Mardum-e-Afghanistan [Said ZAHIR];
Hezb-e-Refah-e-Mardum-e-Afghanistan [Mia Gul WASEEQ];
Hezb-e-Risalat-e-Mardum-e-Afghanistan [Noor Aqa ROEEN];
Hezb-e-Sahadat-e-Mardum-e-Afghanistan [Mohammad Zubair PAIROZ];
Hezb-e-Sahadat-e-Mili Wa Islami Afghanistan [Mohammad Usman
SALIGZADA]; Hezb-e-Sulh-e-Mili Islami Aqwam-e-Afghanistan [Abdul
Qahir SHARYATEE]; Hezb-e-Sulh Wa Wahdat-e-Mili Afghanistan [Abdul
Qadir IMAMEE]; Hezb-e-Tafahum-e-Wa Democracy Afghanistan [Ahamad
SHAHEEN]; Hezb-e-Wahdat-e-Islami Afghanistan [Mohammad Karim
KHALILI]; Hezb-e-Wahdat-e-Islami Mardum-e-Afghanistan [Haji Mohammad
MUHAQIQ]; Hezb-e-Wahdat-e-Mili Afghanistan [Abdul Rasheed Jalili];
Jamahat-ul-Dahwat ilal Qurhan-wa-Sunat-ul-Afghanistan [Mawlawee
Samiullah NAJEEBEE]; Jombesh-e Milli [Abdul Rashjid DOSTUM];
Mahaz-e-Mili Islami Afghanistan [Said Ahmad GAILANEE]; Majmah-e-Mili
Fahaleen-e-Sulh-e-Afghanistan [Shams ul Haq Noor SHAMS];
Nuhzat-e-Aazadee Wa democracy Afghanistan [Abdul Raqeeb Jawid
KUHISTANEE]; Nuhzat-e-Hambastagee Mili Afghanistan [Peer Said Ishaq
GAILANEE]; Sazman-e-Islami Afghanistan-e-Jawan [Siad Jawad
HUSSAINEE]; Tahreek Wahdat-e-Mili [Sultan Mahmood DHAZI] (30 Sep
2004)

Albania
Agrarian Environmentalist Party or PAA [Lufter XHUVELI];
Christian Democratic Party or PDK [Nikolle LESI]; Communist Party of
Albania or PKSH [Hysni MILLOSHI]; Democratic Alliance Party or PAD
[Neritan CEKA]; Democratic Party or PD [Sali BERISHA]; Legality
Movement Party or PLL [Ekrem SPAHIU]; Liberal Union Party or PBL
[Arjan STAROVA]; National Front Party (Balli Kombetar) or PBK
[Adriatik ALIMADHI]; New Democratic Party or PDR [Genc POLLO]; Party
of National Unity or PUK [Idajet BEQIRI]; Renewed Democratic Party
or PDR [Dashamir SHEHI]; Republican Party or PR [Fatmir MEDIU];
Social Democracy Party or PDS [Paskal MILO]; Social Democratic Party
or PSD [Skender GJINUSHI]; Socialist Movement for Integration or LSI
[Ilir META]; Socialist Party or PS (formerly the Albanian Party of
Labor) [Fatos NANO]; Union for Human Rights Party or PBDNJ [Vangjel
DULE]

Algeria
Algerian National Front or FNA [Moussa TOUATI]; Democratic
National Rally or RND [Ahmed OUYAHIA, chairman]; Islamic Salvation
Front or FIS (outlawed April 1992) [Ali BELHADJ and Dr. Abassi
MADANI, Rabeh KEBIR (self-exiled in Germany)]; National Entente
Movement or MEN [Ali BOUKHAZNA]; National Liberation Front or FLN
[Abdelaziz BELKHADEM, secretary general (also serves as Foreign
Minister)]; National Reform Movement or Islah (formerly MRN)
[Abdellah DJABALLAH]; National Renewal Party or PRA [Yacine
TERKMANE]; Progressive Republican Party [Khadir DRISS]; Rally for
Culture and Democracy or RCD [Said SAADI, secretary general];
Renaissance Movement or EnNahda Movement [Fatah RABEI]; Social
Liberal Party or PSL [Ahmed KHELIL]; Socialist Forces Front or FFS
[Hocine Ait AHMED, secretary general (self-exiled in Switzerland)];
Society of Peace Movement or MSP [Boujerra SOLTANI]; Workers Party
or PT [Louisa HANOUN]
note: a law banning political parties based on religion was enacted
in March 1997

American Samoa
Democratic Party [leader NA]; Republican Party
[leader NA]

Andorra
Andorran Democratic Center Party or CDA (formerly Democratic
Party or PD) [leader NA]; Liberal Party of Andorra or PLA (formerly
Liberal Union or UL) [Albert PINTAT]; Social Democratic Party or PS
(formerly part of National Democratic Group or AND) [leader NA]

Angola
Liberal Democratic Party or PLD [Analia de Victoria PEREIRA];
National Front for the Liberation of Angola or FNLA [disputed
leadership: Lucas NGONDA, Holden ROBERTO]; National Union for the
Total Independence of Angola or UNITA [Isaias SAMAKUVA], largest
opposition party has engaged in years of armed resistance; Popular
Movement for the Liberation of Angola or MPLA [Jose Eduardo DOS
SANTOS], ruling party in power since 1975; Social Renewal Party or
PRS [disputed leadership: Eduardo KUANGANA, Antonio MUACHICUNGO]
note: about a dozen minor parties participated in the 1992 elections
but only won a few seats and have little influence in the National
Assembly

Anguilla
Anguilla United Movement or AUM [Hubert HUGHES]; The United
Front or UF [Osbourne FLEMING, Victor BANKS], a coalition of the
Anguilla Democratic Party or ADP and the Anguilla National Alliance
or ANA; Anguilla Patriotic Movement or APM [Quincy GUMBS]; Movement
for Grassroots Democracy or MFGD [Joyce KENTISH, John BENJAMIN]

Antigua and Barbuda
Antigua Labor Party or ALP [Lester Bryant BIRD];
Barbuda People's Movement or BPM [Thomas H. FRANK]; United
Progressive Party or UPP [Baldwin SPENCER] (a coalition of three
opposition parties - United National Democratic Party or UNDP,
Antigua Caribbean Liberation Movement or ACLM, and Progressive Labor
Movement or PLM)

Argentina
Action for the Republic or AR [Domingo CAVALLO];
Alternative for a Republic of Equals or ARI [Elisa CARRIO]; Front
for a Country in Solidarity or Frepaso (a four-party coalition)
[Dario Pedro ALESSANDRO]; Interbloque Federal or IF (a broad
coalition of approximately 12 parties including RECREAR) [leader
NA]; Justicialist Party or PJ [leader NA] (Peronist umbrella
political organization); Radical Civic Union or UCR [Angel ROZAS];
Federal Recreate Movement or RECREAR [Ricardo LOPEZ MURPHY];
Socialist Party or PS [Ruben GIUSTINIANI]; Union For All [Patricia
BULLRICH]; several provincial parties

