Chapter VIII: Part II: The Northern Territories (4)

Indian dhall (_Cajanus indicus_), frequently termed the pigeon pea, has been introduced into many parts of the country, with the object of inducing the native to grow a leguminous crop, which would serve the dual purpose of providing a palatable food as well as being beneficial to the soil, but in only a few localities do the natives appear to make use of the peas for food. It has been recommended to grow the plant upon land which has become somewhat exhausted by the repeated growth of grain crops, and to permit the peas to remain upon such land for two or three seasons, during which time they will yield successive crops. The beneficial action which such a plant exerts by nitrifying the soil, and the manurial value of the leaves, which are shed in thick profusion, are important reasons for its introduction, but the value will not be fully appreciated until it has been adopted generally as a food.

=SOYA BEAN.=—The Manchurian or soya bean (_Glycine hispida_ or _soja_), which has the additional merit of yielding about 15 per cent. of a valuable oil, and which is highly appreciated as another kind of dhall in India, is being experimented with in various parts of British West Africa (see _Bulletin of the Imperial Institute_, vol. viii. [1910], p. 40).

The recent expansion in the cultivation of leguminous crops is a promising step.

=CASSAVA.=—Among the Haussas as well as the Yorubas and Nupes, the cultivation of cassava (_Manihot utilissima_) is extensively carried on. In Haussa cultivation it is an unmanured plant, and is usually grown in separate fields surrounded by mud walls, thorn hedges, or Guinea-corn matting. The ground from which a crop of cassava has been harvested is rarely used for Guinea corn; the succeeding crop being usually cotton, with the application of manure. In the Nupe country, near Bida, cassava is frequently employed as a shade crop for onions; in this case being planted around the onion beds and obtaining the benefit of the high state of cultivation, manuring and irrigation which is applied to that crop. Cassava grown under these conditions is planted twenty days later than the onions, and is pulled up a month later.

The pagan tribes of Zaria, and the other provinces where they are in greater numbers, do not seem to plant cassava. The Haussa name given to the plant is “Rogo.”

=YAMS= (_Dioscorea sativa_, etc.).—These climbers are commonly grown in the moist valley of the Niger and in the Yoruba country of Ilorin, but are rare and only an irrigated crop in the more northern countries. Where they are seen, they are planted from root eyes upon high mounds with ditches dammed to retain the water between them, and, until the plant has grown up as a trailer upon the ground, some feet in length, no supports are put in. At this time, however, the straw covers, which it is customary to place on the apex of the yam mounds, are removed and an elaborate system of stakes, to the top of each of which strings are tied and conducted to the ground near the growing plant, are put in, and the plants to the number of four or more are trained to grow towards the top of each stake.

The large white yam is chiefly grown, and is called in Haussa “Doya.” Yams attain large dimensions in the damp localities, but are small in the drier places.

_Colocasia antiquorum_, called by the Haussas “Kamu,” is usually referred to as the koko yam and is rarely grown. A few may be seen in the wet localities and near Zaria, where they are planted in swamps upon high mounds or ridges.

=SWEET POTATOES.=—This crop is grown everywhere, and is nearly always unmanured. It is said that it forms the occupant of the land upon which Guinea corn and millet are repeatedly grown in some parts of the Kano district in the second and eighth year—_i.e._ twice in a period of eight years. In the year of plantation, the ridges are said to be heightened. Near Bida very high beds are made for it, resembling flat-topped mounds, with an area of sixteen or more square feet. The Haussas apply the name “Dankali” to the root, which is usually of the small white variety.

=Artichokes and small Root Crops.=—The Jerusalem artichoke (_Helianthus tuberosus_) called “Gwaza,” as well as “Rizga” (_Plectranthus sp._) and “Tumuku” (probably _Plectranthus sp._) are cultivated by the people living to the south of Zaria Town.

“Gwaza” seems to be less planted than “Rizga,” the latter being carefully grown upon selected ground which has been previously hoed and levelled, the surface being covered over with branches of _Bauhinia reticulata_ and other forest plants until the stems of the crop have reached a height of one foot or more. Single stems spring from the root eyes which are planted. “Tumuku” resembles “Gwaza” in appearance, but comes up in clusters of stems and is planted upon mounds.

All the above roots are used in the manner in which the potato is employed in Europe; cassava alone being pounded to make a kind of dough ball, in addition to being eaten in chopped up and boiled form.

=Onions.=—Two kinds of onions are cultivated throughout the country: _Allium cepa_, the large onion which is seen to perfection in the Kano markets, and _Allium ascalonicum_ which is usually termed the shallot, and is cultivated to a larger extent in the localities where manure is scarce.

The variety of large onion grown in Kano is pink upon the outside, and for this reason, according to inquiries conducted by the Imperial Institute, is said to be quite unsuitable for the English market; the white Egyptian onion being preferred.

=Cultivation.=—The cultivation of onions is, perhaps, more carefully carried out than that of any other crop, and may be described from that seen at Lemu in Nupe. The seed is sown closely in beds of soil which have previously been enriched with manure, and the surface is covered with straw until the young plants are a few inches in height. Transplanting into new beds, which are strewn with cow and goat manure, is the next operation, the plants being put in at about 4-6 inches apart. The whole cultivation is done during the dry season, and the beds are irrigated by means of channels supplied with water raised from streams or wells, in the north by shadufs, or in the Nupe country by people conveying the water in calabashes.

The market price varies greatly in different districts, and is immediately influenced by any reduced supply. There is said to be a very good demand for the large onions in the Southern Nigerian markets, and there should be no difficulty in getting them to Lagos, as they have been brought from Kano to London in good condition.

=Minor Crops.=—Okra (_Hibiscus esculentus_), “Kubiewa,” a species of Solanum resembling a small tomato called “Yalo,” the sorrel Hibiscus (_H. Sabdariffa_) called “Yakwa,” a pumpkin called “Kubiwa,” and the aubergine (_Solanum melongena_), are grown upon a small scale, and chiefly in the vicinity of houses.

=OTHER FIELD CROPS.= =Dye Plants.=—Indigo is the chief dye used in the country, and is prepared in the northern provinces from a species of Indigofera, which has not been accurately determined.

In Ilorin and Kabba the plant used is _Lonchocarpus cyanescens_, and the wild trees of this species may be seen preserved in the cultivated fields.

Camwood, a name applied to the red wood obtained from several species of _Pterocarpus_ and from _Baphia nitida_, in different parts of West Africa, is obtained chiefly from _P. erinaceus_ in Northern Nigeria, and is used by the natives for staining the skin. It is preserved in the fields cleared for grain cultivation.

Henna is obtained from _Lawsonia inermis_, which is regularly planted as a sole crop in the northern provinces and Kontagora. The use of it is generally to replace camwood as a red dye where that tree is scarce.

=Tobacco.=—The cultivation of tobacco (_Nicotiana tabacum_) is carried on in almost every part of the country, but for native use is generally made into snuff or into ropes, plaits, and targets, for sale in those places where it is smoked. (Cf. _Bull. Imp. Inst._, vol. xv. [1917], p. 32.)

The crop is usually grown in the river valleys, and is irrigated carefully. Manure in the form of house sweepings, ashes, and cattle-shed refuse is always applied, and the crop consists of leaves of all sizes and ages stripped from the plant at the same time.

