Chapter LXXXIII: Section 3: , Taipei, Taiwan, telephone: 886 (2) 2162-2000, FAX (19)

Northern Mariana Islands
Chamorro, Carolinians and other
Micronesians, Caucasian, Japanese, Chinese, Filipino, Korean

Norway
Norwegian, Sami 20,000

Oman
Arab, Baluchi, South Asian (Indian, Pakistani, Sri Lankan,
Bangladeshi), African

Pakistan
Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashtun (Pathan), Baloch, Muhajir
(immigrants from India at the time of partition and their
descendants)

Palau
Palauan (Micronesian with Malayan and Melanesian admixtures)
70%, Asian (mainly Filipinos, followed by Chinese, Taiwanese, and
Vietnamese) 28%, white 2% (2000 est.)

Panama
mestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 70%, Amerindian and
mixed (West Indian) 14%, white 10%, Amerindian 6%

Papua New Guinea
Melanesian, Papuan, Negrito, Micronesian, Polynesian

Paraguay
mestizo (mixed Spanish and Amerindian) 95%

Peru
Amerindian 45%, mestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 37%, white
15%, black, Japanese, Chinese, and other 3%

Philippines
Christian Malay 91.5%, Muslim Malay 4%, Chinese 1.5%,
other 3%

Pitcairn Islands
descendants of the Bounty mutineers and their
Tahitian wives

Poland
Polish 96.7%, German 0.4%, Belarusian 0.1%, Ukrainian 0.1%,
other 2.7% (2002)

Portugal
homogeneous Mediterranean stock; citizens of black African
descent who immigrated to mainland during decolonization number less
than 100,000; since 1990 East Europeans have entered Portugal

Puerto Rico
white (mostly Spanish origin) 80.5%, black 8%,
Amerindian 0.4%, Asian 0.2%, mixed and other 10.9%

Qatar
Arab 40%, Pakistani 18%, Indian 18%, Iranian 10%, other 14%

Reunion
French, African, Malagasy, Chinese, Pakistani, Indian

Romania
Romanian 89.5%, Hungarian 6.6%, Roma 2.5%, Ukrainian 0.3%,
German 0.3%, Russian 0.2%, Turkish 0.2%, other 0.4% (2002)

Russia
Russian 81.5%, Tatar 3.8%, Ukrainian 3%, Chuvash 1.2%,
Bashkir 0.9%, Belarusian 0.8%, Moldavian 0.7%, other 8.1% (1989)

Rwanda
Hutu 84%, Tutsi 15%, Twa (Pygmoid) 1%

Saint Helena
African descent 50%, white 25%, Chinese 25%

Saint Kitts and Nevis
predominantly black; some British, Portuguese,
and Lebanese

Saint Lucia
black 90%, mixed 6%, East Indian 3%, white 1%

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
Basques and Bretons (French fishermen)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
black 66%, mixed 19%, East Indian
6%, Carib Amerindian 2%, other 7%

Samoa
Samoan 92.6%, Euronesians 7% (persons of European and
Polynesian blood), Europeans 0.4%

San Marino
Sammarinese, Italian

Sao Tome and Principe
mestico, angolares (descendants of Angolan
slaves), forros (descendants of freed slaves), servicais (contract
laborers from Angola, Mozambique, and Cape Verde), tongas (children
of servicais born on the islands), Europeans (primarily Portuguese)

Saudi Arabia
Arab 90%, Afro-Asian 10%

Senegal
Wolof 43.3%, Pular 23.8%, Serer 14.7%, Jola 3.7%, Mandinka
3%, Soninke 1.1%, European and Lebanese 1%, other 9.4%

Serbia and Montenegro
Serb 62.6%, Albanian 16.5%, Montenegrin 5%,
Hungarian 3.3%, other 12.6% (1991)

Seychelles
mixed French, African, Indian, Chinese, and Arab

Sierra Leone
20 native African tribes 90% (Temne 30%, Mende 30%,
other 30%), Creole (Krio) 10% (descendants of freed Jamaican slaves
who were settled in the Freetown area in the late-18th century),
refugees from Liberia's recent civil war, small numbers of
Europeans, Lebanese, Pakistanis, and Indians

Singapore
Chinese 76.7%, Malay 14%, Indian 7.9%, other 1.4%

Slovakia
Slovak 85.7%, Hungarian 10.6%, Roma 1.6% (the 1992 census
figures underreport the Gypsy/Romany community, which is about
500,000), Czech, Moravian, Silesian 1.1%, Ruthenian and Ukrainian
0.6%, German 0.1%, Polish 0.1%, other 0.2% (1996)

Slovenia
Slovene 92%, Croat 1%, Serb 0.5%, Hungarian 0.4%, Bosniak
0.3%, other 5.8% (1991)

Solomon Islands
Melanesian 93%, Polynesian 4%, Micronesian 1.5%,
European 0.8%, Chinese 0.3%, other 0.4%

Somalia
Somali 85%, Bantu and other non-Somali 15% (including Arabs
30,000)

South Africa
black 75.2%, white 13.6%, Colored 8.6%, Indian 2.6%

Spain
composite of Mediterranean and Nordic types

Sri Lanka
Sinhalese 74%, Tamil 18%, Moor 7%, Burgher, Malay, and
Vedda 1%

Sudan
black 52%, Arab 39%, Beja 6%, foreigners 2%, other 1%

Suriname
Hindustani (also known locally as "East Indians"; their
ancestors emigrated from northern India in the latter part of the
19th century) 37%, Creole (mixed white and black) 31%, Javanese 15%,
"Maroons" (their African ancestors were brought to the country in
the 17th and 18th centuries as slaves and escaped to the interior)
10%, Amerindian 2%, Chinese 2%, white 1%, other 2%

Svalbard
Norwegian 55.4%, Russian and Ukrainian 44.3%, other 0.3%
(1998)

Swaziland
African 97%, European 3%

Sweden
indigenous population: Swedes and Finnish and Sami
minorities; foreign-born or first-generation immigrants: Finns,
Yugoslavs, Danes, Norwegians, Greeks, Turks

Switzerland
German 65%, French 18%, Italian 10%, Romansch 1%, other
6%

Syria
Arab 90.3%, Kurds, Armenians, and other 9.7%

Taiwan
Taiwanese (including Hakka) 84%, mainland Chinese 14%,
aborigine 2%

Tajikistan
Tajik 64.9%, Uzbek 25%, Russian 3.5% (declining because
of emigration), other 6.6%

Tanzania
mainland - native African 99% (of which 95% are Bantu
consisting of more than 130 tribes), other 1% (consisting of Asian,
European, and Arab); Zanzibar - Arab, native African, mixed Arab and
native African

Thailand
Thai 75%, Chinese 14%, other 11%

Togo
native African (37 tribes; largest and most important are Ewe,
Mina, and Kabre) 99%, European and Syrian-Lebanese less than 1%

Tokelau
Polynesian

Tonga
Polynesian, Europeans about 300

Trinidad and Tobago
East Indian (a local term - primarily immigrants
from northern India) 40.3%, black 39.5%, mixed 18.4%, white 0.6%,
Chinese and other 1.2%

Tunisia
Arab 98%, European 1%, Jewish and other 1%

Turkey
Turkish 80%, Kurdish 20% (estimated)

Turkmenistan
Turkmen 85%, Uzbek 5%, Russian 4%, other 6% (2003)

Turks and Caicos Islands
black 90%, mixed, European, or North
American 10%

Tuvalu
Polynesian 96%, Micronesian 4%

Uganda
Baganda 17%, Ankole 8%, Basoga 8%, Iteso 8%, Bakiga 7%, Langi
6%, Rwanda 6%, Bagisu 5%, Acholi 4%, Lugbara 4%, Batoro 3%, Bunyoro
3%, Alur 2%, Bagwere 2%, Bakonjo 2%, Jopodhola 2%, Karamojong 2%,
Rundi 2%, non-African (European, Asian, Arab) 1%, other 8%

Ukraine
Ukrainian 77.8%, Russian 17.3%, Belarusian 0.6%, Moldovan
0.5%, Crimean Tatar 0.5%, Bulgarian 0.4%, Hungarian 0.3%, Romanian
0.3%, Polish 0.3%, Jewish 0.2%, other 1.8% (2001)

United Arab Emirates
Emirati 19%, other Arab and Iranian 23%, South
Asian 50%, other expatriates (includes Westerners and East Asians)
8% (1982)
note: less than 20% are UAE citizens (1982)

United Kingdom
English 81.5%, Scottish 9.6%, Irish 2.4%, Welsh 1.9%,
Ulster 1.8%, West Indian, Indian, Pakistani, and other 2.8%

United States
white 77.1%, black 12.9%, Asian 4.2%, Amerindian and
Alaska native 1.5%, native Hawaiian and other Pacific islander 0.3%,
other 4% (2000)
note: a separate listing for Hispanic is not included because the US
Census Bureau considers Hispanic to mean a person of Latin American
descent (including persons of Cuban, Mexican, or Puerto Rican
origin) living in the US who may be of any race or ethnic group
(white, black, Asian, etc.)