Armenia
Agro-Industrial Party [Vladimir BADALIAN]; Armenia Party
[Myasnik MALKHASYAN]; Armenian National Movement or ANM [Alex
ARZUMANYAN, chairman]; Armenian Ramkavar Liberal Party or HRAK
[Harutyun MIRZAKHANYAN, chairman]; Armenian Revolutionary Federation
("Dashnak" Party) or ARF [Vahan HOVHANISSIAN]; Democratic Party
[Aram SARKISYAN]; Justice Bloc (comprised of the Democratic Party,
National Democratic Party, National Democratic Union, and the
People's Party); National Democratic Party [Shavarsh KOCHARIAN];
National Democratic Union or NDU [Vazgen MANUKIAN]; National Unity
Party [Artashes GEGAMIAN, chairman]; People's Party of Armenia
[Stepan DEMIRCHYAN]; Republic Party [Albert BAZEYAN and Aram
SARKISYAN, chairmen]; Republican Party or RPA [Andranik MARKARYAN];
Rule of Law Party [Artur BAGDASARIAN, chairman]; Union of
Constitutional Rights [Hrant KHACHATURYAN]; United Labor Party
[Gurgen ARSENIAN]

Aruba
Aruba Solidarity Movement or MAS [leader NA]; Aruban
Democratic Alliance or Aliansa [leader NA]; Aruban Democratic Party
or PDA [Leo BERLINSKI]; Aruban Liberal Party or OLA [Glenbert
CROES]; Aruban Patriotic Party or PPA [Benny NISBET]; Aruban
People's Party or AVP [Jan (Henny) H. EMAN]; Concentration for the
Liberation of Aruba or CLA [leader NA]; People's Electoral Movement
Party or MEP [Nelson O. ODUBER]; For a Restructured Aruba Now or
PARA [Urbana LOPEZ]; National Democratic Action or ADN [Pedro Charro
KELLY]

Australia
Australian Democrats [Andrew BARTLETT]; Australian Labor
Party [Mark LATHAM]; Australian Progressive Alliance [Meg LEES];
Country Liberal Party [Terry MILLS]; Australian Greens [Bob BROWN];
Liberal Party [John Winston HOWARD]; The Nationals [John ANDERSON];
One Nation Party [Len HARRIS]

Austria
Austrian People's Party or OeVP [Wolfgang SCHUESSEL];
Freedom Party of Austria or FPOe [Ursula HAUBNER]; Social Democratic
Party of Austria or SPOe [Alfred GUSENBAUER]; The Greens [Alexander
VAN DER BELLEN]

Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan Popular Front or APF [Ali KARIMLI, leader of
"Reform" faction; Mirmahmud MIRALI-OGLU, leader of "Classic"
faction]; Civic Solidarity Party or CSP [Sabir RUSTAMKHANLY]; Civic
Union Party [Ayaz MUTALIBOV]; Communist Party of Azerbaijan or CPA
[Ramiz AHMADOV]; Compatriot Party [Mais SAFARLI]; Democratic Party
for Azerbaijan or DPA [Rasul QULIYEV, chairman]; Justice Party
[Ilyas ISMAILOV]; Liberal Party of Azerbaijan [Lala Shovkat
HACIYEVA]; Musavat [Isa GAMBAR, chairman]; New Azerbaijan Party or
NAP [vacant]; Party for National Independence of Azerbaijan or PNIA
[Etibar MAMMADLI, chairman]; Social Democratic Party of Azerbaijan
or SDP [Araz ALIZADE and Ayaz MUTALIBOV]
note: opposition parties regularly factionalize and form new parties

Bahamas, The
Free National Movement or FNM [Tommy TURNQUEST];
Progressive Liberal Party or PLP [Perry CHRISTIE]

Bahrain
political parties prohibited but politically oriented
societies are allowed

Bangladesh
Awami League or AL [Sheikh HASINA]; Bangladesh Communist
Party or BCP [Saifuddin Ahmed MANIK]; Bangladesh Nationalist Party
or BNP [Khaleda ZIA, chairperson]; Islami Oikya Jote or IOJ [Mufti
Fazlul Haq AMINI]; Jamaat-e-Islami or JI [Motiur Rahman NIZAMI];
Jatiya Party or JP (Ershad faction) [Hussain Mohammad ERSHAD];
Jatiya Party (Manzur faction) [Naziur Rahman MANZUR]

Barbados
Barbados Labor Party or BLP [Owen ARTHUR]; Democratic Labor
Party or DLP [Clyde Mascoll]

Belarus
Pro-government parties: Agrarian Party or AP; Belarusian
Communist Party or KPB; Belarusian Patriotic Movement (Belarusian
Patriotic Party) or BPR [Anatoliy BARANKEVICH, chairman]; Liberal
Democratic Party of Belarus [Sergei GAYDUKEVICH]; Social-Sports
Party; Opposition parties: Belarusian Popular Front or BNF [Vintsuk
VYACHORKA]; Belarusian Social-Democrat Party Narodnaya Gromada or
BSDP NG [Nikolay STATKEVICH, chairman]; Belarusian Social-Democratic
Party Hromada [Stanislav SHUSHKEVICH, chairman]; United Civic Party
or UCP [Anatol LEBEDKO]; Party of Communists Belarusian or PKB
[Sergei KALYAKIN, chairman]; Women's Party "Nadezhda" [Valentina
MATUSEVICH, chairperson]
note: the opposition Belarusian Party of Labor [Aleksandr
BUKHVOSTOV] was liquidated in August 2004, but remains active

Belgium
Christian Democrats and Flemish or CD & V [Jo VANDEURZEN];
Ecolo (Francophone Greens) [Jean-Michel JAVAUX, Evelyne HUYTEBROECK,
Claude BROUIR]; Flemish Liberal Democrats or VLD [Bart SOMERS];
Flemish Socialist Party.Alternative or SP.A [Steve STEVAERT];
Francophone Humanist and Democratic Center of CDH [Joelle MILQUET];
Francophone Reformist Movement or MR [Didier REYNDERS]; Francophone
Socialist Party or PS [Elio DI RUPO]; GROEN! (formerly AGALEV,
Flemish Greens) [Vera DUA]; National Front or FN [Daniel FERET]; New
Flemish Alliance or NVA [Bart DE WEVER]; Spirit [Els VAN WEERT];
note - new party now associated with SP.A; Vlaams Belang or VB
[Frank VANHECKE]; other minor parties

Belize
People's United Party or PUP [Said MUSA]; United Democratic
Party or UDP [Dean BARROW, party leader; Douglas SINGH, party
chairman]

Benin
African Congress for Renewal or DUNYA [Saka SALEY]; African
Movement for Democracy and Progress or MADEP [Sefou FAGBOHOUN];
Alliance of the Social Democratic Party or PSD [Bruno AMOUSSOU];
Coalition of Democratic Forces [Gatien HOUNGBEDJI]; Democratic
Renewal Party or PRD [Adrien HOUNGBEDJI]; Front for Renewal and
Development or FARD-ALAFIA [Jerome Sakia KINA]; Impulse for Progress
and Democracy or IPD [Bertin BORNA]; Key Force or FC [leader NA];
Presidential Movement (UBF, MADEP, FC, IDP, and 4 other small
parties); Renaissance Party du Benin or PRB [Nicephore SOGLO]; The
Star Alliance (Alliance E'toile) [Sacca LAFIA]; Union of Tomorrow's
Benin or UBF [Bruno AMOUSSOU]
note: approximately 20 additional minor parties

Bermuda
Gombey Liberation Party or GLP [Gavin Sundjata SMITH];
National Liberal Party or NLP [Dessaline WALDRON]; Progressive Labor
Party or PLP [William Alexander SCOTT]; United Bermuda Party or UBP
[Grant GIBBONS];

