Chapter XCII: Section 3: , Taipei, Taiwan, telephone: 886 (2) 2162-2000, FAX (28)

Midway Islands
0 km

Moldova
total: 1,389 km
border countries: Romania 450 km, Ukraine 939 km

Monaco
total: 4.4 km
border countries: France 4.4 km

Mongolia
total: 8,220 km
border countries: China 4,677 km, Russia 3,543 km

Montserrat
0 km

Morocco
total: 2,017.9 km
border countries: Algeria 1,559 km, Western Sahara 443 km, Spain
(Ceuta) 6.3 km, Spain (Melilla) 9.6 km

Mozambique
total: 4,571 km
border countries: Malawi 1,569 km, South Africa 491 km, Swaziland
105 km, Tanzania 756 km, Zambia 419 km, Zimbabwe 1,231 km

Namibia
total: 3,936 km
border countries: Angola 1,376 km, Botswana 1,360 km, South Africa
967 km, Zambia 233 km

Nauru
0 km

Navassa Island
0 km

Nepal
total: 2,926 km
border countries: China 1,236 km, India 1,690 km

Netherlands
total: 1,027 km
border countries: Belgium 450 km, Germany 577 km

Netherlands Antilles
total: 10.2 km
border countries: Guadeloupe (Saint Martin) 10.2 km

New Caledonia
0 km

New Zealand
0 km

Nicaragua
total: 1,231 km
border countries: Costa Rica 309 km, Honduras 922 km

Niger
total: 5,697 km
border countries: Algeria 956 km, Benin 266 km, Burkina Faso 628 km,
Chad 1,175 km, Libya 354 km, Mali 821 km, Nigeria 1,497 km

Nigeria
total: 4,047 km
border countries: Benin 773 km, Cameroon 1,690 km, Chad 87 km, Niger
1,497 km

Niue
0 km

Norfolk Island
0 km

Northern Mariana Islands
0 km

Norway
total: 2,551 km
border countries: Finland 736 km, Sweden 1,619 km, Russia 196 km

Oman
total: 1,374 km
border countries: Saudi Arabia 676 km, UAE 410 km, Yemen 288 km

Pakistan
total: 6,774 km
border countries: Afghanistan 2,430 km, China 523 km, India 2,912
km, Iran 909 km

Palau
0 km

Palmyra Atoll
0 km

Panama
total: 555 km
border countries: Colombia 225 km, Costa Rica 330 km

Papua New Guinea
total: 820 km
border countries: Indonesia 820 km

Paracel Islands
0 km

Paraguay
total: 3,920 km
border countries: Argentina 1,880 km, Bolivia 750 km, Brazil 1,290 km

Peru
total: 5,536 km
border countries: Bolivia 900 km, Brazil 1,560 km, Chile 160 km,
Colombia 1,496 km (est.), Ecuador 1,420 km

Philippines
0 km

Pitcairn Islands
0 km

Poland
total: 2,788 km
border countries: Belarus 407 km, Czech Republic 658 km, Germany 456
km, Lithuania 91 km, Russia (Kaliningrad Oblast) 206 km, Slovakia
444 km, Ukraine 526 km

Portugal
total: 1,214 km
border countries: Spain 1,214 km

Puerto Rico
0 km

Qatar
total: 60 km
border countries: Saudi Arabia 60 km

Reunion
0 km

Romania
total: 2,508 km
border countries: Bulgaria 608 km, Hungary 443 km, Moldova 450 km,
Serbia and Montenegro 476 km, Ukraine (north) 362 km, Ukraine (east)
169 km

Russia
total: 20,017 km
border countries: Azerbaijan 284 km, Belarus 959 km, China
(southeast) 3,605 km, China (south) 40 km, Estonia 294 km, Finland
1,340 km, Georgia 723 km, Kazakhstan 6,846 km, North Korea 19 km,
Latvia 217 km, Lithuania (Kaliningrad Oblast) 227 km, Mongolia 3,485
km, Norway 196 km, Poland (Kaliningrad Oblast) 206 km, Ukraine 1,576
km

Rwanda
total: 893 km
border countries: Burundi 290 km, Democratic Republic of the Congo
217 km, Tanzania 217 km, Uganda 169 km

Saint Helena
0 km

Saint Kitts and Nevis
0 km

Saint Lucia
0 km

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
0 km

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
0 km

Samoa
0 km

San Marino
total: 39 km
border countries: Italy 39 km

Sao Tome and Principe
0 km

Saudi Arabia
total: 4,431 km
border countries: Iraq 814 km, Jordan 744 km, Kuwait 222 km, Oman
676 km, Qatar 60 km, UAE 457 km, Yemen 1,458 km

Senegal
total: 2,640 km
border countries: The Gambia 740 km, Guinea 330 km, Guinea-Bissau
338 km, Mali 419 km, Mauritania 813 km

Serbia and Montenegro
total: 2,246 km
border countries: Albania 287 km, Bosnia and Herzegovina 527 km,
Bulgaria 318 km, Croatia (north) 241 km, Croatia (south) 25 km,
Hungary 151 km, Macedonia 221 km, Romania 476 km

Seychelles
0 km

Sierra Leone
total: 958 km
border countries: Guinea 652 km, Liberia 306 km

Singapore
0 km

Slovakia
total: 1,524 km
border countries: Austria 91 km, Czech Republic 215 km, Hungary 677
km, Poland 444 km, Ukraine 97 km

Slovenia
total: 1,334 km
border countries: Austria 330 km, Croatia 670 km, Italy 232 km,
Hungary 102 km

Solomon Islands
0 km

Somalia
total: 2,340 km
border countries: Djibouti 58 km, Ethiopia 1,600 km, Kenya 682 km

South Africa
total: 4,862 km
border countries: Botswana 1,840 km, Lesotho 909 km, Mozambique 491
km, Namibia 967 km, Swaziland 430 km, Zimbabwe 225 km

South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
0 km

Spain
total: 1,917.8 km
border countries: Andorra 63.7 km, France 623 km, Gibraltar 1.2 km,
Portugal 1,214 km, Morocco (Ceuta) 6.3 km, Morocco (Melilla) 9.6 km

Spratly Islands
0 km

Sri Lanka
0 km

Sudan
total: 7,687 km
border countries: Central African Republic 1,165 km, Chad 1,360 km,
Democratic Republic of the Congo 628 km, Egypt 1,273 km, Eritrea 605
km, Ethiopia 1,606 km, Kenya 232 km, Libya 383 km, Uganda 435 km

Suriname
total: 1,707 km
border countries: Brazil 597 km, French Guiana 510 km, Guyana 600 km

Svalbard
0 km

Swaziland
total: 535 km
border countries: Mozambique 105 km, South Africa 430 km

Sweden
total: 2,233 km
border countries: Finland 614 km, Norway 1,619 km

Switzerland
total: 1,852 km
border countries: Austria 164 km, France 573 km, Italy 740 km,
Liechtenstein 41 km, Germany 334 km

Syria
total: 2,253 km
border countries: Iraq 605 km, Israel 76 km, Jordan 375 km, Lebanon
375 km, Turkey 822 km

Taiwan
0 km

Tajikistan
total: 3,651 km
border countries: Afghanistan 1,206 km, China 414 km, Kyrgyzstan 870
km, Uzbekistan 1,161 km

Tanzania
total: 3,861 km
border countries: Burundi 451 km, Democratic Republic of the Congo
459 km, Kenya 769 km, Malawi 475 km, Mozambique 756 km, Rwanda 217
km, Uganda 396 km, Zambia 338 km

Thailand
total: 4,863 km
border countries: Burma 1,800 km, Cambodia 803 km, Laos 1,754 km,
Malaysia 506 km

Togo
total: 1,647 km
border countries: Benin 644 km, Burkina Faso 126 km, Ghana 877 km

Tokelau
0 km

Tonga
0 km

Trinidad and Tobago
0 km

Tromelin Island
0 km

Tunisia
total: 1,424 km
border countries: Algeria 965 km, Libya 459 km

Turkey
total: 2,648 km
border countries: Armenia 268 km, Azerbaijan 9 km, Bulgaria 240 km,
Georgia 252 km, Greece 206 km, Iran 499 km, Iraq 352 km, Syria 822 km

Turkmenistan
total: 3,736 km
border countries: Afghanistan 744 km, Iran 992 km, Kazakhstan 379
km, Uzbekistan 1,621 km