Uruguay
white 88%, mestizo 8%, black 4%, Amerindian, practically
nonexistent

Uzbekistan
Uzbek 80%, Russian 5.5%, Tajik 5%, Kazakh 3%, Karakalpak
2.5%, Tatar 1.5%, other 2.5% (1996 est.)

Vanuatu
indigenous Melanesian 98%, French, Vietnamese, Chinese,
other Pacific Islanders

Venezuela
Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Arab, German, African,
indigenous people

Vietnam
Vietnamese 85%-90%, Chinese, Hmong, Thai, Khmer, Cham,
mountain groups

Virgin Islands
black 78%, white 10%, other 12%
note: West Indian 81% (49% born in the Virgin Islands and 32% born
elsewhere in the West Indies), US mainland 13%, Puerto Rican 4%,
other 2%

Wallis and Futuna
Polynesian

West Bank
Palestinian Arab and other 83%, Jewish 17%

Western Sahara
Arab, Berber

Yemen
predominantly Arab; but also Afro-Arab, South Asians, Europeans

Zambia
African 98.7%, European 1.1%, other 0.2%

Zimbabwe
African 98% (Shona 82%, Ndebele 14%, other 2%), mixed and
Asian 1%, white less than 1%

This page was last updated on 10 February, 2005

======================================================================

@2076 Exchange rates

Afghanistan
afghanis per US dollar - 50 (2003), 50 (2002), 3,000
(2001), 3,000 (2000), 3,000 (1999)
note: in 2002, the afghani was revalued and the currency stabilized
at about 50 afghanis to the dollar; before 2002, the market rate
varied widely from the official rate

Albania
leke per US dollar - 121.863 (2003), 140.155 (2002), 143.485
(2001), 143.709 (2000), 137.691 (1999)

Algeria
Algerian dinars per US dollar - 77.395 (2003), 79.6819
(2002), 77.215 (2001), 75.2598 (2000), 66.5739 (1999)

American Samoa
the US dollar is used

Andorra
euros per US dollar - 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002), 1.12
(2001), 1.09 (2000), 0.94 (1999)

Angola
kwanza per US dollar - 74.6063 (2003), 43.5302 (2002),
22.0579 (2001), 10.041 (2000), 2.791 (1999), 0.393 (1998); note - in
December 1999 the kwanza was revalued with six zeroes dropped off
the old value

Anguilla
East Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.70 (fixed rate
since 1976)

Antigua and Barbuda
East Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.7
(2003), 2.7 (2002), 2.7 (2001), 2.7 (2000), 2.7 (1999), 2.7 (1998)
(fixed rate since 1976)

Argentina
Argentine pesos per US dollar - 2.9003 (2003), 3.0633
(2002), 0.9995 (2001), 0.9995 (2000), 0.9995 (1999)

Armenia
drams per US dollar - 578.763 (2002), 555.078 (2001),
539.526 (2000), 535.062 (1999)

Aruba
Aruban guilders/florins per US dollar - 1.79 (2003), 1.79
(2002), 1.79 (2001), 1.79 (2000), 1.79 (1999)

Australia
Australian dollars per US dollar - 1.5419 (2003), 1.8406
(2002), 1.9334 (2001), 1.7248 (2000), 1.55 (1999)

Austria
euros per US dollar - 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002), 1.1175
(2001), 1.0854 (2000), 0.9386 (1999)

Azerbaijan
Azerbaijani manats per US dollar - 4,910.73 (2003),
4,860.82 (2002), 4,656.58 (2001), 4,474.15 (2000), 4,120.17 (1999)

Bahamas, The
Bahamian dollars per US dollar - 1 (2003), 1 (2002), 1
(2001), 1 (2000), 1 (1999)

Bahrain
Bahraini dinars per US dollar - 0.376 (2003), 0.376 (2002),
0.376 (2001), 0.376 (2000), 0.376 (1999)

Bangladesh
taka per US dollar - 58.15 (2003), 57.888 (2002), 55.8067
(2001), 52.1417 (2000), 49.0854 (1999)

Barbados
Barbadian dollars per US dollar - 2 (2003), 2 (2002), 2
(2001), 2 (2000), 2 (1999)

Belarus
Belarusian rubles per US dollar - 1,790.92 (2003), 1,920
(2002), 1,390 (2001), 876.75 (2000), 248.795 (1999)

Belgium
euros per US dollar - 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002), 1.1175
(2001), 1.0854 (2000), 0.9386 (1999)

Belize
Belizean dollars per US dollar - 2 (2003), 2 (2002), 2
(2001), 2 (2000), 2 (1999)

Benin
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar -
581.2 (2003), 696.988 (2002), 733.039 (2001), 711.976 (2000),
615.699 (1999)

Bermuda
Bermudian dollar per US dollar - 1.0000 (fixed rate pegged
to the US dollar)

Bhutan
ngultrum per US dollar - 46.5806 (2003), 48.6103 (2002),
47.1864 (2001), 44.9416 (2000), 43.0554 (1999)

Bolivia
bolivianos per US dollar - 7.6592 (2003), 7.17 (2002),
6.6069 (2001), 6.1835 (2000), 5.8124 (1999)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
marka per US dollar - 1.7329 (2003), 1.7329
(2002), 2.1857 (2001), 2.1244 (2000), 1.8371 (1999)

Botswana
pulas per US dollar - 4.9499 (2003), 6.3278 (2002), 5.8412
(2001), 5.1018 (2000), 4.6244 (1999)

Brazil
reals per US dollar - 3.0771 (2003), 2.9208 (2002), 2.3577
(2001), 1.8301 (2000), 1.8147 (1999)
note: from October 1994 through 14 January 1999, the official rate
was determined by a managed float; since 15 January 1999, the
official rate floats independently with respect to the US dollar

British Virgin Islands
the US dollar is used

Brunei
Bruneian dollars per US dollar - 1.7422 (2003), 1.7906
(2002), 1.7917 (2001), 1.724 (2000), 1.695 (1999)

Bulgaria
leva per US dollar - 1.7327 (2003), 2.077 (2002), 2.1847
(2001), 2.1233 (2000), 1.8364 (1999)
note: on 5 July 1999, the lev was redenominated; the post-5 July
1999 lev is equal to 1,000 of the pre-5 July 1999 lev

Burkina Faso
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US
dollar - 581.2 (2003), 696.988 (2002), 733.039 (2001), 711.976
(2000), 615.699 (1999)

Burma
kyats per US dollar - 6.0764 (2003), 6.5734 (2002), 6.6841
(2001), 6.5167 (2000), 6.2858 (1999)
note: these are official exchange rates; unofficial exchange rates
ranged in 2003 from 100 kyat/US dollar to nearly 1000 kyat/US dollar

Burundi
Burundi francs per US dollar - 1,082.62 (2003), 930.75
(2002), 830.35 (2001), 720.67 (2000), 563.56 (1999)

Cambodia
riels per US dollar - 3,973.33 (2003), 3,912.08 (2002),
3,916.33 (2001), 3,840.75 (2000), 3,807.83 (1999)

Cameroon
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XAF) per US dollar
- 581.2 (2003), 696.988 (2002), 733.039 (2001), 711.976 (2000),
615.699 (1999)

Canada
Canadian dollars per US dollar - 1.4011 (2003), 1.5693
(2002), 1.5488 (2001), 1.4851 (2000), 1.4857 (1999)

Cape Verde
Cape Verdean escudos (CVE) per US dollar - 97.703 (2003),
117.168 (2002), 123.228 (2001), 115.877 (2000), 102.7 (1999)

