Chapter III: Alphabetical List of Authorities (2)

Removal: of Indiana more or less compulsory, 19 and _footnote_;
slavery advanced as objection to Indian, 21-22;
makes no difference in matter of slavery among Indians, 22;
difficulties within Indian country incident to, 27;
Calhoun's plan for, 27;
U. S. government slow to adopt policy of, 27-28;
settlers demand, of Indians from Kansas, 36;
certain tribes contemplating, 36, _footnote_;
of Indians from Kansas delayed on account of Civil War, 37;
_Missionary Herald_ useful for history of, 40, _footnote_;
reasons for, 48;
project for, of Cherokees causes dissensions within tribes, 49;
of Texas Indians, 52;
Wichitas ask for immediate, 56;
guarantee of territorial integrity in treaties arranging for, 160-161;
indemnification for, 164-166;
Choctaw claims under treaty of, 196

Reservation: system, introduced into trans-Missouri region, 21;
Creeks disgusted with idea of individual, 58

Reserve Indians: see _Indians of Leased District_, _Wichitas_,
_Tonkawas_, _Euchees_, etc.

Resolutions: of Choctaws, February 7, 1861, 72-74, 75;
of Chickasaw Legislature, May 25, 1861, 122-124 and _footnote_;
offered by Chilton of Alabama, 127;
offered by Toombs for appointment of special agent to Indian tribes,
129;
of Choctaws and Chickasaws showing friendly disposition towards South,
130 and _footnote_;
passed at Cherokee mass-meeting at Tahlequah, August, 1861, 218,
_footnote_, 223-225;
joint, for relief of Indian refugees in Kansas, 274

Rhodes, J. F: work cited, 45, _footnote_, 129, _footnote_, 146,
_footnote_

Richardson, James D: work cited, 129, _footnote_, 158, _footnote_, 202,
_footnote_

Ridge, John: 47, _footnote_

Ridge, or Treaty Party: in favor of Cherokee removal, 49;
connives with Ben McCulloch to circumvent wishes of Chief Ross, 151;
minority party, 153;
Pike's intercourse with, continues, 156;
attempts to develop public sentiment in favor of Confederacy, 215;
collision with Ross faction, 240

Robertson, W. S: 101, _footnote_, 192, _footnote_, 218, _footnote_

Robinson, Charles: 228, 234

Rock-a-to-wa: 231, _footnote_

Rogers, H. L: 332, 333, 336, 337

Rolla: W. S. Robertson fleeing from Indian country, reaches, 218,
_footnote_

Roman Catholics: 38, _footnote_

Ross, John: correspondence, 69, _footnote_, uncle of Wm. P. Ross, 71;
instructions of, 71, _footnote_;
influence, 72;
character, 72, _footnote_;
letter of Dole to, 80, _footnote_;
no one firmer friend to Union than, 86, _footnote_;
correspondence with John B. Ogden, 89, _footnote_, 115, _footnote_;
called upon by commissioners from Texas, 93;
letter from Governor Rector, 112;
letter to Rector, 117;
letter from citizens of Boonsboro, 111, _footnote_, 124;
J. R. Kannady communicates with, 125;
issues proclamation of neutrality, 125, 153-154;
Albert Pike unjust to, 134, _footnote_;
letter of Hubbard to, 144-145;
reply to Hubbard, 146-147;
correspondence with Ben McCulloch, 149-151;
sincerity possibly doubted, 168;
declared shrewd, 189, _footnote_;
Ridge Party attempts to undermine popularity, 215;
attends meeting of Cherokee Executive Council, 217;
address, 220, 223;
suspected of not acting in good faith, 226;
notifies Pike of Cherokee willingness to treat, 234;
communicates with Creeks and Osages, 235;
called upon to rally Cherokees, 256

Ross, Lewis: 138, _footnote_

Ross, Mrs. John: 220, _footnote_

Ross, Mrs. William P: work cited, 71, _footnote_

Ross, William P: 71, 89, _footnote_, 116, _footnote_, 137, _footnote_,
139, _footnote_, 217, 223