Bhutan
no legal parties

Bolivia
Bolivian Socialist Falange or FSB [Romel PANTOJA]; Civic
Solidarity Union or UCS [Johnny FERNANDEZ]; Free Bolivia Movement or
MBL [Franz BARRIOS]; Marshal of Ayacucho Institutional Vanguard or
VIMA [Freddy ZABALA]; Movement of the Revolutionary Left or MIR
[Jaime PAZ Zamora]; Movement Toward Socialism or MAS [Evo MORALES];
Movement Without Fear or MSM [Juan DEL GRANADO]; Nationalist
Democratic Action or ADN [Jorge Fernando QUIROGA Ramirez];
Nationalist Revolutionary Movement or MNR [leader NA]; New
Republican Force or NFR [Manfred REYES-VILLA]; Pachakuti Indigenous
Movement or MIP [Felipe QUISPE]; Socialist Party or PS [Jeres
JUSTINIANO]

Bosnia and Herzegovina
Alliance of Independent Social Democrats or
SNSD [Milorad DODIK]; Bosnian Party or BOSS [Mirnes AJANOVIC]; Civic
Democratic Party or GDS [Ibrahim SPAHIC]; Croatian Democratic Union
of Bosnia and Herzegovina or HDZ-BH [Barisa COLAK]; Croat Christian
Democratic Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina or HKDU [Mijo
IVANIC-LONIC]; Croat Party of Rights or HSP [Zdravko HRISTIC]; Croat
Peasants Party or HSS [Marko TADIC]; Democratic National Union or
DNZ [Fikret ABDIC]; Liberal Democratic Party or LDS [Rasim KADIC];
New Croat Initiative or NHI [Kresimir ZUBAK]; Party for Bosnia and
Herzegovina or SBiH [Safet HALILOVIC]; Party of Democratic Action or
SDA [Sulejman TIHIC]; Party of Democratic Progress or PDP [Mladen
IVANIC]; Serb Democratic Party or SDS [Dragan CAVIC - acting]; Serb
Radical Party of the Republika Srpska or SRS-RS [Milanko MIHAJLICA];
Serb Radical Party-Dr. Vojislav Seselj or SRS-VS [Radislav
KANJERIC]; Social Democratic Party of BIH or SDP [Zlatko
LAGUMDZIJA]; Social Democratic Union or SDU [Miro LAZOVIC];
Socialist Party of Republika Srpska or SPRS [Petar DJOKIC]

Botswana
Botswana Democratic Party or BDP [Seretse Ian KHAMA];
Botswana National Front or BNF [Otswoletse MOUPO]; Botswana Congress
Party or BCP [Mokgweetsi KGOSIPULA]; Botswana Alliance Movement or
BAM [Ephraim Lepetu SETSHWAELO]
note: a number of minor parties joined forces in 1999 to form the
BAM but did not capture any parliamentary seats; the BAM parties
are: the United Action Party [Ephraim Lepetu SETSHWAELO], the
Independence Freedom Party or IFP [Motsamai MPHO], and the Botswana
Progressive Union [D. K. KWELE]

Brazil
Brazilian Democratic Movement Party or PMDB [Federal Deputy
Michel TEMER]; Brazilian Labor Party or PTB [Federal Deputy Roberto
JEFFERSON]; Brazilian Social Democracy Party or PSDB [Senator
Eduardo AZAREDO]; Brazilian Socialist Party or PSB [Federal Deputy
Miguel ARRAES]; Communist Party of Brazil or PCdoB [Renato RABELO];
Democratic Labor Party or PDT [Carlos LUPI]; Green Party or PV [Jose
Luiz de Franca PENNA]; Liberal Front Party or PFL [Senator Jorge
BORNHAUSEN]; Liberal Party or PL [Federal Deputy Valdemar COSTA
Neto]; National Order Reconstruction Party or PRONA [Federal Deputy
Dr. Eneas CARNEIRO]; Popular Socialist Party or PPS [Federal Deputy
Roberto FREIRE]; Progressive Party or PP [Federal Deputy Pedro
CORREA]; Worker's Party or PT [Jose GENOINO]; Social Christian Party
or PSC [Vitor Jorge ABDALA NOSSEIS]

British Virgin Islands
Concerned Citizens Movement or CCM [Ethlyn
SMITH]; National Democratic Party or NDP [Orlando SMITH]; United
Party or UP [Gregory MADURO]; Virgin Islands Party or VIP [Ralph T.
O'NEAL]

Brunei
other parties include Brunei People's Party or PRB (banned in
1962) and Brunei National Democratic Party (registered in May 1965,
deregistered by the Brunei Government in 1988)

Bulgaria
Bulgarian Agrarian National Union-People's Union or BANU
[Anastasia MOZER]; Bulgarian Socialist Party or BSP [Sergei
STANISHEV]; Coalition for Bulgaria or CfB (coalition of parties
dominated by BSP) [Sergei STANISHEV]; Democrats for a Strong
Bulgaria or DSB [Ivan KOSTOV]; Movement for Rights and Freedoms or
MRF [Ahmed DOGAN]; National Movement for Simeon II or NMS2 [Simeon
SAXE-COBURG-GOTHA]; New Time [Emil KOSHLUKOV]; Union of Democratic
Forces or UDF [Nadezhda MIKHAYLOVA]; Union of Free Democrats or UFD
[Stefan SOFIYANSKI]; United Democratic Forces or UtDF (a coalition
of center-right parties dominated by DSB)

Burkina Faso
African Democratic Rally-Alliance for Democracy and
Federation or RDA-ADF [Herman YAMEOGO]; Confederation for Federation
and Democracy or CFD [Amadou Diemdioda DICKO]; Congress for
Democracy and Progress or CDP [Roch Marc-Christian KABORE]; Movement
for Tolerance and Progress or MTP [Nayabtigungou Congo KABORE];
Party for African Independence or PAI [Philippe OUEDRAOGO]; Party
for Democracy and Progress or PDP [Joseph KI-ZERBO]; Union of Greens
for the Development of Burkina Faso or UVDB [Ram OVEDRAGO]

Burma
National League for Democracy or NLD [AUNG SHWE, chairman,
AUNG SAN SUU KYI, general secretary]; National Unity Party or NUP
(progovernment) [THA KYAW]; Shan Nationalities League for Democracy
or SNLD [KHUN HTUN OO]; and other smaller parties

Burundi
the two national, mainstream, governing parties are: Unity
for National Progress or UPRONA [Alphonse KADEGE, president];
Burundi Democratic Front or FRODEBU [Jean MINANI, president]
note: a multiparty system was introduced after 1998, included are:
Burundi African Alliance for the Salvation or ABASA [Terrence
NSANZE]; Rally for Democracy and Economic and Social Development or
RADDES [Joseph NZEYIMANA]; Party for National Redress or PARENA
[Jean-Baptiste BAGAZA]; People's Reconciliation Party or PRP
[Mathias HITIMANA]

Cambodia
Cambodian Pracheachon Party (Cambodian People's Party) or
CPP [CHEA SIM]; National United Front for an Independent, Neutral,
Peaceful, and Cooperative Cambodia or FUNCINPEC [Prince NORODOM
Ranariddh]; Sam Rangsi Party or SRP [SAM RANGSI]