Cayman Islands
Caymanian dollars per US dollar - 0.82 (29 October
2001), 0.83 (3 November 1995), 0.85 (22 November 1993)

Central African Republic
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs
(XAF) per US dollar - 581.2 (2003), 696.988 (2002), 733.039 (2001),
711.976 (2000), 615.699 (1999)

Chad
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XAF) per US dollar -
581.2 (2003), 696.988 (2002), 733.039 (2001), 711.976 (2000),
615.699 (1999)

Chile
Chilean pesos per US dollar - 691.433 (2003), 688.936 (2002),
634.938 (2001), 535.466 (2000), 508.777 (1999)

China
yuan per US dollar - 8.277 (2003), 8.277 (2002), 8.2771
(2001), 8.2785 (2000), 8.2783 (1999)

Christmas Island
Australian dollars per US dollar - 1.5419 (2003),
1.9354 (2002), 1.9320 (2001), 1.7173(2000), 1.5497 (1999)

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Australian dollars per US dollar - 1.5419
(2003), 1.9354 (2002), 1.9320 (2001), 1.7173 (2000), 1.5497 (1999)

Colombia
Colombian pesos per US dollar - 2,877.65 (2003), 2,504.24
(2002), 2,299.63 (2001), 2,087.9 (2000), 1,756.23 (1999)

Comoros
Comoran francs (KMF) per US dollar - 435.9 (2003), 522.741
(2002), 549.779 (2001), 533.982 (2000), 461.775 (1999)
note: prior to January 1999, the official rate was pegged to the
French franc at 75 Comoran francs per French franc; since 1 January
1999, the Comoran franc is pegged to the euro at a rate of 491.9677
Comoran francs per euro

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
Congolese francs per US dollar -
NA (2003), 346.485 (2002), 206.617 (2001), 21.82 (2000), 4.02 (1999)

Congo, Republic of the
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XAF)
per US dollar - 581.2 (2003), 696.988 (2002), 733.039 (2001), 711.98
(2000), 615.7 (1999)

Cook Islands
New Zealand dollars per US dollar - 1.7229 (2003),
2.1622 (2002), 2.3776 (2001), 2.1863 (2000), 1.8886 (1999)

Costa Rica
Costa Rican colones per US dollar - 398.663 (2003),
359.817 (2002), 328.871 (2001), 308.187 (2000), 285.685 (1999)

Cote d'Ivoire
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US
dollar - 581.2 (2003), 696.988 (2002), 733.039 (2001), 711.976
(2000), 615.699 (1999)

Croatia
kuna per US dollar - 6.7035 (2003), 7.8687 (2002), 8.34
(2001), 8.2766 (2000), 7.1124 (1999)

Cuba
Cuban pesos per US dollar - 1.0000 (nonconvertible, official
rate, for international transactions, pegged to the US dollar);
convertible peso sold for domestic use at a rate of 27 pesos per US
dollar by the Government of Cuba (2002)

Cyprus
Cypriot pounds per US dollar - 0.5174 (2003), 0.6107 (2002),
0.6431 (2001), 0.6224 (2000), 0.5429 (1999), Turkish lira per US
dollar 1.505 million (2003), 1.507 million (2002), 1,225,590 (2001),
625,218 (2000), 418,783 (1999)

Czech Republic
koruny per US dollar - 28.209 (2003), 32.7385 (2002),
38.0353 (2001), 38.5984 (2000), 34.5692 (1999)

Denmark
Danish kroner per US dollar - 6.5877 (2003), 7.8947 (2002),
8.3228 (2001), 8.0831 (2000), 6.9762 (1999)

Djibouti
Djiboutian francs per US dollar - 177.721 (2003), 177.721
(2002), 177.721 (2001), 177.721 (2000), 177.721 (1999)

Dominica
East Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.7 (2003), 2.7
(2002), 2.7 (2001), 2.7 (2000), 2.7 (1999)

Dominican Republic
Dominican pesos per US dollar - 30.8307 (2003),
18.6098 (2002), 16.9516 (2001), 16.415 (2000), 16.0331 (1999)

East Timor
the US dollar is the legal tender

Ecuador
Ecuador formally adopted the US dollar as legal tender in
March 2000

Egypt
Egyptian pounds per US dollar - 5.8509 (2003), 4.4997 (2002),
3.973 (2001), 3.4721 (2000), 3.3953 (1999)

El Salvador
the US dollar is the legal tender

Equatorial Guinea
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XAF) per
US dollar - 581.2 (2003), 696.988 (2002), 733.039 (2001), 711.976
(2000), 615.699 (1999)

Eritrea
nakfa (ERN) per US dollar - NA (2003), 13.9582 (2002),
11.3095 (2001), 9.5 (2000), 7.6 (1999)

Estonia
krooni per US dollar - 13.8564 (2003), 16.6118 (2002),
17.4781 (2001), 16.9686 (2000), 14.6776 (1999)

Ethiopia
birr per US dollar - NA (2003), 8.5678 (2002), 8.4575
(2001), 8.2173 (2000), 7.9423 (1999)
note: since 24 October 2001 exchange rates are determined on a daily
basis via interbank transactions regulated by the Central Bank

European Union
euros per US dollar - 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002),
1.1175 (2001)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
Falkland pounds per US dollar -
0.6125 (2003), 0.6661 (2002), 0.6944 (2001), 0.6596 (2000), 0.618
(1999), 0.6037 (1998); note - the Falkland pound is at par with the
British pound

Faroe Islands
Danish kroner per US dollar - 6.5877 (2003), 7.89
(2002), 8.323 (2001), 8.083 (2000), 6.976 (1999)

Fiji
Fijian dollars per US dollar - 1.8958 (2003), 2.1869 (2002),
2.2766 (2001), 2.1286 (2000), 1.9696 (1999)

Finland
euros per US dollar - 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002), 1.1175
(2001), 1.0854 (2000), 0.9386 (1999)

France
euros per US dollar - 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002), 1.1175
(2001), 1.0854 (2000), 0.9386 (1999)

French Guiana
Euros per US dollar - 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002),
1.1175 (2001), 1.0854 (2000), 0.9386 (1999)

French Polynesia
Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique francs (XPF) per US
dollar - 105.73 (2003), 126.72 (2002), 133.26 (2001), 129.43 (2000),
111.93 (1999)
note: pegged at the rate of 119.25 XPF to the euro

Gabon
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XAF) per US dollar -
581.2 (2003), 696.988 (2002), 733.039 (2001), 711.976 (2000),
615.699 (1999)

Gambia, The
dalasi per US dollar - NA (2003), 19.9182 (2002),
15.6872 (2001), 12.7876 (2000), 11.3951 (1999)

Gaza Strip
new Israeli shekels per US dollar - 4.55 (2003), 4.74
(2002), 4.21 (2001), 4.08 (2000), 4.14 (1999)

Georgia
lari per US dollar - 2.1457 (2003), 2.1957 (2002), 2.073
(2001), 1.9762 (2000), 2.0245 (1999)

Germany
euros per US dollar - 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002), 1.1175
(2001), 1.0854 (2000), 0.9386 (1999)

Ghana
cedis per US dollar - NA (2003), 7,932.7 (2002), 7,170.76
(2001), 5,455.06 (2000), 2,669.3 (1999)

Gibraltar
Gibraltar pounds per US dollar - 0.6661 (2002), 0.6944
(2001), 0.6596 (2000), 0.6180 (1999), 0.6037 (1998); note - the
Gibraltar pound is at par with the British pound

Greece
euros per US dollar - 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002), 1.1175
(2001), 365.399 (2000), 305.647 (1999)

Greenland
Danish kroner per US dollar - 6.5877 (2003), 7.8947
(2002), 8.323 (2001), 8.083 (2000), 6.976 (1999)

Grenada
East Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.7 (2003), 2.7
(2002), 2.7 (2001), 2.7 (2000), 2.7 (1999)

Guadeloupe
euros per US dollar - 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002), 1.1175
(2001), 1.0854 (2000), 0.9386 (1999)

Guam
the US dollar is used

Guatemala
quetzales per US dollar - 7.9409 (2003), 7.8216 (2002),
7.8586 (2001), 7.7632 (2000), 7.3856 (1999)