Ross, W. W: 210, _footnote_

Ross Party: opposed to removal, 49;
majority party, 153

Round Mountain: 255

Route: of Opoethleyohola's retreat, 261-262 and _footnote_

Rust, Albert: 105, _footnote_

Rutherford, A. H: 30, _footnote_, 190, _footnote_

Rutherford, Samuel M: 86, _footnote_, 183, 199 and _footnote_, 319

Sackett, Major: 98, _footnote_

Sacs and Foxes: of Missouri, 36, _footnote_

San Antonio: 52, _footnote_

Sands: see _Ok-ta-ha-hassee Harjo_

Schoenmaker, John: 182, _footnote_

Scott, S. S: 198, _footnote_, 201, _footnote_, 314, 321

Scott, Winfield: 88, _footnote_, 97, 249

_Scottish Songs_: work cited, 108, _footnote_

_Screw Fly_: work cited, 56, _footnote_

Scullyville: Choctaw constitution of, 51;
Creek regiment forming at, 211

Sebastian, William K: 106, _footnote_, 287

Secession: meeting held by white men and Choctaw half-bloods, 77;
Presbyterian ordained missionaries favor, 79;
Indian country threatened by advocates for, 80;
Indian agents active for, 82-83 and _footnote_;
mercenary motives in urging, 98, _footnote_;
sentiment in Arkansas, 103 _et seq._;
Pike offers arguments for, 133;
secret organization of "Pins," 135, _footnote_;
Stand Watie's party afraid to raise flag of, 140, _footnote_;
large element within Cherokee Nation favors, 153;
Griffith appointed commissioner to interview Indians in interests of,
184;
Indian opponents absent from Pike's meeting at North Fork Village, 192;
Jones most prominent of Choctaw advocates, 197;
traces of influence of, 208;
August mass-meeting of Cherokees ending in, 217

Second Seminole War: 20, _footnote_, 23, _footnote_, 164, _footnote_,
164-166

Secret Society: purpose of organization, 32, _footnote_;
in Missouri, 35, _footnote_;
among full-blooded Cherokees, 48;
"the Pins," 86, _footnote_, 135, _footnote_, 216;
among Cherokees for abolition purposes, 291, 293;
Greenwood orders its dissolution, 292;
Cowart's views upon schemes of, 294

Sells, Elijah: 186, _footnote_

Seminole Treaty: 157 and _footnote_;
declares allegiance to C. S. A., 159, _footnote_;
contains guarantee of autonomy, 159, _footnote_;
contains promise of representation in Congress, 159, _footnote_;
negotiated, 197-199, 197, _footnote_;
considered by Provisional Congress, 206

Seminoles: from Florida, 20;
removal in late fifties, 20, _footnote_;
status of free negro among, 40;
Presbyterians among, 40;
manifest only slight interest in education, 40, _footnote_;
given home in Creek country, 50;
destitute, 57, _footnote_;
representatives at inter-tribal conference, 71;
letter to chief of, 80, _footnote_;
condition reported by Carruth, 84, _footnote_;
in council with Creeks, Cherokees, Quapaws, and Sacs, 94;
negotiations of Pike with, 136, _footnote_;
complaint against General Jesup, 164, _footnote_;
Rector's transactions with, 182, _footnote_

Seneca and Shawnee Treaty: 157 and _footnote_

Senecas: 51, 64, 67;
negotiations of Pike with, 136, _footnote_;
from Cattaraugus Reservation, 227, _footnote_

Senecas and Shawnees: 51, 64, 67;
negotiations of Pike with, 136, _footnote_, 237

Settlers: in Kansas demand that Indians vacate territory, 36

Seward, William H: reference to "higher law" speech, 42, _footnote_;
Chicago speech, 58, 75;
Senate speech, 58

Shawnee Manual Labor School, 38

Shawnee Mission: work of Rev. Thomas Johnson at, 22, _footnote_

Shawnees: from Ohio, 19;
tarry in Missouri, 19, _footnote_;
pro-slavery men among, 35;
reported by Agent Dorn as anxious to leave Kansas, 36, _footnote_;
Baptist school on reservation of, 38;
Southern Methodists among, 38;
as refugees, 57, _footnote_;
trouble over tribal elections, 209, _footnote_;
attack Wichita Agency, 329, _footnote_

Shon-tah-sob-ba [Black Dog]: 235, _footnote_, 238, _footnote_

Short Bird: 319

Shoshone: suggested territory of, 32, _footnote_

Siebert, W. H: work cited, 23, _footnote_, 49, _footnote_

Sigel, Franz: 215, _footnote_

Simon, Ben: 329, _footnote_

Sioux: uprising, 21, _footnote_;
warriors, 227, _footnote_

Slaughter, Thomas C: 208

Slavery: in Kansas, 22;
encouraged, 22;
among Southern Indians, 22, 292;
influence of churches upon, 37;
white men to prevent abolition among Indians, 42;
opposition among Choctaws and Chickasaws, 45;
is being interfered with by intruders, 47;
cause in jeopardy among Cherokees, 48;
North to exterminate among Indians, 145;
recognized as legal institution by treaties, 166 and _footnote_;
offers easy solution of labor problem, 219;
Cowart reports complaints of interference with, 293

Slaves: 22, 142, 143, 144-145, 165, 166, _footnote_, 167, _footnote_,
172, 216, 261