Cameroon
Cameroonian Democratic Union or UDC [Adamou NDAM NJOYA];
Democratic Rally of the Cameroon People or RDCP [Paul BIYA];
Movement for the Defense of the Republic or MDR [Dakole DAISSALA];
Movement for the Liberation and Development of Cameroon or MLDC
[leader Marcel YONDO]; Movement for the Youth of Cameroon or MYC
[Dieudonne TINA]; National Union for Democracy and Progress or UNDP
[Maigari BELLO BOUBA]; Social Democratic Front or SDF [John FRU
NDI]; Union of Cameroonian Populations or UPC [Augustin Frederic
KODOCK]

Canada
Bloc Quebecois [Gilles DUCEPPE]; Conservative Party of Canada
(a merger of the Canadian Alliance and the Progressive Conservative
Party) [Stephen HARPER]; Liberal Party [Paul MARTIN]; New Democratic
Party [Jack LAYTON]

Cape Verde
African Party for Independence of Cape Verde or PAICV
[Jose Maria Pereira NEVES, chairman]; Democratic Alliance for Change
or ADM [Dr. Eurico MONTEIRO] (a coalition of PCD, PTS, and UCID);
Democratic Christian Party or PDC [Manuel RODRIGUES, chairman];
Democratic Renovation Party or PRD [Jacinto SANTOS, president];
Movement for Democracy or MPD [Agostinho LOPES, president]; Party
for Democratic Convergence or PCD [Dr. Eurico MONTEIRO, president];
Party of Work and Solidarity or PTS [Isaias RODRIGUES, president];
Social Democratic Party or PSD [Joao ALEM, president]

Cayman Islands
no national teams (loose groupings of political
organizations) were formed for the 2000 elections; United Democratic
Party or UDP [leader McKeeva BUSH]; People's Progressive Movement or
PPM [leader Kurt TIBBETTS]

Central African Republic
Alliance for Democracy and Progress or ADP
[Jacques MBOLIEDAS]; Central African Democratic Assembly or RDC
[Andre KOLINGBA]; Civic Forum or FC [Gen. Timothee MALENDOMA];
Democratic Forum for Modernity or FODEM [Charles MASSI]; Liberal
Democratic Party or PLD [Nestor KOMBO-NAGUEMON]; Movement for
Democracy and Development or MDD [David DACKO]; Movement for the
Liberation of the Central African People or MLPC [the party of
deposed president, Ange-Felix PATASSE]; Patriotic Front for Progress
or FPP [Abel GOUMBA]; People's Union for the Republic or UPR [Pierre
Sammy MAKFOY]; National Unity Party or PUN [Jean-Paul NGOUPANDE];
Social Democratic Party or PSD [Enoch LAKOUE]

Chad
Federation Action for the Republic or FAR [Ngarlejy YORONGAR];
National Rally for Development and Progress or RNDP [Mamadou BISSO];
National Union for Democracy and Renewal or UNDR [Saleh KEBZABO];
Patriotic Salvation Movement or MPS [Mahamat Saleh AHMAT, chairman]
(originally in opposition but now the party in power and the party
of the president); Rally for Democracy and Progress or RPD [leader
NA]; Union for Renewal and Democracy or URD [Gen. Wadal Abdelkader
KAMOUGUE]; Viva Rally for Development and Progress or Viva RNDP
[Delwa Kassire COUMAKOYE]

Chile
Alliance for Chile ("Alianza") or APC - including RN and UDI;
Christian Democratic Party or PDC [Adolfo ZALDIVAR]; Coalition of
Parties for Democracy ("Concertacion") or CPD - including PDC, PS,
PPD, PRSD; Communist Party or PC [Gladys MARIN]; Independent
Democratic Union or UDI [Pablo LONGUEIRA]; National Renewal or RN
[Sebastian PINERA]; Party for Democracy or PPD [Victor BARRUETO];
Radical Social Democratic Party or PRSD [Orlando CANTUARIAS];
Socialist Party or PS [Gonzalo MARTNER]

China
Chinese Communist Party or CCP [HU Jintao, General Secretary
of the Central Committee]; eight registered small parties controlled
by CCP

Christmas Island
none

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
none

Colombia
Conservative Party or PSC [Carlos HOLGUIN Sardi]; Liberal
Party or PL [Camilo SANCHEZ]; Colombian Communist Party or PCC
[Jaime CAICEDO]; Democratic Pole or PDI [Antonio NAVARRO Wolff]
note: Colombia has about 60 formally recognized political parties,
most of which do not have a presence in either house of Congress

Comoros
Forces pour l'Action Republicaine or FAR [Col. Abdourazak
ABDULHAMID]; Forum pour la Redressement National or FRN (alliance of
12 parties); Front Democratique or FD [Moustoifa Said CHEIKH]; Front
National pour la Justice or FNJ (Islamic party in opposition) [Ahmed
RACHID]; Movement des Citoyens pour la Republique or MCR [Mahamoud
MRADABI]; Mouvement Populaire Anjouanais or MPA (Anjouan separatist
movement) [leader NA]; Mouvement pour la Democratie et le Progress
or MDP-NGDC [Abbas DJOUSSOUF]; Movement pour le Socialisme et la
Democratie or MSD (splinter group of FD) [Abdou SOEFOU]; Parti
Comorien pour la Democratie et le Progress or PCDP [Ali MROUDJAE];
Rassemblement National pour le Development or RND (party of the
government) [Omar TAMOU, Abdoulhamid AFFRAITANE]

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
Democratic Social Christian Party
or PDSC [Andre BO-BOLIKO]; Forces for Renovation for Union and
Solidarity or FONUS [Joseph OLENGHANKOY]; National Congolese
Lumumbist Movement or MNC [Francois LUMUMBA]; Popular Movement of
the Revolution or MPR (three factions: MPR-Fait Prive [Catherine
NZUZI wa Mbombo]; MPR/Vunduawe [Felix VUNDUAWE]; MPR/Mananga
[MANANGA Dintoka Mpholo]); Unified Lumumbast Party or PALU [Antoine
GIZENGA]; Union for Democracy and Social Progress or UDPS [Etienne
TSHISEKEDI wa Mulumba]; Union of Federalists and Independent
Republicans or UFERI (two factions: UFERI [Lokambo OMOKOKO];
UFERI/OR [Adolph Kishwe MAYA])

Congo, Republic of the
the most important of the many parties are
the Democratic and Patriotic Forces or FDP (an alliance of
Convention for Alternative Democracy, Congolese Labor Party or PCT,
Liberal Republican Party, National Union for Democracy and Progress,
Patriotic Union for the National Reconstruction, and Union for the
National Renewal) [Denis SASSOU-NGUESSO, president]; Congolese
Movement for Democracy and Integral Development or MCDDI [Michel
MAMPOUYA]; Pan-African Union for Social Development or UPADS [Martin
MBERI]; Rally for Democracy and Social Progress or RDPS [Jean-Pierre
Thystere TCHICAYA, president]; Rally for Democracy and the Republic
or RDR [Raymond Damasge NGOLLO]; Union for Democracy and Republic or
UDR [leader NA]; Union of Democratic Forces or UFD [Sebastian EBAO]

Cook Islands
Cook Islands People's Party or CIP [Geoffrey HENRY];
Democratic Alliance Party or DAP [Terepai MAOATE]; New Alliance
Party or NAP [Norman GEORGE]; Cook Islands National Party or CIN
[Teariki HEATHER]; Demo Party Tumu [Robert WOONTON]