Guernsey
Guernsey pounds per US dollar - 0.6661 (2002), 0.6944
(2001), 0.6596 (2000), 0.6180 (1999), 0.6037 (1998); note - the
Guernsey pound is at par with the British pound

Guinea
Guinean francs per US dollar - NA (2003), 1,975.84 (2002),
1,950.56 (2001), 1,746.87 (2000), 1,387.4 (1999)

Guinea-Bissau
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US
dollar - 581.2 (2003), 696.988 (2002), 733.039 (2001), 711.976
(2000), 615.699 (1999)
note: as of 1 May 1997, Guinea-Bissau adopted the XOF franc as the
national currency; since 1 January 1999, the XOF franc is pegged to
the euro at a rate of 655.957 XOF francs per euro

Guyana
Guyanese dollars per US dollar - NA (2003), 190.665 (2002),
187.321 (2001), 182.43 (2000), 177.995 (1999)

Haiti
gourdes per US dollar - 40.5 (2003), 29.2505 (2002), 24.4291
(2001), 21.1707 (2000), 16.9379 (1999)

Holy See (Vatican City)
euros per US dollar - 0.886 (2003),1.1324
(2002), 1.1175 (2001), 1.0854 (2000), 0.9386 (1999)

Honduras
lempiras per US dollar - 17.3453 (2003), 16.4334 (2002),
15.4737 (2001), 14.8392 (2000), 14.2132 (1999)

Hong Kong
Hong Kong dollars per US dollar - 7.7868 (2003), 7.7989
(2002), 7.7988 (2001), 7.7912 (2000), 7.7575 (1999)

Hungary
forints per US dollar - 224.307 (2003), 257.887 (2002),
286.49 (2001), 282.179 (2000), 237.146 (1999)

Iceland
Icelandic kronur per US dollar - 76.709 (2003), 91.6617
(2002), 97.4246 (2001), 78.6159 (2000), 72.3353 (1999)

India
Indian rupees per US dollar - 46.5806 (2003), 48.6103 (2002),
47.1864 (2001), 44.9416 (2000), 43.0554 (1999)

Indonesia
Indonesian rupiahs per US dollar - 8,577.13 (2003),
9,311.19 (2002), 10,260.8 (2001), 8,421.77 (2000), 7,855.15 (1999)

Iran
rials per US dollar - 8,193.89 (2003), 6,906.96 (2002),
1,753.56 (2001), 1,764.43 (2000), 1,752.93 (1999)
note: Iran has been using a managed floating exchange rate regime
since unifying multiple exchange rates in March 2002.

Iraq
New Iraqi dinars per US dollar - 1,890 (second half, 2003)

Ireland
euros per US dollar - 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002), 1.1175
(2001), 1.0854 (2000), 0.9386 (1999)

Israel
new Israeli shekels per US dollar - 4.5541 (2003), 4.7378
(2002), 4.2057 (2001), 4.0773 (2000), 4.1397 (1999)

Italy
euros per US dollar - 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002), 1.1175
(2001), 1.0854 (2000), 0.9386 (1999)

Jamaica
Jamaican dollars per US dollar - 57.7409 (2003), 48.4159
(2002), 45.9962 (2001), 42.7011 (2000), 39.0435 (1999)

Japan
yen per US dollar - 115.933 (2003), 125.388 (2002), 121.529
(2001), 107.765 (2000), 113.907 (1999)

Jersey
Jersey pounds per US dollar - 0.6661 (2002), 0.6944 (2001),
0.6596 (2000), 0.6180 (1999); the Jersey pound is at par with the
British pound

Jordan
Jordanian dinars per US dollar - 0.709 (2003), 0.709 (2002),
0.709 (2001), 0.709 (2000), 0.709 (1999)

Kazakhstan
tenge per US dollar - 149.576 (2003), 153.279 (2002),
146.736 (2001), 142.133 (2000), 119.523 (1999)

Kenya
Kenyan shillings per US dollar - 75.9356 (2003), 78.7491
(2002), 78.5632 (2001), 76.1755 (2000), 70.3262 (1999)

Kiribati
Australian dollars per US dollar - 1.5419 (2003), 1.8406
(2002), 1.9334 (2001), 1.7248 (2000), 1.55 (1999)

Korea, North
official: North Korean won per US dollar - 150
(December 2002), 2.15 (December 2001), 2.15 (May 1994), 2.13 (May
1992), 2.14 (September 1991), 2.1 (January 1990); market: North
Korean won per US dollar - 300-600 (December 2002), 200 (December
2001)

Korea, South
South Korean won per US dollar - 1,191.61 (2003),
1,251.09 (2002), 1,290.99 (2001), 1,130.96 (2000), 1,188.82 (1999)

Kuwait
Kuwaiti dinars per US dollar - 0.298 (2003), 0.3039 (2002),
0.3067 (2001), 0.3068 (2000), 0.3044 (1999)

Kyrgyzstan
soms per US dollar - 43.6484 (2003), 46.9371 (2002),
48.378 (2001), 47.7038 (2000), 39.0077 (1999)

Laos
kips per US dollar - 10,443 (2003), 10,056.3 (2002), 8,954.58
(2001), 7,887.64 (2000), 7,102.02 (1999)

Latvia
lati per US dollar - 0.5715 (2003), 0.6182 (2002), 0.6279
(2001), 0.6065 (2000), 0.5852 (1999)

Lebanon
Lebanese pounds per US dollar - 1,507.5 (2003), 1,507.5
(2002), 1,507.5 (2001), 1,507.5 (2000), 1,507.84 (1999)

Lesotho
maloti per US dollar - 7.5648 (2003), 10.5407 (2002), 8.6092
(2001), 6.9398 (2000), 6.1095 (1999)

Liberia
Liberian dollars per US dollar - NA (2003), 61.7542 (2002),
48.5833 (2001), 40.9525 (2000), 41.9025 (1999)

Libya
Libyan dinars per US dollar - 1.2929 (2003), 1.2707 (2002),
0.6051 (2001), 0.4994 (2000), 0.3936 (1999)

Liechtenstein
Swiss francs per US dollar - 1.3467 (2003), 1.5586
(2002), 1.6876 (2001), 1.6888 (2000), 1.5022 (1999)

Lithuania
litai per US dollar - 3.0609 (2003), 3.677 (2002), 4
(2001), 4 (2000), 4 (1999)

Luxembourg
euros per US dollar - 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002), 1.1175
(2001), 1.0854 (2000), 0.9386 (1999)

Macau
patacas per US dollar - 8.0212 (2003), 8.0334 (2002), 8.0335
(2001), 8.0259 (2000), 7.9919 (1999)

Macedonia
Macedonian denars per US dollar - NA (2003), 64.3498
(2002), 68.0371 (2001), 65.9039 (2000), 56.9018 (1999)

Madagascar
Malagasy francs per US dollar - 6,210 (2003), 6,831.96
(2002), 6,588.49 (2001), 6,767.48 (2000), 6,283.77 (1999)

Malawi
Malawian kwachas per US dollar - NA (2003), 76.6866 (2002),
72.1973 (2001), 59.5438 (2000), 44.0881 (1999)

Malaysia
ringgits per US dollar - 3.8 (2003), 3.8 (2002), 3.8
(2001), 3.8 (2000), 3.8 (1999)

Maldives
rufiyaa per US dollar - 12.8 (2003), 12.8 (2002), 12.2421
(2001), 11.77 (2000), 11.77 (1999)

Mali
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar -
581.2 (2003), 696.988 (2002), 733.039 (2001), 711.976 (2000),
615.699 (1999)

Malta
Maltese liri per US dollar - 0.3772 (2003), 0.4336 (2002),
0.4501 (2001), 0.4382 (2000), 0.3989 (1999)

Man, Isle of
Manx pounds per US dollar - 0.6125 (2003), 0.6661
(2002), 0.6944 (2001), 0.6596 (2000), 0.6180 (1999); the Manx pound
is at par with the British pound

Marshall Islands
the US dollar is the legal tender

Martinique
euros per US dollar - 0.8860 (2003), 1.0626 (2002),
1.1175 (2001), 1.0854 (2000), 0.9386 (1999); French francs per US
dollar - 5.8995 (1998)

Mauritania
ouguiyas per US dollar - NA (2003), 271.739 (2002),
255.629 (2001)