Smith, Andrew J: charges against, 41, _footnote_

Smith, Caleb B: 74, _footnote_, 183, 242, 271, 274, 275

Smith, E. Kirby: 100, _footnote_

Smith, John G: 192

Smith, William R: work cited, 108, _footnote_, 109, _footnote_

Snow, George C: 198, _footnote_, 199, _footnote_

Southern Baptist Convention: 39, _footnote_

Southern Baptists: 38, 39

South Carolina: 20, _footnote_

Southern Indians: 18, 21, 32, 34, 36

Southern Methodists: 38, 39, 40

Southern Superintendency: 30, _footnote_

Sparrow, Edward: 127

Spencer Academy: 40, _footnote_, 75, 76, 78

Springfield: 214, _footnote_, 217, 255, 283, 312, 334

Spy companies: reported equipped by Federals, 306

Stand Watie: 49, _footnote_, 137, _footnote_, 153, 156, _footnote_, 227,
240, 283, 324

Stanton, Edwin M: 276, 279

Stanwood, Edward: work cited, 106, _footnote_

Stark, O. P: 76

State Department (C. S. A.): Albert Pike, commissioner from, 134,
_footnote_, 152;
Bureau of Indian Affairs, part of, 188, _footnote_

Stephens, Alexander H: work cited, 118, _footnote_, 119, _footnote_

Stevens, R. S: 209, _footnote_

Stevens, Thaddeus: 210, _footnote_

Stidham, G. W: 194

Stocks: 61, 76, 203, _footnote_

Stockton, G. B: 107, _footnote_, 186, _footnote_

Strain, J. H: 285, 287

Sturm, J. J: 199, 201, _footnote_, 330, 331, 353, 357

Sumner, Charles: 45, _footnote_

Sur-cox-ie: 268, _footnote_

Surveyors: 53

Tahlequah: 39, _footnote_, 93, 188, _footnote_, 217, and _footnote_,
218, _footnote_, 226, 234, 237, 293

Tallise Fixico: 194

Tatum, Mark T: 50, _footnote_, 104, _footnote_, 296

Taylor, J. W: 193, _footnote_

Taylor, N. G: 30, _footnote_

Tennessee: Cherokees from, 20;
John J. Humphreys from, 185

Tenney, W. J: work cited, 90, _footnote_

Tents: furnished to refugees, 261

Territorial expansion: 28, 58

Territorial form of government: 30, 31, _footnote_, 33

Texas: indigenous tribes in, 19, _footnote_;
Indians expelled from, 19, _footnote_, 52, 340;
Cherokees in, 20, _footnote_;
annexed, 28;
troops from, 53;
Indian patronage, 59;
Indian participation in Civil War, 63;
interest in Indian Territory, 67;
interest in securing alliance of Indians, 83, 88, 90;
interest in amnesty provisions of Indian treaties, 175-176;
commissioners from, 183;
attitude of northern countries of, 200, _footnote_;
desires Reserve Indians placed under her jurisdiction, 297

Texas Historical Association _Quarterly_: work cited, 20, _footnote_

Texas Superintendency: 56, _footnote_

Thomason, Hugh F: 202, 335

Thompson, Jacob: 45, _footnote_, 46, 54, 56, _footnote_

Tishomingo: county of, 68, _footnote_

Tonkawas: 52 and _footnote_, 189, _footnote_, 200, 201, _footnote_, 340,
353

Toombs, Robert: 129, 131, 134 and _footnote_, 135, _footnote_, 152

Totten, James: 103, 104

Traders: 22, 27, 59-60, 169 _et seq._, 193, _footnote_, 238-239, 319

Trammel, Dennis: 288, 289

Treat, S. B: 43, _footnote_

Treaties: 34, _footnote_, 37, _footnote_, 53, 78, 84, _footnote_, 102,
117, 122, _footnote_;
made with Indians as with foreign powers, 17;
Ohio desires information as to Manypenny, 33, _footnote_;
relations to U. S. in, 70, _footnote_;
obligation to abide by, 71, _footnote_;
reduction of forts violation of guaranties in, 97, _footnote_;
resulting from council at Tahlequah, 237 _et seq._;
with the Cherokees in part the result of intimidation, 240, _footnote_;
with the Neosho Agency Indians, 241;
money due the Creeks under, 289;
Pike reports all ratified, 320;
amendments to, 323;
manuscript copies of, 329-330, _footnote_;
no Indian Department to be organized until ratification of, 331;
terms of the, with the wild Indians, 352;
Leeper makes a, with the Comanches, 354-355

