Chapter CVII: Section 3: , Taipei, Taiwan, telephone: 886 (2) 2162-2000, FAX (43)

Hong Kong
Association for Democracy and People's Livelihood or ADPL
[Frederick FUNG Kin-kee, chairman]; Citizens Party [Alex CHAN
Kai-chung]; Democratic Alliance for the Betterment of Hong Kong or
DAB [MA Lik, chairman]; Democratic Party [LEE Wing-tat, chairman];
Frontier Party [Emily LAU Wai-hing, chairwoman]; Liberal Party
[James TIEN Pei-chun, chairman]
note: political blocs include: pro-democracy - Association for
Democracy and People's Livelihood, Democratic Party, Frontier Party;
pro-Beijing - Democratic Alliance for the Betterment of Hong Kong,
Hong Kong Progressive Alliance, Liberal Party

Hungary
Alliance of Free Democrats or SzDSz [Gabor KUNCZE];
Hungarian Civic Alliance or Fidesz-MPP [Viktor ORBAN, chairman];
Hungarian Democratic Forum or MDF [Ibolya DAVID]; Hungarian
Democratic People's Party or MDNP [Erzsebet PUSZTAI, chairman];
Hungarian Socialist Party or MSzP [Istvan HILLER, chairman];
Hungarian Workers' Party or MMP [Gyula THURMER, chairman]

Iceland
Independence Party or IP [David ODDSSON]; Left-Green
Alliance or LGP [Steingrimur SIGFUSSON]; Liberal Party or LP [Gudjon
KRISTJANSSON]; Progressive Party or PP [Halldor ASGRIMSSON]; Social
Democratic Alliance (includes People's Alliance or PA, Social
Democratic Party or SDP, Women's List) or SDA [Ossur SKARPHEDINSSON]

India
All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam or AIADMK [C.
Jayalalitha JAYARAM]; All India Forward Bloc or AIFB, [D. BISWAS,
general secretary]; Asom Gana Parishad [Brindaban GOSWAMI]; Bahujan
Samaj Party or BSP [MAYAWATI]; Bharatiya Janata Party or BJP
[Venkaiah NAIDU]; Biju Janata Dal or BJD [Naveen PATNAIK]; Communist
Party of India or CPI [Ardhendu Bhushan BARDHAN]; Communist Party of
India/Marxist-Leninist or CPI/ML [Dipankar BHATTACHARYA]; Congress
(I) Party [Sonia GANDHI]; Dravida Munnetra Kazagham or DMK (a
regional party in Tamil Nadu) [M. KARUNANIDHI]; Indian National
Congress or INC [leader NA]; Indian National League [Suliaman
SAITH]; Janata Dal (Secular) [H. D. Deve GOWDA]; Janata Dal (United)
or JDU [Sharad YADAV]; Jharkhand Mukti Morcha or JMM [leader NA];
Kerala Congress (Mani faction) [K. M. MANI]; Lok Jan Shakti Party or
LSP [leader NA]; Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam or MDMK
[VAIKO]; Muslim League [G. M. BANATWALA]; Nationalist Congress Party
or NCP [Sharad PAWAR]; Pattali Makkal Katchi or PMK [leader NA];
Rashtriya Janata Dal or RJD [Laloo Prasad YADAV]; Revolutionary
Socialist Party or RSP [Abani ROY]; Samajwadi Party or SP [Mulayam
Singh YADAV]; Shiromani Akali Dal or SAD [G. S. TOHRA]; Shiv Sena or
SS [Bal THACKERAY]; Tamil Maanila Congress [G. K. VASAN]; Telangana
Rashtra Samithi or TRS [leader NA]; Telugu Desam Party or TDP
[Chandrababu NAIDU]; Trinamool Congress [Mamata BANERJEE]

Indonesia
Crescent Moon and Star Party or PBB [Yusril Ihza MAHENDRA,
chairman]; Democratic Party or PD [Subur BUDHISANTOSO, chairman];
Functional Groups Party or Golkar [Yusuf KALLA, chairman]; Indonesia
Democratic Party-Struggle or PDI-P [MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri,
chairperson]; National Awakening Party or PKB [Alwi SHIHAB,
chairman]; National Mandate Party or PAN [Amien RAIS, chairman];
Prosperous Justice Party or PKS [MAHFUD, acting chairman]; United
Development Party or PPP [Hamzah HAZ, chairman]

Iran
formal political parties are a relatively new phenomenon in the
Islamic Republic and most conservatives still prefer to work through
political pressure groups rather than parties; a loose pro-reform
coalition called the 2nd Khordad front, which includes political
parties as well as less formal pressure groups and organizations,
achieved considerable success at elections to the sixth Majles in
early 2000; groups in the coalition include: Islamic Iran
Participation Front (IIPF); Executives of Construction Party
(Kargozaran); Solidarity Party; Islamic Labor Party; Mardom Salari;
Mojahedin of the Islamic Revolution Organization (MIRO); and
Militant Clerics Society (Ruhaniyun); the coalition is expected to
participate in the seventh Majles elections in early 2004; a new
apparently conservative group, the Builders of Islamic Iran, took a
leading position in the new Majles afte winning a majority of the
seats in February 2004

Iraq
note - the Iraqi political parties included below reflect only
the major groups; new political parties continue to emerge,
indicative of a rapidly changing political landscape; Al-Sadr
Movement [Muqtada Al-SADR]; Da'wa Party [Ibrahim al-JA'FARI]; Iraqi
Hizballah [Karim Mahud al-MUHAMMADAWI]; Iraqi National Accord or INA
[Ayad ALLAWI]; Iraqi National Congress or INC [Ahmad CHALABI];
Jama'at al Fadilah or JAF [Ayatollah Muhammad ' Ali al-YAQUBI]; The
Supreme Council for the Islamic Revolution in Iraq or SCIRI [Abd
al-Aziz al-HAKIM]; Constitutional Monarchy Movement or CMM [Sharif
Ali Bin al-HUSAYN]; Independent Iraqi Alliance or IIA [Falah
al-NAQIB]; Iraqi Independent Democrats or IID [Adnan PACHACHI, Mahdi
al-HAFIZ]; Iraqi Islamic Party or IIP [Muhsin Abd al-HAMID, Hajim
al-HASSANI]; Iraqi National Unity Movement or INUM [Ahmad
al-KUBAYSI, chariman]; Muslim Ulama Council or MUC [Harith Sulayman
al-DARI, secretary general]; Kurdistan Democratic Party or KDP
[Masud BARZANI]; Patriotic Union of Kurdistan or PUK [Jalal TALABANI]

Ireland
Fianna Fail [Bertie AHERN]; Fine Gael [Enda KENNY]; Green
Party [Trevor SARGENT]; Labor Party [Pat RABITTE]; Progressive
Democrats [Mary HARNEY]; Sinn Fein [Gerry ADAMS]; Socialist Party
[Joe HIGGINS]; The Workers' Party [Sean GARLAND]

Israel
Democratic Front for Peace and Equality (Hadash) [Muhammad
BARAKA]; Green Leaf Party (no longer active) [Boaz WACHTEL and
Shlomi SANDAK]; Herut (no longer active) [Michael KLEINER]; Labor
Party [Shimon PERES]; Likud Party [Ariel SHARON]; Meretz (merged
with YAHAD) [Zahava GALON]; National Democratic Assembly (Balad)
[Azmi BISHARA]; National Religious Party [Ephraim "Efie" EITAM];
National Union (Haichud Haleumi) [Avigdor LIBERMAN] (includes Tekuma
Moledet and Yisra'el Beiteinu); One Nation [David TAL]; Shas
[Eliyahu YISHAI]; Shinui [Yosef "Tommy" LAPID]; United Arab List
[Abd al-Malik DAHAMSHAH]; United Torah Judaism [Yaakov LITZMAN];
YAHAD [Yossi BEILIN]; Yisra'el Ba'Aliya or YBA (merged with Likud)
[Natan SHARANSKY]

Italy
Center-Left Olive Tree Coalition [Francesco RUTELLI] -
Democrats of the Left, Daisy Alliance (including Italian Popular
Party, Italian Renewal, Union of Democrats for Europe, The
Democrats), Sunflower Alliance (including Green Federation, Italian
Democratic Socialists), Italian Communist Party; Center-Right
Freedom House Coalition [Silvio BERLUSCONI] (formerly House of
Liberties and Freedom Alliance) - Forza Italia, National Alliance,
The Whiteflower Alliance (includes Christian Democratic Center,
United Christian Democrats), Northern League; Democrats of the Left
or DS [Piero FASSINO]; Forza Italia or FI [Silvio BERLUSCONI]; Green
Federation [Alfonso Pecoraro SCANIO]; Italian Communist Party or
PdCI [Armando COSSUTTA]; Italian Renewal or RI [Lamberto DINI];
merged with PPI and I Democratici to form La Margherita (or The
Daisy Alliance); Italian Social Democrats or SDI [Enrico BOSELLI];
Lega Padana [Roberto BERNARDELLI]; National Alliance or AN
[Gianfranco FINI]; Northern League or NL [Umberto BOSSI]; Socialist
Movement-Tricolor Flame or MS-Fiamma [Luca ROMAGNOLI]; South Tyrol
People's Party or SVP (German speakers) [Elmar Pichler ROLLE];
Sunflower Alliance (includes Green Federation, Italian Social
Democrats); The Daisy Alliance (includes Italian Popular Party,
Italian Renewal, Union of Democrats for Europe, The Democrats)
[Francesco RUTELLI]; The Democrats [Arturo PARISI]; The Radicals
(formerly Pannella Reformers and Autonomous List) [Marco PANNELLA];
Union of Democrats for Europe or UDEUR [Clemente MASTELLA]; Union of
Christian and Center Democrats or UDC [Marco FOLLINI]

Jamaica
Jamaica Labor Party or JLP [Edward SEAGA]; National
Democratic Movement or NDM [Hyacinth BENNETT]; People's National
Party or PNP [Percival James PATTERSON]