Mauritius
Mauritian rupees per US dollar - 27.9015 (2003), 29.962
(2002), 29.1293 (2001), 26.2496 (2000), 25.1858 (1999)

Mayotte
euros per US dollar - 0.8860 (2003), 1.0626 (2002), 1.1175
(2001), 1.0854 (2000), 0.9386 (1999)

Mexico
Mexican pesos per US dollar - 10.789 (2003), 9.656 (2002),
9.3423 (2001), 9.4556 (2000), 9.5604 (1999)

Micronesia, Federated States of
the US dollar is used

Moldova
lei per US dollar - 13.9449 (2003), 13.5705 (2002), 12.8651
(2001), 12.4342 (2000), 10.5158 (1999)

Monaco
euros per US dollar - 0.8860 (2003), 1.0626 (2002), 1.1175
(2001), 1.0854 (2000), 0.9386 (1999)

Mongolia
togrogs/tugriks per US dollar - 1,171 (2003), 1,110.31
(2002), 1,097.7 (2001), 1,076.67 (2000), 1,021.87 (1999)

Montserrat
East Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.7000 (fixed rate
since 1976)

Morocco
Moroccan dirhams per US dollar - 9.5744 (2003), 11.0206
(2002), 11.303 (2001), 10.6256 (2000), 9.8044 (1999)

Mozambique
meticais per US dollar - 23,782.3 (2003), 23,678 (2002),
20,703.6 (2001), 15,447.1 (2000), 13,028.6 (1999)
note: effective October 2000, the exchange rate is determined as the
weighted average of buying and selling exchange rates of all
transactions of commercial banks and stock exchanges with the public

Namibia
Namibian dollars per US dollar - 7.5648 (2003), 10.5407
(2002), 8.6092 (2001), 6.9398 (2000), 6.1095 (1999)

Nauru
Australian dollars per US dollar - 1.5419 (2003), 1.2641
(2002) 1.9320 (2001), 1.7173 (2000), 1.5497 (1999)

Nepal
Nepalese rupees per US dollar - 76.1414 (2003), 77.8766
(2002), 74.9492 (2001), 71.0938 (2000), 68.2394 (1999)

Netherlands
euros per US dollar - 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002),
1.1175 (2001), 1.0854 (2000), 0.9386 (1999)

Netherlands Antilles
Netherlands Antillean guilders per US dollar -
1.79 (2003), 1.79 (2002), 1.79 (2001), 1.79 (2000), 1.79 (1999)

New Caledonia
Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique francs (XPF) per US
dollar - 105.73 (2003), 126.72 (2002), 133.26 (2001), 129.44 (2000),
111.93 (1999)

New Zealand
New Zealand dollars per US dollar - 1.7229 (2003),
2.1622 (2002), 2.3788 (2001), 2.2012 (2000), 1.8896 (1999)

Nicaragua
gold cordobas per US dollar - 14.2513 (2003), 14.2513
(2002), 13.3719 (2001), 12.6844 (2000), 11.8092 (1999)

Niger
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar -
581.2 (2003), 696.988 (2002), 733.039 (2001), 711.976 (2000),
615.699 (1999)

Nigeria
nairas per US dollar - 129.222 (2003), 120.578 (2002),
111.231 (2001), 101.697 (2000), 92.3381 (1999)

Niue
New Zealand dollars per US dollar - 1.7229 (2003), 2.1620
(2002), 2.3776 (2001), 2.1863 (2000), 1.8886 (1999)

Norfolk Island
Australian dollars per US dollar - 1.5419 (2003),
1.8406 (2002), 1.9320 (2001), 1.7173 (2000), 1.5497 (1999)

Northern Mariana Islands
the US dollar is used

Norway
Norwegian kroner per US dollar - 7.0802 (2003), 7.9838
(2002), 8.9917 (2001), 8.8018 (2000), 7.7992 (1999)

Oman
Omani rials per US dollar - 0.3845 (2003), 0.3845 (2002),
0.3845 (2001), 0.3845 (2000), 0.3845 (1999)

Pakistan
Pakistani rupees per US dollar - 57.752 (2003), 59.7238
(2002), 61.9272 (2001), 53.6482 (2000), 49.1183 (1999)

Palau
the US dollar is used

Panama
balboas per US dollar - 1 (2003), 1 (2002), 1 (2001), 1
(2000), 1 (1999)

Papua New Guinea
kina per US dollar - 3.5635 (2003), 3.8952 (2002),
3.3887 (2001), 2.7822 (2000), 2.5708 (1999)

Paraguay
guarani per US dollar - 6,424.34 (2003), 5,716.26 (2002),
4,105.92 (2001), 3,486.35 (2000), 3,119.07 (1999)

Peru
nuevo sol per US dollar - 3.4785 (2003), 3.5165 (2002), 3.5068
(2001), 3.49 (2000), 3.3833 (1999)

Philippines
Philippine pesos per US dollar - 54.2033 (2003), 51.6036
(2002), 50.9926 (2001), 44.1922 (2000), 39.089 (1999)

Pitcairn Islands
New Zealand dollars per US dollar - 1.7229 (2003),
2.162 (2002), 2.3776 (2001), 2.1863 (2000), 1.8886 (1999)

Poland
zlotych per US dollar - 3.8891 (2003), 4.08 (2002), 4.0939
(2001), 4.3461 (2000), 3.9671 (1999)
note: zlotych is the plural form of zloty

Portugal
euros per US dollar - 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002), 1.1175
(2001), 1.0854 (2000), 0.9386 (1999)

Puerto Rico
the US dollar is used

Qatar
Qatari rials per US dollar - 3.64 (2003), 3.64 (2002), 3.64
(2001), 3.64 (2000), 3.64 (1999)

Reunion
euros per US dollar - 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002), 1.1175
(2001), 1.0854 (2000), 0.9386 (1999)

Romania
lei per US dollar - 33,200.1 (2003), 33,055.4 (2002),
29,060.8 (2001), 21,708.7 (2000), 15,332.8 (1999)

Russia
Russian rubles per US dollar - 30.692 (2003), 31.3485 (2002),
29.1685 (2001), 28.1292 (2000), 24.6199 (1999)
note: the post-1 January 1998 ruble is equal to 1,000 of the pre-1
January 1998 rubles

Rwanda
Rwandan francs per US dollar - 537.658 (2003), 476.327
(2002), 442.801 (2001), 389.696 (2000), 333.942 (1999)

Saint Helena
Saint Helenian pounds per US dollar - 0.6661 (2002),
0.6944 (2001), 0.6596 (2000), 0.6180 (1999), 0.6037 (1998),

Saint Kitts and Nevis
East Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.7
(2003), 2.7 (2002), 2.7 (2001), 2.7 (2000), 2.7 (1999)

Saint Lucia
East Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.7 (2003), 2.7
(2002), 2.7 (2001), 2.7 (2000), 2.7 (1999)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
euros per US dollar - 0.886 (2003), 1.0626
(2002), 1.0626 (2001), 1.08540 (2000), 0.93863 (1999)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
East Caribbean dollars per US
dollar - 2.7 (2003), 2.7 (2002), 2.7 (2001), 2.7 (2000), 2.7 (1999)

Samoa
tala per US dollar - 2.9732 (2003), 3.3763 (2002), 3.478
(2001), 3.2864 (2000), 3.0132 (1999)

San Marino
euros per US dollar - 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002), 1.1175
(2001), 1.0854 (2000), 0.9386 (1999)

Sao Tome and Principe
dobras per US dollar - 9,347.58 (2003),
9,088.32 (2002), 8,842.11 (2001), 7,978.17 (2000), 7,118.96 (1999)

Saudi Arabia
Saudi riyals per US dollar - 3.745 (2003), 3.745
(2002), 3.745 (2001), 3.745 (2000), 3.745 (1999)

Senegal
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar -
581.2 (2003), 696.988 (2002), 733.039 (2001), 711.976 (2000),
615.699 (1999)

Serbia and Montenegro
new Yugoslav dinars per US dollar - official
rate: 65 (2002)

Seychelles
Seychelles rupees per US dollar - 5.4007 (2003), 5.48
(2002), 5.8575 (2001), 5.7138 (2000), 5.3426 (1999)

Sierra Leone
leones per US dollar - 2,347.94 (2003), 2,099.03
(2002), 1,986.15 (2001), 2,092.12 (2000), 1,804.19 (1999)