The preparation of the tobacco usually consists in drying the leaves spread upon mats or upon sand in the sun. When flaccid they are twisted into ropes or plaits in the form in which they are afterwards sold, or they are completely dried and pounded up. In Ilorin an attempt has been made to prepare the leaves tied up in flat bundles, and this method has more recently been tried at the Baro prison farm, but the previous curing has generally proved inefficient and requires more attention. It is unlikely that tobacco fit for export will be produced except under expert guidance.

=MISCELLANEOUS.= =Beeswax.=—Bees are kept in many of the large villages, and are seen in hives placed in trees near the large towns in Kano and Zaria especially. Honey is employed in the country as a substitute for sugar. The wax is not greatly valued, and is frequently thrown away, although it seems to be of fair quality.

=Locust Bean.=—The tree which furnishes the well-known locust bean (_Parkia filicoidea_) is called “Dorowa” by the Haussas. The beans, which are produced in clusters, contain a sweet-tasting yellow flour-like substance, which is used for making a beverage. In this flour-like substance the flattened seeds are placed, and these are greatly appreciated for making into cakes, in the process of which they are boiled and apparently decomposed. The empty pods of the bean are boiled and used for making a strong cement used in flooring, etc. The pods have been examined at the Imperial Institute, and appear to be unsuitable for export as a feeding-stuff owing to their fibrous nature (see Report by Professor Dunstan on “Cotton, Gum, and Other Economic Products from Northern Nigeria” (Cd. 2778 [1905]), p. 21). Fig. 30 shows a locust bean tree in Ilorin.

=Date Palms= (_Phœnix dactylifera_) and the fruit of the Run palm (_Borassus flabellifer_), “Giginia” (Haussa), are used for food and are sometimes sold in the markets towards the south, being commonly seen in Kano.

=CATTLE.=—Large numbers of cattle are moved about through the country north of the 11th degree, where the tsetse fly does not appear to occur. The “Cow Fulani” is the race whose work is confined to the care of cattle and the sale of milk and butter. These people have no fixed abode, but move with the cattle to localities suitable to the season. An illustration is given of a Cow Fulani woman selling milk at Gwari, a town south of Zaria (Fig. 36). The cattle are large and humped similar to the Indian Zebu type, although in some places the straight-backed kind, which are common in the south, are seen.

=SILK.=—Four kinds of silkworm are collected for the spinning of yarn used in the embroidery on the Haussa gowns. The best of these is that which feeds upon the Tamarind tree, “Tsamia,” and is termed “Tsamian tsamia.” The silk cocoons are collected in Bauchi Province and are boiled in water with wood ashes, and subsequently washed. The silk becomes nearly white, and is carded and spun into yarn in the same manner as cotton. The species of insect which produces this silk has not yet been identified, but is almost certainly referable to the genus _Anaphe_ (cf. p. 117).

A second quality of silk is that called “Tsamian doka,” and is obtained from the cocoon masses produced by the larvæ of _Anaphe Moloneyi_, which are found in the same locality, feeding upon the “Bokin doka” tree, which has been determined to be a species of _Macrolobium_. Several hundred worms congregate together and form a solid mass of pale brown tubular cocoons upon the bark of the tree, covering the outer surface with a whitish envelope of silk. This silk is treated in the same manner as the other, but, after boiling and washing, does not become white. Two other species, which are used for the same purpose, are called “Tsamian fakali” and “Tsamian bauri,” and feed on another species of _Macrolobium_ and a _Ficus_ respectively. They produce inferior kinds of silk.

Much interest is attached to these Anaphe silks, which, in recent years, have been developed in the German Colonies of East Africa, especially, on a commercial scale. It is reported that, just previous to the declaration of war, German agents in British West Africa made endeavours to obtain as much of the wild silk as possible from Nigeria. Plantations of a species of _Bridelia_, the common food plant of _Anaphe infracta_, were made in the late German Colonies, and special machinery was in use there for the production of a commercial silk.

The following figures give the values of the chief exported products from Nigeria as a whole, from 1913 to 1919:—

1913 1914 1915 1916
£ £ £ £
Palm kernels 3,109,818 2,541,150 1,692,712 1,739,706
Palm oil 1,854,384 1,571,691 1,462,162 1,402,799
Cocoa 157,480 171,751 313,946 393,101
Cotton lint 159,223 150,791 56,351 243,949
Mahogany and timber 106,050 86,522 54,559 49,361
Groundnuts 174,716 179,219 72,177 473,653
Hides and skins 197,214 505,785 302,420 538,917
Shea products 74,471 52,843 69,823 32,529
Rubber — 38,854 38,113 34,192
Benniseed — — 5,225 16,523

_Continued:_ 1917 1918 1919
£ £ £
Palm kernels 2,581,702 3,226,306 4,947,995
Palm oil 1,882,997 2,610,448 4,245,893
Cocoa 499,004 235,870 1,067,675
Cotton lint 234,338 97,399 484,744
Mahogany and timber 21,282 68,480 116,820
Groundnuts 710,308 920,137 698,702
Hides and skins 198,332 293,019 1,262,142
Shea products 40,189 4,884 37,222
Rubber 32,350 19,667 43,903
Benniseed 2,876 696 53,541