Japan
Democratic Party of Japan or DPJ [Katsuya OKADA, leader;
Tatsuo KAWABATA, secretary general]; Japan Communist Party or JCP
[Kazuo SHII, chairman; Tadayoshi ICHIDA, secretary general]; Komeito
[Takenori KANZAKI, president; Tetsuzo FUYUSHIBA, secretary general];
Liberal Democratic Party or LDP [Junichiro KOIZUMI, president;
Tsutomu TAKEBE, secretary general]; Social Democratic Party or SDP
[Mizuho FUKUSHIMA, chairperson; Seiji MATAICHI, secretary general]

Jersey
none; all independents

Jordan
Al-Ahed Party [Khaldoun al-NASSER, secretary general];
Al-Ajyal [Muhammad KHALAYLEH, secretary general]; Ba'th Arab
Progressive Party [Mahmood MA'AYTEH, secretary general]; Al-Umma
(Nation) Party [Ahmad al-HANANDEH, secretary general]; Arab Land
Party [Dr. Muhammad al-'ORAN, secretary general]; Communist Party
[Munir HAMARINAH, secretary general]; Constitutional Front [Mahdi
al-TALL, secretary general]; Democratic Arab Islamic Movement [Yusuf
ABU BAKR, president]; Green Party [Muhammad BATAYNEH, secretary
general]; Jordanian Democratic Left Party [Musa MA'AYTEH, secretary]
general; Jordanian Democratic Popular Unity Party [Sa'id Dhiyab Ali
MUSTAFA, secretary general]; Jordanian Progressive Party [Fawwaz
al-ZUBI, secretary general]; Jordanian People's Democratic (Hashd)
Party [Salim al-NAHHAS, secretary general]; Islamic Action Front
[Hazma MANSOUR, secretary general]; Muslim Centrist Party [NA
leader]; National Action (Haqq) Party [Muhammad al-ZUBI, secretary
general]; National Constitutional Party [Abdul Hadi MAJALI,
secretary general]; (Arab) Socialist Ba'th Party [Taysir al-HIMSI,
secretary general]; Pan-Arab (Democratic) Movement [Mahmud
al-NUWAYHI, secretary general]

Kazakhstan
Agrarian Party [Romin MADINOV]; AIST (Agrarian
Party-Civic Party Bloc); Ak Zhol Party "Bright Path" [Bulat ABILOV,
Uraz ZHANDOSOV, Lyudmila ZHULANOVA, Alikhan BAYMENOV, Altynbek
SARSENBAYEV, co-chairs]; ASAR "All Together" [Dariga NAZARBAYEVA,
chairwoman]; AUL "Village" [Gani KALIYEV]; Civic Party [Azat
PERUASHEV, first secretary]; Communist Party or KPK [Serikbolsyn
ABDILDIN, first secretary]; Communist People's Party of Kazakhstan
[Vladislav KOSAREV]; Democratic Choice Party of Kazakhstan
[Galiymzhan ZHAKIYANOV]; Democratic Party of Kazakhstan [Maksut
NARIKBAEV]; Otan "Fatherland" [Nursultan NAZARBAYEV, chairman];
Patriots' Party [Gani KASYMOV]; Rukhaniyat [Altynshash JAGANOVA]
note: twelve parties in Kazakhstan were registered for the elections
in the fall of 2004

Kenya
Forum for the Restoration of Democracy-People or FORD-People
[Kimaniwa NYOIKE, chairman]; Kenya African National Union or KANU
[Uhuru KENYATTA]; National Rainbow Coalition or NARC [Mwai KIBAKI] -
the governing party

Kiribati
Boutokaan Te Koaua Party or BTK [Taberannang TIMEON];
Maneaban Te Mauri Party or MTM [Teburoro TITO]; Maurin Kiribati Pati
or MKP [leader NA]; National Progressive Party or NPP [Dr. Harry
TONG]
note: there is no tradition of formally organized political parties
in Kiribati; they more closely resemble factions or interest groups
because they have no party headquarters, formal platforms, or party
structures

Korea, North
major party - Korean Workers' Party or KWP [KIM Jong
Il, general secretary]; minor parties - Chondoist Chongu Party [RYU
Mi Yong, chairwoman] (under KWP control); Social Democratic Party
[KIM Yong Dae, chairman] (under KWP control)

Korea, South
Democratic Labor Party or DLP [KIM Hye-kyung,
chairwoman]; Grand National Party or GNP [PARK Geun-hye,
chairwoman]; Millennium Democratic Party or MDP [HAHN Hwa-kap,
chairman]; United Liberal Democrats or ULD [KIM Hak-won, chairman];
Uri Party [LIM Chae-jung, interim chairman]

Kuwait
none; formation of political parties is illegal

Kyrgyzstan
Adilet (Justice) Party [Toychubek KASYMOV]; Agrarian
Labor Party of Kyrgyzstan [Uson SYDYKOV]; Agrarian Party of
Kyrgyzstan [Erkin ALIYEV]; Alga, Kyrgyzstan (Forward, Kyrgyzstan)
[Bolot BEGALIYEV]; Ar-Namys (Dignity) Party [Emil ALIYEV]; Asaba
(Banner National Revival Party) [Azimbek BEKNAZAROV]; Ata-Meken
(Fatherland) [Omurbek TEKEBAYEV]; Communist Party of Kyrgyzstan
[Klara ADZHIBEKOVA]; Democratic Movement of Kyrgyzstan or DDK [Jypar
JEKSHEYEV]; Erkin Kyrgyzstan Progressive and Democratic Party
[Bektur ASANOV]; Erkindik (Freedom) Party [Topchubek TURGUNALIYEV];
Future of Kyrgyzstan [Balbak TULEBAYEV]; Jany Kyrgyzstan (New
Kyrgyzstan) [Dosbol NUR UULU]; Kairan El [Dooronbek SADYKOV]; Kyrgyz
National Party [Bakyt BESHIMOV]; Kyrgyzstan Kelechegi [Ruslan
CHYNYBAYEV]; Manas El (Party of Spiritual Restoration) [Chingiz
AITMATOV]; Moya Strana (My Country Party of Action) [Joomart
OTORBAYEV]; Party of Communists of Kyrgyzstan or KCP [Bakytbek
BEKBOYEV]; Party of Justice and Progress [Muratbek IMANALIEV]; Party
of Peasants [Esengul ISAKOV]

Laos
Lao People's Revolutionary Party or LPRP [KHAMTAI Siphandon,
party president]; other parties proscribed

Latvia
Alliance of the Greens and Farmers Union or ZZS [Augusts
BRIGMANIS (Farmer's Union); Indulis EMSIS (Green Party)]; First
Party of Latvia [Ainars SLESERS]; For Human Rights in a United
Latvia or PCTVL [Jakovs PLINERS]; For Our Latvia or ML [Rihards
Jablokovs]; Latvian National Democratic Party or LNDP [Jevgenijs
Osiopovs]; Latvian National Front [Aivars GARDA]; Latvian
Social-Democratic Workers Party (Social Democrats) or LSDSP [Alfred
RUBIKS]; Latvia's Way Union or LC; Light of Latgale or LG; New Era
Party or JL [Einars REPSE]; New Politics Party or JP [Sergejs
DOLGOPOLOVS]; People's Harmony Party or TSP [Janis JURKANS];
People's Party or TP [Atis SLAKTERIS]; Social Democratic Union or
SDS [Egils BALDZENS]; Union for the Fatherland and Freedom/LNNK or
TB/LNNK [Janis STRAUME]; United Social Democratic Welfare Party or
SLP [Juris ZURAVLOVS]; United Republican Party of Latvia or LARP

Lebanon
political activity is organized along largely sectarian
lines; numerous political groupings exist, consisting of individual
political figures and followers motivated by religious, ethnic,
clan, and economic considerations

Lesotho
Basotho Congress Party or BCP [Tseliso MAKHAKHE]; Basotho
National Party or BNP [Maj. Gen. Justine Metsing LEKHANYA]; Lesotho
Congress for Democracy or LCD [Phebe MOTEBANO, chairwoman; Pakalitha
MOSISILI, leader] - the governing party; Lesotho People's Congress
or LPC [Kelebone MAOPE]; United Democratic Party or UDP [Charles
MOFELI]; Marematlou Freedom Party or MFP and Setlamo Alliance
[Vincent MALEBO]; Progressive National Party or PNP [Chief Peete
Nkoebe PEETE]; Sefate Democratic Party or SDP [Bofihla NKUEBE]

Liberia
Alliance of Political Parties (a coalition of LAP and LUP)
[leader NA]; All Liberia Coalition Party or ALCOP [Peter KERBAY];
Liberian Action Party or LAP [C. Gyude BRYANT]; Liberian People's
Party or LPP [Koffa NAGBE]; Liberia Unification Party or LUP [leader
NA]; National Patriotic Party or NPP [Cyril ALLEN] - governing
party; United People's Party or UPP [Wesley JOHNSON]; Unity Party or
UP [Charles CLARKE]

Libya
none

Liechtenstein
Patriotic Union (was Fatherland Union) or VU [Heinz
FROMMELT]; Progressive Citizens' Party or FBP [Johannes MATT]; The
Free List or FL [Dr. Pepo FRICK, Elisabeth TELLENBACH-FRICK, Adolf
RITTER]

Lithuania
Electoral Action of Lithuanian Poles [Valdemar
TOMASZEVSKI, chairman]; Homeland Union/Conservative Party or TS
[Andrius KUBILIUS, chairman]; Labor Party [Viktor USPASKICH,
chairman]; Liberal and Center Union [Arturas ZUOKAS, chairman];
Liberal Democratic Party [Valentinas MAZURONIS, chairman];
Lithuanian Christian Democrats or LKD [Valentinas STUNDYS,
chairman]; Lithuanian People's Union for a Fair Lithuania;
Lithuanian Social Democratic Coalition [Algirdas BRAZAUSKAS,
chairman] consists of the Lithuanian Democratic Labor Party or LDDP
and the Lithuanian Social Democratic Party or LSDP; New Democracy
and Farmer's Union or VNDPS [Kazimiera PRUNSKIENE, chairman]; Social
Liberals (New Union) [Arturas PAULAUSKAS, chairman]; Social Union of
Christian Conservatives [Gediminas VAGNORIUS, chairman]; Young
Lithuania and New Nationalists