Singapore
Singapore dollars per US dollar - 1.7422 (2003), 1.7906
(2002), 1.7917 (2001), 1.724 (2000), 1.695 (1999)

Slovakia
koruny per US dollar - 36.7729 (2003), 45.3267 (2002),
48.3548 (2001), 46.0352 (2000), 41.3628 (1999)

Slovenia
tolars per US dollar - 207.099 (2003), 240.248 (2002),
242.749 (2001), 222.656 (2000), 181.769 (1999)

Solomon Islands
Solomon Islands dollars per US dollar - NA (2003),
6.7488 (2002), 5.278 (2001), 5.0889 (2000), 4.8381 (1999)

Somalia
Somali shillings per US dollar - 11,000 (November 2000),
2,620 (January 1999), 7,500 (November 1997 est.), 7,000 (January
1996 est.), 5,000 (1 January 1995)
note: the Republic of Somaliland, a self-declared independent
country not recognized by any foreign government, issues its own
currency, the Somaliland shilling

South Africa
rand per US dollar - 7.5648 (2003), 10.5407 (2002),
8.6092 (2001), 6.9398 (2000), 6.1095 (1999)

Spain
euros per US dollar - 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002), 1.1175
(2001), 1.0854 (2000), 0.9386 (1999)

Sri Lanka
Sri Lankan rupees per US dollar - 96.521 (2003), 95.6621
(2002), 89.383 (2001), 77.0051 (2000), 70.6354 (1999)

Sudan
Sudanese dinars per US dollar - 260.983 (2003), 263.306
(2002), 258.702 (2001), 257.122 (2000), 252.55 (1999)

Suriname
Surinamese guilders per US dollar - NA (2003), 2,346.75
(2002), 2,178.5 (2001), 1,322.47 (2000), 859.437 (1999)
note: during 1998, the exchange rate splintered into four distinct
rates; in January 1999 the government floated the guilder, but
subsequently fixed it when the black-market rate plunged; the
government currently allows trading within a band of SRG 500 around
the official rate

Svalbard
Norwegian kroner per US dollar - 7.0802 (2003), 7.9838
(2002), 8.9917 (2001), 8.8018 (2000), 7.7992 (1999)

Swaziland
emalangeni per US dollar - 7.5648 (2003), 10.5407 (2002),
8.6092 (2001), 6.9398 (2000), 6.1095 (1999)

Sweden
Swedish kronor per US dollar - 8.0853 (2003), 9.7371 (2002),
10.3291 (2001), 9.1622 (2000), 8.2624 (1999)

Switzerland
Swiss francs per US dollar - 1.3467 (2003), 1.5586
(2002), 1.6876 (2001), 1.6888 (2000), 1.5022 (1999)

Syria
Syrian pounds per US dollar - (Official rate): 11.225 (2003),
11.225 (2002), 11.225 (2001), 11.225 (2000), 11.225 (1999), (Free
market rate): 49.65 (2001), 49.4 (2000), 51.7 (1999)

Taiwan
new Taiwan dollars per US dollar - 34.418 (2003), 34.575
(2002), 33.8 (2001), 33.09 (2000), 31.6 (1999)

Tajikistan
Tajikistani somoni per US dollar - 3.0614 (2003), 2.7641
(2002), 2.3722 (2001), 2.0763 (2000), 1.2378 (1999)
note: the new unit of exchange was introduced on 30 October 2000,
with one somoni equal to 1,000 of the old Tajikistani rubles

Tanzania
Tanzanian shillings per US dollar - NA (2003), 966.583
(2002), 876.412 (2001), 800.409 (2000), 744.759 (1999)

Thailand
baht per US dollar - 41.4846 (2003), 42.9601 (2002),
44.4319 (2001), 40.1118 (2000), 37.8137 (1999)

Togo
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar -
581.2 (2003), 696.988 (2002), 733.039 (2001), 711.976 (2000),
615.699 (1999)

Tokelau
New Zealand dollars per US dollar - 1.7229 (2003), 2.154
(2002), 2.3776 (2001), 2.1863 (2000), 1.8886 (1999)

Tonga
pa'anga per US dollar - NA (2003), 2.1952 (2002), 2.1236
(2001), 1.7585 (2000), 1.5991 (1999)

Trinidad and Tobago
Trinidad and Tobago dollars per US dollar -
6.2929 (2003), 6.2487 (2002), 6.2332 (2001), 6.2998 (2000), 6.2989
(1999)

Tunisia
Tunisian dinars per US dollar - 1.2885 (2003), 1.4217
(2002), 1.4387 (2001), 1.3707 (2000), 1.1862 (1999)

Turkey
Turkish liras per US dollar - NA (2003), 1,507,230 (2002),
1,225,590 (2001), 625,218 (2000), 418,783 (1999), 151,865 (1997)

Turkmenistan
Turkmen manats per US dollar - 5,200 (2003), 5,200
(2002), 5,200 (2001), 5,200 (2000), 5,200 (1999);note - the official
exchange rate has not varied for the last six years; the unofficial
rate has fluctuated slightly, hovering around 21,000 manats to the
dollar

Turks and Caicos Islands
the US dollar is used

Tuvalu
Tuvaluan dollars or Australian dollars per US dollar -
1.5419, (2003), 1.8406 (2002), 1.9320 (2001), 1.7173 (2000), 1.5497
(1999)

Uganda
Ugandan shillings per US dollar - 1,963.72 (2003), 1,797.55
(2002), 1,755.66 (2001), 1,644.48 (2000), 1,454.83 (1999)

Ukraine
hryvnia per US dollar - 5.3327 (2003), 5.3266 (2002), 5.3722
(2001), 5.4402 (2000), 4.1304 (1999)

United Arab Emirates
Emirati dirhams per US dollar - 3.67 (2003),
3.6725 (2002), 3.6725 (2001), 3.6725 (2000), 3.6725 (1999)

United Kingdom
British pounds per US dollar - 0.55 (2004), 0.61
(2003), 0.67 (2002), 0.69 (2001), 0.66 (2000), 0.62 (1999)

United States
British pounds per US dollar - 0.6139 (2003), 0.6661
(2002), 0.6944 (2001), 0.6596 (2000), 0.6180 (1999), Canadian
dollars per US dollar - 1.4045 (2003), 1.5693 (2002), 1.5488 (2001),
1.4851 (2000), 1.4857 (1999), Japanese yen per US dollar - 116.08
(2003), 125.39 (2002), 121.53 (2001), 107.77 (2000), 113.91 (1999),
euros per US dollar - 0.8866 (2003), 1.0626 (2002), 1.1175 (2001),
1.08540 (2000), 0.93863 (1999)

Uruguay
Uruguayan pesos per US dollar - 28.2091 (2003), 21.257
(2002), 13.3191 (2001), 12.0996 (2000), 11.3393 (1999)

Uzbekistan
Uzbekistani sums per US dollar - 115.9 (2003), 125.3
(2002), NA (2001), 236.608 (2000), 124.625 (1999)

Vanuatu
vatu per US dollar - 122.189 (2003), 139.198 (2002), 145.312
(2001), 137.643 (2000), 129.075 (1999)

Venezuela
bolivares per US dollar - 1,607.79 (2003), 1,160.95
(2002), 723.666 (2001), 679.96 (2000), 605.717 (1999)

Vietnam
dong per US dollar - 15,279.5 (2003), 15,279.5 (2002),
14,725.2 (2001), 14,167.7 (2000), 13,943.2 (1999)

Virgin Islands
the US dollar is used

Wallis and Futuna
Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique francs (XPF) per
US dollar - 105.73 (2003), 126.72 (2002), 133.26 (2001), 129.43
(2000), 111.93 (1999), 107.25 (1998)

West Bank
new Israeli shekels per US dollar - 4.5541 (2003), 4.7378
(2002), 4.2057 (2001), 4.0773 (2000), 4.1397 (1999); Jordanian
dinars per US dollar - fixed rate of 0.7090 (from 1996)

Western Sahara
Moroccan dirhams per US dollar - 9.574 (2003), 11.584
(2002), 11.303 (2001), 10.626 (2000), 9.804 (1999)

Yemen
Yemeni rials per US dollar - NA (2003), 175.625 (2002),
168.672 (2001), 161.718 (2000), 155.718 (1999)