=INDEX=

Abassi, 110

Abbradi, 44

“Abe bobe,” 71, 100

“Abe dam,” 70, 100

“Abe Ohene,” 71, 100

Abeokuta, 119

Abeokuta-Ibadan, 106

“Abe pa,” 22, 70, 100, 132

Abetifi, 43

“Abe tuntum,” 70

Abrotoo, 44

Abuko, 3, 4

Aburi, 47, 49, 57, 63, 65, 66, 79

_Acacia_, 89, 91, 122, 134

_Acacia albida_, 134

_Acacia arabica_, 13, 62, 89, 134, 143

_Acacia Caffra_, 134

_Acacia mellifera_, 134

_Acacia Senegal_, 134

_Acacia Sieberiana_, 89

_Acacia Verek_, 134

Accra, 56, 106

Accra copal, 82, 106

Accras, 44

“Acha,” 154

Adampes, 44

Adda, 90

Administration, 121

“Affia-ko-jub,” 100

African mahogany, 72

African mango, 103

African rubber, 59

_Afzelia africana_, 72, 119

Agbede, 95, 109, 112

“Agbesi,” 144

Agege, 106, 109, 113

Agoonahs, 44

Agriculture in Haussaland, 133

Ahantas, 44

Ahedua, 72

Aimensa, 56

“Akee apple,” 95

Akim, 73

Akims, 45

“Ak-poro-jub,” 100

“Akwabohori,” 72

“Alkama,” 156

_Allium escalonicum_, 160

_Allium cepa_, 160

_Alstonia congoensis_, 105

_Alstonia sp._, 62

Amedika, 77

Amelonado, 46

American rice, 157

_Anaphe infracta_, 81, 117, 163

_Anaphe Moloneyi_, 163

_Anaphe venata_, 81, 117

Angola, 71

Ankobra, 72

Annatto, 54

_Anogeissus leiocarpus_, 96

_Antiaris toxicaria_ var. _africana_, 74

Anum, 77

_Aphis sorghi_, 12, 153

_Apis mellifera_ var. _Adansonii_, 10, 40, 91

_Apocynaceæ_, 64

Appolonias, 44, 74

Aquapim, 44

_Arachis hypogæa_, 3, 6, 84, 115, 132, 158

“Aribedda,” 128

_Armatosterna buquetiana_, 51

Aros, 94

Artichokes, 124, 160

Ashanti, 43, 44, 91

Ashanti-Akim, 47, 51

Ashanti kings, 63

“Ashanti lump,” 60

“Ashmouni,” 110

“Asidigero,” 152

“Asidonono,” 151

Askia, 86

“Asoge-e-jub,” 100

_Aspidiotus destructor_, 117

Assin, 44

“Attifufu,” 128

Aubergine, 161

“Au-su-ku,” 100

Axim, 47, 63, 66, 72, 74, 80

Badagri, 96, 117

Baga, 24

“Baggarua,” 143

“Bajra,” 154

Bakau, 9, 10

“Bako,” 72

Baku, 156

“Balata,” 127, 128

“Balsam of Copaiba,” 90, 147

“Bambarra” groundnut, 158

Bananas, 39, 95

“Baowe,” 17, 18

_Baphia nitida_, 37, 83, 96, 161

Barbetu, 86

Bark cloth, 74

Baro, 121, 130, 137

Baro-Kano Railway, 131, 137, 140, 141

Baro Prison Farm, 162

Basel Mission, 47

Bassa, 119, 120, 126, 128, 135, 136, 137, 139, 140, 145, 148, 157

“Bassi,” 12

Bathurst, 8, 9, 29

Batkanu, 28

Bauchi, 120, 124, 142, 144, 163

_Bauhinia reticulata_, 62, 160

Beans, 13, 88, 95, 157

Beer, 85

Beeswax, 10, 40, 91, 162

Belgian Congo, 25

Bendi, 93

Bengal rice, 157

Benin, 107

Benin City, 95

Benis, 94, 95

Benniseed, 124, 127, 142, 164

Benue, 137, 144, 151

Betel nut, 73, 116

Bida, 132, 137, 159, 160

Bissao, 29

“Black arm,” 112

“Black dye,” 144

Black gram, 42

Black oil, 98

“Black Rattler,” 79, 110

“Black smut,” 153

“Black Volta,” 43, 90

Bleaching gum, 135

_Blighia sapida_, 95

Bo, 18, 28, 38

“Boganderi,” 151

Boia, 24

“Bokin doka,” 163

“Bokin sosia,” 151

Bole, 86, 87

Bollworm, 112, 139

_Borassus flabellifer_, 162

Bordeaux mixture, 52, 63

Borers (copal), 82

Borgu, 122

Boring beetles, 51, 65

Bornu, 120, 124, 134, 139, 152, 156

Bread making, 156

_Bridelia sp._, 164

_British Cotton Cultivation_, 12, 78, 110, 136, 140

British Cotton Growing Association, 33, 77, 80, 87, 88, 108, 110,
112, 113, 131, 135, 140, 141

Brown beans, 157

“Brown cluster,” 128

“Brown medium,” 128

_Buettnerieæ_, 46

Bullelai, 3

Bulletin of the Imperial Institute, 8, 9, 11, 14, 23, 28, 39, 40,
59, 63, 66, 67, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 78, 80, 82, 90, 95, 102, 103,
105, 106, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 125, 131, 133, 134, 135,
141, 143, 147, 152, 153, 155, 156, 157, 158, 161