Luxembourg
Action Committee for Democracy and Justice or ADR [Gast
GIBERYOEN]; Christian Social People's Party or CSV (known also as
Christian Social Party or PCS) [Francois BILTGEN]; Democratic Party
or DP [Claude MEISCH]; Green Party [Francois BAUSCH]; Luxembourg
Socialist Workers' Party or LSAP [Alex BODRY]; Marxist and Reformed
Communist Party DEI LENK (the Left) [no formal leadership]; other
minor parties

Macau
Some civic associations operate as de facto political parties:
Electoral Union; Pro-Macao and Flower of Friendship and Development
of Macao; Associacao para a Defesa dos Interesses de Macao; Centro
Democratico de Macao; Grupo Independente de Macao; Macau Economic
Promotion Association; Progress Promotion Union; Development Union

Macedonia
Democratic Alliance [Pavle TRAJANOV]; Democratic
Alternative or DA [Vasil TUPURKOVSKI, president]; Democratic League
of the Bosniaks [Rafet MUMINOVIC]; Democratic Party of Albanians or
PDSH/DPA [Arben XHAFERI, president]; Democratic Party of Serbs [Ivan
STOILJKOVIC]; Democratic Party of Turks [Kenan HASIPI]; Democratic
Republican Union of Macedonia or DRUM [Dosta DIMOVSKA]; Democratic
Union of Vlachs for Macedonia [leader NA]; Democratic Union for
Integration or BDI/DUI [Ali AHMETI]; Internal Macedonian
Revolutionary Organization-Agrarian Party or VMRO-Agrarian Party
[Marjan GJORCEV]; Internal Macedonian Revolutionary
Organization-Democratic Party for Macedonian National Unity or
VMRO-DPMNE (including VMRO and LDT) [Nikola GRUEVSKI]; Internal
Macedonian Revolutionary Organization-True Macedonian Option or
VMRO-Vistinska [Boris ZMEJKOVSKI]; Internal Macedonian Revolutionary
Organization-Macedonian [Boris STOJMENOV]; Internal Macedonian
Revolutionary Organization-People's Party or VMRO-Narodna [Vesna
JANEVSKA]; League for Democracy [Gjorgi MARJANOVIC]; Liberal
Democratic Party or LDP [Risto PENOV]; Liberal Party [Stojan ANDOV];
National Democratic Party or PDK [Basri HALITI]; National Farmers'
Party [VejljoTANTAROV]; Party for Democratic Prosperity or PPD/PDP
[Abduljhadi VEJSELI]; Social Democratic Alliance of Macedonia or
SDSM [Vlado BUCKOVSKI, president]; Socialist Party of Macedonia or
SP [Ljubisav IVANOV, president]; Together for Macedonia coalition
(including the SDSM and LDP) [Vlado BUCKOVSI]; United Party for
Emancipation or OPE [Nezdet MUSTAFA]

Madagascar
Association for the Rebirth of Madagascar or AREMA
[Pierrot RAJAONARIVO]; Economic Liberalism and Democratic Action for
National Recovery or LEADER/Fanilo [Herizo RAZAFIMAHALEO]; Fihaonana
Party or FP [Guy-Willy RAZANAMASY]; I Love Madagascar or TIM [Marc
RAVALOMANANA]; Renewal of the Social Democratic Party or RPSD
[Evariste MARSON]

Malawi
Alliance for Democracy or AFORD [Chakufwa CHIHANA]; Malawi
Congress Party or MCP [John TEMBO]; Malawi Democratic Party or MDP
[Kampelo KALUA]; Malawi Forum for Unity and Development or MAFUNDE
[George MNESA]; Mgwirizano Coalition or MC (coalition of MAFUNDE,
MDP, MGODE, NUP, PETRA, PPM, RP) [Gwandaguluwe Chakuamba]; Movement
for Genuine Democratic Change or MGODE [Sam Kandodo BANDA]; National
Democratic Alliance or NDA [Brown MPINGANJIRA]; National Unity Party
or NUP [Harry CHIUME]; New Congress for Democracy or NCD [Hetherwick
NTABA]; People's Progressive Movement or PPM [Aleke BANDA]; People's
Transformation Movement or PETRA [Kamuzu CHIBAMBO]; Republican Party
or RP [Gwandaguluwe Chakuamba]; United Democratic Front or UDF
[Bingu wa MUTHARIKA] - governing party

Malaysia
ruling-coalition National Front (Barisan Nasional) or BN,
consisting of the following parties: Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia Party
or PGRM [LIM Keng Yaik]; Liberal Democratic Party (Parti Liberal
Demokratik - Sabah) or LDP [CHONG Kah Kiat]; Malaysian Chinese
Association (Persatuan China Malaysia) or MCA [ONG Ka Ting];
Malaysian Indian Congress (Kongresi India Malaysia) or MIC [S. Samy
VELLU]; Parti Bersatu Pakyat Sabah or PBRS [Joseph KURUP]; Parti
Bersatu Sabah or PBS [Joseph PAIRIN Kitingan]; Parti Pesaka
Bumiputra Bersatu or PBB [Patinggi Haji Abdul TAIB Mahmud]; Parti
Rakyat Sarawak or PRS [James MASING]; Sabah Progressive Party (Parti
Progresif Sabah) or SAPP [YONG Teck Lee]; Sarawak United People's
Party (Parti Bersatu Rakyat Sarawak) or SUPP [George CHAN Hong Nam];
United Malays National Organization or UMNO [ABDULLAH Ahmad Badawi];
United Pasokmomogun Kadazandusun Murut Organization (Pertubuhan
Pasko Momogun Kadazan Dusun Bersatu) or UPKO [Bernard DOMPOK];
People's Progressive Party (Parti Progresif Penduduk Malaysia) or
PPP [M.Keyveas]; Sarawak Progressive Democratic Party or SPDP
[William MAWANI]; opposition parties: Democratic Action Party (Parti
Tindakan Demokratik) or DAP [KARPAL Singh]; Islamic Party of
Malaysia (Parti Islam se Malaysia) or PAS [Abdul HADI Awang];
People's Justice Party (Parti Keadilan Rakyat) or PKR [WAN AZIZAH
Wan Ismael]; Sarawak National Party or SNAP [Edwin DANDUNG];
opposition coalition Alternative Front (Barisan Alternatif) or BA
consists of PAS and PKR

Maldives
although political parties are not banned, none exist

Mali
Alliance for Democracy or ADEMA [Diounconda TRAORE, party
chairman]; Block of Alternative for the Renewal of Africa or BARA
[Yoro DIAKITE]; Democratic and Social Convention or CDS [Mamadou
Bakary SANGARE, chairman]; Hope 2002 [leader NA]; Movement for the
Independence, Renaissance and Integration of Africa or MIRIA
[Mohamed Lamine TRAORE, Mouhamedou DICKO]; National Congress for
Democratic Initiative or CNID [Mountaga TALL, chairman]; Party for
Democracy and Progress or PDP [Me Idrissa TRAORE]; Party for
National Renewal or PARENA [Yoro DIAKITE, chairman; Tiebile DRAME,
secretary general]; Rally for Democracy and Labor or RDT [Ali
GNANGADO]; Rally for Democracy and Progress or RDP [Almamy SYLLA,
chairman]; Rally for Mali or RPM [Ibrahim Bonbasor KEITA, chairman];
Sudanese Union/African Democratic Rally or US/RDA [Mamadou Bamou
TOURE, secretary general]; Union of Democratic Forces for Progress
or UFDP [Youssouf TOURE, secretary general]; Union for Democracy and
Development or UDD [Moussa Balla COULIBALY]

Malta
Alternativa Demokratika/Alliance for Social Justice or AD
[Harry VASSALLO]; Malta Labor Party or MLP [Alfred SANT];
Nationalist Party or PN [Lawrence GONZI]

Man, Isle of
Man Labor Party [leader NA]; Alliance for Progressive
Government [leader NA]; Man Nationalist Party [leader NA]
note: most members sit as independents

Marshall Islands
traditionally there have been no formally organized
political parties; what has existed more closely resembles factions
or interest groups because they do not have party headquarters,
formal platforms, or party structures; the following two "groupings"
have competed in legislative balloting in recent years - Kabua Party
[Imata KABUA] and United Democratic Party or UDP [Litokwa TOMEING]

Martinique
Martinique Communist Party or PCM [Georges ERICHOT];
Martinique Independence Movement or MIM [Alfred MARIE-JEANNE];
Martinique Progressive Party or PPM [Pierre SUEDILE]; Martinique
Socialist Party or PMS [Ernest WAN-AJOUHU]; Movement of Democrats
and Ecologists for a Sovereign Martinique or Modemas [Garcin MALSA];
Rally for the Republic or RPR [Michel CHARLONE]; Socialist
Revolution Group or GRS [Philippe PIERRE-CHARLES]; Union for French
Democracy or UDF [Jean MAREN]

Mauritania
Action for Change or AC [Messoud Ould BOULKHEIR];
Alliance for Justice and Democracy or AJD [Kebe ABDOULAYE];
Democratic and Social Republican Party or PRDS (ruling party)
[President Maaouya Ould Sid Ahmed TAYA]; Mauritanian Party for
Renewal and Concorde or PMRC [Molaye El Hassen Ould JIYID]; National
Union for Democracy and Development or UNDD [Tidjane KOITA]; Party
for Liberty, Equality and Justice or PLEJ [Daouda M'BAGNIGA];
Popular Front or FP [Ch'bih Ould CHEIKH MALAININE]; Popular Progress
Alliance or APP [Messoud Ould BOULKHEIR]; Popular Social and
Democratic Union or UPSD [Mohamed Mahmoud Ould MAH]; Progress Force
Union or UFP [Mohamed Ould MAOULOUD]; Rally of Democratic Forces or
RFD [Ahmed Ould DADDAH]; Rally for Democracy and Unity or RDU [Ahmed
Ould SIDI BABA]; Union for Democracy and Progress or UDP [Naha Mint
MOUKNASS]
note: the Action for Change party was banned in January 2002
although its members were permitted to keep their seats in the
National Assembly; parties legalized by constitution ratified 12
July 1991, however, politics continue to be tribally based