Zambia
Zambian kwacha per US dollar - 4,733.77 (2003), 4,398.59
(2002), 3,610.93 (2001), 3,110.84 (2000), 2,388.02 (1999)

Zimbabwe
Zimbabwean dollars per US dollar - NA (2003), 55.0358
(2002), 55.0521 (2001), 44.4179 (2000), 38.3012 (1999); note - these
are official exchange rates, non-official rates vary significantly

This page was last updated on 10 February, 2005

======================================================================

@2077 Executive branch

Afghanistan
chief of state: President of the Islamic Republic of
Afghanistan, Hamid KARZAI (since 7 December 2004); note - the
president is both the chief of state and head of government; former
King ZAHIR Shah holds the honorific, "Father of the Country," and
presides symbolically over certain occasions, but lacks any
governing authority; the honorific is not hereditary
head of government: President of the Islamic Republic of
Afghanistan, Hamid KARZAI (since 7 December 2004); note - the
president is both chief of state and head of government
cabinet: 27 ministers; note - under the new constitution, ministers
are appointed by the president and approved by the National Assembly
elections: the president and two vice presidents are elected by
direct vote for a five-year term; if no candidate receives 50% or
more of the vote in the first round of voting, the two candidates
with the most votes will participate in a second round; a president
can only be elected for two terms; election last held 9 October 2004
(next to be held in 2009)
election results: Hamid KARZAI elected president; percent of vote -
Hamid KARZAI - 55.4%, Yunus QANOONI - 16.3%, Mohammad MOHAQEQ -
11.6%, Abdul Rashid DOSTAM 10.0%, Abdul Latif PEDRAM - 1.4%, Masooda
JALAL - 1.2%

Akrotiri
chief of state: Queen Elizabeth II (since 6 February 1952)
head of government: Administrator Maj. Gen. Peter Tomas Clayton
PEARSON (since 9 May 2003) note - reports to the British Ministry of
Defence
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; the administrator is
appointed by the monarch

Albania
chief of state: President of the Republic Alfred MOISIU
(since 24 July 2002)
head of government: Prime Minister Fatos NANO (since 31 July 2002)
cabinet: Council of Ministers proposed by the prime minister,
nominated by the president, and approved by Parliament
elections: president elected by the People's Assembly for a
five-year term; election last held 24 June 2002 (next to be held NA
June 2007); prime minister appointed by the president
election results: Alfred MOISIU elected president; People's Assembly
vote by number - total votes 116, for 97, against 19

Algeria
chief of state: President Abdelaziz BOUTEFLIKA (since 28
April 1999)
head of government: Prime Minister Ahmed OUYAHIA (since 9 May 2003)
cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 8 April 2004 (next to be held NA April 2009);
prime minister appointed by the president
election results: Abdelaziz BOUTEFLIKA reelected president for
second term; percent of vote - Abdelaziz BOUTEFLIKA 85%, Ali BENFLIS
6.4%, Abdallah DJABALLAH 5%

American Samoa
chief of state: President George W. BUSH of the US
(since 20 January 2001) and Vice President Richard B. CHENEY (since
20 January 2001)
head of government: Governor Togiola TULAFONO (since 7 April 2003)
cabinet: NA
elections: US president and vice president elected on the same
ticket for four-year terms; governor and lieutenant governor elected
on the same ticket by popular vote for four-year terms; election
last held 2 and 16 November 2004 (next to be held November 2008)
election results: Togiola TULAFONO elected governor; percent of
vote: Togiola TULAFONO 55.7%, Afoa Moega LUTU 44.3%

Andorra
chief of state: French Coprince Jacques CHIRAC (since 17 May
1995), represented by Philippe MASSONI (since 26 July 2002); Spanish
Coprince Bishop Joan Enric VIVES i SICILIA (since 12 May 2003),
represented by Nemesi MARQUES i OSTE (since NA)
head of government: Executive Council President Marc FORNE Molne
(since 21 December 1994)
cabinet: Executive Council or Govern designated by the Executive
Council president
elections: Executive Council president elected by the General
Council and formally appointed by the coprinces for a four-year
term; election last held 4 March 2001 (next to be held April-May
2005)
election results: Marc FORNE Molne elected executive council
president; percent of General Council vote - NA%

Angola
chief of state: President Jose Eduardo DOS SANTOS (since 21
September 1979); note - the president is both chief of state and
head of government
head of government: President Jose Eduardo DOS SANTOS (since 21
September 1979); note - the president is both chief of state and
head of government; Fernando de Piedade Dias DOS SANTOS was
appointed Prime Minister on 6 December 2002, but this is not a
position of real power
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president elected by universal ballot for a NA-year term;
President DOS SANTOS originally elected (in 1979) without opposition
under a one-party system and stood for reelection in Angola's first
multiparty elections 29-30 September 1992 (next to be held NA)
election results: DOS SANTOS 49.6%, Jonas SAVIMBI 40.1%, making a
run-off election necessary; the run-off was not held and SAVIMBI's
National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA)
repudiated the results of the first election; the civil war resumed

Anguilla
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952);
represented by Governor Alan Eden HUCKLE (since 28 May 2004)
head of government: Chief Minister Osbourne FLEMING (since 3 March
2000)
cabinet: Executive Council appointed by the governor from among the
elected members of the House of Assembly
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor appointed by
the monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the
majority party or the leader of the majority coalition is usually
appointed chief minister by the governor

Antigua and Barbuda
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6
February 1952), represented by Governor General James B. CARLISLE
(since 10 June 1993)
head of government: Prime Minister Baldwin SPENCER (since 24 March
2004)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the governor general on
the advice of the prime minister
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor general chosen
by the monarch on the advice of the prime minister; following
legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or the
leader of the majority coalition is usually appointed prime minister
by the governor general

Argentina
chief of state: President Nestor KIRCHNER (since 25 May
2003); Vice President Daniel SCIOLI (since 25 May 2003); note - the
president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Nestor KIRCHNER (since 25 May 2003);
Vice President Daniel SCIOLI (since 25 May 2003); note - the
president is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket
by popular vote for four-year terms; the last election held was the
presidential primary election of 27 April 2003 (next election to be
held NA 2007)
election results: results of the presidential primary of 27 April
2003: Carlos Saul MENEM 24.3%, Nestor KIRCHNER 22%, Ricardo Lopez
MURPHY 16.4%, Adolfo Rodriguez SAA 14.4%, Elisa CARRIO 14.2%, other
8.7%; the subsequent runoff election slated for 25 May 2003 was
awarded to KIRCHNER by default after MENEM withdrew his candidacy on
the eve of the election

Armenia
chief of state: President Robert KOCHARIAN (since 30 March
1998)
head of government: Prime Minister Andranik MARKARYAN (since 12 May
2000)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 19 February and 5 March 2003 (next to be held NA
2008); prime minister appointed by the president; the prime minister
and Council of Ministers must resign if the National Assembly
refuses to accept their program
election results: Robert KOCHARIAN reelected president; percent of
vote - Robert KOCHARIAN 67.5%, Stepan DEMIRCHYAN 32.5%

Aruba
chief of state: Queen BEATRIX of the Netherlands (since 30
April 1980), represented by Governor General Fredis REFUNJOL (since
11 May 2004)
head of government: Prime Minister Nelson O. ODUBER (since 30
October 2001)
cabinet: Council of Ministers (elected by the Staten)
elections: the monarch is hereditary; governor general appointed for
a six-year term by the monarch; prime minister and deputy prime
minister elected by the Staten for four-year terms; election last
held 28 September 2001 (next to be held by December 2005)
election results: Nelson O. ODUBER elected prime minister; percent
of legislative vote - NA

Australia
chief of state: Queen of Australia ELIZABETH II (since 6
February 1952), represented by Governor General Maj. Gen. (Ret.)
Michael JEFFERY (since 11 August 2003)
head of government: Prime Minister John Winston HOWARD (since 11
March 1996); Deputy Prime Minister John ANDERSON (since 20 July 1999)
cabinet: Parliament nominates and selects, from among its members, a
list of candidates to serve as government ministers; from this list,
the governor general swears in the final selections for the Cabinet
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor general
appointed by the monarch on the recommendation of the prime
minister; following legislative elections, the leader of the
majority party or leader of a majority coalition is sworn in as
prime minister by the governor general
note: government coalition - Liberal Party and National Party