Bullom, 16, 38, 40

“Bulrush millet,” 152, 154

Bumban, 24

_Burkea africana_, 89

“Bush,” 15, 17, 19, 41, 42, 45, 84, 94

Butter, 90, 115, 130, 142, 163

_Butyrospermum Parkii_, 90, 115, 128, 130

_Cajanus indicus_, 42, 88, 158

“Calabacillo,” 46

Calabar, 105

Calabash, 91, 144

“Cambodia” cotton, 34

Camwood, 37, 83, 96, 161

_Canavalia ensiformis_, 42

Candles, 70, 98, 103, 115, 130

_Capnodium sp._, 153

_Capsicum annuum_, 29, 141

_Capsicum frutescens_, 29, 141

_Capsicum sp._, 84

Capsid, 106

Caracas, 46

_Caracas_, 57

_Carapa procera_, 71

Caravans, 73, 136, 143

_Carpodinus_, 96

_Carpodinus hirsutus_, 65, 104, 128

Casamance River, 2, 6

Cassava, 3, 13, 19, 45, 84, 85, 88, 95, 114, 125, 126, 138, 158, 160

_Castilloa elastica_, 10, 65

Catch crops, 49

Cattle, 2, 3, 56, 73, 91, 118, 124, 151, 152, 153, 162, 163

Cattle food, 113, 142, 151, 154

Cayor, 6

Ceara rubber, 9, 65, 103, 129, 130

Central Province, 120, 122

_Cercospora personata_, 38

“Chena,” 45

Chew sticks, 96

Chillies, 141

China grass, 33

_Chloridea obsoleta_, 112, 139

_Chlorita flavescens_, 112

_Chlorophora excelsa_, 62, 72, 118

Clifford, Sir Hugh, 66

_Clitandra elastica_, 104

_Clitandra laxiflora_, 27

_Clitandra Manni_, 27

Cloth, native, 34

Cocoa, 38, 45, 46, 92, 94, 95, 106, 164

Cocoa-bark bug, 51

Cocoa borer, 51

Cocoa butter, 46

Cocoa, colouring, 54

Cocoa, tables of exports of, 59, 107

_COCOINEÆ_, 67

Coconut, 67, 83, 96, 117

Cocoons, 81, 117, 163

_Cocos_, 67

_Cocos nucifera_, 83

_Coffea Liberica_, 39

_Coffea robusta_, 66

_Coffea stenophylla_, 39

Coffee, 39, 47, 66

Coir, 83

_Colocasia antiquorum_, 84, 115, 159

Colocasia yams, 95, 126

_Colœoptera_, 82

Colœopterous larvæ, 147

Communal rubber plantations, 103

Congo, 90

_Conopharyngia crassa_, 62

_Conopharyngia sp._, 105

Cooking oils, 88, 90

Coops, 91

_Copaifera Guibourtiana_, 37

Copal, 37, 81, 89, 92, 96, 106, 147

Copal resin, 127

Copra, 83, 92, 96

_Corchorus_, 33

_Corchorus capsularis_, 13, 32

Cotton, 11, 33, 74, 87, 92, 94, 95, 108, 124, 127, 135, 141, 159,
163, 164

Cotton, cultivation of, 111, 140

Cotton lint stainer, 112, 139

Cotton seed bugs, 110, 139

Cotton seed-cake, 113

Cotton seeds, 113, 148

Cow Fulani, 163

Cowpea, 42, 125, 133

Crabnut, 71

_Criollo_, 46, 57

Cross River, 94, 115, 118

_CUCURBITACEÆ_, 84

“Culpepper’s Big Boll,” 110

_Cundeamor_, 57

Custard apples, 85

“Cutlass,” 22, 50, 52

“Cutlass bean,” 103

_Cyanothyrsus oblongus_, 84, 96, 106

_Cyanothyrsus ogea_, 106

_Cyanothyrsus sp._, 72, 106

Daboya, 87, 90, 91

Dagartis, 86

Dagomba, 86, 87, 89, 156

Dahomey, 29, 101, 120

Daka River, 43

Dakar, 29

Dakman, 156

“Dancing” cocoa, 54

_Daniella thurifera_, 89, 128, 147

“Dankali.” 160

“Danko Gawa,” 129

“Danko Kadainya,” 129

Date palm, 162

Dauro, 154

“Dawa,” 151

“Dawadawa,” 92

Denkera, 44

“Derba,” 153

“Dhall,” 88, 158

“Dhoole,” 34, 109

“Dhura,” 151

“Difumbe,” 71

_Digitaria ternata_, 154

_Dioscorea alata_, 88

_Dioscorea colocasifolia_, 88

_Dioscorea sativa_, 88, 159

_Dioscorea sp._, 84, 115

_Diospyros sp._, 118

_Diparopsis castanea_, 112

“Djenje,” 27

Dodowa, 56

_Dolichos lablab_, 42

“Domana,” 153

_Dombeya buettneri_, 96

Donkeys, 73, 126

“Dorowa,” 162

“Doya,” 159

Dressed skins, 127

“Dubini,” 72

“Dumjeri,” 121

Dunstan, Professor Wyndham, 12, 78, 110, 136, 140, 162

Dwarf cattle, 119

Dwarf goats, 119

Dwarf horses, 119

_Dysdercus nigrofasciatus_, 76

_Dysdercus superstitiosus_, 112, 139

_Earias biplaga_, 139

_Earias imbricata_, 112

_Earias insulana_, 112, 139

_Earias sp._, 139

Earthenware, 119

“Earth pea.” _See_ Groundnut

Eastern agriculture, 124

Eastern Akim, 47

Eastern Sudan, 86

“Ebo,” 128

Ebony, 117, 118

Ebute Metta, 105

“Eduege-Eyop,” 100

“Efi-ako-Eyop,” 100

Egga, 137

Egg-plant, 95

Egypt, 86, 124

Egyptian boll-worm, 112, 139

Egyptian cotton, 11, 76, 78, 109, 110, 136, 137

Egyptian wheat, 155

Eket, 107

_Elæis guineensis_, 11, 19, 67, 70, 132

_Elæis Thompsonii_, 71, 100

Elephants, 88

_Eleusine coracana_, 155

Embroidery, silk, 163

_Entandrophragma sp._, 118

“Eponkon,” 108, 109, 110

Euphorbia, 126

“Fai” or “Fawe” beans, 40

Fallow, 138

Famine conditions, 126, 149

Fan palm, 7

“Fande Wa,” 34

Fanti, 25, 44, 74

“Farafara,” 151

“Farin rama,” 144

Farmers’ Association, 30

“Fatainya,” 125

Fernando Po, 38, 46, 47, 57

Fetish nut, 100

Fibre preparation, 145

Fibres, 13, 17, 31, 80, 89, 96, 116, 127, 144, 146

Fibrous plants, 94, 145

Fibrous pulp (oil palm), 97

Ficus, 59, 65, 128, 163

_Ficus platyphylla_, 128

_Ficus trachyphylla_, 129

_Ficus Vogelii_, 9, 65, 129

Fig rubber, 65

“Findi,” 12

“First Niggers,” 104

“Flake rubber,” 65, 128

Floods, 12

Flour, 153, 154, 156

Fogni, 2, 8

Fogola, 145

“Folio,” 9

Food crops, 148

“Forastero,” 46

“Forastero-Amelonado,” 47, 57

Forest produce, 127

Forest products, 45, 94

Forest reserve, 119, 130

Forestry, 42

Fork “kodalli hoe,” 17

Fossil copal, 82, 106

Foulahs, 1, 16

Four-eyed palm-nuts, 100

Fowls, 91

Fra-Fra potato, 89

Freetown, 27, 28, 40

French Guinea, 28, 120

French Sudan, 43, 120

Fruit, 39, 95

Fuel, 97, 119

Fulani, 1, 122, 124

_Funtumia africana_, 26, 60, 62, 105

_Funtumia elastica_, 10, 26, 60, 66, 95, 96, 103, 128, 129, 130

Funtumia rubber, 27, 28, 60, 61, 63, 66, 103

Furniture making, 118

Gallinas, 16, 39

Gambaga, 85

Gambaga-Kumassi Road, 86

_Gambia_, 38, 88, 91, 99, 100

GAMBIA, introductory remarks, geographical position, 1; area
and population, 1; tribes, 1; political divisions, 2; natural
conditions, 2; chief crops, 3; implements, 3; ploughing, 3; land
tenure, 3; labour, 4; agricultural schools, 4; chief exports, 5;
GROUND NUTS, uses, 5; classification and description, 6; RUBBER,
8; BEESWAX, 10; PALM KERNELS, 11; COTTON, 11; GRAIN, 12; ROOT AND
OTHER CROPS, 13; TANNING, 13; FIBRES, 13; TIMBER, 13; TRADE, 14

Gambian groundnut, 132

“Gamopale,” 70

“Gara,” 39

“Garma,” 125

“Gawo,” 134

Gbemas, 16

“Gboi-gboi,” 26

“Geda,” 132

Geidam, 121

_Gelechiadæ_, 112

_Gelechia gossypiella_, 112

“Georgia” cotton, 110, 112

German African Colonies, 129, 163

German ports, 134

German territory, 86, 104

“Gero,” 152, 154

“Giginia,” 162

Gingelly, 142

Ginger, 30

Ginnery, 33, 77, 108

Ginning centres, 137

Ginning machines, 77

Gins, 76

“Gir,” 154

“Girigiri,” 158

“Giro,” 154

_Glenea sp._, 51

Gliadin, 156

_Glossina morsitans_, 91

_Glossina pallidipes_, 91, 119

_Glossina palpalis_, 91, 119

Gluten, 156

Glycerine, 70

_Glycine hispida_, 158

_Glycine soja_, 42, 158

_Glyphodes ocellata_, 63

Goat manure for wheat, 155

Goat skins, 13, 116, 142

Gober, 123

Gola Forest, 26

_Gold Coast_, 1, 10, 22, 27, 29, 36, 99, 116, 132, 145, 148

GOLD COAST, ASHANTI AND NORTHERN TERRITORIES, introductory remarks,
geographical position, 43; area and population, 43; divisions,
43; PART I. GOLD COAST AND ASHANTI, origin of tribes, 44;
COCOA, 45; pruning, 50; insect pests and vegetable parasites, 50;
harvesting and preparing, 52; markets, 54; improvement of quality,
56; exports, 59; RUBBER, indigenous species, 59; “Ofruntum”
tree, 59; distribution of _Funtumia elastica_, 60; native methods
of preparing, 60; improved methods, 62; plantations, 63; insect
pest, 63; fungoid pest, 63; rubber machinery, 63; vine rubber, 64;
fig rubber, 65; introduced species, 65; PALM OIL AND KERNELS, 66;
habits of the oil palm, 67; preparation of palm oil, 68; kernel
oil, 69; commercial uses, 69; varieties of oil palms, 70; OTHER
OIL SEEDS, 71; TIMBER, mahogany, 72; other timber trees, 72; KOLA,
73; COTTON, 74; American and other exotic cottons, 78; attempts
at hybridisation, 78; valuation of samples at Imperial Institute,
79; FIBRES, 80; SILK, 81; COPAL, 81; COPRA, 83; DYES and PIGMENTS,
83; Indigo, 83; FIELD CROPS, 84; PART II. NORTHERN TERRITORIES,
tribes, 85; FIELD CROPS, 87; cotton, 87; other field crops, 88;
fibre, 89; tobacco, 89; GUMS, 89; WOOD OIL, 89; SHEA BUTTER, 90;
RUBBER, 90; DYES, 90; BEESWAX, 91; LEATHER, 91; CATTLE AND POULTRY,
91; EXPORTS, 92

Gongola, 151

Gonjas, 85

_Gossypium arboreum_ var. _sanguineum_, 136

Gourds, 84

Gpakas, 16

Grain, 12, 94

Grass cloth, 74

Grass fires, 90

Great or Indian millet, 151

“Green seed” cotton, 75, 78

Groundnut, 1, 3, 4, 5, 12, 14, 38, 42, 84, 85, 87, 88, 92, 95,
96, 115, 124, 125, 126, 127, 132, 133, 142, 158, 164