Mauritius
Hizbullah [Cehl Mohamed FAKEEMEEAH]; Mauritian Labor Party
or MLP [Navinchandra RAMGOOLAM]; Mauritian Militant Movement or MMM
[Paul BERENGER] - in coalition with MSM; Mauritian Social Democrat
Party or PMSD [Charles Xavier-Luc DUVAL]; Militant Socialist
Movement or MSM [Pravind JUGNAUTH] - governing party; Rodrigues
Movement or MR [Joseph (Nicholas) Von MALLY]; Rodrigues Peoples
Organization or OPR [Serge CLAIR]

Mayotte
Democratic Front or FD [Youssouf MOUSSA]; Mahoran Popular
Movement or MPM [Ahmed MADI]; Federation of Mahorans or RPR [Mansour
KAMARDINE]; Movement for Department Status Mayotte or MDM [Mouhoutar
SALIM]; Socialist Party or PS (local branch of French Parti
Socialiste) [Ibrahim ABUBACAR]; Union for French Democracy or UDF
[Henri JEAN-BAPTISTE]

Mexico
Convergence for Democracy or CD [Dante DELGADO Ranauro];
Institutional Revolutionary Party or PRI [Roberto MADRAZO Pintado];
Mexican Green Ecological Party or PVEM [Jorge Emilio GONZALEZ
Martinez]; National Action Party or PAN [Luis Felipe BRAVO Mena];
Party of the Democratic Revolution or PRD [Leonel GODOY]; Workers
Party or PT [Alberto ANAYA Gutierrez]

Micronesia, Federated States of
no formal parties

Moldova
Democratic Modova Bloc [Serafim URECHEANU] includes:
Democratic Party [Dumitru DIACOV], Our Moldova Alliance [Dumitru
BRAGHIS, Serafim URECHEANU], Social Liberal Party [Oleg SEREBRIAN];
Communist Party of the Republic of Moldova or PCRM [Vladimir
VORONIN, first chairman]; Popular Christian Democratic Party or PPCD
[Iurie ROSCA]

Monaco
National and Democratic Union or UND [Jean-Louis CAMPORA];
Union for Monaco or UPM (including National Union for the Future of
Monaco or UNAM [leader NA]

Mongolia
Citizens' Will Republican Party or CWRP (also called Civil
Courage Republican Party or CCRP) [Sanjaasurengiin OYUN]; Democratic
Party or DP [R. GONCHIKDORJ]; Motherland-Mongolian New Socialist
Democratic Party or M-MNSDP [B. ERDENEBAT]; Mongolian People's
Revolutionary Party or MPRP [Nambaryn ENKHBAYAR]; Mongolian
Republican Party or MRP [B. JARGALSAIKHAN]
note: DP and M-MNSDP formed Motherland-Democracy Coalition (MDC) in
2003 and with CWRP contested June 2004 elections as single party;
MDC's leadership dissolved coalition in December 2004

Montserrat
National Progressive Party or NPP [Reuben T. MEADE]; New
People's Liberation Movement or NPLM [John A. OSBORNE]

Morocco
Action Party or PA [Muhammad EL IDRISSI]; Alliance of
Liberties or ADL [Ali BELHAJ]; Annahj Addimocrati or Annahj
[Abdellah EL HARIF]; Avant Garde Social Democratic Party or PADS
[Ahmed BENJELLOUN]; Citizen Forces or FC [Abderrahman LAHJOUJI];
Citizen's Initiatives for Development [Mohamed BENHAMOU];
Constitutional Union or UC [Mohamed ABIED (interim)]; Democratic and
Independence Party or PDI [Abdelwahed MAACH]; Democratic and Social
Movement or MDS [Mahmoud ARCHANE]; Democratic Socialist Party or PSD
[Aissa OUARDIGHI]; Democratic Union or UD [Bouazza IKKEN];
Environment and Development Party or PED [Ahmed EL ALAMI]; Front of
Democratic Forces or FFD [Thami EL KHYARI]; Istiqlal Party
(Independence Party) or PI [Abbas El FASSI]; Justice and Development
Party or PJD [Saad Eddine OTHMANI]; Moroccan Liberal Party or PML
[Mohamed ZIANE]; National Democratic Party or PND [Abdallah KADIRI];
National Ittihadi Congress Party or CNI [Abdelmajid BOUZOUBAA];
National Popular Movement or MNP [Mahjoubi AHERDANE]; National Rally
of Independents or RNI [Ahmed OSMAN]; National Union of Popular
Forces or UNFP [Abdellah IBRAHIM]; Parti Al Ahd or Al Ahd [Najib EL
OUAZZANI, chairman]; Party of Progress and Socialism or PPS [Ismail
ALAOUI]; Party of Renewal and Equity or PRE [Chakir ACHABAR]; Party
of the Unified Socialist Left or GSU [Mohamed Ben Said AIT IDDER];
Popular Movement or MP [Mohamed LAENSER]; Reform and Development
Party or PRD [Abderrahmane EL KOUHEN]; Social Center Party or PSC
[Lahcen MADIH]; Socialist Union of Popular Forces or USFP [Mohammed
El-YAZGHI]

Mozambique
Front for the Liberation of Mozambique (Frente de
Liberatacao de Mocambique) or Frelimo [Joaquim Alberto CHISSANO,
president]; Mozambique National Resistance-Electoral Union
(Resistencia Nacional Mocambicana-Uniao Eleitoral) or Renamo-UE
[Afonso DHLAKAMA, president]

Namibia
Congress of Democrats or COD [Ben ULENGA]; Democratic
Turnhalle Alliance of Namibia or DTA [Katuutire KAURA, president];
Monitor Action Group or MAG [Kosie PRETORIUS]; South West Africa
People's Organization or SWAPO [Sam Shafishuna NUJOMA]; United
Democratic Front or UDF [Justus GAROEB]

Nauru
loose multiparty system; Democratic Party [Kennan ADEANG];
Nauru Party (informal) [leader NA]; Naoero Amo (Nauru First) Party
[leader NA]

Nepal
Communist Party of Nepal/United Marxist-Leninist or CPN/UML
[Madhav Kumar NEPAL, general secretary]; National Democratic Party
or NDP (also called Rastriya Prajantra Party or RPP) [Surya Bahadur
THAPA, chairman]; People's Front Nepal (Rastriya Jana Morcha)
[Chitra BAHADUR, chairman]; Nepal Sadbhavana (Goodwill) Party or NSP
[Bhadri Prasad MANDAL, acting party president]; Nepal Workers and
Peasants Party or NWPP [Narayan Man BIJUKCHHE, party chairman];
Nepali Congress or NC [Girija Prasad KOIRALA, party president;
Sushil KOIRALA, general secretary]; Nepali Congress-Democratic [Sher
Bahadur DEUBA, president]; Samyukta Janmorcha Nepal [NA leader]

Netherlands
Christian Democratic Appeal or CDA [Maxime Jacques
Marcel VERHAGEN]; Christian Union Party [Andre ROUVOET]; Democrats
66 or D66 [Boris DITTRICH]; Green Party [Femke HALSEMA]; Labor Party
or PvdA [Wouter BOS]; List Pim Fortuyn [Gerard van AS]; People's
Party for Freedom and Democracy (Liberal) or VVD [Jozias VAN
AARTSEN]; Socialist Party [Jan MARIJNISSEN]; plus a few minor parties

Netherlands Antilles
Antillean Restructuring Party or PAR [Etienne
YS]; C 93 [Stanley BROWN]; Democratic Party of Bonaire or PDB [Jopi
ABRAHAM]; Democratic Party of Curacao or DP [Errol HERNANDEZ];
Democratic Party of Sint Eustatius or DP-St. E [Julian WOODLEY];
Democratic Party of Sint Maarten or DP-St. M [Sarah
WESCOTT-WILLIAMS]; Foundation Energetic Management Anti-Narcotics or
FAME [Eric LODEWIJKS]; Labor Party People's Crusade or PLKP [Errol
COVA]; National Alliance [William MARLIN]; National People's Party
or PNP [Susanne F. C. CAMELIA-ROMER]; New Antilles Movement or MAN
[Kenneth GIJSBERTHA]; Patriotic Union of Bonaire or UPB [Ramonsito
BOOI]; Patriotic Movement of Sint Maarten or SPA [Vance JAMES, Jr.];
People's Party or PAPU [Richard HODI]; Pro Curacao Party or PPK
[Winston LOURENS]; Saba Democratic Labor Movement [Steve HASSELL];
Saba Unity Party [Carmen SIMMONDS]; St. Eustatius Alliance or SEA
[Kenneth VAN PUTTEN]; Serious Alternative People's Party or Sapp
[Julian ROLLOCKS]; Social Action Cause or KAS [Benny DEMEI];
Windward Islands People's Movement or WIPM [Will JOHNSTON]; Workers'
Liberation Front or FOL [Anthony GODETT, Rignald LAK, Editha WRIGHT]
note: political parties are indigenous to each island

New Caledonia
Alliance pour la Caledonie or APLC [Didier LE ROUX];
Caleonian Union or UC [leader NA]; Federation des Comites de
Coordination des Independantistes or FCCI [Francois BURCK]; Front
National or FN [Guy GEORGE]; Front Uni de Liberation Kanak or FULK
[Ernest UNE]; Kanak Socialist Front for National Liberation or FLNKS
[leader NA] (includes PALIKA, UNI, UC, and UPM); Parti de Liberation
Kanak or PALIKA [Paul NEAOUTYINE and Elie POIGOUNE]; Rally for
Caledonia in the Republic (anti independent) or RPCR-UMP [Jacques
LAFLEUR]; The Future Together or AE [Harold MARTIN]; Union Nationale
pour l'Independance or UNI [Paul NEAOUTYINE]; note - may no longer
exist, but Paul NEAOUTYINE has since become a president of Parti de
Liberation Kanak or PALIKA; Union Progressiste Melanesienne or UPM
[Victor TUTUGORO]