Costa Rica
Authentic Member from Heredia [Jose SALAS]; Citizen
Action Party or PAC [Otton SOLIS]; Costa Rican Renovation Party or
PRC [Justo OROZCO]; Democratic Force Party or PFD [Juan Carlos
CHAVES Mora]; Democratic National Alliance [Emilia RODRIGUEZ];
General Union Party or PUGEN [Carlos Alberto FERNANDEZ Vega];
Homeland First [Juan Jose VARGAS]; Independent Worker Party or PIO
[Jose Alberto CUBERO Carmona]; Libertarian Movement Party or PML
[Otto GUEVARA Guth]; National Christian Alliance Party or ANC
[Victor GONZALEZ]; National Integration Party or PIN [Walter MUNOZ
Cespedes]; National Liberation Party or PLN [Francisco Antonio
PACHECO]; National Patriotic Party or PPN [Daniel Enrique REYNOLDS
Vargas]; National Rescue Party or PRN [Carlos VARGAS Solano];
Patriotic Union [Humberto ARCE]; Popular Vanguard [Trino BARRANTES
Araya]; Social Christian Unity Party or PUSC [Lorena VASQUEZ Badilla]

Cote d'Ivoire
Democratic Party of Cote d'Ivoire-African Democratic
Rally or PDCI-RDA [Aime Henri Konan BEDIE]; Ivorian Popular Front or
FPI [Laurent GBAGBO]; Ivorian Worker's Party or PIT [Francis WODIE];
Rally of the Republicans or RDR [Alassane OUATTARA]; Union for
Democracy and Peace or UDPCI [leader NA]; over 20 smaller parties

Croatia
Croatian Bloc or HB [Ivic PASALIC]; Croatian Christian
Democratic Union or HKDU [Anto KOVACEVIC]; Croatian Democratic Union
or HDZ [Ivo SANADER]; Croatian Party of Rights or HSP [Anto DJAPIC];
Croatian Peasant Party or HSS [Zlatko TOMCIC]; Croatian Pensioner
Party or HSU [Vladimir JORDAN]; Croatian People's Party or HNS
[Vesna PUSIC]; Croatian Social Liberal Party or HSLS [Ivan CEHOK];
Croatian True Revival Party or HIP [Miroslav TUDJMAN]; Democratic
Centre or DC [Vesna SKARE-OZBOLT]; Independent Democratic Serb Party
or SDSS [Vojislav STRANIMIROVIC]; Istrian Democratic Assembly or IDS
[Ivan JAKOVCIC]; Liberal Party or LS [Zlatko BENASIC]; Party of
Liberal Democrats or Libra [Jozo RADOS]; Social Democratic Party of
Croatia or SDP [Ivica RACAN]

Cuba
only party - Cuban Communist Party or PCC [Fidel CASTRO Ruz,
first secretary]

Cyprus
Republic of Cyprus: Democratic Party or DIKO [Tassos
PAPADOPOULOS]; Democratic Rally or DISY [Nikos ANASTASIADHIS];
Fighting Democratic Movement or ADIK [Dinos MIKHAILIDIS]; Green
Party of Cyprus [George PERDIKIS]; New Horizons [Nikolaus KOUTSOU];
Restorative Party of the Working People or AKEL (Communist Party)
[Dimitrios CHRISTOFIAS]; Social Democrats Movement or KISOS
(formerly United Democratic Union of Cyprus or EDEK) [Yiannakis
OMIROU]; United Democrats Movement or EDE [George VASSILIOU]; north
Cyprus: Democratic Party or DP [Serder DENKTASH]; National Birth
Party or UDP [Enver EMIN]; National Unity Party or UBP [Dervis
EROGLU]; Our Party or BP [Okyay SADIKOGLU]; Patriotic Unity Movement
or YBH [Alpay DURDURAN]; Peace and Democratic Movement [Mustafa
AKINCI]; Republican Turkish Party or CTP [Mehmet ALI TALAT]

Czech Republic
Christian and Democratic Union-Czechoslovak People's
Party or KDU-CSL [Miroslav KALOUSEK, chairman]; Civic Democratic
Alliance or ODA [Jirina NOVAKOVA, chairman]; Civic Democratic Party
or ODS [Mirek TOPOLANEK, chairman]; Communist Party of Bohemia and
Moravia or KSCM [Miroslav GREBENICEK, chairman]; Communist Party of
Czechoslovakia or KSC [Miroslav STEPAN, chairman]; Czech National
Social Party of CSNS [Jaroslav ROVNY, chairman]; Czech Social
Democratic Party or CSSD [Stanislav GROSS, acting chairman];
European Democrats [Jan KASL]; Freedom Union-Democratic Union or
US-DEU [Pavel NEMEC, chairman]; Green Party; Open Democracy

Denmark
Center Democratic Party [Mimi JAKOBSEN]; Christian Democrats
(was Christian People's Party) [Marianne KARLSMOSE]; Conservative
Party (sometimes known as Conservative People's Party) [Bendt
BENDTSEN]; Danish People's Party [Pia KJAERSGAARD]; Liberal Party
[Anders Fogh RASMUSSEN]; Social Democratic Party [Mogens LYKKETOFT];
Social Liberal Party (sometimes called the Radical Left) [Marianne
JELVED, leader; Soren BALD, chairman]; Socialist People's Party
[Holger K. NIELSEN]; Red-Green Unity List (bloc includes Left
Socialist Party, Communist Party of Denmark, Socialist Workers'
Party) [collective leadership]

Djibouti
Democratic National Party or PND [ADEN Robleh Awaleh];
Democratic Renewal Party or PRD [Abdillahi HAMARITEH]; Djibouti
Development Party or PDD [Mohamed Daoud CHEHEM]; Front pour la
Restauration de l'Unite Democratique or FRUD [Ali Mohamed DAOUD];
People's Progress Assembly or RPP (governing party) [Ismail Omar
GUELLEH]; Peoples Social Democratic Party or PPSD [Moumin Bahdon
FARAH]; Republican Alliance for Democracy or ARD [Ahmed Dini AHMED];
Union for Democracy and Justice or UDJ [leader NA]

Dominica
Dominica Freedom Party or DFP [Charles SAVARIN]; Dominica
Labor Party or DLP [Roosevelt SKERRIT]; United Workers Party or UWP
[Edison JAMES]

Dominican Republic
Dominican Liberation Party or PLD [Leonel
FERNANDEZ Reyna]; Dominican Revolutionary Party or PRD [Vicente
Sanchez BARET]; Social Christian Reformist Party or PRSC [Enrique
ATUN]

East Timor
Associacao Social-Democrata Timorense or ASDT [Francisco
Xavier do AMARAL]; Christian Democratic Party of Timor or PDC
[Antonio XIMENES]; Christian Democratic Union of Timor or UDC
[Vicente da Silva GUTERRES]; Democratic Party or PD [Fernando de
ARAUJO]; Liberal Party or PL [leader NA]; Maubere Democratic Party
or PDM [leader NA]; People's Party of Timor or PPT [Jacob XAVIER];
Revolutionary Front of Independent East Timor or FRETILIN [Lu OLO];
Social Democrat Party of East Timor or PSD [Mario CARRASCALAO];
Socialist Party of Timor or PST [leader Avelino COELHO]; Sons of the
Mountain Warriors (also known as Association of Timorese Heroes) or
KOTA [Clementino dos Reis AMARAL]; Timor Democratic Union or UDT
[Joao CARRASCALAO]; Timor Labor Party or PTT [Paulo Freitas DA
SILVA]; Timorese Nationalist Party or PNT [Abilio ARAUJO]; Timorese
Popular Democratic Association or APODETI [Frederico Almeida-Santos
DA COSTA]