Groundnut, origin of, 6

Grunshis, 86

_Guarea_, 118

Guavas, 85, 95

“Guinea corn,” 3, 12, 41, 73, 84, 87, 88, 95, 124, 126, 137,
142, 149, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 157, 159

“Guinea fowls,” 91

Gums and resins, 37, 81, 87, 127, 134

Gurara, 151

“Gutta,” 128

Guttapercha, 127, 129

“Gutta-shea,” 130, 131

Gwari, 123, 124, 126, 154, 155, 158, 163

“Gwaza,” 160

Hamburg, 134

Hand plough, 3

“Hard” oil, 97

Haussa, 13, 74, 89, 90, 94, 116, 122, 123, 124, 126, 132, 144,
154, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 162

Haussa Land, 122

Head load as trading standard, 54

Head loads, 73, 91

Hedges, 126

_Helianthus tuberosus_, 160

_Helopeltis_, 52

_Helopeltis Antonii_, 52

Henna, 161

_Hevea brasiliensis_, 10, 28, 61, 65, 129, 130

_Hibiscus_, 13, 89, 116, 140, 144, 146

_Hibiscus esculentus_, 13, 32, 84, 161

_Hibiscus guineensis_, 96, 145

_Hibiscus lunariifolius_, 144, 145

_Hibiscus quinquelobus_, 32

_Hibiscus sabdariffa_, 89, 145, 161

Hides, 127, 164

Hippopotami, 88

Hoe, 3, 17, 87, 125

_Holarrhena Wulfsburgii_, 105

_Honckya ficifolia_, 31

Honey, 40, 91, 162

Horse beans, 42

Horse food, 152

Horses, 2, 91

Husking rice, 156

Hybridisation, cotton, 78, 109, 111

Ibadan, 97, 110, 112, 113, 115, 117, 139

“Iboru,” 155

Ibos, 94

Ida, 105

“Ifa,” 100

Ifon, 95, 119

Ijoas, 94

Ilaro, 116

Ilesha, 119

Illara, 119

Illushi, 109, 113

Ilorin, 110, 115, 120, 121, 123, 129, 130, 131, 135, 137, 139,
140, 141, 144, 145, 146, 148, 157, 159, 161, 162

Immunity from fly disease, 119

Imperial Institute, 12, 34, 57, 62, 70, 71, 79, 82, 89, 90, 91,
99, 102, 109, 131, 135, 136, 145, 153, 154, 155, 157, 160, 162

Implements, agricultural, 18, 125

Incense, 147, 148

Indigenous cotton, 109

Indigo, 13, 34, 39, 83, 90, 95, 119, 144, 161

_Indigofera sp._, 13, 39, 83, 88, 95, 161

Ink, 13

Insect pests, 50, 87, 110, 112, 117, 139

_Ipomœa Batatas_, 84

“Ire,” 128

“Irök-eyop,” 100

“Iroko,” 118

Irrigated crops, 126, 151, 155, 156, 159, 161

Irrigation, 94, 137, 142, 145, 155, 157

_Irvingia Barteri_, 103

Ishan, 112, 119

Ishans, 95

Itu, 107

“Ivioronmila,” 100

Ivory Coast, 62

Iwo, 113

“Janari,” 151

“Jannovitch,” 110

Jars, 119

Java beans, 42

“Jawe,” 27

Jebba, 137, 141

Jebu, 98

Jolahs, 1, 2, 7, 8, 11

Joloffs, 1, 2, 3, 4

Juar, 151

Jute, 13, 31, 80, 81, 89, 145, 146, 147

Jute substitute, 116, 146

Kabba, 120, 128, 135, 142, 145, 148, 161

“Kabe-kalako,” 100

“Kadainya,” 130

Kaduna River, 148, 151, 156

Kainabai, 24

“Kalal,” 17, 18

Kamabai, 24

Kamerun, 23, 25, 70, 71, 101, 120

“Kamu,” 159

Kangahun, 32

Kano, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 128, 132, 133, 134, 135, 137,
138, 141, 142, 143, 144, 148, 149, 150, 153, 155, 156, 157, 159,
160, 161, 162