Turks and Caicos Islands
0 km

Tuvalu
0 km

Uganda
total: 2,698 km
border countries: Democratic Republic of the Congo 765 km, Kenya 933
km, Rwanda 169 km, Sudan 435 km, Tanzania 396 km

Ukraine
total: 4,663 km
border countries: Belarus 891 km, Hungary 103 km, Moldova 939 km,
Poland 526 km, Romania (south) 169 km, Romania (west) 362 km, Russia
1,576 km, Slovakia 97 km

United Arab Emirates
total: 867 km
border countries: Oman 410 km, Saudi Arabia 457 km

United Kingdom
total: 360 km
border countries: Ireland 360 km

United States
total: 12,034 km
border countries: Canada 8,893 km (including 2,477 km with Alaska),
Mexico 3,141 km
note: US Naval Base at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba is leased by the US and
is part of Cuba; the base boundary is 29 km

Uruguay
total: 1,564 km
border countries: Argentina 579 km, Brazil 985 km

Uzbekistan
total: 6,221 km
border countries: Afghanistan 137 km, Kazakhstan 2,203 km,
Kyrgyzstan 1,099 km, Tajikistan 1,161 km, Turkmenistan 1,621 km

Vanuatu
0 km

Venezuela
total: 4,993 km
border countries: Brazil 2,200 km, Colombia 2,050 km, Guyana 743 km

Vietnam
total: 4,639 km
border countries: Cambodia 1,228 km, China 1,281 km, Laos 2,130 km

Virgin Islands
0 km

Wake Island
0 km

Wallis and Futuna
0 km

West Bank
total: 404 km
border countries: Israel 307 km, Jordan 97 km

Western Sahara
total: 2,046 km
border countries: Algeria 42 km, Mauritania 1,561 km, Morocco 443 km

World
the land boundaries in the world total 250,472 km (not
counting shared boundaries twice); two nations, China and Russia,
each border 14 other countries
note: 43 nations and other areas are landlocked, these include:
Afghanistan, Andorra, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bhutan,
Bolivia, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Central African Republic,
Chad, Czech Republic, Ethiopia, Holy See (Vatican City), Hungary,
Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Lesotho, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg,
Malawi, Mali, Moldova, Mongolia, Nepal, Niger, Paraguay, Rwanda, San
Marino, Slovakia, Swaziland, Switzerland, Tajikistan, The Former
Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Turkmenistan, Uganda, Uzbekistan,
West Bank, Zambia, Zimbabwe; two of these, Liechtenstein and
Uzbekistan, are doubly landlocked

Yemen
total: 1,746 km
border countries: Oman 288 km, Saudi Arabia 1,458 km

Zambia
total: 5,664 km
border countries: Angola 1,110 km, Democratic Republic of the Congo
1,930 km, Malawi 837 km, Mozambique 419 km, Namibia 233 km, Tanzania
338 km, Zimbabwe 797 km

Zimbabwe
total: 3,066 km
border countries: Botswana 813 km, Mozambique 1,231 km, South Africa
225 km, Zambia 797 km

This page was last updated on 10 February, 2005

======================================================================

@2097 Land use (%)

Afghanistan
arable land: 12.13%
permanent crops: 0.22%
other: 87.65% (2001)

Albania
arable land: 21.09%
permanent crops: 4.42%
other: 74.49% (2001)

Algeria
arable land: 3.22%
permanent crops: 0.25%
other: 96.53% (2001)

American Samoa
arable land: 10%
permanent crops: 15%
other: 75% (2001)

Andorra
arable land: 2.22%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 97.78% (2001)

Angola
arable land: 2.41%
permanent crops: 0.24%
other: 97.35% (2001)

Anguilla
arable land: 0%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 100% (mostly rock with sparse scrub oak, few trees, some
commercial salt ponds) (2001)

Antarctica
arable land: 0%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 100% (ice 98%, barren rock 2%) (2001)

Antigua and Barbuda
arable land: 18.18%
permanent crops: 4.55%
other: 77.27% (2001)

Argentina
arable land: 12.31%
permanent crops: 0.48%
other: 87.21% (2001)

Armenia
arable land: 17.55%
permanent crops: 2.3%
other: 80.15% (2001)

Aruba
arable land: 10.53% (including aloe 0.01%)
permanent crops: 0%
other: 89.47% (2001)

Ashmore and Cartier Islands
arable land: 0%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 100% (all grass and sand) (2001)

Australia
arable land: 6.55% (includes about 27 million hectares of
cultivated grassland)
permanent crops: 0.04%
other: 93.41% (2001)

Austria
arable land: 16.91%
permanent crops: 0.86%
other: 82.23% (2001)

Azerbaijan
arable land: 19.63%
permanent crops: 2.71%
other: 77.66% (2001)

Bahamas, The
arable land: 0.8%
permanent crops: 0.4%
other: 98.8% (2001)

Bahrain
arable land: 2.82%
permanent crops: 5.63%
other: 91.55% (2001)

Baker Island
arable land: 0%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 100% (2001)

Bangladesh
arable land: 62.11%
permanent crops: 3.07%
other: 34.82% (2001)

Barbados
arable land: 37.21%
permanent crops: 2.33%
other: 60.46% (2001)

Bassas da India
arable land: 0%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 100% (all rock) (2001)

Belarus
arable land: 29.55%
permanent crops: 0.6%
other: 69.85% (2001)

Belgium
arable land: 23.28%
permanent crops: 0.4%
other: 76.32%
note: includes Luxembourg (2001)

Belize
arable land: 2.85%
permanent crops: 1.71%
other: 95.44% (2001)

Benin
arable land: 18.08%
permanent crops: 2.4%
other: 79.52% (2001)

Bermuda
arable land: 20%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 80% (55% developed, 45% rural/open space) (2001)

Bhutan
arable land: 3.09%
permanent crops: 0.43%
other: 96.48% (2001)

Bolivia
arable land: 2.67%
permanent crops: 0.19%
other: 97.54% (2001)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
arable land: 13.6%
permanent crops: 2.96%
other: 83.44% (2001)

Botswana
arable land: 0.65%
permanent crops: 0.01%
other: 99.34% (2001)

Bouvet Island
arable land: 0%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 100% (93% ice) (2001)

Brazil
arable land: 6.96%
permanent crops: 0.9%
other: 92.15% (2001)

British Indian Ocean Territory
arable land: 0%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 100% (2001)

British Virgin Islands
arable land: 20%
permanent crops: 6.67%
other: 73.33% (2001)

Brunei
arable land: 0.57%
permanent crops: 0.76%
other: 98.67% (2001)

Bulgaria
arable land: 40.02%
permanent crops: 1.92%
other: 58.06% (2001)

Burkina Faso
arable land: 14.43%
permanent crops: 0.19%
other: 85.38% (2001)

Burma
arable land: 15.19%
permanent crops: 0.97%
other: 83.84% (2001)

Burundi
arable land: 35.05%
permanent crops: 14.02%
other: 50.93% (2001)

Cambodia
arable land: 20.96%
permanent crops: 0.61%
other: 78.43% (2001)

Cameroon
arable land: 12.81%
permanent crops: 2.58%
other: 84.61% (2001)

Canada
arable land: 4.96%
permanent crops: 0.02%
other: 95.02% (2001)

Cape Verde
arable land: 9.68%
permanent crops: 0.5%
other: 89.82% (2001)

Cayman Islands
arable land: 3.85%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 96.15% (2001)

Central African Republic
arable land: 3.1%
permanent crops: 0.14%
other: 96.76% (2001)

Chad
arable land: 2.86%
permanent crops: 0.02%
other: 97.12% (2001)

Chile
arable land: 2.65%
permanent crops: 0.42%
other: 96.93% (2001)

China
arable land: 15.4%
permanent crops: 1.25%
other: 83.36% (2001)

Christmas Island
arable land: 0%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 100%
note: mainly tropical rainforest; 63% of the island is a national
park (2001)

Clipperton Island
arable land: 0%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 100% (all coral) (2001)

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
arable land: 0%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 100% (2001)

Colombia
arable land: 2.42%
permanent crops: 1.67%
other: 95.91% (2001)

Comoros
arable land: 35.87%
permanent crops: 23.32%
other: 40.81% (2001)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
arable land: 2.96%
permanent crops: 0.52%
other: 96.52% (2001)