Ecuador
Concentration of Popular Forces or CFP [Averroes BUCARAM];
Democratic Left or ID [Guillermo LANDAZURI]; National Action
Institutional Renewal Party or PRIAN [Alvaro NOBOA]; Pachakutik
Movement [Gilberto TALAHUA]; Patriotic Society Party or PSP [Lucio
GUTIERREZ Borbua]; Popular Democracy or DP [Dr. Juan Manuel
FUERTES]; Popular Democratic Movement or MPD [Gustavo TERAN Acosta];
Radical Alfarista Front or FRA [Fabian ALARCON, director]; Roldosist
Party or PRE [Abdala BUCARAM Ortiz, director]; Social Christian
Party or PSC [Leon FEBRES CORDERO]; Socialist Party - Broad Front or
PS-FA [Victor GRANDA]

Egypt
Nasserist Arab Democratic Party or Nasserists [Dia' al-din
DAWUD]; National Democratic Party or NDP [President Mohammed Hosni
MUBARAK] - governing party; National Progressive Unionist Grouping
or Tagammu [Rifaat EL-SAID]; New Wafd Party or NWP [No'man GOMA];
Socialist Liberal Party or Al-Ahrar [Hilmi SALIM]; Tomorrow Party or
Al-Ghad [Ayman NOUR]
note: formation of political parties must be approved by the
government

El Salvador
Christian Democratic Party or PDC [Rodolfo PARKER];
United Democratic Center or CDU [Ruben ZAMORA, secretary general];
Democratic Party or PD [Jorge MELENDEZ]; Farabundo Marti National
Liberation Front or FMLN [Medardo GONZALEZ]; Liberal Democratic
Party or PLD [Kirio Waldo SALGADO, president]; National Action Party
or PAN [Gustavo Rogelio SALINAS, secretary general]; National
Conciliation Party or PCN [Ciro CRUZ ZEPEDA, president]; National
Republican Alliance or ARENA [Elias Antonio SACA]; Social Christian
Union or USC (formed by the merger of Christian Social Renewal Party
or PRSC and Unity Movement or MU) [Abraham RODRIGUEZ, president];
Social Democratic Party or PSD [Juan MEDRANO]

Equatorial Guinea
Convergence Party for Social Democracy or CPDS
[Placido MIKO Abogo]; Democratic Party for Equatorial Guinea or PDGE
(ruling party) [Teodoro OBIANG NGUEMA MBASOGO]; Party for Progress
of Equatorial Guinea or PPGE [Severo MOTO]; Popular Action of
Equatorial Guinea or APGE [Miguel Esono EMAN]; Popular Union or UP
[Andres Moises Bda ADA]; Progressive Democratic Alliance or ADP
[Victorino Bolekia BONAY]; Union of Independent Democrats of UDI
[Daniel OYONO]

Eritrea
People's Front for Democracy and Justice or PFDJ, the only
party recognized by the government [ISAIAS Afworki]; note - a
National Assembly committee drafted a law on political parties in
January 2001, but the full National Assembly has not yet debated or
voted on it

Estonia
Center Party of Estonia (Keskerakond) [Edgar SAVISAAR,
chairman]; Estonian People's Union (Rahvaliit) [Villu REILJAN,
chairman]; Estonian Reform Party (Reformierakond) [Andrus ANSIP];
Estonian United Russian People's Party or EUVRP [Yevgeniy TOMBERG,
chairman]; Pro Patria Union (Isamaaliit) [Tunne KELAM, chairman];
Res Publica [Juhan PARTS, chairman]; Social Democratic Party
(formerly People's Party Moodukad or Moderates) [Ivari PADAR,
chairman]; Social Liberals (group of 8 parliamentarians, former
Center Party members) [Peeter Kreitzberg]

Ethiopia
Afar National Democratic Party or ANDP [leader NA]; Amhara
National Democratic Movement or ANDM [ADDISU Legesse]; Bench Madji
People's Democratic Organization or BMPDO [leader NA]; Benishangul
Gumuz People's Democratic Unity Front or BGPDUF [leader NA];
Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front or EPRDF [MELES
Zenawi] (an alliance of ANDM, OPDO, SEPDF, and TPLF); Gedeyo
People's Revolutionary Democratic Front or GPRDF [leader NA]; Gurage
Nationalities' Democratic Movement or GNDM [leader NA]; Kafa Shaka
People's Democratic Organization or KSPDO [leader NA]; Kembata,
Alabaa and Tembaro or KAT [leader NA]; Oromo People's Democratic
Organization or OPDO [JUNEDI Sado]; Sidamo People's Democratic
Organization or SPDO [leader NA]; South Omo People's Democratic
Movement or SOPDM [leader NA]; Tigrayan People's Liberation Front or
TPLF [MELES Zenawi]; Walayta, Gamo, Gofa, Dawro, and Konta People's
Democratic Organization or WGGPDO [leader NA]; dozens of small
parties

European Union
Group of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for
Europe or ALDE [Graham R. WATSON]; Independence/Democracy Group or
IND/DEM [Jens-Peter BONDE and Nigel FARAGE]; Group of
Greens/European Free Alliance or Greens/EFA [Monica FRASSONI and
Daniel Marc COHN-BENDIT]; Socialist Group in the European Parliament
or PES [Martin SCHULZ]; Confederal Group of the European United
Left-Nordic Green Left or EUL/NGL [Francis WURTZ]; European People's
Party-European Democrats or EPP-ED [Hans-Gert POETTERING]; Union for
Europe of the Nations Group or UEN [Brian CROWLEY and Cristiana
MUSCARDINI]

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
none; all independents

Faroe Islands
Center Party [Jenis A. RANA]; Independence Party
[Helena Dam a NEYSTABO]; People's Party [Anfinn KALLSBERG];
Republican Party [Hogni HOYDAL]; Social Democratic Party [Joannes
EIDESGAARD]; Union Party [Lisbeth PETERSEN]

Fiji
Bai Kei Viti Party or BKV [Ratu Tevita MOMOEDONU]; Conservative
Alliance Party/Matanitu Vanua or MV [Ratu Rakuita VAKALALABURE];
Dodonu Ni Taukei Party or DNT [Fereti S. DEWA]; Fiji Democratic
Party or FDP [Felipe BOLE] (a merger of the Christian Democrat
Alliance or VLV [Poesci Waqalevu BUNE], Fijian Association Party or
FAP [Adi Kuini SPEED], Fijian Political Party or SVT (primarily
Fijian) [Felipe BOLE], and New Labor Unity Party or NLUP [Tupeni
BABA]); Fiji Labor Party or FLP [Mahendra CHAUDRHRY]; General Voters
Party or GVP [leader NA] (became part of United General Party);
Girmit Heritage Party or GHP [leader NA]; Justice and Freedom Party
or AIM [leader NA]; Lio 'On Famor Rotuma Party or LFR [leader NA];
National Federation Party or NFP (primarily Indian) [Pramond RAE];
Nationalist Vanua Takolavo Party or NVTLP [Saula TELAWA]; Party of
National Unity or PANU [Meli BOGILEKA]; Party of the Truth or POTT
[leader NA]; United Fiji Party/Sogosogo Duavata ni Lewenivanua or
SDL [Laisenia QARASE]; United General Party or UGP [Millis Mick
BEDDOES]