Kano leather, 91, 142

Karaga, 86

“Karandeffi,” 144, 152

“Karantalaka,” 152

“Karantudi,” 144

Karene, 38

“Kari,” 17, 18

“Karu,” 134

“Karu wai,” 17, 18

Kataguni, 121

“Katala,” 17, 18

“Katala kabana,” 17, 18

Katsena, 124

“Kaura-ferin-sosia,” 151

“Kawa,” 89

Kernel, palm, 11, 19, 23, 24, 26, 45, 69, 92, 127, 132, 164

Kernel, palm, Special Committee, 69

Kernel, shea, 130

Kernels, exports, 102, 127

Kernels, palm, export tax, 101

Khaki cotton, 34

“Kharif,” 142

_Khaya_, 118

_Khaya senegalensis_, 14, 72

_Kicksia africana_, 60

“Kidney” cotton, 75, 109, 110

“King palm” nut, 100

King’s market, Ibadan, 117

“Kinto,” 12

Knepp, 121

Kobbo, 9

“Kodalli” fork-hoe, 17

Kogin-Serikin-Pawa River, 131

Koinadugu, 15, 24

“Koko” yams, 84, 115, 159

_Kola acuminata_, 29, 73, 116

Kolas, 4, 17, 19, 29, 47, 73, 92, 94, 95, 116, 148

_Kola vera_, 29, 116

Kombe, 85

Kommbo, 2, 11

Konnohs, 16

Kontagora, 120, 121, 122, 134, 135, 144, 161

Korankos, 13, 16

“Korwey,” 32

Kotoo, 9, 10, 13

Krachi, 87

Krepes, 45, 75

“Krepi ball,” 62, 64, 65

Krepi country, 76, 85

Krims, 16

“Krobo,” 82, 83

Krobo Hills, 67

Krobo plantations, 69

Krobos, 45, 69

“Kubiewa,” 161

“Kubiwa,” 161

Kumassi, 43, 47, 55, 63, 64, 79

Kumassi Agricultural Exhibition, 64

Kussassis, 86

Kwahu, 47, 66, 73

Kwahus, 45

“Kwakwa,” 100, 132

Kwalu, 37

“Kwonde,” 34

“Laboji,” 148

Labolabo, 77, 78, 79, 87

“Ladybird” beetles, 117

Lafenwa, 113

Lagos, 12, 19, 74, 93, 97, 98, 101, 102, 106, 107, 115, 116,
148, 161

“Lagos fine grade” oil, 97

Lagos Government Railway, 135

“Lagos silk rubber,” 10, 96

Lammin, 4

_Landolphia_, 90, 96, 128

_Landolphia florida_, 104, 128, 148

_Landolphia Heudelottii_, 8, 28

_Landolphia owariensis_, 27, 28, 62, 64, 65, 90, 104, 128

_Landolphia senegalensis_, 104

_Landolphia Thollonii_, 90

_Landolphia Thompsoni_, 104, 128, 148

Lapita, 115

Latex, 8, 9, 10, 26, 28, 60, 61, 64, 104, 129, 148

Latex-yielding plants, 104

_Lawsonia inermis_, 161

“Leaf-blistering blight,” 112

Leather, 13, 91, 96, 116, 142, 152

_LEGUMINOSÆ_, 6, 82, 83, 147

Leguminous crops, 115, 151, 157

Lemu, 160

Lever Bros., 24, 25

Liberia, 15, 28, 80

Licences to collect wild rubber, 103, 105

Limbas, 16

Lime juice, 144

Limes, 85

“Lisombe,” 23, 70, 71, 101

Livestock, 127

Lobis, 86

Locust beans, 162

Lokoja, 121, 128, 130, 135, 139, 140

Lokoja Ginnery, 140, 141, 148

_Lonchocarpus cyanescens_, 39, 90, 95, 144, 161

Longicorn beetles, 51

Looms, 11, 34

_Lophira alata_, 40, 103

_Lophira procera_, 40

Lugard, Sir Frederick, 121, 122

Lumber, 92

Mabang, 18

M’Carthy Island, 2

“Machete,” 22, 50

Machinery, rubber, 64

Machines for nut cracking, 69, 98

_Macrolobium sp._, 163

Madam Yoko, 28

Mafokoyia, 21, 24

Mahogany, 14, 72, 117, 119, 164

Maifoni, 121

“Maiwa,” 154

Maize, 3, 12, 19, 42, 45, 75, 84, 85, 95, 96, 114, 115, 124, 126,
140, 151, 155

“Makafo dewayo,” 151

Makump, 24

Mallams, 4

Malted grain, 154

Mampong, 47

Mamprussi, 85

Mamu, 103

“Mandingo butter,” 40

Mandingoes, 1, 3, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 16

Mango, African, 103

Mangroves, 1

_Manihot Glaziovii_, 9, 65, 129

_Manihot palmata_, 13

_Manihot utilissima_, 84, 158

Manjagos, 9

Mano, 28

“Manoh twist,” 27

Manure, 49, 94, 126, 138, 142, 147, 153, 158, 159, 160, 161

Manuring, 125

Marseilles, 8, 14, 134

“Mazgua,” 152

Meko, 109, 111

_MELIACEÆ_, 72, 118

Meliola, 63

“Memeluku,” 65

Mendi, 16, 22, 25, 26, 27, 32, 34, 35, 37, 39, 40

Meteorological reports, 38, 150

Milk, 151, 163

Millet, 3, 12, 42, 87, 88, 124, 126, 137, 142, 149, 154, 157

Milling trials, 156

Mimosa group, 122

_Mimusops sp._, 72

Minna, 155

Monkey nut. _See_ Groundnut

_Monodora myristica_, 89

Mordant, 96

Morocco leather, 143

Moshis, 86

Mossi, 86

Moyamba, 28, 33, 37

Munchi, 137

Muri, 120, 144, 146

_Musa sapientum_, 84

“Mussara,” 155

Muzzling cattle, 153

“Napunti,” 31

Naraguta, 121

Nassarawa, 120, 135, 139

Native beer, 119

Native cloths, 87

Native cotton, 90

Native leather, 111

Native levies, 86

Navigation of Volta River, 87

“Neou,” 89

“Neul,” 100

“Niama,” 62

_Nicotiana tabacum_, 13, 161

Niger, 94, 104, 105, 111, 113, 120, 122, 134, 135, 136, 137, 139,
144, 145, 146, 147, 151, 153, 155, 156, 159

_Nigeria_, 22, 25, 27, 81, 105

NIGERIA—NORTHERN PROVINCES, introductory remarks, 120;
administration and political divisions, 121; natural divisions,
122; implements, 125; RUBBER, 127; sources, 128; plantations, 129;
SHEA NUTS, 130; PALM OIL AND KERNELS, 132; GROUNDNUTS, 132; GUMS,
134; COTTON, 135; Exotic cottons, 136; valuation of cottons, 136;
improvement of plant, 138; CAPSICUMS, 141; BENNISEED, 142; KANO
LEATHER, 142; FIBRES, 144; WOOD OIL, 147; KOLA, 148; COTTONSEED,
148; FOOD CROPS, 148; GUINEA CORN, 151; BULRUSH MILLET, 154; MAIZE,
155; WHEAT, 155; RICE, 156; SUGAR CANE, 157; LEGUMINOUS PLANTS,
157; SOYA BEANS, 158; CASSAVA, 158; YAMS, 159; SWEET POTATOES,
159; artichokes and small root crops, 160; onions, 160; minor
crops, 161; OTHER FIELD CROPS, dye plants, 161; TOBACCO, 161;
MISCELLANEOUS: beeswax, 162; locust bean, 162; date palms, 162;
CATTLE, 162; SILK, 163

NIGERIA—SOUTHERN PROVINCES, introductory remarks, administrative
divisions, 93; geographical position, 93; area and population, 93;
natural divisions, 93; inhabitants, 94; cultivation, 94; principal
crops, 95; OIL PALM, 96; other oil seeds, 102; RUBBER, 103; export,
105; COPAL, 106; COCOA, 106; COTTON, 103; MAIZE, 114; CASSAVA,
114; YAMS, 115; GROUNDNUTS, 115; SHEA NUTS, 115; KOLA, 116; FIBRE,
116; LEATHER, 116; TOBACCO, 117; SILK, 117; COCONUTS, 117; MAHOGANY
AND EBONY, 117; CATTLE, 118; POTTERY, 119; FOREST RESERVES, 119

“Niggers,” 60

Nimrod, 123

Njala, 41, 42

North Bornu, 121

_Northern Nigeria_, 1, 13, 65, 82, 90, 91, 99, 100, 105, 110, 116

Northern Sherbro, 39

Northern Territories (Gold Coast), 85

Nupe, 120, 122, 131, 132, 135, 139, 141, 144, 146, 148, 155, 156,
159, 160, 161

Nupes, 94, 123, 126, 128, 133, 140, 158

Nut-cracking machinery, 69, 98

Nuts, 98, 99

“Oapottoa,” 129

“Obi abatta,” 116

“Obi gbanja,” 116

Obuassi, 79

“Odum,” 62, 72

Odumase, 46

Odumassi, 67

_Œcophylla sp._, 51

Ofin River, 43, 66

“Ofo,” 62

“Ofruntum,” 59

“Ogbagba,” 128

“Ogea gum,” 96, 106

“Ogea” resin, 82

“Ogedudin,” 100

“Ogudu” cotton, 110

Ogudu Ginnery, 135, 139, 140

Oil, 90, 99

Oil, crab-nut, 71

Oil, edible, 102

Oil, groundnut, 5, 85, 133, 142

Oil, kernel, 69

Oil mill, 113

Oil, olive, 5, 134, 142

Oil, palm, 11, 19, 22, 24, 26, 45, 66, 68, 80, 85, 92, 94, 96,
119, 132, 140, 143, 164