Congo, Republic of the
arable land: 0.51%
permanent crops: 0.13%
other: 99.36% (2001)

Cook Islands
arable land: 17.39%
permanent crops: 13.04%
other: 69.57% (2001)

Coral Sea Islands
arable land: 0%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 100% (mostly grass or scrub cover) (2001)

Costa Rica
arable land: 4.41%
permanent crops: 5.88%
other: 89.71% (2001)

Cote d'Ivoire
arable land: 9.75%
permanent crops: 13.84%
other: 76.41% (2001)

Croatia
arable land: 26.09%
permanent crops: 2.27%
other: 71.65% (2001)

Cuba
arable land: 33.05%
permanent crops: 7.6%
other: 59.35% (2001)

Cyprus
arable land: 7.79%
permanent crops: 4.44%
other: 87.77% (2001)

Czech Republic
arable land: 39.8%
permanent crops: 3.05%
other: 57.15% (2001)

Denmark
arable land: 54.02%
permanent crops: 0.19%
other: 45.79% (2001)

Djibouti
arable land: 0.04%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 99.96% (2001)

Dominica
arable land: 6.67%
permanent crops: 20%
other: 73.33% (2001)

Dominican Republic
arable land: 22.65%
permanent crops: 10.33%
other: 67.02% (2001)

East Timor
arable land: 4.71%
permanent crops: 0.67%
other: 94.62% (2001)

Ecuador
arable land: 5.85%
permanent crops: 4.93%
other: 89.22% (2001)

Egypt
arable land: 2.87%
permanent crops: 0.48%
other: 96.65% (2001)

El Salvador
arable land: 31.85%
permanent crops: 12.07%
other: 56.08% (2001)

Equatorial Guinea
arable land: 4.63%
permanent crops: 3.57%
other: 91.8% (2001)

Eritrea
arable land: 4.95%
permanent crops: 0.03%
other: 95.02% (2001)

Estonia
arable land: 16.04%
permanent crops: 0.45%
other: 83.51% (2001)

Ethiopia
arable land: 10.71%
permanent crops: 0.75%
other: 88.54% (2001)

Europa Island
arable land: 0%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 100% (mangrove forests and woodlands) (2001)

European Union
arable land: NA
permanent crops: NA

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
arable land: 0%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 100% (99% permanent pastures, 1% other) (2001)

Faroe Islands
arable land: 2.14%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 97.86% (2001)

Fiji
arable land: 10.95%
permanent crops: 4.65%
other: 84.4% (2001)

Finland
arable land: 7.19%
permanent crops: 0.03%
other: 92.78% (2001)

France
arable land: 33.53%
permanent crops: 2.07%
other: 64.4% (2001)

French Guiana
arable land: 0.14%
permanent crops: 0.05%
other: 99.81% (90% forest, 10% other) (2001)

French Polynesia
arable land: 0.82%
permanent crops: 5.46%
other: 93.72% (2001)

French Southern and Antarctic Lands
arable land: 0%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 100% (2001)

Gabon
arable land: 1.26%
permanent crops: 0.66%
other: 98.08% (2001)

Gambia, The
arable land: 25%
permanent crops: 0.5%
other: 74.5% (2001)

Gaza Strip
arable land: 28.95%
permanent crops: 21.05%
other: 50% (2001)

Georgia
arable land: 11.44%
permanent crops: 3.86%
other: 84.7% (2001)

Germany
arable land: 33.85%
permanent crops: 0.59%
other: 65.56% (2001)

Ghana
arable land: 16.26%
permanent crops: 9.67%
other: 74.07% (2001)

Gibraltar
arable land: 0%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 100% (2001)

Glorioso Islands
arable land: 0%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 100% (all lush vegetation and coconut palms) (2001)

Greece
arable land: 21.1%
permanent crops: 8.78%
other: 70.12% (2001)

Greenland
arable land: 0%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 100% (2001)

Grenada
arable land: 5.88%
permanent crops: 29.41%
other: 64.71% (2001)

Guadeloupe
arable land: 11.24%
permanent crops: 3.55%
other: 85.21% (2001)

Guam
arable land: 9.09%
permanent crops: 16.36%
other: 74.55% (2001)

Guatemala
arable land: 12.54%
permanent crops: 5.03%
other: 82.43% (2001)

Guernsey
arable land: NA
permanent crops: NA
other: NA (2001)

Guinea
arable land: 3.63%
permanent crops: 2.58%
other: 93.79% (2001)

Guinea-Bissau
arable land: 10.67%
permanent crops: 8.82%
other: 80.51% (2001)

Guyana
arable land: 2.44%
permanent crops: 0.15%
other: 97.41% (2001)

Haiti
arable land: 28.3%
permanent crops: 11.61%
other: 60.09% (2001)

Heard Island and McDonald Islands
arable land: 0%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 100% (2001)

Holy See (Vatican City)
arable land: 0%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 100% (urban area) (2001)

Honduras
arable land: 9.55%
permanent crops: 3.22%
other: 87.23% (2001)

Hong Kong
arable land: 5.05%
permanent crops: 1.01%
other: 93.94% (2001)

Howland Island
arable land: 0%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 100% (2001)

Hungary
arable land: 50.09%
permanent crops: 2.06%
other: 47.85% (2001)

Iceland
arable land: 0.07%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 99.93% (2001)

India
arable land: 54.4%
permanent crops: 2.74%
other: 42.86% (2001)

Indonesia
arable land: 11.32%
permanent crops: 7.23%
other: 81.45% (2001)

Iran
arable land: 8.72%
permanent crops: 1.39%
other: 89.89% (2001)

Iraq
arable land: 13.15%
permanent crops: 0.78%
other: 86.07% (2001)

Ireland
arable land: 15.2%
permanent crops: 0.03%
other: 84.77% (2001)

Israel
arable land: 16.39%
permanent crops: 4.17%
other: 79.44% (2001)

Italy
arable land: 27.79%
permanent crops: 9.53%
other: 62.68% (2001)

Jamaica
arable land: 16.07%
permanent crops: 10.16%
other: 73.77% (2001)

Jan Mayen
arable land: 0%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 100% (2001)

Japan
arable land: 12.19%
permanent crops: 0.96%
other: 86.85% (2001)

Jarvis Island
arable land: 0%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 100% (2001)

Jersey
arable land: 0%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 100% (2001)

Johnston Atoll
arable land: 0%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 100% (2001)

Jordan
arable land: 2.67%
permanent crops: 1.83%
other: 95.5% (2001)

Juan de Nova Island
arable land: 0%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 100% (90% forest) (2001)

Kazakhstan
arable land: 7.98%
permanent crops: 0.05%
other: 91.97% (2001)

Kenya
arable land: 8.08%
permanent crops: 0.98%
other: 90.94% (2001)

Kingman Reef
arable land: 0%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 100% (2001)

Kiribati
arable land: 2.74%
permanent crops: 50.68%
other: 46.58% (2001)

Korea, North
arable land: 20.76%
permanent crops: 2.49%
other: 76.75% (2001)

Korea, South
arable land: 17.18%
permanent crops: 1.95%
other: 80.87% (2001)

Kuwait
arable land: 0.73%
permanent crops: 0.11%
other: 99.16% (2001)

Kyrgyzstan
arable land: 7.3%
permanent crops: 0.35%
other: 92.35%
note: Kyrgyzstan has the world's largest natural growth walnut
forest (2001)

Laos
arable land: 3.8%
permanent crops: 0.35%
other: 95.85% (2001)

Latvia
arable land: 29.67%
permanent crops: 0.47%
other: 69.86% (2001)

Lebanon
arable land: 16.62%
permanent crops: 13.98%
other: 69.4% (2001)

Lesotho
arable land: 10.87%
permanent crops: 0.13%
other: 89% (2001)

Liberia
arable land: 3.95%
permanent crops: 2.28%
other: 93.77% (2001)

Libya
arable land: 1.03%
permanent crops: 0.19%
other: 98.78% (2001)

Liechtenstein
arable land: 25%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 75% (2001)

Lithuania
arable land: 45.22%
permanent crops: 0.91%
other: 53.87% (2001)

Luxembourg
arable land: 23.28%
permanent crops: 0.4%
other: 76.32% (includes Belgium) (2001)

Macau
arable land: 0%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 100%
note: "green areas" represent 22.4% (2001)