Finland
Center Party or Kesk [Matti VANHANEN]; Christian Democrats
or KD [Paivi RASANEN]; Green League or VIHR [Osmo SOININVAARA]; Left
Alliance or VAS composed of People's Democratic League and
Democratic Alternative [Suvi-Anne SIIMES]; National Coalition
(conservative) Party or Kok [Jyrki KATAINEN]; Social Democratic
Party or SDP [Paavo LIPPONEN]; Swedish People's Party or SFP
[Jan-Erik ENESTAM]

France
Citizen and Republican Movement or MCR [Jean Pierre
CHEVENEMENT]; Democratic and European Social Rally or RDSE (mainly
RAD. and PRG) [Jacques PELLETIER]; French Communist Party or PCF
[Marie-George BUFFET]; Left Radical Party or PRG (previously Radical
Socialist Party or PRS and the Left Radical Movement or MRG)
[Jean-Michel BAYLET]; Movement for France or MPF [Philippe DE
VILLIERS]; Rally for France or RPF [Charles PASQUA]; Socialist Party
or PS [Francois HOLLANDE]; Greens [Gilles LEMAIRE, Francine BAVAY,
Jean DESESSARD, Christophe PORQUIER, Maud LELIEVRE]; Union for
French Democracy or UDF [Francois BAYROU]; Union for a Popular
Movement or UMP (including RPR, DL, and a part of UDF) [Nicolas
SARKOZY]

French Guiana
Guyanese Democratic Action or ADG [Andre LECANTE];
Guyanese Socialist Party or PSG [Marie-Claude VERDAN]; Guyana
Democratic Forces or FDG [Georges OTHILY]; Popular National Guyanese
Party or PNPG [Jose DORCY]; Socialist Party or PS [Paul DEBRIETTE];
Union for a Popular Movement or UMP [Muriel ICARE]; Walwari
Committee (aligned with the PRG in France) [Christine
TAUBIRA-DELANON]

French Polynesia
Independent Front for the Liberation of Polynesia
(Tavini Huiraatira) [Oscar TEMARU]; New Fatherland Party (Ai'a Api)
[Emile VERNAUDON]; People's Rally for the Republic of Polynesia or
RPR (Tahoeraa Huiraatira) [Gaston FLOSSE]; The New Star (Te Fetia
Api) [Philippe SHYLE]; This Country is Yours (No Oe E Te Nunaa)
[Nicle BOUTEAU]; Union for Democracy or UPD [Oscar TEMARU]

Gabon
Circle of Liberal Reformers or CLR [General Jean Boniface
ASSELE]; Democratic and Republican Alliance or ADERE
[Divungui-di-Ndinge DIDJOB]; Gabonese Democratic Party or PDG,
former sole party [Simplice Nguedet MANZELA]; Gabonese Party for
Progress or PGP [Pierre-Louis AGONDJO-OKAWE,]; National Rally of
Woodcutters-Rally for Gabon or RNB-RPG (Bucherons) [Fr. Paul
M'BA-ABESSOLE]; People's Unity Party or PUP [Louis Gaston MAYILA];
Rally for Democracy and Progress or RDP [Pierre EMBONI]; Social
Democratic Party or PSD [Pierre Claver MAGANGA-MOUSSAVOU]

Gambia, The
Alliance for Patriotic Reorientation and Construction or
APRC [Yahya A. J. J. JAMMEH]; Gambian People's Party-Progressive
People's Party-United Democratic Party or GPP-PPP-UDP Coalition
[Ousainou DARBOE]; National Convention Party or NCP [Sheriff DIBBA];
National Reconciliation Party or NRP [Hamat N. K. BAH]; People's
Democratic Organization for Independence and Socialism or PDOIS
[Sidia JATTA]
note: in August 2001, an independent electoral commission allowed
the reregistration of the GPP, NCP, and PPP, three parties banned
since 1996

Georgia
Burjanadze-Democrats [Nino BURJANADZE]; Georgian People's
Front [Nodar NATADZE]; Georgian United Communist Party or UCPG
[Panteleimon GIORGADZE]; Greens [Giorgi GACHECHILADZE]; Industry
Will Save Georgia (Industrialists) or IWSG [Georgi TOPADZE]; Labor
Party [Shalva NATELASHVILI]; National Democratic Party or NDP
[Bachuki KARDAVA]; National Movement Democratic Front [Mikheil
SAAKASHVILI] bloc composed of National Movement and
Burjanadze-Democrats; National Movement [Mikheil SAAKASHVILI]; New
Right [Levaii GACHECHILADZE]; Republican Party [David
BERDZENISHVILI]; Rightist Opposition [Davit GAMKRELIDZE] bloc
composed of Industrialists and New Right Party; Socialist Party or
SPG [Irakli MINDELI]; Traditionalists [Akaki ASATIANI]; Union of
National Forces-Conservatives [Koba DAVITASHVILI and Zviad
DZIDZIGURI]

Germany
Alliance '90/Greens [Angelika BEER and Reinhard BUETIKOFER];
Christian Democratic Union or CDU [Angela MERKEL]; Christian Social
Union or CSU [Edmund STOIBER, chairman]; Free Democratic Party or
FDP [Guido WESTERWELLE, chairman]; Party of Democratic Socialism or
PDS [Lothar BISKY]; Social Democratic Party or SPD [Franz
MUENTEFERING]

Ghana
Convention People's Party or CPP [Nii Noi DOWUONA, general
secretary]; Every Ghanaian Living Everywhere or EGLE [Owuraku AMOFA,
chairman]; Great Consolidated Popular Party or GCPP [Dan LARTY];
National Convention Party or NCP [Sarpong KUMA-KUMA]; National
Democratic Congress or NDC [Dr. Huudu YAHAYA, general secretary];
New Patriotic Party or NPP [Samuel Arthur ODOI-SYKES]; People's
Convention Party or PCP [P. K. DONKOH-AYIFI, acting chairman];
People's Heritage Party or PHP [Emmanuel Alexander ERSKINE];
People's National Convention or PNC [Edward MAHAMA]; Reform Party
[Kyeretwie OPUKU, general secretary]

Gibraltar
Gibraltar Liberal Party [Joseph GARCIA]; Gibraltar Social
Democrats or GSD [Peter CARUANA]; Gibraltar Socialist Labor Party or
GSLP [Joseph John BOSSANO]

Greece
Coalition of the Left and Progress (Synaspismos) [Alekos
ALAVANOS]; Communist Party of Greece or KKE [Aleka PAPARIGA]; New
Democracy or ND (conservative) [Konstandinos KARAMANLIS];
Panhellenic Socialist Movement or PASOK [Yiorgos PAPANDREOU];
Popular Orthodox Rally [Yeoryios KARATZAFERIS]

Greenland
Atassut Party (Solidarity, a conservative party favoring
continuing close relations with Denmark) [Augusta SALLING];
Demokratiit [Per BERTHELSEN]; Inuit Ataqatigiit or IA (Eskimo
Brotherhood, a leftist party favoring complete independence from
Denmark rather than home rule) [Josef MOTZFELDT]; Issituup (Polar
Party) [Nicolai HEINRICH]; Kattusseqatigiit (Candidate List, an
independent right-of-center party with no official platform [leader
NA]; Siumut (Forward Party, a social democratic party advocating
more distinct Greenlandic identity and greater autonomy from
Denmark) [Hans ENOKSEN]