Oil, palm exports, 102

Oil seeds, 40, 102

Oil, sesamum, 142

Oil, soya bean, 158

“Ojuku,” 100

“Okporukpu,” 100

“Okra,” 13, 32, 84, 89, 95, 161

“Okre,” 62

“Okumankra,” 72

Old Calabar, 105, 107

Oleo margarine, 6

Oleo resinous exudation, 147

Olokemeji, 93, 110, 116

Ondo, 119

Onions, 126, 159, 160

Onitsha, 97, 119

“Opapeh,” 72

“Ope arunfo,” 100

“Ope Ifa,” 71, 100

“Ope pankora,” 100

“Ope yope,” 100

Opobo, 93, 102

Oranges, 39, 85, 95

_Oryza sativa_, 12, 88

“Osese,” 62

Oshogbo, 97, 98

Ostrich feathers, 127

“Otakataka,” 62

Ouassoulou, 86

Owo, 119

“Owya,” 125

_Oxycarenus_, 139

_Oxycarenus Dudgeoni_, 76, 112

_Oxycarenus gossipinus_, 76, 112

_Oxycarenus hyalinipennis_, 76, 112

Oyo, 113, 115

Paddy, 156

Paganism, 86

Pagans, 94, 124, 155, 159

“Pagns,” 11

_PALMÆ_, 67, 80

Palm fruit pulp, 85

Palm wine, 11, 67, 85

Pamphlets in Twi, 58

Panguma, 26

Paper manufacture, 146

_PAPILIONACEÆ_, 6

“Para” rubber, 10, 28, 47, 50, 61, 63, 65, 66, 103, 105, 129

_Parkia filicoidea_, 92, 162

“Paruru,” 158

“Paste” rubber, 9, 104, 128, 148

Pawpaws, 85, 95

Pendembu, 34

_Pennisetum typhoideum_, 12, 150, 152, 154

_Pentaclethra macrophylla_, 40, 103

_Pentadesma butyracea_, 40

_Pentagona_, 57

Pepper, 29, 84, 95, 126, 141

Petroleum, 140

Petroleum-soap emulsion, 51

_Phaseolus lunatus_, 42

_Phaseolus mungo_, 42

_Phœnix dactylifera_, 162

Piassava, 13, 33, 80, 116

“Pidgin English,” 16

Pigeon peas, 42, 88, 158

Pigments, 83

Pillows, 143

Pineapples, 39, 85, 95

Plaits (tobacco), 161

Plantains, 84, 85

Plantations (rubber), 129

_Plectranthus sp._, 89, 160

Ploughs, 3, 17, 124, 138, 150, 153

Poisonous guinea corn, 153

Polishing cocoa, 54

Porridge, 12, 153, 155

Port Lokko, 35, 40

Port Lokkos, 16

Portuguese Guinea, 6, 9

Potato, 160

Pottery, 119

Poultry, 91

Pra River, 43, 72

Pruning cocoa, 50

_Pseudocedrela_, 118

_Pseudocedrela Kotschyi_, 72, 89

_Pterocarpus erinaceus_, 14, 161

_Pterocarpus sp._, 96, 161

_Pterocarpus tinctorius_, 96

Pumpkins, 95, 161

_PYRALIDÆ_, 63

“Quaqua.” _See_ “Kwakwa”

Rabba, 137

“Rabi,” 142

Railways, 115, 121, 150

Rainfall, 2, 39, 48, 93, 120, 126, 141, 149, 150, 154, 155

“Rama” fibre, 126, 144, 145, 147

“Ramie” fibre, 33

“Ramo” fibre, 144, 145

Rano, 123

_Raphia vinifera_, 13, 33, 80, 116

Raw cotton, 12, 88

Red dye, 144, 152, 161

Red earth, use of, 54

“Red Kano” rubber, 128

“Red nigger rubber,” 27, 128

Red onions, 160

Red rice, 88

Red wood, 118

“Reke,” 157

Renovation of rubber forest, 63

Resin, 81, 89, 147

Retting fibre, 81, 146

“Rhizome rubber,” 90, 104

Rice, 3, 12, 19, 35, 42, 88, 95, 124, 125, 126, 151, 156, 157

“Richmond” cotton, 79, 110

Ridge cultivation, 125

“Rizga,” 160

Rogo, 126

“Rogo,” 159

“Root rubber,” 27, 65, 90, 104, 128

Roots, 94

Ropes, 13, 96, 144, 145, 161

Rosewood, 14

Rotation of crops, 3, 13, 41, 75, 133, 159

Rubber, 17, 45, 47, 59, 80, 90, 92, 94, 95, 96, 103, 127, 140,
148, 164

Rubber Commission, 63

Rubber export, 66, 92, 105, 127

Rubber, vine, 8, 27, 64, 103, 128

Rufisque, 6

Run palm, 162

_Saccharum officinale_, 157

Saddlery, 143

Sahara, 143

_Sahlbergella singularis_, 51

_Sahlbergella theobroma_, 51

Salaga, 88, 91

Saloum, 6

Salt, 88

Samodu Almami, 86

Samory, 86

“Sangumi,” 125

“Sankonuabe,” 51

“Sannio,” 12

San Thomé, 38, 46, 57

“Sanyan,” 81, 117

Sapari Hills, 86

Sapele, 105

Savelugu, 86

“Scale insect,” 117

“Scrap rubber,” 8, 64, 65, 104, 128, 129

“Sea Island” cotton, 34, 76, 78, 110

Seasons, 149

“Seed bugs,” 76

Seed cake, 113, 142

Seed cotton, 87, 135, 138

Seedless palm fruit, 71

Seed selection, 138

Segbwema, 28

Sekondi, 47, 55, 63, 66, 72, 80

Senegal, 2, 6, 8, 122, 133, 134

Serabu, 28

_Sesamum indicum_, 142

Shade crop, 159

“Shaduf,” 124, 126, 155, 161

Shallot, 160

Shari, 137, 140

“Shea butter,” 73, 88, 90, 115, 127, 130, 143

Shea-butter tree, 128

“Shea gutta,” 129

Shea nut, 102, 115, 130

Shea-nut products, 127, 164

Sheep skins, 116, 142

Sherbro Island, 15, 16, 22

Sherbros, 16

“Shinkafa,” 156

_Sierra Leone_, 12, 70, 74, 80, 88, 91, 96, 99, 100, 109, 157

SIERRA LEONE, introductory remarks, geographical position,
15; area and population, 15; administrative divisions, 15;
natural features, 15; natives, 16; land tenure, 16; labour, 17;
cultivation, 17; agricultural schools, 18; principal crops, 19;
forest products, 19; OIL PALM, localities and the influence of
position, 19; small export of oil compared to kernels, 23; proposal
to introduce new varieties, 23; improvements in local manufacture,
24; export figures, 26; RUBBER, native method of preparation, 26;
vine rubber, 27; quality of indigenous rubbers and the export,
27; plantations, 28; KOLA NUTS, 29; RED PEPPER, 29; GINGER, 30;
export trade, 31; FIBRES, jute class, 31; Ramie, 33; Piassava,
33; COTTON, 33; indigenous varieties, 34; native weaving, 34;
exotic cottons, 34; RICE, 35; exports, 36; CAMWOOD, 37; COPAL,
37; GROUNDNUTS, 38; COCOA, 38; importance of correct climatic
conditions, 38; COFFEE, 39; INDIGO, 39; FRUIT, 39; BEESWAX, 40;
OILSEEDS, 40; progress in agriculture, 41; forestry, 42