Macedonia
arable land: 22.26%
permanent crops: 1.81%
other: 75.93% (2001)

Madagascar
arable land: 5.07%
permanent crops: 1.03%
other: 93.91% (2001)

Malawi
arable land: 23.38%
permanent crops: 1.49%
other: 75.13% (2001)

Malaysia
arable land: 5.48%
permanent crops: 17.61%
other: 76.91% (2001)

Maldives
arable land: 13.33%
permanent crops: 16.67%
other: 70% (2001)

Mali
arable land: 3.82%
permanent crops: 0.03%
other: 96.15% (2001)

Malta
arable land: 28.13%
permanent crops: 3.13%
other: 68.74% (2001)

Man, Isle of
arable land: 9%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 91% (permanent pastures, forests, mountain, and heathland)
(2002)

Marshall Islands
arable land: 16.67%
permanent crops: 38.89%
other: 44.44% (2001)

Martinique
arable land: 10.38%
permanent crops: 9.43%
other: 80.19% (2001)

Mauritania
arable land: 0.48%
permanent crops: 0.01%
other: 99.51% (2001)

Mauritius
arable land: 49.26%
permanent crops: 2.96%
other: 47.78% (2001)

Mayotte
arable land: NA
permanent crops: NA
other: NA (2001)

Mexico
arable land: 12.99%
permanent crops: 1.31%
other: 85.7% (2001)

Micronesia, Federated States of
arable land: 5.71%
permanent crops: 45.71%
other: 48.58% (2001)

Midway Islands
arable land: 0%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 100% (2001)

Moldova
arable land: 55.3%
permanent crops: 10.79%
other: 33.91% (2001)

Monaco
arable land: 0%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 100% (urban area) (2001)

Mongolia
arable land: 0.77%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 99.23% (2001)

Montserrat
arable land: 20%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 80% (2001)

Morocco
arable land: 19.61%
permanent crops: 2.17%
other: 78.22% (2001)

Mozambique
arable land: 5.1%
permanent crops: 0.3%
other: 94.6% (2001)

Namibia
arable land: 0.99%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 99.01% (2001)

Nauru
arable land: 0%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 100% (2001)

Navassa Island
arable land: 0%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 100% (2001)

Nepal
arable land: 21.68%
permanent crops: 0.64%
other: 77.68% (2001)

Netherlands
arable land: 26.71%
permanent crops: 0.97%
other: 72.32% (2001)

Netherlands Antilles
arable land: 10%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 90% (2001)

New Caledonia
arable land: 0.38%
permanent crops: 0.33%
other: 99.29% (2001)

New Zealand
arable land: 5.6%
permanent crops: 6.99%
other: 87.41% (2001)

Nicaragua
arable land: 15.94%
permanent crops: 1.94%
other: 82.12% (2001)

Niger
arable land: 3.54%
permanent crops: 0.01%
other: 96.45% (2001)

Nigeria
arable land: 31.29%
permanent crops: 2.96%
other: 65.75% (2001)

Niue
arable land: 15.38%
permanent crops: 11.54%
other: 73.08% (2001)

Norfolk Island
arable land: 0%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 100% (2001)

Northern Mariana Islands
arable land: 13.04%
permanent crops: 4.35%
other: 82.61% (2001)

Norway
arable land: 2.87%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 97.13% (2001)

Oman
arable land: 0.12%
permanent crops: 0.14%
other: 99.74% (2001)

Pakistan
arable land: 27.87%
permanent crops: 0.87%
other: 71.26% (2001)

Palau
arable land: 8.7%
permanent crops: 4.35%
other: 86.95% (2001)

Palmyra Atoll
arable land: 0%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 100% (forests and woodlands) (2001)

Panama
arable land: 7.36%
permanent crops: 1.98%
other: 90.66% (2001)

Papua New Guinea
arable land: 0.46%
permanent crops: 1.44%
other: 98.1% (2001)

Paracel Islands
arable land: 0%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 100% (2001)

Paraguay
arable land: 7.6%
permanent crops: 0.23%
other: 92.17% (2001)

Peru
arable land: 2.89%
permanent crops: 0.4%
other: 96.71% (2001)

Philippines
arable land: 18.95%
permanent crops: 16.77%
other: 64.28% (2001)

Pitcairn Islands
arable land: NA
permanent crops: NA
other: NA (2001)

Poland
arable land: 45.91%
permanent crops: 1.12%
other: 52.97% (2001)

Portugal
arable land: 21.75%
permanent crops: 7.81%
other: 70.44% (2001)

Puerto Rico
arable land: 3.95%
permanent crops: 5.52%
other: 90.53% (2001)

Qatar
arable land: 1.64%
permanent crops: 0.27%
other: 98.09% (2001)

Reunion
arable land: 13.6%
permanent crops: 1.2%
other: 85.2% (2001)

Romania
arable land: 40.82%
permanent crops: 2.25%
other: 56.93% (2001)

Russia
arable land: 7.33%
permanent crops: 0.11%
other: 92.56% (2001)

Rwanda
arable land: 40.54%
permanent crops: 12.16%
other: 47.3% (2001)

Saint Helena
arable land: 12.9%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 87.1% (2001)

Saint Kitts and Nevis
arable land: 19.44%
permanent crops: 2.78%
other: 77.78% (2001)

Saint Lucia
arable land: 6.56%
permanent crops: 22.95%
other: 70.49% (2001)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
arable land: 13.04%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 86.96% (2001)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
arable land: 17.95%
permanent crops: 17.95%
other: 64.1% (2001)

Samoa
arable land: 21.2%
permanent crops: 24.38%
other: 54.42% (2001)

San Marino
arable land: 16.67%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 83.33% (2001)

Sao Tome and Principe
arable land: 6.25%
permanent crops: 48.96%
other: 44.79% (2001)

Saudi Arabia
arable land: 1.67%
permanent crops: 0.09%
other: 98.24% (2001)

Senegal
arable land: 12.78%
permanent crops: 0.21%
other: 87.01% (2001)

Serbia and Montenegro
arable land: 33.35%
permanent crops: 3.2%
other: 63.45% (2001)

Seychelles
arable land: 2.22%
permanent crops: 13.33%
other: 84.45% (2001)

Sierra Leone
arable land: 6.98%
permanent crops: 0.89%
other: 92.13% (2001)

Singapore
arable land: 1.64%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 98.36% (2001)

Slovakia
arable land: 30.16%
permanent crops: 2.62%
other: 67.22% (2001)

Slovenia
arable land: 8.6%
permanent crops: 1.49%
other: 89.91% (2001)

Solomon Islands
arable land: 0.64%
permanent crops: 2%
other: 97.36% (2001)

Somalia
arable land: 1.67%
permanent crops: 0.04%
other: 98.29% (2001)

South Africa
arable land: 12.08%
permanent crops: 0.79%
other: 87.13% (2001)

South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
arable land: 0%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 100% (largely covered by permanent ice and snow with some
sparse vegetation consisting of grass, moss, and lichen) (2001)

Spain
arable land: 26.07%
permanent crops: 9.87%
other: 64.06% (2001)

Spratly Islands
arable land: 0%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 100% (2001)

Sri Lanka
arable land: 13.86%
permanent crops: 15.7%
other: 70.44% (2001)

Sudan
arable land: 6.83%
permanent crops: 0.18%
other: 92.99% (2001)

Suriname
arable land: 0.37%
permanent crops: 0.06%
other: 99.57% (2001)

Svalbard
arable land: 0%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 100% (no trees, and the only bushes are crowberry and
cloudberry) (2001)

Swaziland
arable land: 10.35%
permanent crops: 0.7%
other: 88.95% (2001)

Sweden
arable land: 6.54%
permanent crops: 0.01%
other: 93.45% (2001)

Switzerland
arable land: 10.42%
permanent crops: 0.61%
other: 88.97% (2001)

Syria
arable land: 25.22%
permanent crops: 4.43%
other: 70.35% (2001)

Taiwan
arable land: 24%
permanent crops: 1%
other: 75% (2001)

Tajikistan
arable land: 6.61%
permanent crops: 0.92%
other: 92.47% (2001)

Tanzania
arable land: 4.52%
permanent crops: 1.08%
other: 94.4% (2001)

Thailand
arable land: 29.36%
permanent crops: 6.46%
other: 64.18% (2001)