Grenada
Grenada United Labor Party or GULP [Herbert PREUDHOMME];
National Democratic Congress or NDC [leader vacant]; New National
Party or NNP [George McGUIRE]; People Labor Movement or PLM [leader
NA]

Guadeloupe
Communist Party of Guadeloupe or PCG [Mona CADOCE]; FGPS
[Dominique LARIFLA]; Left Radical Party or PRG [Flavien FERRANT];
Progressive Democratic Party or PPDG [Henri BANGOU]; Socialist Party
or PS [Marlene MELISSE and Favrot DAVRAIN]; Union for French
Democracy or UDF [Marcel ESDRAS]; Union for a Popular Movement or
UMP [Robert JOYEUX]

Guam
Democratic Party (controls the legislature) [speaker, Vicente
(Ben) PANGELINAN]; Republican Party (party of Governor CAMACHO)
[leader NA]

Guatemala
Authentic Integral Development or DIA [Eduardo SUGER];
Democratic Union or UD [Rodolfo PAIZ Andrade]; Grand National
Alliance or GANA [Oscar BERGER Perdomo]; Green Party or LOV [Rodolfo
ROSALES Garcis-Salaz]; Guatemalan Christian Democracy or DCG
[Vinicio CEREZO Arevalo]; Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity or
URNG [Alba ESTELA Maldonado, secretary general]; Guatemalan
Republican Front or FRG [Efrain RIOS Montt]; Movement for Guatemalan
Unity or MGU [Jacobo ARBENZ Villanueva]; Movement for Principals and
Values or MPV [Francisco BIANCHI]; National Advancement Party or PAN
[Leonel LOPEZ Rodas, secretary general]; National Unity for Hope or
UNE [Alvarado COLOM Caballeros]; New Nation Alliance or ANN, formed
by an alliance of DIA, URNG, and several splinter groups most of
whom subsequently defected [led by three co-equal partners - Nineth
Varenca MONTENEGRO Cottom, Rodolfo BAUER Paiz, and Jorge Antonio
BALSELLS TUT]; Patriot Party or PP [retired General Otto PEREZ
Molina]; Progressive Liberator Party or PLP [Acisclo VALLADARES
Molina]; Reform Movement or MR [Alfredo SKINNER-KLEE, secretary
general]; Unionista Party [leader NA]

Guernsey
none; all independents

Guinea
Democratic Party of Guinea-African Democratic Rally or
PDG-RDA [El Hadj Ismael Mohamed Gassim GUSHEIN]; National Union for
Progress or UPN [Mamadou Bhoye BARRY]; Party for Unity and Progress
or PUP [Lansana CONTE] - the governing party; People's Party of
Guinea or PPG [Pascal TOLNO]; Rally for the Guinean People or RPG
[Alpha CONDE]; Union for Progress and Renewal or UPR [Siradiou
DIALLO]; Union for Progress of Guinea or UPG [Jean-Marie DORE,
secretary-general]; Union of Republican Forces or UFR [Sidya TOURE]

Guinea-Bissau
African Party for the Independence of Guinea-Bissau
and Cape Verde or PAIGC [Carlos GOMES Junior]; Front for the
Liberation and Independence of Guinea or FLING [Francois MENDY];
Guinea-Bissau Resistance-Ba Fata Movement or RGB-MB [Helder Vaz
LOPES]; Guinean Civic Forum or FCG [Antonieta Rosa GOMES];
International League for Ecological Protection or LIPE [Alhaje
Bubacar DJALO, president]; National Union for Democracy and Progress
or UNDP [Abubacer BALDE, secretary general]; Party for Democratic
Convergence or PCD [Victor MANDINGA]; Social Renovation Party or PRS
[Kumba YALA]; Union for Change or UM [Jorge MANDINGA, president, Dr.
Anne SAAD, secretary general]; United Platform or UP [coalition
formed by PCD, FDS, FLING, and RGB-MB]; United Social Democratic
Party or PUSD [Francisco Jose FADUL]

Guyana
Alliance for Guyana or AFG (includes Guyana Labor Party or
GLP and Working People's Alliance or WPA) [Rupert ROOPNARAINE];
Guyana Action Party or GAP [Paul HARDY]; Guyana Labor Party or GLP
[leader NA]; People's National Congress or PNC/R [Robert Herman
Orlando CORBIN]; People's Progressive Party/Civic or PPP/C [Bharrat
JAGDEO]; Rise, Organize, and Rebuild or ROAR [Ravi DEV]; The United
Force or TUF [Manzoor NADIR]; Working People's Alliance or WPA
[Rupert ROOPNARAINE]

Haiti
Alliance for the Liberation and Advancement of Haiti or ALAH
[Reynold GEORGES]; Assembly of Progressive National Democrats or
RDNP [Leslie MANIGAT]; Convention for Democratic Unity or KID
[leader Evans PAUL]; Democratic Convergence (opposition coalition
composed of KID, KONAKOM, OPL, PANPRA, RNDP, MIDH, and MOCHRENA)
[Evans PAUL, Victor BENOIT, Edgard LEBLANC, Serge GILLES, Leslie
MANIGAT, Marc BAZIN, Luc MESADIEU]; Democratic Movement for the
Liberation of Haiti or MODELH [Francois LATORTUE]; Grand Center
Right Front coalition (composed of MDN, MRN, and PDCH) [Hubert de
RONCERAY, Jean BUTEAU, Osner FEVRY and Marie-Denise CLAUDE]; Haitian
Christian Democratic Party or PDCH [Osner FEVRY and Marie-Denise
CLAUDE]; Haitian Democratic Party or PADEMH [Clark PARENT]; Haitian
Democratic and Reform Movement or MODEREH [Dany TOUSSAINT and Pierre
Soncon PRINCE]; Heads Together [Dr. Gerard BLOT]; Lavalas Family or
FL [Jean-Bertrand ARISTIDE]; Liberal Party of Haiti or PLH [Michael
MADSEN]; Mobilization for National Development or MDN [Hubert DE
RONCERAY]; Movement for National Reconstruction or MRN [Jean
BUTEAU]; Movement for the Installation of Democracy in Haiti or MIDH
[Marc BAZIN]; National Front for the Reconstruction of Haiti or FRON
[Guy PHILIPPE and Winter ETIENNE]; National Progressive Democratic
Party or PNDPH [Turneb DELPE]; New Christian Movement for a New
Haiti or MOCHRENA [Luc MESADIEU]; Popular Party for the Renewal of
Haiti, or Generation 2000 [Claude ROMAIN and Daniel SUPPLICE];
Struggling People's Organization or OPL [Edgard LEBLANC]

Holy See (Vatican City)
none

Honduras
Christian Democratic Party or PDC [Juan Ramon VELAZQUEZ
Nassar]; Democratic Unification Party or PUD [Matias FUNES]; Liberal
Party or PL [Roberto MICHELETTI Bain]; National Innovation and Unity
Party-Social Democratic Party or PINU-SD [Olban F. VALLADARES];
National Party of Honduras or PN [Jose Celin DISCUA Elvir]; United
Confederation of Honduran Workers or CUTH