New Zealand
ACT New Zealand [Richard PREBBLE]; Green Party [Jeanette
FITZSIMONS and Rod DONALD]; National Party or NP [Don BRASH]; New
Zealand First Party or NZFP [Winston PETERS]; New Zealand Labor
Party or NZLP [Helen CLARK]; Progressive Coalition [James (Jim)
ANDERTON]; United Future or UF [Peter DUNNE]

Nicaragua
Conservative Party of Nicaragua or PCN [Mario
RAPPACCIOLI]; Independent Liberal Party or PLI [Anibal MARTINEZ
Nunez, Pedro REYES Vallejos]; Nicaraguan Party of the Christian Path
or PCCN [Guillermo OSORNO Molina]; Nicaraguan Resistance Party or
PRN [Salvador TALAVERA]; Sandinista National Liberation Front or
FSLN [Daniel ORTEGA Saavedra]; Sandinista Renovation Movement or MRS
[leader NA]; Unity Alliance or AU [leader NA]; Liberal
Constitutional Party or PLC [Jorge CASTILLO Quant]; Alliance for the
Republic or APRE [Miguel LOPEZ Baldizon, Oscar WENDOLYN Vargas,
Karla WHITE]; Liberal Salvation Movement or MSL [Eliseo NUNEZ
Hernandez]; Christian Alternative Party or AC [Orlando TARDENCILLA
Espinoza]

Niger
Alliance for Democracy and Progress or ANDP [leader NA];
Democratic Rally of the People-Jama'a or RDP-Jama'a [Hamid ALGABID];
Democratic and Social Convention-Rahama or CDS-Rahama [Mahamane
OUSMANE]; National Movement for a Developing Society-Nassara or
MNSD-Nassara [Mamadou TANDJA, chairman]; Nigerien Alliance for
Democracy and Social Progress-Zaman Lahiya or ANDPS-Zaman Lahiya
[Moumouni Adamou DJERMAKOYE]; Nigerien Party for Democracy and
Socialism-Tarayya or PNDS-Tarayya [Mahamadou ISSOUFOU]; Party for
Socialism and Democracy in Niger [leader NA]; Rally for Democracy
and Progress or RDP [leader NA]; Union of Democratic Patriots and
Progressives-Chamoua or UPDP-Chamoua [Professor Andre' SALIFOU,
chairman]

Nigeria
Alliance for Democracy or AD [Alhaji Adamu ABDULKADIR]; All
Nigeria Peoples' Party or ANPP [Don ETIEBET]; All Progressives Grand
Alliance or APGA [Chekwas OKORIE]; National Democratic Party or NDP
[Aliyu Habu FARI]; Peoples Democratic Party or PDP [Audu OGBEH];
Peoples Redemption Party or PRP [Abdulkadir Balarabe MUSA]; Peoples
Salvation Party or PSP [Lawal MAITURARE]; United Nigeria Peoples
Party or UNPP [Saleh JAMBO]

Niue
Niue People's Action Party or NPP [Young VIVIAN]; Alliance of
Independents or AI [leader NA]

Norfolk Island
none

Northern Mariana Islands
Democratic Party [Dr. Carlos S. CAMACHO];
Republican Party [NA]; Covenant Party [Benigno R. FITIAL]

Norway
Center Party [Aslaug Marie HAGA]; Christian People's Party
[Dagfinn HOYBRATEN]; Coastal Party [Steinar BASTESEN]; Conservative
Party [Erna SOLBERG]; Labor Party [Jens STOLTENBERG]; Liberal Party
[Lars SPONHEIM]; Progress Party [Carl I. HAGEN]; Socialist Left
Party [Kristin HALVORSEN]

Oman
none

Pakistan
Awami National Party or ANP [Wali KHAN]; Balochistan
National Movement/Hayee Group or BNM/H [Dr. Hayee BALUCH]; Baluch
National Party-Mengal or BNP/M [Sardar Ataullah MENGAL]; Baluch
National Party/Awami or BNP/Awami [Moheem Khan BALOCH]; Jamhoori
Watan Party or JWP [Akbar Khan BUGTI]; Jamiat-al-Hadith or JAH
[Sajid MIR]; Jamiat Ulema-i-Islam, Fazlur Rehman faction or JUI/F
[Fazlur REHMAN]; Jamiat Ulema-i-Islam, Sami ul-HAQ faction or JUI/S
[Sami ul-HAQ]; Jamiat-i-Islami or JI [Qazi Hussain AHMED]; Jamiat
Ulema-i-Pakistan or JUP [Shah Faridul HAQ]]; Millat Party or MP
[Farooq LEGHARI]; Muttahida Qaumi Movement, Altaf faction or MQM/A
[Altaf HUSSAIN]; Muttahida Quami Movement, Haqiqi faction or MQM/H
[Afaq AHMAD]; Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal Pakistan or MMA [Qazi Hussain
AHMED]; National People's Party or NPP [Ghulam Mustapha JATOI];
Pakhtun Khwa Milli Awami Party or PkMAP [Mahmood Khan ACHAKZAI];
Pakhtun Quami Party or PQP [Mohammed Afzal KHAN]; Pakistan Awami
Tehrik or PAT [Tahir ul QADRI]; Pakistan Democratic Party or PDP
[Mehbooba Mufti SAYEED]; Pakistan Muslim League, Functional Group or
PML/F [Pir PAGARO]; Pakistan Muslim League, Nawaz Sharif faction or
PML/N [Nawaz SHARIF]; Pakistan Muslim League or PML [Chaudhry
Shujaat HUSSAIN]; note - as of May 2004, the PML/Q changed its name
to PML and absorbed the PML/J, PML/Z, and NA; Pakistan National
Party or PNP [Hasil BIZENJO]; Pakistan People's Party or PPP [Aftab
Ahmed Khan SHERPAO]; Pakistan People's Party Parliamentarians or
PPPP [Benazir BHUTTO]; Pakistan Tehrik-e-Insaaf or PTI [Imran KHAN];
Tehrik-i-Islami [Allama Sajid NAQVI]
note: political alliances in Pakistan can shift frequently

Palau
none

Panama
Democratic Change or CD [Ricardo MARTINELLI]; Democratic
Revolutionary Party or PRD [Martin TORRIJOS]; National Liberal Party
or PLN [Anibal GALINDO]; Nationalist Republican Liberal Movement or
MOLIRENA [Jesus ROSAS]; Panamenista Party or PA (formerly the
Arnulfista Party) [Mireya Elisa MOSCOSO Rodriguez]; Popular Party or
PP (formerly Christian Democratic Party or PDC) [Ruben AROSEMENA];
Solidarity Party or PS [Jose Raul MULINO]

Papua New Guinea
Christian Democratic Party [Dr.Banare BUN, party
leader]; Melanesian Alliance Party or MAP [Sir Moi AVEL, party
leader]; National Alliance Party or NA [Michael SOMARE, party
leader; George MANOA, party president]; National Party [Melchior
PEP, party leader]; Papua and Niugini Union Party or PANGU [Chris
HAIVETA, party leader]; Papua New Guinea First Party [Cecilking
DORUBA, party leader]; Papua New Guinea Labor Party [Bob DANAYA,
party leader]; Papua New Guinea Party [Sir Mekere MORAUTA, party
leader]; People's Action Party or PAP [Moses MALADINA, party
leader]; People's Labor Party or PLP [Ekis ROPENU, party leader];
People's National Congress or PNC [Peter O'NEILL, party leader];
People's Progressive Party or PPP [Andrew BAING, party leader];
Pipol First Party [Luther WENGE, party leader]; Rural People's Party
[Peter NAMUS, party leader]; United Party [Bire KIMASOPA, party
leader]; United Resources Party or URP [Tim NEVILLE, party leader]
(2004)

Paraguay
Asociacion Nacional Republicana - Colorado Party or ANR
[Herminio CACERES, interim president]; Patria Querida (Beloved
Fatherland Party) or PQ [Pedro Nicolas Maraa FADUL Niella];
Movimiento Union Nacional de Ciudadanos Eticos or UNACE [Enrique
GONZALEZ Quintana, acting chairman]; Partido Encuentro Nacional or
PEN [Luis TORALES Kenney]; Partido Liberal Radical Autentico or PLRA
[Julio Cesar FRANCO]; Partido Pais Solidario or PPS [Carlos Alberto
FILIZZOLA Pallares]; note - Nicanor DUARTE Frutos on leave as party
leader of the Colorado Party or ANR while serving as President of
Paraguay; Lino Cesar OVIEDO Silva, leader of UNACE, is currently
serving a ten-year prison term

Peru
Peruvian Aprista Party or PAP (also referred to by its original
name Alianza Popular Revolucionaria Americana or APRA) [Alan
GARCIA]; Independent Moralizing Front or FIM [Fernando OLIVERA
Vega]; National Unity (Unidad Nacional) or UN [Lourdes FLORES Nano];
Peru Posible or PP [David WAISMAN]; Popular Action or AP [Javier
DIAZ Orihuela]; Solucion Popular [Carlos BOLANA]; Somos Peru or SP
[Alberto ANDRADE]; Union for Peru or UPP [Roger GUERRA Garcia]

Philippines
Laban Ng Demokratikong Pilipino (Struggle of Filipino
Democrats) or LDP [Edgardo ANGARA, president]; Lakas Ng Edsa
(National Union of Christian Democrats) or Lakas [Jose DE VENECIA,
president; Gloria MACAPAGAL-ARROYO, chairperson]; Liberal Party or
LP [Franklin DRILON, president; Jose ATIENZA, JR., chairman];
National People's Coalition or NPC [Eduardo COJUANGCO, chairman
emeritus; Frisco SAN JUAN, president]; PDP-Laban [Aquilino PIMENTEL,
president]; Pwersa ng Masang Pilipino (Party of the Philippine
Masses) or PMP [Joseph ESTRADA, president; Juan Ponce ENRILE,
chairman]; Aksyon Demokratiko Party [Raul ROCO, president]; Reporma
[Renato DE VILLA, chairman]; PROMDI [Emilio OSMENA, president];
Nacionalista [Manuel VILLAR, president]; People's Reform Party
[Miriam Defensor SANTIAGO, president}