Togo
arable land: 46.15%
permanent crops: 2.21%
other: 51.64% (2001)

Tokelau
arable land: 0% (soil is thin and infertile)
permanent crops: 0%
other: 100% (2001)

Tonga
arable land: 23.61%
permanent crops: 43.06%
other: 33.33% (2001)

Trinidad and Tobago
arable land: 14.62%
permanent crops: 9.16%
other: 76.22% (2001)

Tromelin Island
arable land: 0%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 100% (grasses; scattered bushes) (2001)

Tunisia
arable land: 17.86%
permanent crops: 13.74%
other: 68.4% (2001)

Turkey
arable land: 30.93%
permanent crops: 3.31%
other: 65.76% (2001)

Turkmenistan
arable land: 3.72%
permanent crops: 0.14%
other: 96.14% (2001)

Turks and Caicos Islands
arable land: 2.33%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 97.67% (2001)

Tuvalu
arable land: 0%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 100% (2001)

Uganda
arable land: 25.88%
permanent crops: 10.65%
other: 63.47% (2001)

Ukraine
arable land: 56.21%
permanent crops: 1.61%
other: 42.18% (2001)

United Arab Emirates
arable land: 0.6%
permanent crops: 2.25%
other: 97.15% (2001)

United Kingdom
arable land: 23.46%
permanent crops: 0.21%
other: 76.33% (2001)

United States
arable land: 19.13%
permanent crops: 0.22%
other: 80.65% (2001)

Uruguay
arable land: 7.43%
permanent crops: 0.23%
other: 92.34% (2001)

Uzbekistan
arable land: 10.83%
permanent crops: 0.83%
other: 88.34% (2001)

Vanuatu
arable land: 2.46%
permanent crops: 7.38%
other: 90.16% (2001)

Venezuela
arable land: 2.95%
permanent crops: 0.92%
other: 96.13% (2001)

Vietnam
arable land: 19.97%
permanent crops: 5.95%
other: 74.08% (2001)

Virgin Islands
arable land: 11.76%
permanent crops: 2.94%
other: 85.29% (2001)

Wake Island
arable land: 0%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 100% (2001)

Wallis and Futuna
arable land: 5%
permanent crops: 25%
other: 70% (2001)

West Bank
arable land: 16.9%
permanent crops: 18.97%
other: 64.13% (2001)

Western Sahara
arable land: 0.02%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 99.98% (2001)

World
arable land: 10.73%
permanent crops: 1%
other: 88.27% (2001)

Yemen
arable land: 2.78%
permanent crops: 0.24%
other: 96.98% (2001)

Zambia
arable land: 7.08%
permanent crops: 0.03%
other: 92.9% (2001)

Zimbabwe
arable land: 8.32%
permanent crops: 0.34%
other: 91.34% (2001)

This page was last updated on 10 February, 2005

======================================================================

@2098 Languages (%)

Afghanistan
Pashtu (official) 35%, Afghan Persian (Dari) 50%, Turkic
languages (primarily Uzbek and Turkmen) 11%, 30 minor languages
(primarily Balochi and Pashai) 4%, much bilingualism

Albania
Albanian (official - derived from Tosk dialect), Greek,
Vlach, Romani, Slavic dialects

Algeria
Arabic (official), French, Berber dialects

American Samoa
Samoan (closely related to Hawaiian and other
Polynesian languages), English
note: most people are bilingual

Andorra
Catalan (official), French, Castilian, Portuguese

Angola
Portuguese (official), Bantu and other African languages

Anguilla
English (official)

Antigua and Barbuda
English (official), local dialects

Argentina
Spanish (official), English, Italian, German, French

Armenia
Armenian 96%, Russian 2%, other 2%

Aruba
Dutch (official), Papiamento (a Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch,
English dialect), English (widely spoken), Spanish

Australia
English, native languages

Austria
German (official nationwide), Slovene (official in
Carinthia), Croatian (official in Burgenland), Hungarian (official
in Burgenland)

Azerbaijan
Azerbaijani (Azeri) 89%, Russian 3%, Armenian 2%, other
6% (1995 est.)

Bahamas, The
English (official), Creole (among Haitian immigrants)

Bahrain
Arabic, English, Farsi, Urdu

Bangladesh
Bangla (official, also known as Bengali), English

Barbados
English

Belarus
Belarusian, Russian, other

Belgium
Dutch (official) 60%, French (official) 40%, German
(official) less than 1%, legally bilingual (Dutch and French)

Belize
English (official), Spanish, Mayan, Garifuna (Carib), Creole

Benin
French (official), Fon and Yoruba (most common vernaculars in
south), tribal languages (at least six major ones in north)

Bermuda
English (official), Portuguese

Bhutan
Dzongkha (official), Bhotes speak various Tibetan dialects,
Nepalese speak various Nepalese dialects

Bolivia
Spanish (official), Quechua (official), Aymara (official)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian

Botswana
English (official), Setswana

Brazil
Portuguese (official), Spanish, English, French

British Virgin Islands
English (official)

Brunei
Malay (official), English, Chinese

Bulgaria
Bulgarian, secondary languages closely correspond to ethnic
breakdown

Burkina Faso
French (official), native African languages belonging
to Sudanic family spoken by 90% of the population

Burma
Burmese, minority ethnic groups have their own languages

Burundi
Kirundi (official), French (official), Swahili (along Lake
Tanganyika and in the Bujumbura area)

Cambodia
Khmer (official) 95%, French, English

Cameroon
24 major African language groups, English (official),
French (official)

Canada
English 59.3% (official), French 23.2% (official), other 17.5%

Cape Verde
Portuguese, Crioulo (a blend of Portuguese and West
African words)

Cayman Islands
English

Central African Republic
French (official), Sangho (lingua franca
and national language), tribal languages

Chad
French (official), Arabic (official), Sara (in south), more
than 120 different languages and dialects

Chile
Spanish

China
Standard Chinese or Mandarin (Putonghua, based on the Beijing
dialect), Yue (Cantonese), Wu (Shanghaiese), Minbei (Fuzhou), Minnan
(Hokkien-Taiwanese), Xiang, Gan, Hakka dialects, minority languages
(see Ethnic groups entry)

Christmas Island
English (official), Chinese, Malay

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Malay (Cocos dialect), English

Colombia
Spanish

Comoros
Arabic (official), French (official), Shikomoro (a blend of
Swahili and Arabic)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
French (official), Lingala (a
lingua franca trade language), Kingwana (a dialect of Kiswahili or
Swahili), Kikongo, Tshiluba

Congo, Republic of the
French (official), Lingala and Monokutuba
(lingua franca trade languages), many local languages and dialects
(of which Kikongo is the most widespread)

Cook Islands
English (official), Maori

Costa Rica
Spanish (official), English

Cote d'Ivoire
French (official), 60 native dialects with Dioula the
most widely spoken

Croatia
Croatian 96%, other 4% (including Italian, Hungarian, Czech,
Slovak, and German)

Cuba
Spanish

Cyprus
Greek, Turkish, English

Czech Republic
Czech

Denmark
Danish, Faroese, Greenlandic (an Inuit dialect), German
(small minority)
note: English is the predominant second language

Djibouti
French (official), Arabic (official), Somali, Afar

Dominica
English (official), French patois

Dominican Republic
Spanish

East Timor
Tetum (official), Portuguese (official), Indonesian,
English
note: there are about 16 indigenous languages; Tetum, Galole,
Mambae, and Kemak are spoken by significant numbers of people

Ecuador
Spanish (official), Amerindian languages (especially Quechua)

Egypt
Arabic (official), English and French widely understood by
educated classes

El Salvador
Spanish, Nahua (among some Amerindians)

Equatorial Guinea
Spanish (official), French (official), pidgin
English, Fang, Bubi, Ibo

Eritrea
Afar, Arabic, Tigre and Kunama, Tigrinya, other Cushitic
languages

Estonia
Estonian (official), Russian, Ukrainian, Finnish, other

Ethiopia
Amharic, Tigrinya, Oromigna, Guaragigna, Somali, Arabic,
other local languages, English (major foreign language taught in
schools)

European Union
Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, Estonian, Finnish,
French, German, Greek, Hungarian, Italian, Latvian, Lithuanian,
Maltese, Polish, Portuguese, Slovak, Slovene, Spanish, Swedish; note
- only official languages are listed