Silk, 81, 117, 163

Silk cotton tree, 51

“Silk rubber.” _See_ Lagos silk rubber

Silkworms, wild, 117

Silver, 55

“Sindru,” 62

Skins, 73, 127, 143, 144, 164

Skin staining, 96, 161

Small-bolled cotton, 136

Smut-blights, 153

Smut fungus, 12

Snuff, 13, 89, 161

Soap, 40, 70, 71, 98, 103, 115

Soap emulsion, 51

Sokoto, 120, 121, 135, 152, 156

_Solanum melongena_, 161

_Solanum sp._, 161

Songhay, 86, 123, 124

Sonni Ali, 86

Sonninkis, 1

_Sorghum guineensis_ var. _robustum_, 88, 144

_Sorghum saccharum_, 152

_Sorghum sp._, 144

_Sorghum vulgare_, 12, 84, 151

Sorrel hibiscus, 89, 161

_Southern Nigeria_, 10, 23, 39, 71, 101, 120, 123, 127, 132, 135,
140, 157

Soya beans, 42, 158

Spices, 95

Spinning, 145

Squatter’s licence, 16

“Stainers,” cotton, 76, 112

Staining leather, 88

_Steirostoma depressa_, 51

_Steirostoma histrionica_, 51

_Sterculia barteri_, 96

_STERCULIACEÆ_, 45, 73

_Stilbum nanum_, 52

Strunk, Dr., 23

Sudan, 73, 74, 134

Sudan boll-worm, 139

Sudan gum, 89

Sugar cane, 95, 125, 126, 157

Sumatra, 102

Susus, 16

Sun-cured tobacco, 117

Swamp crops, 126, 156

Sweet potatoes, 19, 84, 95, 126, 159

Sword beans, 42

Sword scabbards, 143

“Tabel-tiloli,” 100

“Takanda,” 152

“Talh,” 89

Tamale, 88, 91

Tamarind, 163

Tanned skins, 142

Tannin-yielding plants, 62

Tapioca, 115

Tapping implements, 61

Tapping rubber, 66

“Targets,” 161

Tarkwa, 63, 66

Tchad Lake, 124

_Terminalia superba_, 118

Temperature, 2, 121

“Tengo,” 100

“Tete Quasshi,” 47

_Theobroma cacao_, 46

Thomas Agricultural College, 18

“Thread blight,” 52

Threshing wheat, 156

“Til,” 142

_TILIACEÆ_, 80

Tillage, hand, 124

Timani, 16, 22, 25, 31, 35

Timber, 45, 72, 90, 118, 164

Tinainahun, 28

“Tio jarankoro,” 7

Tobacco, 13, 95, 117, 126, 161

Togoland, 10, 43, 66, 77

_Tolyposporium sp._, 153

Tomato, 161

“Tomba,” 155

Torches, 82, 148

Training yams, 159

Transplanting onions, 160

Transport, 99, 133, 143, 150

Transport (cocoa), 56

Transport (cotton), 80, 87, 138

Traps, 139

Trinidad, 45, 48, 51

_Triplochiton johnsoni_, 119

_Triticum compositum_, 155

_Triumfetta cordifolia_, 80

_Triumfetta semitriloba_, 80

“Tsamia,” 163

“Tsamian bauri,” 163

“Tsamian doka,” 163

“Tsamian fakali,” 163

“Tsamian tsamia,” 163

“Tsetse” fly, 2, 56, 91, 118, 122, 162

Tufel, 44

“Tug bore,” 100

“Tumuku,” 89, 160

Turmeric, 144

Twi language, 58

“Udin,” 100

Ugboha, 112

“Upland cotton,” 111, 136, 138

_Ustilago sp._, 12

_Ustilago Reiliana_, 153

Uwet, 116

Varnish, 31, 82

Vegetable butter, 115, 130

Vegetable fat, 90, 131

“Vegetable whalebone,” 80

Veis, 16

_Vigna catjang_, 42, 133

_Voandzeia subterranea_, 158

Volta, 43, 55, 74, 79, 80, 82

“Volta” cotton, 75, 78

Volta River district, 47, 54

Wa, 85, 86, 90

Walas, 85

“Wanki,” 157, 158

Waterloo, 28

Water yam, 88

Wax, 91, 162

Weaving, 34, 74

Weevilly maize, 114

Wells, 151, 155

Western Sudan, 123

West Indies, 16, 46, 49, 50, 51, 53, 54, 115

Wet season, 126, 149

Wet zone, 93, 94

Whalebone, 33, 80

Wheat, 124, 126, 155

White ball, 64, 65

“White Egyptian onion,” 160

White fungus, 7

White haricot, 157

White maize, 114

White rice, 157

Wild cotton, 75

Wild kola, 73

Wild sesamum, 142

Wine, 80

Wine palm, 33

Winged yam, 88

Wire-haired sheep, 91

Wood ashes, 89, 96

“Wood oil,” 89, 128, 147

Wood oil, mode of collection of, 147

“Wound-response,” 61

Wounds, pruning, 50

“Yakwa,” 161

“Yalo,” 161

Yalunkas, 16

Yams, 19, 42, 45, 75, 84, 85, 87, 88, 95, 96, 115, 126, 159

Yarn, 117, 163

Yauris, 123

Yeji, 88, 90

Yellow dye, 144

Yellow maize, 155

Yendi, 86

“Yi-ku-niche,” 100, 132

Yola, 120, 121, 137

Yonnibannah, 24

Yoruba, 25, 94, 108, 111, 114, 116, 123, 126, 133, 140, 141, 144,
145, 155, 158, 159

Zanfara, 124

Zaria, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 131, 133, 135, 137, 140, 141,
142, 144, 148, 149, 150, 153, 154, 155, 156, 158, 159, 160, 162

Zaria Ginnery, 140

_Zea mays_, 84, 155

Zebu, 119, 163

_Zingiber officinale_, 30

Zungeru, 121, 130, 132, 137

* * * * *

_Printed by Hazell, Watson & Viney, Ld., London and Aylesbury,
England._

FOOTNOTES:

[Footnote 1: Hinchley Hart, in _Cacao_, 1892, pp. 48-52, discusses the three varieties mentioned here, and shows that intermediate forms exist which connect all three. The _Forastero_ class includes all the cocoas which have thick skins and large pods with rather flat beans.]

[Footnote 2: _S. singularis_, a nearly allied insect, is common in certain localities and does similar damage.]

[Footnote 3: Cf. _Bull. Ent. Res._, vol. i. (1911), p. 83; _Bull. Imp. Inst._, vol. viii. (1910), p. 150; vol. xiv. (1916), p. 174; vol. xviii. (1920), p. 319.]

[Footnote 4: This has since been identified with _Gelechia gossypiella_, Sanders, an insect which subsequently effected such enormous damage in Egypt.]

[Footnote 5: These names are substituted for Bauchi and Nupe in the old system.]

[Footnote 6: Lady Lugard, _A Tropical Dependency_, 1905, p. 236 _et seq_.]

[Footnote 7: _Ibid._, p. 209.]

[Footnote 8: Included in Southern Nigeria exports.]

[Footnote 9: Including copal resin.]

[Footnote 10: Including dressed skins.]

[Footnote 11: Identical with what is termed _E. biplaga_ at Ibadan, but probably a local form of _E. insulana_.]

[Footnote 12: For the most recent information respecting cotton cultivation here and elsewhere in West Africa, Professor Dunstan’s Reports to the Brussels Congress of Tropical Agriculture (1910) should be consulted.]

[Footnote 13: Since named _S. guineensis_ var. _robustum_, Stapf.]

Transcriber's note:

pg 42 Changed: and Protectorate, to: Protectorate.

pg 77 Changed: decending the rapids to: descending

pg 91 Changed: some localites to: localities

pg 146 Changed: ap-apparently rather harsh to: apparently

pg 165 Changed: _Apocynacea_ to: _Apocynaceæ_

pg 171 Changed: _Lophila procera_ to: _Lophira_

pg 172 Changed: _Nicotiana tobacum_ to: _tabacum_

pg 174 Changed: _Pseudrocedrela Kotschyi_ to: _Pseudocedrela_

Other spelling inconsistencies have been left unchanged.

Underlined text is indicated with ~.