Pitcairn Islands
none

Poland
Catholic-National Movement or RKN [Antoni MACIEREWICZ];
Citizens Platform or PO [Donald TUSK]; Coalition Electoral Action
Solidarity of the Right or AWSP; Conservative Peasants Party or
SKL-RNP [Artur BALAZS]; Democratic Left Alliance or SLD [Krzysztof
JANIK]; Freedom Union or UW [Wladyslaw FRASYNIUK]; German Minority
of Lower Silesia or MNSO [Henryk KROLL]; Law and Justice or PiS
[Jaroslaw KACZYNSKI]; League of Polish Families or LPR [Marek
KOTLINOWSKI]; Movement for the Reconstruction of Poland or ROP [Jan
OLSZEWSKI]; Peasant-Democratic Party or PLD [Roman JAGIELINSKI];
Polish Accord or PP [Jan LOPUSZANSKI]; Polish Peasant Bloc or PBL
[Wojciech MOJZESOWICZ]; Polish Peasant Party or PSL [Janusz
WOJCIECHOWSKI]; Polish Raison d'Etat or PRS [Piotr MUSIAL];
Samoobrona or SO [Andrzej LEPPER]; Social Democratic Party of Poland
or SDPL [Marek BOROWSKI]; Social Movement or RS [Krzysztof
PIESIEWICZ]; Union of Labor or UP [Izabela JARUAGA-NOWACKA]

Portugal
Green Ecologist Party or PEV [Heloisa APOLONIA]; Popular
Party or PP [Paulo PORTAS]; Portuguese Communist Party or PCP
[Jeronimo de SOUSA]; Portuguese Socialist Party or PS [Jose SOCRATES
Carvalho Pinto de Sousa]; Social Democratic Party or PSD [Pedro
Miguel SANTANA LOPES]; The Left Bloc or BE [Franciso Anacleto LOUCA]

Puerto Rico
National Democratic Party [Celeste BENITEZ]; National
Republican Party of Puerto Rico [Luis FERRE]; New Progressive Party
or PNP (pro-US statehood) [Pedro ROSSELLO]; Popular Democratic Party
or PPD (pro-commonwealth) [Anibal ACEVEDO-VILA]; Puerto Rican
Independence Party or PIP (pro-independence) [Ruben BERRIOS Martinez]

Qatar
none

Reunion
Communist Party of Reunion or PCR [Paul VERGES]; Rally for
the Republic or RPR [Andre Maurice PIHOUEE]; Socialist Party or PS
[Jean-Claude FRUTEAU]; Union for French Democracy or UDF [Gilbert
GERARD]; Union for a Popular Movement or UMP [leader NA]

Romania
Democratic Party or PD [Emil BOC]; Democratic Union of
Hungarians in Romania or UDMR [Bela MARKO]; Humanist Party or PUR
[Dan VOICULESCU]; National Liberal Party or PNL [Calin Popescu
TARICEANU]; Romania Mare Party (Greater Romanian Party) or PRM
[Corneliu Vadim TUDOR]; Social Democratic Party or PSD [Adrian
NASTASE], formerly known as the Party of Social Democracy in Romania
or PDSR

Russia
Communist Party of the Russian Federation or CPRF [Gennadiy
Andreyevich ZYUGANOV]; Liberal Democratic Party of Russia or LDPR
[Vladimir Volfovich ZHIRINOVSKIY]; Motherland Bloc (Rodina) [Dmitriy
ROGOZIN]; People's Party [Gennadiy RAYKOV]; Union of Rightist Forces
or SPS [Anatoliy Borisovich CHUBAYS, Yegor Timurovich GAYDAR, Irina
Mutsuovna KHAKAMADA, Boris Yefimovich NEMTSOV]; United Russia [Boris
Vyacheslavovich GRYZLOV]; Yabloko Party [Grigoriy Alekseyevich
YAVLINSKIY]

Rwanda
Centrist Democratic Party or PDC [Alfred MUKEZAMFURA]; Social
Democratic Party or PSD [Vincent BIRUTA]; Democratic Popular Union
of Rwanda or UDPR [Adrien RANGIRA ]; Democratic Republican Movement
or MDR (officially banned) [Celestin KABANDA]; Islamic Democratic
Party or PDI [Andre BUMAYA]; Liberal Party or PL [Prosper HIGIRO];
Party for Democratic Renewal (officially banned) [Pasteur BIZIMUNGU
and Charles NTAKARUTINKA]; Rwandan Patriotic Front or RPF [Paul
KAGAME]

Saint Helena
none

Saint Kitts and Nevis
Concerned Citizens Movement or CCM [Vance
AMORY]; Nevis Reformation Party or NRP [Joseph PARRY]; People's
Action Movement or PAM [Lindsey GRANT]; Saint Kitts and Nevis Labor
Party or SKNLP [Dr. Denzil DOUGLAS]

Saint Lucia
National Alliance or NA [George ODLUM]; Saint Lucia
Freedom Party or SFP [Martinus FRANCOIS]; Saint Lucia Labor Party or
SLP [Kenneth ANTHONY]; Sou Tout Apwe Fete Fini or STAFF [Christopher
HUNTE]; United Workers Party or UWP [Dr. Morella JOSEPH]

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
PRG [leader NA]; Rassemblement pour la
Republique or RPR (now UMP) [leader NA]; Socialist Party or PS
[leader NA]; Union pour la Democratie Francaise or UDF [leader NA]

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
National Reform Party or NRP [Joel
MIGUEL]; New Democratic Party or NDP [Arnhim EUSTACE]; People's
Progressive Movement or PPM [Ken BOYEA]; Progressive Labor Party or
PLP [leader NA]; United People's Movement or UPM [Adrian SAUNDERS];
Unity Labor Party or ULP [Ralph GONSALVES] (formed by the coalition
of Saint Vincent Labor Party or SVLP and the Movement for National
Unity or MNU)

Samoa
Christian Democratic Party [leader NA]; Human Rights
Protection Party or HRPP [Sailele Malielegaoi TUILA'EPA, chairman];
Samoa All People's Party or SAPP [Matatumua MAIMOANA]; Samoan
National Development Party or SNDP [LE MAMEA Ropati, chairman]
(opposition); Samoa National Party [FETU Tiatia, party secretary];
Samoan Progressive Conservative Party [LEOTA Ituau Ale]; Samoan
United Independents Party or SUIP [Dr. Saleimoa VAAI]

San Marino
Communist Refoundation or RC [Ivan FOSHI]; Ideas in
Movement or IM [Alessandro ROSSI]; National Alliance or AN [leader
NA]; Party of Democrats or PD [Claudio FELICI]; San Marino Christian
Democratic Party or PDCS [Giovanni LONFERNINI]; San Marino Popular
Alliance of Democrats or APDS [Roberto GIORGETTI]; San Marino
Socialist Party or PSS [Alberto CECCHETTI]; Socialists for Reform or
SR [Renzo GIARDI]

Sao Tome and Principe
Democratic Renovation Party [Armindo GRACA];
Force for Change Democratic Movement [leader NA]; Independent
Democratic Action or ADI [Carlos NEVES]; Movement for the Liberation
of Sao Tome and Principe-Social Democratic Party or MLSTP-PSD
[Manuel Pinto Da COSTA]; Party for Democratic Convergence or PCD
[Aldo BANDEIRA]; Ue-Kedadji coalition [leader NA]; other small
parties

Saudi Arabia
none

Senegal
African Party for Democracy and Socialism or And Jef (also
known as PADS/AJ) [Landing SAVANE, secretary general]; African Party
of Independence [Majhemout DIOP]; Alliance of Forces of Progress or
AFP [Moustapha NIASSE]; Democratic and Patriotic Convention or CDP
(also known as Garab-Gi) [Dr. Iba Der THIAM]; Democratic
League-Labor Party Movement or LD-MPT [Dr. Abdoulaye BATHILY]; Front
for Socialism and Democracy or FSD [Cheikh Abdoulaye DIEYE]; Gainde
Centrist Bloc or BGC [Jean-Paul DIAS]; Independence and Labor Party
or PIT [Amath DANSOKHO]; National Democratic Rally or RND [Madier
DIOUF]; Senegalese Democratic Party or PDS [Abdoulaye WADE];
Socialist Party or PS [Ousmane Tanor DIENG]; SOPI Coalition (a
coalition led by the PDS) [Abdoulaye WADE]; Union for Democratic
Renewal or URD [Djibo Leyti KA]; other small parties