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
English

Faroe Islands
Faroese (derived from Old Norse), Danish

Fiji
English (official), Fijian, Hindustani

Finland
Finnish 93.4% (official), Swedish 5.9% (official), small
Sami- and Russian-speaking minorities

France
French 100%, rapidly declining regional dialects and
languages (Provencal, Breton, Alsatian, Corsican, Catalan, Basque,
Flemish)

French Guiana
French

French Polynesia
French (official), Tahitian (official)

Gabon
French (official), Fang, Myene, Nzebi, Bapounou/Eschira,
Bandjabi

Gambia, The
English (official), Mandinka, Wolof, Fula, other
indigenous vernaculars

Gaza Strip
Arabic, Hebrew (spoken by Israeli settlers and many
Palestinians), English (widely understood)

Georgia
Georgian 71% (official), Russian 9%, Armenian 7%, Azeri 6%,
other 7%
note: Abkhaz is the official language in Abkhazia

Germany
German

Ghana
English (official), African languages (including Akan,
Moshi-Dagomba, Ewe, and Ga)

Gibraltar
English (used in schools and for official purposes),
Spanish, Italian, Portuguese

Greece
Greek 99% (official), English, French

Greenland
Greenlandic (East Inuit), Danish, English

Grenada
English (official), French patois

Guadeloupe
French (official) 99%, Creole patois

Guam
English, Chamorro, Japanese

Guatemala
Spanish 60%, Amerindian languages 40% (23 officially
recognized Amerindian languages, including Quiche, Cakchiquel,
Kekchi, Mam, Garifuna, and Xinca)

Guernsey
English, French, Norman-French dialect spoken in country
districts

Guinea
French (official), each ethnic group has its own language

Guinea-Bissau
Portuguese (official), Crioulo, African languages

Guyana
English, Amerindian dialects, Creole, Hindi, Urdu

Haiti
French (official), Creole (official)

Holy See (Vatican City)
Italian, Latin, French, various other
languages

Honduras
Spanish, Amerindian dialects

Hong Kong
Chinese (Cantonese), English; both are official

Hungary
Hungarian 98.2%, other 1.8%

Iceland
Icelandic, English, Nordic languages, German widely spoken

India
English enjoys associate status but is the most important
language for national, political, and commercial communication;
Hindi is the national language and primary tongue of 30% of the
people; there are 14 other official languages: Bengali, Telugu,
Marathi, Tamil, Urdu, Gujarati, Malayalam, Kannada, Oriya, Punjabi,
Assamese, Kashmiri, Sindhi, and Sanskrit; Hindustani is a popular
variant of Hindi/Urdu spoken widely throughout northern India but is
not an official language

Indonesia
Bahasa Indonesia (official, modified form of Malay),
English, Dutch, local dialects, the most widely spoken of which is
Javanese

Iran
Persian and Persian dialects 58%, Turkic and Turkic dialects
26%, Kurdish 9%, Luri 2%, Balochi 1%, Arabic 1%, Turkish 1%, other 2%

Iraq
Arabic, Kurdish (official in Kurdish regions), Assyrian,
Armenian

Ireland
English is the language generally used, Irish (Gaelic or
Gaeilge) spoken mainly in areas located along the western seaboard

Israel
Hebrew (official), Arabic used officially for Arab minority,
English most commonly used foreign language

Italy
Italian (official), German (parts of Trentino-Alto Adige
region are predominantly German speaking), French (small
French-speaking minority in Valle d'Aosta region), Slovene
(Slovene-speaking minority in the Trieste-Gorizia area)

Jamaica
English, patois English

Japan
Japanese

Jersey
English (official), French (official), Norman-French dialect
spoken in country districts

Jordan
Arabic (official), English widely understood among upper and
middle classes

Kazakhstan
Kazakh (Qazaq, state language) 64.4%, Russian (official,
used in everyday business, designated the "language of interethnic
communication") 95% (2001 est.)

Kenya
English (official), Kiswahili (official), numerous indigenous
languages

Kiribati
I-Kiribati, English (official)

Korea, North
Korean

Korea, South
Korean, English widely taught in junior high and high
school

Kuwait
Arabic (official), English widely spoken

Kyrgyzstan
Kyrgyz - official language, Russian - official language
note: in December 2001, the Kyrgyzstani legislature made Russian an
official language, equal in status to Kyrgyz

Laos
Lao (official), French, English, and various ethnic languages

Latvia
Latvian (official), Lithuanian, Russian, other

Lebanon
Arabic (official), French, English, Armenian

Lesotho
Sesotho (southern Sotho), English (official), Zulu, Xhosa

Liberia
English 20% (official), some 20 ethnic group languages, of
which a few can be written and are used in correspondence

Libya
Arabic, Italian, English, all are widely understood in the
major cities

Liechtenstein
German (official), Alemannic dialect

Lithuania
Lithuanian (official), Polish, Russian

Luxembourg
Luxembourgish (national language), German (administrative
language), French (administrative language)

Macau
Portuguese, Chinese (Cantonese)

Macedonia
Macedonian 68%, Albanian 25%, Turkish 3%, Serbo-Croatian
2%, other 2%

Madagascar
French (official), Malagasy (official)

Malawi
English (official), Chichewa (official), other languages
important regionally

Malaysia
Bahasa Melayu (official), English, Chinese dialects
(Cantonese, Mandarin, Hokkien, Hakka, Hainan, Foochow), Tamil,
Telugu, Malayalam, Panjabi, Thai; note - in addition, in East
Malaysia several indigenous languages are spoken, the largest are
Iban and Kadazan

Maldives
Maldivian Dhivehi (dialect of Sinhala, script derived from
Arabic), English spoken by most government officials

Mali
French (official), Bambara 80%, numerous African languages

Malta
Maltese (official), English (official)

Man, Isle of
English, Manx Gaelic

Marshall Islands
English (widely spoken as a second language, both
English and Marshallese are official languages), two major
Marshallese dialects from the Malayo-Polynesian family, Japanese

Martinique
French, Creole patois

Mauritania
Arabic (official), Pulaar, Soninke, French, Hassaniya,
Wolof

Mauritius
English (official), Creole, French (official), Hindi,
Urdu, Hakka, Bhojpuri

Mayotte
Mahorian (a Swahili dialect), French (official language)
spoken by 35% of the population

Mexico
Spanish, various Mayan, Nahuatl, and other regional
indigenous languages

Micronesia, Federated States of
English (official and common
language), Trukese, Pohnpeian, Yapese, Kosrean, Ulithian, Woleaian,
Nukuoro, Kapingamarangi

Moldova
Moldovan (official, virtually the same as the Romanian
language), Russian, Gagauz (a Turkish dialect)

Monaco
French (official), English, Italian, Monegasque

Mongolia
Khalkha Mongol 90%, Turkic, Russian (1999)

Montserrat
English

Morocco
Arabic (official), Berber dialects, French often the
language of business, government, and diplomacy

Mozambique
Makhuwa, Tsonga, Lomwe, Sena, numerous other indigenous
languages, Portuguese (official; spoken by 27% of population as a
second language)

Namibia
English 7% (official), Afrikaans common language of most of
the population and about 60% of the white population, German 32%,
indigenous languages: Oshivambo, Herero, Nama

Nauru
Nauruan (official, a distinct Pacific Island language),
English widely understood, spoken, and used for most government and
commercial purposes

Nepal
Nepali (official; spoken by 90% of the population), about a
dozen other languages and about 30 major dialects; note - many in
government and business also speak English (1995)

Netherlands
Dutch (official language), Frisian (official language)

Netherlands Antilles
Dutch (official), Papiamento (a
Spanish-Portuguese-Dutch-English dialect) predominates, English
widely spoken, Spanish

New Caledonia
French (official), 33 Melanesian-Polynesian dialects

New Zealand
English (official), Maori (official)

Nicaragua
Spanish (official)
note: English and indigenous languages on Atlantic coast

Niger
French (official), Hausa, Djerma

Nigeria
English (official), Hausa, Yoruba, Igbo (Ibo), Fulani

Niue
Niuean, a Polynesian language closely related to Tongan and
Samoan; English

Norfolk Island
English (official), Norfolk a mixture of 18th century
English and ancient Tahitian

Northern Mariana Islands
English, Chamorro, Carolinian
note: 86% of population speaks a language other than English at home