Austria
chief of state: President Heinz FISCHER (since 8 July 2004)
head of government: Chancellor Wolfgang SCHUESSEL (OeVP)(since 4
February 2000); Vice Chancellor Hubert GORBACH (since 21 October
2003)
cabinet: Council of Ministers chosen by the president on the advice
of the chancellor
elections: president elected by direct popular vote for a six-year
term; presidential election last held 25 April 2004 (next to be held
NA April 2010); chancellor traditionally chosen by the president
from the plurality party in the National Council; vice chancellor
chosen by the president on the advice of the chancellor
election results: Heinz FISCHER elected president; percent of vote -
Heinz FISCHER (SPOe) 52.4%, Benita FERRERO-WALDNER (OeVP) 47.6%
note: government coalition - OeVP and FPOe

Azerbaijan
chief of state: President Ilham ALIYEV (since 31 October
2003)
head of government: Prime Minister Artur RASIZADE (since 4 November
2003); First Deputy Prime Minister Abbas ABBASOV (since 10 November
2003)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president and
confirmed by the National Assembly
elections: president elected by popular vote to a five-year term;
election last held 15 October 2003 (next to be held NA October
2008); prime minister and first deputy prime ministers appointed by
the president and confirmed by the National Assembly
election results: Ilham ALIYEV elected president; percent of vote -
Ilham ALIYEV 76.8%, Isa GAMBAR 14%

Bahamas, The
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February
1952), represented by Governor General Dame Ivy DUMONT (since NA May
2002)
head of government: Prime Minister Perry CHRISTIE (since 3 May 2002)
and Deputy Prime Minister Cynthia PRATT (since 7 May 2002)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the prime
minister's recommendation
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor general
appointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, the
leader of the majority party or the leader of the majority coalition
is usually appointed prime minister by the governor general; the
prime minister recommends the deputy prime minister

Bahrain
chief of state: King HAMAD bin Isa Al Khalifa (since 6 March
1999); Heir Apparent Crown Prince SALMAN bin Hamad (son of the
monarch, born 21 October 1969)
head of government: Prime Minister KHALIFA bin Salman Al Khalifa
(since NA 1971)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the monarch
elections: none; the monarchy is hereditary; prime minister
appointed by the monarch

Bangladesh
chief of state: President Iajuddin AHMED (since 6
September 2002); note - the president's duties are normally
ceremonial, but with the 13th amendment to the constitution
("Caretaker Government Amendment"), the president's role becomes
significant at times when Parliament is dissolved and a caretaker
government is installed - at presidential direction - to supervise
the elections
head of government: Prime Minister Khaleda ZIA (since 10 October
2001)
cabinet: Cabinet selected by the prime minister and appointed by the
president
elections: president elected by National Parliament for a five-year
term; election scheduled for 16 September 2002 was not held since
Iajuddin AHMED was the only presidential candidate; he was sworn in
on 6 September 2002 (next election to be held by NA 2007); following
legislative elections, the leader of the party that wins the most
seats is usually appointed prime minister by the president
election results: Iajuddin AHMED declared by the Election Commission
elected unopposed as president; percent of National Parliament vote
- NA

Barbados
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952),
represented by Governor General Sir Clifford Straughn HUSBANDS
(since 1 June 1996)
head of government: Prime Minister Owen Seymour ARTHUR (since 6
September 1994); Deputy Prime Minister Mia MOTTLEY (since 26 May
2003)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the advice of
the prime minister
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor general
appointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, the
leader of the majority party or the leader of the majority coalition
is usually appointed prime minister by the governor general; the
prime minister recommends the deputy prime minister

Belarus
chief of state: President Aleksandr LUKASHENKO (since 20
July 1994)
head of government: Prime Minister Sergei SIDORSKY (since 19
December 2003); First Deputy Prime Minister Vladimir SEMASHKO (since
December 2003); Deputy Prime Ministers Andrei KOBYAKOV (since
December 2003), Vladimir DRAZHIN (since 24 September 2001), Ivan
BAMBIZA (since 25 May 2004), Anatoly TYUTYUNOV (since July 2002)
cabinet: Council of Ministers
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
first election took place 23 June and 10 July 1994; according to the
1994 constitution, the next election should have been held in 1999,
however LUKASHENKO extended his term to 2001 via a November 1996
referendum; new election held 9 September 2001; October 2004
referendum ended presidential term limits allowing president to run
for a third term in September 2006; prime minister and deputy prime
ministers appointed by the president
election results: Aleksandr LUKASHENKO reelected president; percent
of vote - Aleksandr LUKASHENKO 75.6%, Vladimir GONCHARIK 15.4%

Belgium
chief of state: King ALBERT II (since 9 August 1993); Heir
Apparent Prince PHILIPPE, son of the monarch
head of government: Prime Minister Guy VERHOFSTADT (since 13 July
1999)
cabinet: Council of Ministers formally appointed by the monarch
elections: none; the monarchy is hereditary; following legislative
elections, the leader of the majority party or the leader of the
majority coalition is usually appointed prime minister by the
monarch and then approved by Parliament
note: government coalition - VLD, MR, PS, SP.A-Spirit

Belize
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952),
represented by Governor General Sir Colville YOUNG, Sr. (since 17
November 1993)
head of government: Prime Minister Said Wilbert MUSA (since 28
August 1998); Deputy Prime Minister John BRICENO (since 1 September
1998)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the advice of
the prime minister
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor general
appointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, the
leader of the majority party or the leader of the majority coalition
is usually appointed prime minister by the governor general; prime
minister recommends the deputy prime minister

Benin
chief of state: President Mathieu KEREKOU (since 4 April
1996); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
head of government: President Mathieu KEREKOU (since 4 April 1996);
note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president reelected by popular vote for a five-year term;
runoff election held 22 March 2001 (next to be held NA March 2006)
election results: Mathieu KEREKOU reelected president; percent of
vote - Mathieu KEREKOU 84.1%, Bruno AMOUSSOU 15.9%
note: the four top-ranking contenders following the first-round
presidential elections were: Mathieu KEREKOU (incumbent) 45.4%,
Nicephore SOGOLO (former president) 27.1%, Adrien HOUNGBEDJI
(National Assembly Speaker) 12.6%, and Bruno AMOUSSOU (Minister of
State) 8.6%; the second-round balloting, originally scheduled for 18
March 2001, was postponed four days because both SOGOLO and
HOUNGBEDJI withdrew alleging electoral fraud; this left KEREKOU to
run against his own Minister of State, AMOUSSOU, in what was termed
a "friendly match"

Bermuda
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952),
represented by Governor Sir John VEREKER (since NA April 2002)
head of government: Premier Alex SCOTT (since 24 July 2003); Deputy
Premier Ewart BROWN
cabinet: Cabinet nominated by the premier, appointed by the governor
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor appointed by
the monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the
majority party or the leader of the majority coalition is usually
appointed premier by the governor

Bhutan
chief of state: King Jigme Singye WANGCHUCK (since 24 July
1972)
head of government: Chairman of the Council of Ministers Lyonpo
Yeshey ZIMBA (since 20 August 2004)
cabinet: Council of Ministers (Lhengye Shungtsog) nominated by the
monarch, approved by the National Assembly; members serve fixed,
five-year terms; note - there is also a Royal Advisory Council
(Lodoi Tsokde), members nominated by the monarch
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary, but democratic reforms
in July 1998 grant the National Assembly authority to remove the
monarch with two-thirds vote

Bolivia
chief of state: President Carlos Diego MESA Gisbert (since
17 October 2003); Vice President (vacant); note - the president is
both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Carlos Diego MESA Gisbert (since 17
October 2003); Vice President (vacant); note - the president is both
the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket
by popular vote for five-year terms; election last held 30 June 2002
(next to be held NA June 2007)
election results: as a result of no candidate winning a majority in
the 30 June 2002 election, Gonzalo SANCHEZ DE LOZADA Bustamante was
chosen president by Congress; Congressional votes - Gonzalo SANCHEZ
DE LOZADA Bustamante 84, Evo MORALES 43; note - following the
resignation of the elected president on 17 October 2003, Vice
President Carlos Diego MESA Gisbert assumed the presidency