Serbia and Montenegro
Democratic Party or DS [Boris TADIC];
Democratic Party of Serbia or DSS [Vojislav KOSTUNICA]; Democratic
Party of Socialists of Montenegro or DPS [Milo DJUKANOVIC];
Democratic Serbian Party of Montenegro or DSS [Bozidar BOJOVIC]; G17
Plus [Miroljub LABUS]; New Serbia or NS [Velimir ILIC]; Liberal
Party of Montenegro or LSCG [Miodrag ZIVKOVIC]; People's Party of
Montenegro or NS [Dragan SOC]; Power of Serbia Movement or PSS
[Bogoljub KARIC]; Serbian Radical Party or SRS [Tomislav NIKOLIC];
Serbian Renewal Movement or SPO [Vuk DRASKOVIC]; Serbian Socialist
Party or SPS (former Communist Party and party of Slobodan
MILOSEVIC) [Ivica DACIC, president of Main Board]; Social Democratic
Party of Montenegro or SDP [Ranko KRIVOKAPIC]; Socialist People's
Party of Montenegro or SNP [Predrag BULATOVIC]
note: the following political parties participate in elections and
institutions only in Kosovo, which has been governed by the UN under
UNSCR 1244 since 1999: Albanian Christian Democratic Party or PSHDK
[Mark KRASNIQI]; Alliance for the Future of Kosovo or AAK [Ramush
HARADINAJ]; Citizens' Initiative of Serbia or GIS [Slavisa
PETKOVIC]; Democratic Ashkali Party of Kosovo or PDAK [Sabit
RRAHMANI]; Democratic League of Kosovo or LDK [Ibrahim RUGOVA];
Democratic Party of Kosovo or PDK [Hashim THACI]; Justice Party of
PD [Sylejman CERKEZI]; Kosovo Democratic Turkish Party of KDTP
[Mahir YAGCILAR]; Liberal Party of Kosovo or PLK [Gjergj DEDAJ]; Ora
[Veton SURROI]; New Democratic Initiative of Kosovo or IRDK [Bislim
HOTI]; Party of Democratic Action or SDA [Numan BALIC]; Popular
Movement of Kosovo or LPK [Emrush XHEMAJLI]; Prizren-Dragas
Initiative or PDI [Ismajl KARADOLAMI]; Serb List for Kosovo and
Metohija or SLKM [Oliver IVANOVIC]; United Roma Party of Kosovo or
PREBK [Haxhi Zylfi MERXHA]; Vakat [leader NA]

Seychelles
Democratic Party or DP [James MANCHAM, Daniel BELLE];
Mouvement Seychellois pour la Democratie [Jacques HODOUL];
Seychelles National Party or SNP (formerly the United Opposition or
UO) [Wavel RAMKALAWAN]; Seychelles People's Progressive Front or
SPPF [France Albert RENE, James MICHEL] - the governing party

Sierra Leone
All People's Congress or APC [Ben KANU]; Peace and
Liberation Party or PLP [Darlington MORRISON, interim chairman];
Sierra Leone People's Party or SLPP [Sama BANYA]; numerous others

Singapore
governing party: People's Action Party or PAP [LEE Hsien
Loong]; opposition parties: Democratic Progressive Party or DPP
[LING How Dong]; National Solidarity Party or NSP [vacant] (SDA
group); Singapore Democratic Alliance or SDA [CHIAM See Tong]
(includes SPP, PKMS, NSP, SJP); Singapore Democratic Party or SDP
[CHEE Soon Juan]; Singapore Justice Party or SJP [Desmond LIM] (SDA
group); Singapore National Malay Organization or PKMS [Malik ISMAIL]
(SDA group); Singapore People's Party or SPP [CHIAM See Tong] (SDA
group); Workers' Party or WP [Sylvia Lim Swee LIAN]

Slovakia
Christian Democratic Movement or KDH [Pavol HRUSOVSKY];
Direction (Smer) [Robert FICO]; Free Forum [Zuzana MARTINAKOVA];
Movement for Democracy or HZD [Jozef GRAPA]; Movement for a
Democratic Slovakia-People's Party or HZDS-LS [Vladimir MECIAR]; New
Citizens Alliance or ANO [Pavol RUSKO]; Party of the Hungarian
Coalition or SMK [Bela BUGAR]; People's Union or LU [Gustav KRAJCI];
Slovak Communist Party or KSS [Jozef SEVC]; Slovak Democratic and
Christian Union or SDKU [Mikulas DZURINDA]; Slovak National Party or
SNS [Peter SULOVSKY]

Slovenia
Democratic Party of Retired (Persons) of Slovenia or DeSUS
[Anton ROUS]; Liberal Democratic Party or LDS [Anton ROP]; New
Slovenia or NSi [Andrej BAJUK]; Slovene Democratic Party or SDS
[Janez Jansa]; Slovene National Party or SNS [Zmago JELINCIC];
Slovene People's Party or SLS [Janez PODOBNIK]; Slovene Youth Party
or SMS [Darko KRANJC]; United List of Social Democrats or ZLSD
[Borut PAHOR]

Solomon Islands
Association of Independents [Snyder RINI]; People's
Alliance Party or PAP [Allan KEMAKEZA]; People's Progressive Party
or PPP [Mannaseh Damukana SOGAVARE]; Solomon Islands Alliance for
Change Coalition or SIACC [Bartholomew ULUFA'ALU]; Solomon Islands
Labor Party or SILP [Joses TUHANUKU]
note: in general, Solomon Islands politics is characterized by fluid
coalitions

Somalia
none

South Africa
African Christian Democratic Party or ACDP [Kenneth
MESHOE, president]; African National Congress or ANC [Thabo MBEKI,
president]; Democratic Alliance or DA (formed from the merger of the
Democratic Party or DP and the Freedom Alliance or FA) [Anthony
LEON]; Inkatha Freedom Party or IFP [Mangosuthu BUTHELEZI,
president]; New National Party or NNP [Marthinus VAN SCHALKWYK];
Pan-Africanist Congress or PAC [Stanley MOGOBA, president]; United
Democratic Movement or UDM [Bantu HOLOMISA]

Spain
Basque Nationalist Party or PNV [Josu Jon IMAZ]; Canarian
Coalition or CC (a coalition of five parties) [Paulino RIVERO
Baute]; Convergence and Union or CiU [Artur MAS i Gavarro] (a
coalition of the Democratic Convergence of Catalonia or CDC [Artur
MAS i Gavarro] and the Democratic Union of Catalonia or UDC [Josep
Antoni DURAN y LLEIDA]); Entesa Catalonia de Progress (a Senate
coalition grouping four Catalan parties - PSC, ERC, ICV, EUA)
[leader NA]; Galician Nationalist Bloc or BNG [Anxo Manuel
QUINTANA]; Party of Independents from Lanzarote or PIL [Dimas MARTIN
Martin]; Popular Party or PP [Mariano RAJOY]; Republican Left of
Catalonia or ERC [Josep-Lluis CAROD-ROVIRA]; Spanish Socialist
Workers Party or PSOE [Jose Luis RODRIGUEZ ZAPATERO]; United Left or
IU (a coalition of parties including the PCE and other small
parties) [Gaspar LLAMAZARES]

Sri Lanka
All Ceylon Tamil Congress or ACTC [KUMARGURUPARAM]; Ceylon
Workers Congress or CWC [Arumugam THONDAMAN]; Communist Party or CP
[D. GUNASEKERA]; Democratic United National (Lalith) Front or DUNLF
[Shrimani ATULATHMUDALI]; Eelam People's Democratic Party or EPDP
[Douglas DEVANANDA]; Eelam People's Revolutionary Liberation Front
or EPRLF [Suresh PREMACHANDRAN]; Janatha Vimukthi Perumuna or JVP
[Tilvan SILVA]; National Unity Alliance or NUA [Ferial ASHRAFF];
National Heritage Party or JHU [Tilak KARUNARATNE]; People's
Liberation Organization of Tamil Eelam or PLOTE [leader NA]; Sihala
Urumaya or SU [leader NA]; Sri Lanka Freedom Party or SLFP
[Chandrika Bandaranaike KUMARATUNGA]; Sri Lanka Muslim Congress or
SLMC [Rauff HAKEEM]; Sri Lanka Progressive Front or SLPF [P. Nelson
PERERA]; Tamil Eelam Liberation Organization or TELO [SABARATNAM];
Tamil National Alliance or TNA [R.SAMPANTHAN]; Tamil United
Liberation Front or TULF [V. ANANDASANGAREE]; United National Party
or UNP [Ranil WICKREMASINGHE]; Up-country People's Front or UPF [P.
CHANDRASEKARAN]; several ethnic Tamil and Muslim parties,
represented in either Parliament or provincial councils

Sudan
the government allows political "associations" under a 1998
law revised in 2000; to obtain government approval parties must
accept the constitution and refrain from advocating or using
violence against the regime; approved parties include the National
Congress Party or NCP [Ibrahim Ahmed UMAR], Popular National
Congress or PNC [Hassan al-TURABI], and over 20 minor,
pro-government parties

Suriname
Democratic Alternative '91 or DA '91 (a coalition of the
Alternative Forum or AF and Party for Brotherhood and Unity in
Politics or BEP, formed in January 1991) [Winston JESSURUN];
Democratic National Platform 2000 or DNP 2000 (coalition of two
parties, Democratic Party and Democrats of the 21st Century) [Jules
WIJDENBOSCH]; Independent Progressive Democratic Alternative or OPDA
[Joginder RAMKHILAWAN]; Millennium Combination or MC (a coalition of
three parties, Democratic Alternative, Party for National Unity and
Solidarity, and National Democratic Party) [leader NA]; National
Democratic Party or NDP [Desire BOUTERSE]; Naya Kadam or NK [leader
NA]; Party for Renewal and Democracy or BVD [Tjan GOBARDHAN]; Party
of National Unity and Solidarity or KTPI [Willy SOEMITA]; Pertjaja
Luhur [Paul SOMOHARDJO]; Progressive Workers' and Farm Laborers'
Union or PALU [Ir Iwan KROLIS]; The New Front or NF (a coalition of
four parties Suriname National Party or NPS, Progressive Reform
Party or VHP, Suriname Labor Party or SPA, and Pertjaja Luhur)
[Runaldo Ronald VENETIAAN]; The Progressive Development Alliance (a
combination of three parties, Renewed Progressive Party or HPP,
Party of the Federation of Land Workers or PVF, and Suriname
Progressive People's Party or PSV) [Harry KISOENSINGH]

Swaziland
political parties are banned by the constitution - the
following are considered political associations; Imbokodvo National
Movement or INM [leader NA]; Ngwane National Liberatory Congress or
NNLC [Obed DLAMINI, president]; People's United Democratic Movement
or PUDEMO [Mario MASUKU, president]; Swaziland National Front or
SWANAFRO [Elmond SHONGWE, president]

Sweden
Center Party [Maud OLOFSSON]; Christian Democratic Party
[Goran HAGGLUND]; Green Party [no formal leader but party
spokespersons are Maria WETTERSTRAND and Peter ERIKSSON]; Left Party
or V (formerly Communist) [Lars OHLY]; Liberal People's Party [Lars
LEIJONBORG]; Moderate Party (conservative) [Fredrik REINFELDT];
Social Democratic Party [Goran PERSSON]