Norway
Bokmal Norwegian (official), Nynorsk Norwegian (official)
note: small Sami- and Finnish-speaking minorities

Oman
Arabic (official), English, Baluchi, Urdu, Indian dialects

Pakistan
Punjabi 48%, Sindhi 12%, Siraiki (a Punjabi variant) 10%,
Pashtu 8%, Urdu (official) 8%, Balochi 3%, Hindko 2%, Brahui 1%,
English (official and lingua franca of Pakistani elite and most
government ministries), Burushaski, and other 8%

Palau
English and Palauan official in all states except Sonsoral
(Sonsoralese and English are official), Tobi (Tobi and English are
official), and Angaur (Angaur, Japanese, and English are official)

Panama
Spanish (official), English 14%
note: many Panamanians bilingual

Papua New Guinea
Melanesian Pidgin serves as the lingua franca,
English spoken by 1%-2%, Motu spoken in Papua region
note: 715 indigenous languages -- many unrelated

Paraguay
Spanish (official), Guarani (official)

Peru
Spanish (official), Quechua (official), Aymara, and a large
number of minor Amazonian languages

Philippines
two official languages - Filipino (based on Tagalog) and
English; eight major dialects - Tagalog, Cebuano, Ilocan, Hiligaynon
or Ilonggo, Bicol, Waray, Pampango, and Pangasinense

Pitcairn Islands
English (official), Pitcairnese (mixture of an 18th
century English dialect and a Tahitian dialect)

Poland
Polish

Portugal
Portuguese (official), Mirandese (official - but locally
used)

Puerto Rico
Spanish, English

Qatar
Arabic (official), English commonly used as a second language

Reunion
French (official), Creole widely used

Romania
Romanian (official), Hungarian, German

Russia
Russian, other

Rwanda
Kinyarwanda (official) universal Bantu vernacular, French
(official), English (official), Kiswahili (Swahili) used in
commercial centers

Saint Helena
English

Saint Kitts and Nevis
English

Saint Lucia
English (official), French patois

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
French (official)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
English, French patois

Samoa
Samoan (Polynesian), English

San Marino
Italian

Sao Tome and Principe
Portuguese (official)

Saudi Arabia
Arabic

Senegal
French (official), Wolof, Pulaar, Jola, Mandinka

Serbia and Montenegro
Serbian 95%, Albanian 5%

Seychelles
English (official), French (official), Creole

Sierra Leone
English (official, regular use limited to literate
minority), Mende (principal vernacular in the south), Temne
(principal vernacular in the north), Krio (English-based Creole,
spoken by the descendants of freed Jamaican slaves who were settled
in the Freetown area, a lingua franca and a first language for 10%
of the population but understood by 95%)

Singapore
Chinese (official), Malay (official and national), Tamil
(official), English (official)

Slovakia
Slovak (official), Hungarian

Slovenia
Slovenian 92%, Serbo-Croatian 6.2%, other 1.8%

Solomon Islands
Melanesian pidgin in much of the country is lingua
franca; English is official but spoken by only 1%-2% of the
population
note: 120 indigenous languages

Somalia
Somali (official), Arabic, Italian, English

South Africa
11 official languages, including Afrikaans, English,
Ndebele, Pedi, Sotho, Swazi, Tsonga, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa, Zulu

Spain
Castilian Spanish 74%, Catalan 17%, Galician 7%, Basque 2%
note: Castilian is the official language nationwide; the other
languages are official regionally

Sri Lanka
Sinhala (official and national language) 74%, Tamil
(national language) 18%, other 8%
note: English is commonly used in government and is spoken
competently by about 10% of the population

Sudan
Arabic (official), Nubian, Ta Bedawie, diverse dialects of
Nilotic, Nilo-Hamitic, Sudanic languages, English
note: program of "Arabization" in process

Suriname
Dutch (official), English (widely spoken), Sranang Tongo
(Surinamese, sometimes called Taki-Taki, is native language of
Creoles and much of the younger population and is lingua franca
among others), Hindustani (a dialect of Hindi), Javanese

Svalbard
Norwegian, Russian

Swaziland
English (official, government business conducted in
English), siSwati (official)

Sweden
Swedish
note: small Sami- and Finnish-speaking minorities

Switzerland
German (official) 63.7%, French (official) 19.2%,
Italian (official) 7.6%, Romansch (official) 0.6%, other 8.9%

Syria
Arabic (official); Kurdish, Armenian, Aramaic, Circassian
widely understood; French, English somewhat understood

Taiwan
Mandarin Chinese (official), Taiwanese (Min), Hakka dialects

Tajikistan
Tajik (official), Russian widely used in government and
business

Tanzania
Kiswahili or Swahili (official), Kiunguju (name for Swahili
in Zanzibar), English (official, primary language of commerce,
administration, and higher education), Arabic (widely spoken in
Zanzibar), many local languages
note: Kiswahili (Swahili) is the mother tongue of the Bantu people
living in Zanzibar and nearby coastal Tanzania; although Kiswahili
is Bantu in structure and origin, its vocabulary draws on a variety
of sources, including Arabic and English, and it has become the
lingua franca of central and eastern Africa; the first language of
most people is one of the local languages

Thailand
Thai, English (secondary language of the elite), ethnic and
regional dialects

Togo
French (official and the language of commerce), Ewe and Mina
(the two major African languages in the south), Kabye (sometimes
spelled Kabiye) and Dagomba (the two major African languages in the
north)

Tokelau
Tokelauan (a Polynesian language), English

Tonga
Tongan, English

Trinidad and Tobago
English (official), Hindi, French, Spanish,
Chinese

Tunisia
Arabic (official and one of the languages of commerce),
French (commerce)

Turkey
Turkish (official), Kurdish, Arabic, Armenian, Greek

Turkmenistan
Turkmen 72%, Russian 12%, Uzbek 9%, other 7%

Turks and Caicos Islands
English (official)

Tuvalu
Tuvaluan, English, Samoan, Kiribati (on the island of Nui)

Uganda
English (official national language, taught in grade schools,
used in courts of law and by most newspapers and some radio
broadcasts), Ganda or Luganda (most widely used of the Niger-Congo
languages, preferred for native language publications in the capital
and may be taught in school), other Niger-Congo languages,
Nilo-Saharan languages, Swahili, Arabic

Ukraine
Ukrainian, Russian, Romanian, Polish, Hungarian

United Arab Emirates
Arabic (official), Persian, English, Hindi, Urdu

United Kingdom
English, Welsh (about 26% of the population of
Wales), Scottish form of Gaelic (about 60,000 in Scotland)

United States
English, Spanish (spoken by a sizable minority)

Uruguay
Spanish, Portunol, or Brazilero (Portuguese-Spanish mix on
the Brazilian frontier)

Uzbekistan
Uzbek 74.3%, Russian 14.2%, Tajik 4.4%, other 7.1%

Vanuatu
three official languages: English, French, pidgin (known as
Bislama or Bichelama), plus more than 100 local languages

Venezuela
Spanish (official), numerous indigenous dialects

Vietnam
Vietnamese (official), English (increasingly favored as a
second language), some French, Chinese, and Khmer; mountain area
languages (Mon-Khmer and Malayo-Polynesian)

Virgin Islands
English (official), Spanish, Creole

Wallis and Futuna
French, Wallisian (indigenous Polynesian language)

West Bank
Arabic, Hebrew (spoken by Israeli settlers and many
Palestinians), English (widely understood)

Western Sahara
Hassaniya Arabic, Moroccan Arabic

World
Chinese, Mandarin 14.37%, Hindi 6.02%, English 5.61%, Spanish
5.59%, Bengali 3.4%, Portuguese 2.63%, Russian 2.75%, Japanese
2.06%, German, Standard 1.64%, Korean 1.28%, French 1.27% (2000 est.)
note: percents are for "first language" speakers only

Yemen
Arabic

Zambia
English (official), major vernaculars - Bemba, Kaonda, Lozi,
Lunda, Luvale, Nyanja, Tonga, and about 70 other indigenous languages

Zimbabwe
English (official), Shona, Sindebele (the language of the
Ndebele, sometimes called Ndebele), numerous but minor tribal
dialects