Switzerland
Green Party (Grune Partei der Schweiz or Grune, Parti
Ecologiste Suisse or Les Verts, Partito Ecologista Svizzero or I
Verdi, Partida Ecologica Svizra or La Verda) [Ruth GENNER];
Christian Democratic People's Party (Christichdemokratische
Volkspartei der Schweiz or CVP, Parti Democrate-Chretien Suisse or
PDC, Partito Democratico-Cristiano Popolare Svizzero or PDC, Partida
Cristiandemocratica dalla Svizra or PCD) [Doris LEUTHARD,
president]; Radical Free Democratic Party (Freisinnig-Demokratische
Partei der Schweiz or FDP, Parti Radical-Democratique Suisse or PRD,
Partitio Liberal-Radicale Svizzero or PLR) [Marianne
KLEINER-SCHLAEPFER, president]; Social Democratic Party
(Sozialdemokratische Partei der Schweiz or SPS, Parti Socialist
Suisse or PSS, Partito Socialista Svizzero or PSS, Partida
Socialdemocratica de la Svizra or PSS) [Hans-Juerg FEHR, president];
Swiss People's Party (Schweizerische Volkspartei or SVP, Union
Democratique du Centre or UDC, Unione Democratica de Centro or UDC,
Uniun Democratica dal Center or UDC) [Ueli MAURER, president]; and
other minor parties

Syria
National Progressive Front or NPF (includes Arab Socialist
Renaissance (Ba'th) Party; the governing party) [President Bashar
al-ASAD, secretary general]; Socialist Unionist Democratic Party
[Fadlallal Nasr Al-DIN]; Syrian Communist Party (two branches)
[Wissal Farha BAKDASH, Yuusuf Rashid FAYSAL]; Unionist Socialist
Party [Fayez ISMAIL]; Arab Socialist Unionist Movement [Ahmed
al-AHMED]; Syrian Arab Socialist Party or ASP [Safwan QUDSI]);
Syrian Social National Party [Jubran URAYJI]

Taiwan
Democratic Progressive Party or DPP [SU Tseng-chang,
chairman]; Kuomintang or KMT (Nationalist Party) [LIEN Chan,
chairman]; People First Party or PFP [James SOONG (SOONG Chu-yu),
chairman]; Taiwan Solidarity Union or TSU [SU Chin-chiang,
chairman]; other minor parties including the Chinese New Party or CNP

Tajikistan
Democratic Party or DPT [Mahmadruzi ISKANDAROV]; Islamic
Revival Party [Said Abdullo NURI]; People's Democratic Party of
Tajikistan or PDPT [Emomali RAHMONOV]; Social Democratic Party or
SDPT [Rahmatullo ZOIROV]; Socialist Party or SPT [Mirhuseyn
NAZRIYEV]; Tajik Communist Party or CPT [Shodi SHABDOLOV]

Tanzania
Chama Cha Demokrasia na Maendeleo (Party of Democracy and
Development) or CHADEMA [Bob MAKANI]; Chama Cha Mapinduzi or CCM
(Revolutionary Party) [Benjamin William MKAPA]; Civic United Front
or CUF [Ibrahim LIPUMBA]; Democratic Party (unregistered)
[Christopher MTIKLA]; Tanzania Labor Party or TLP [Augustine
Lyatonga MREMA]; United Democratic Party or UDP [John CHEYO]

Thailand
Democrat Party or DP (Prachathipat Party) [BANYAT
Bantadtan]; People's Party or PP (Mahachon Party) [ANEK
Laothamatas]; Thai Nation Party or TNP (Chat Thai Party) [BARNHARN
SILPA-ARCHA]; Thai Rak Thai Party or TRT [THAKSIN Chinnawat]

Togo
Juvento [Monsilia DJATO]; Movement of the Believers of Peace
and Equality or MOCEP [leader NA]; Rally for the Support for
Development and Democracy or RSDD [Harryy OLYMPIO]; Rally of the
Togolese People or RPT [President Gnassingbe EYADEMA]; Union for
Democracy and Social Progress or UDPS [Gagou KOKOU]
note: Rally of the Togolese People or RPT, led by President EYADEMA,
was the only party until the formation of multiple parties was
legalized 12 April 1991

Tokelau
none

Tonga
there are no political parties

Trinidad and Tobago
National Alliance for Reconstruction or NAR
[Lennox SANKERSINGH]; People's National Movement or PNM [Patrick
MANNING]; Team Unity or TU [Ramesh MAHARAJ]; United National
Congress or UNC [Basdeo PANDAY]; Democratic Action Committee or DAC
[Hochoy CHARLES], note - only active in Tobago

Tunisia
Al-Tajdid Movement [Ali HALOUANI]; Constitutional Democratic
Rally Party (Rassemblement Constitutionnel Democratique) or RCD
[President Zine El Abidine BEN ALI (official ruling party)]; Liberal
Social Party or PSL [Mounir BEJI]; Movement of Socialist Democrats
or MDS [Ismail BOULAHYA]; Popular Unity Party or PUP [Mohamed
BOUCHIHA]; Progressive Democratic Party [Nejib CHEBBI]; Unionist
Democratic Union or UDU [Abderrahmane TLILI]

Turkey
Democratic Left Party or DSP [Mehmet Zeki SEZER]; Democratic
People's Party or DEHAP [Tuncer BAKIRHAN]; Justice and Development
Party or AKP [Recep Tayip ERDOGAN]; Liberal Democratic Party or LDP
[Emin SIRIN]; Motherland Party or ANAP [leader NA]; Nationalist
Action Party or MHP [Devlet BAHCELI]; Republican People's Party or
CHP (includes the New Turkey Party) [Deniz BAYKAL]; Felicity Party
(sometimes translated as Contentment Party) or SP [Necmettin
ERBEKAN]; Social Democratic People's Party or SHP [Murat
KARAYALCIN]; True Path Party (sometimes translated as Correct Way
Party) or DYP [Mehmet AGAR]
note: the parties listed above are some of the more significant of
the 49 parties that Turkey had on 1 December 2004

Turkmenistan
Democratic Party of Turkmenistan or DPT [Saparmurat
NIYAZOV]
note: formal opposition parties are outlawed; unofficial, small
opposition movements exist underground or in foreign countries; the
two most prominent opposition groups-in-exile have been Gundogar and
Erkin; Gundogar was led by former Foreign Minister Boris
SHIKHMURADOV until his arrest and imprisonment in the wake of the 25
November 2002 assassination attempt on President NIYAZOV; Erkin is
led by former Foreign Minister Abdy KULIEV and is based out of
Moscow; the Union of Democratic Forces, a coalition of
opposition-in-exile groups, is based in Europe

Turks and Caicos Islands
People's Democratic Movement or PDM [Derek
H. TAYLOR]; Progressive National Party or PNP [Michael Eugene
MISICK]; United Democratic Party or UDP [Wendal SWANN]

Tuvalu
there are no political parties but members of Parliament
usually align themselves in informal groupings

Uganda
only one political organization, the Movement (formerly the
NRM)[President MUSEVENI, chairman] is allowed to operate unfettered;
note - the president maintains that the Movement is not a political
party, but a mass organization, which claims the loyalty of all
Ugandans
note: the constitution requires the suspension of political parties
while the Movement organization is in governance; of the political
parties that exist but are prohibited from sponsoring candidates,
the most important are the Ugandan People's Congress or UPC [Milton
OBOTE]; Democratic Party or DP [Paul SSEMOGERERE]; Conservative
Party or CP [Ken LUKYAMUZI]; Justice Forum [Muhammad Kibirige
MAYANJA]; and National Democrats Forum [Chapaa KARUHANGA]

Ukraine
Agrarian Party [Volodymyr LYTVYN]; Communist Party of
Ukraine or CPU [Petro SYMONENKO]; Democratic Initiatives [Stepan
HAVRYSH]; Industrialists and Entrepreneurs [Anatoliy KINAKH]; Our
Ukraine bloc (comprised of several parties the most prominent of
which are Rukh, the Ukrainian People's Party, Reforms and Order, and
Solidarity) [Viktor YUSHCHENKO]; People's Democratic Party or PDP
[Valeriy PUSTOVOYTENKO]; Regions of Ukraine [Viktor YANUKOVYCH];
Socialist Party of Ukraine or SPU [Oleksandr MOROZ, chairman];
United Social Democratic Party [Viktor MEDVEDCHUK]; Working Ukraine
[Serhiy TYHYPKO]; Yuliya Tymoshenko Bloc [Yuliya TYMOSHENKO]
note: as well as numerous smaller parties; United Ukraine and Center
Group are not actual political parties, but rather deputy groups
(factions not based on a party)

United Arab Emirates
none

United Kingdom
Conservative and Unionist Party [Michael HOWARD];
Democratic Unionist Party (Northern Ireland) [Rev. Ian PAISLEY];
Labor Party [Anthony (Tony) BLAIR]; Liberal Democrats [Charles
KENNEDY]; Party of Wales (Plaid Cymru) [Dafydd IWAN]; Scottish
National Party or SNP [Alex SALMOND]; Sinn Fein (Northern Ireland)
[Gerry ADAMS]; Social Democratic and Labor Party or SDLP (Northern
Ireland) [Mark DURKAN]; Ulster Unionist Party (Northern Ireland)
[David TRIMBLE]

United States
Democratic Party [Terence McAULIFFE]; Green Party
[leader NA]; Libertarian Party [Steve DASBACH]; Republican Party
[Edward GILLESPIE]

Uruguay
Colorado Party [Jorge BATLLE Ibanez]; National Party or
Blanco [Luis Alberto LACALLE Herrera]; New Sector/Space Coalition or
Nuevo Espacio [Rafael MICHELINI]; Progressive Encounter/Broad Front
Coalition or Encuentro Progresista/Frente Amplio [Tabare VAZQUEZ]