This page was last updated on 10 February, 2005

======================================================================

@2100 Legal system

Afghanistan
according to the new constitution, no law should be
"contrary to Islam"; the state is obliged to create a prosperous and
progressive society based on social justice, protection of human
dignity, protection of human rights, realization of democracy, and
to ensure national unity and equality among all ethnic groups and
tribes; the state shall abide by the UN charter, international
treaties, international conventions that Afghanistan signed, and the
Universal Declaration of Human Rights

Akrotiri
the laws of the UK, where applicable, apply

Albania
has a civil law system; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction; has accepted jurisdiction of the International
Criminal Court for its citizens

Algeria
socialist, based on French and Islamic law; judicial review
of legislative acts in ad hoc Constitutional Council composed of
various public officials, including several Supreme Court justices;
has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

American Samoa
NA

Andorra
based on French and Spanish civil codes; no judicial review
of legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Angola
based on Portuguese civil law system and customary law;
recently modified to accommodate political pluralism and increased
use of free markets

Anguilla
based on English common law

Antarctica
Antarctica is administered through meetings of the
consultative member nations; decisions from these meetings are
carried out by these member nations (with respect to their own
nationals and operations) in accordance with their own national
laws; US law, including certain criminal offenses by or against US
nationals, such as murder, may apply extra-territorially; some US
laws directly apply to Antarctica; for example, the Antarctic
Conservation Act, 16 U.S.C. section 2401 et seq., provides civil and
criminal penalties for the following activities, unless authorized
by regulation of statute: the taking of native mammals or birds; the
introduction of nonindigenous plants and animals; entry into
specially protected areas; the discharge or disposal of pollutants;
and the importation into the US of certain items from Antarctica;
violation of the Antarctic Conservation Act carries penalties of up
to $10,000 in fines and one year in prison; the National Science
Foundation and Department of Justice share enforcement
responsibilities; Public Law 95-541, the US Antarctic Conservation
Act of 1978, as amended in 1996, requires expeditions from the US to
Antarctica to notify, in advance, the Office of Oceans, Room 5805,
Department of State, Washington, DC 20520, which reports such plans
to other nations as required by the Antarctic Treaty; for more
information, contact Permit Office, Office of Polar Programs,
National Science Foundation, Arlington, Virginia 22230; telephone:
(703) 292-8030, or visit their website at www.nsf.gov

Antigua and Barbuda
based on English common law

Argentina
mixture of US and West European legal systems; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Armenia
based on civil law system

Aruba
based on Dutch civil law system, with some English common law
influence

Ashmore and Cartier Islands
the laws of the Commonwealth of
Australia and the laws of the Northern Territory of Australia, where
applicable, apply

Australia
based on English common law; accepts compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction, with reservations

Austria
civil law system with Roman law origin; judicial review of
legislative acts by the Constitutional Court; separate
administrative and civil/penal supreme courts; accepts compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction

Azerbaijan
based on civil law system

Bahamas, The
based on English common law

Bahrain
based on Islamic law and English common law

Baker Island
the laws of the US, where applicable, apply

Bangladesh
based on English common law

Barbados
English common law; no judicial review of legislative acts

Bassas da India
the laws of France, where applicable, apply

Belarus
based on civil law system

Belgium
civil law system influenced by English constitutional
theory; judicial review of legislative acts; accepts compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction, with reservations

Belize
English law

Benin
based on French civil law and customary law; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Bermuda
English law

Bhutan
based on Indian law and English common law; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Bolivia
based on Spanish law and Napoleonic Code; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Bosnia and Herzegovina
based on civil law system

Botswana
based on Roman-Dutch law and local customary law; judicial
review limited to matters of interpretation; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Bouvet Island
the laws of Norway, where applicable, apply

Brazil
based on Roman codes; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction

British Indian Ocean Territory
the laws of the UK, where applicable,
apply

British Virgin Islands
English law

Brunei
based on English common law; for Muslims, Islamic Shari'a law
supersedes civil law in a number of areas

Bulgaria
civil law and criminal law based on Roman law; accepts
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Burkina Faso
based on French civil law system and customary law

Burma
has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Burundi
based on German and Belgian civil codes and customary law;
has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Cambodia
primarily a civil law mixture of French-influenced codes
from the United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC)
period, royal decrees, and acts of the legislature, with influences
of customary law and remnants of communist legal theory; increasing
influence of common law in recent years

Cameroon
based on French civil law system, with common law
influence; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Canada
based on English common law, except in Quebec, where civil
law system based on French law prevails; accepts compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction, with reservations

Cape Verde
derived from the legal system of Portugal

Cayman Islands
British common law and local statutes

Central African Republic
based on French law

Chad
based on French civil law system and Chadian customary law; has
not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Chile
based on Code of 1857 derived from Spanish law and subsequent
codes influenced by French and Austrian law; judicial review of
legislative acts in the Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction
note: Chile is in the process of completely overhauling its criminal
justice system; a new, US-style adversarial system is being
gradually implemented throughout the country with the final stage of
implementation in the Santiago metropolitan region expected in June
2005

China
a complex amalgam of custom and statute, largely criminal law;
rudimentary civil code in effect since 1 January 1987; new legal
codes in effect since 1 January 1980; continuing efforts are being
made to improve civil, administrative, criminal, and commercial law

Christmas Island
under the authority of the governor general of
Australia and Australian law

Clipperton Island
the laws of France, where applicable, apply

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
based upon the laws of Australia and local
laws

Colombia
based on Spanish law; a new criminal code modeled after US
procedures was enacted in 1992-93; judicial review of executive and
legislative acts; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with
reservations

Comoros
French and Sharia (Islamic) law in a new consolidated code

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
based on Belgian civil law system
and tribal law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Congo, Republic of the
based on French civil law system and
customary law

Cook Islands
based on New Zealand law and English common law

Coral Sea Islands
the laws of Australia, where applicable, apply

Costa Rica
based on Spanish civil law system; judicial review of
legislative acts in the Supreme Court; has accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction

Cote d'Ivoire
based on French civil law system and customary law;
judicial review in the Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court;
has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Croatia
based on civil law system

Cuba
based on Spanish and American law, with large elements of
Communist legal theory; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Cyprus
based on common law, with civil law modifications

Czech Republic
civil law system based on Austro-Hungarian codes; has
not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction; legal code modified to
bring it in line with Organization on Security and Cooperation in
Europe (OSCE) obligations and to expunge Marxist-Leninist legal
theory

Denmark
civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts;
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

Dhekelia
the laws of the UK, where applicable, apply

Djibouti
based on French civil law system, traditional practices,
and Islamic law

Dominica
based on English common law

Dominican Republic
based on French civil codes; undergoing
modification in 2004 towards an accusatory system

East Timor
UN-drafted legal system based on Indonesian law remains
in place but will be replaced by civil and penal codes based on
Portuguese law (2004)

Ecuador
based on civil law system; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction

Egypt
based on English common law, Islamic law, and Napoleonic
codes; judicial review by Supreme Court and Council of State
(oversees validity of administrative decisions); accepts compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

El Salvador
based on civil and Roman law, with traces of common law;
judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; accepts
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

Equatorial Guinea
partly based on Spanish civil law and tribal custom

Eritrea
primary basis is the Ethiopian legal code of 1957, with
revisions; new civil, commercial, and penal codes have not yet been
promulgated; also relies on customary and post-independence-enacted
laws and, for civil cases involving Muslims, Sharia law

Estonia
based on civil law system; no judicial review of legislative
acts

Ethiopia
currently transitional mix of national and regional courts

Europa Island
the laws of France, where applicable, apply

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
English common law

Faroe Islands
Danish

Fiji
based on British system

Finland
civil law system based on Swedish law; the president may
request the Supreme Court to review laws; accepts compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction, with reservations

France
civil law system with indigenous concepts; review of
administrative but not legislative acts

French Guiana
French legal system

French Polynesia
based on French system

French Southern and Antarctic Lands
the laws of France, where
applicable, apply

Gabon
based on French civil law system and customary law; judicial
review of legislative acts in Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme
Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Gambia, The
based on a composite of English common law, Koranic law,
and customary law; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with
reservations

Georgia
based on civil law system

Germany
civil law system with indigenous concepts; judicial review
of legislative acts in the Federal Constitutional Court; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Ghana
based on English common law and customary law; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Gibraltar
English law

Glorioso Islands
the laws of France, where applicable, apply

Greece
based on codified Roman law; judiciary divided into civil,
criminal, and administrative courts

Greenland
Danish