TROOPS:
_Confederate_--in Cherokee country, 136, _footnote_;
no Arkansas, available, 253, _footnote_;
Van Dorn's erroneous surmise as to proportion of white, in Pike's
brigade, 280;
Van Dorn's plans as to disposition of, 283;
Leeper inquires when, may be expected, 310;
Pike's confidence in white, 320;
lack of, in Leased District, 343, 349;
non-arrival of, 345.
_Indian_--Confederacy secure before negotiation of treaties of
alliance, 207;
plans for distribution of, 207;
Cherokee, under McCulloch, 226-227;
Northern, offer to furnish U. S. with, 227, _footnotes_;
large and increasing number in Indian Territory, 252;
not possible to keep order, 346.
_United States_--few within Indian country, 52-53;
Secretary Floyd disposed to withdraw from Indian frontier, 53;
from Texas ordered to protect U. S. surveyors, 53;
number to be retained in Indian country queried, 72, _footnote_;
Carruth reports all gone from Indian Territory, 86, _footnote_;
ordered to leave, 87 and _footnote_;
disposition, reported upon by Texas commissioners, 95;
under Emory ordered to Indian Territory, 96 _et seq._;
flee from Indian Territory, 101;
dissatisfaction at reported change in disposition in Arkansas, 103,
105;
to counteract influence of secessionists, 216;
method of warfare under Lane, 233;
Dole urges to re-occupy Indian Territory, 241;
sudden withdrawal spreads alarm in Leased District, 299

_True Democrat_: work cited, 47, _footnote_, 48, _footnote_, 106,
_footnote_

Tuckabatche Micco: 51, _footnote_

Tuckabatchee Town: 193, _footnote_

Tulsey Town: 255

Turnbull, John P: 189, _footnote_

Turner, J. W: 260, 272, _footnote_

Tusaquach: 247

Tush-ca-horn-ma: district of, 179

Twiggs, D. E: 55, _footnote_, 87

Umatilla: suggested territory of, 32, _footnote_

Underground railroad: 40

Upper Arkansas Agency: 210, _footnote_

Upper Creeks: 50, 208, _footnote_, 191, _footnote_, 192, 193,
_footnote_, 236, _footnote_, 244, 319

Usher, John P: 56, _footnote_, 228, _footnote_

Van Buren (Ark.): 64, _footnote_

Van Dorn, Earl: 55, 138, _footnote_, 280, 283

Vann, Joseph: 217, 223

Verdigris River: 259, 272

Wah-pa-nuc-ka Institute: 40, _footnote_

Walker, David: 116, 298

Walker, Leroy P: 119, 127, 142, 147, 151, 161, 200, _footnote_, 207,
215, _footnote_

Walker, William: head chief of the Wyandots, 22, _footnote_

Walker, William: 105, _footnote_

Wall, David: 23, _footnote_

Walnut Creek: 259

War Department: C. S. A., 128, _footnote_, 139, _footnote_, 140,
_footnote_, 193, _footnote_, 257, _footnote_;
U. S. A., 52, 80, 87, 96, 228, _footnote_, 234, 241, 250, 264-265, 275

Washburn, J. W: 84, _footnote_, 164, _footnote_, 238, and _footnote_

Washita: Indians driven from country of, 19, _footnote_

Wattles, Augustus: 229, _footnote_

Waul, Thomas N: 127, 205

Weas: from Illinois, 19

Weber's Falls: 86, _footnote_

Welch, George W: 84, _footnote_

West Florida: seizure of, 28

West Point: 215, _footnote_

Wheelock: Choctaw school, 39, _footnote_

White, Joseph: 209, _footnote_

White, S. W: letter of, 33, _footnote_

White Cloud: 227, _footnote_

Whitney, Henry C: 208 and _footnote_

Whittenhall, Daniel S: 350

Wichita Agency: site for, 54, 56, _footnote_, 136, _footnote_;
attack upon, 329, _footnote_

Wichita Mountains: 51, 55

Wichita Treaty: 157, _footnote_, 158, 163, 176

Wichitas: 52;
colonization of, 55;
subsistence given to, 57, _footnote_;
Leased District of, 63;
colonized on land claimed as their own, 166;
Pike hopes to meet, 189, _footnote_;
Pike fears hostility of, 200;
refuse to be cajoled or intimidated, 201

Wilson, Henry: work cited, 32, _footnote_

Wilson, William: 23, _footnote_

Wilson's Creek: battle of, 225

Winneconne: 219, _footnote_

Wisconsin: tribes from, 19

Wolcott, Edward: 273, _footnote_

Worcester, Reverend S. A: 23, _footnote_;
opposed to slavery, 41

Wyandots: from Ohio and Michigan, 19;
William Walker, head chief of, 22, _footnote_;
initiate movement for organization of Nebraska Territory, 34;
interested in Kansas election troubles, 34, _footnote_;
Methodism, 38

Yancton Sioux: Agent Burleigh suggests that garrison Fort Randall, 227,
_footnote_

Young, William C: 100

Yulee, David L: 238, _footnote_

FOOTNOTES:

[1] Confessedly much to its discredit, the United States government has never had, for any appreciable length of time, a well-developed and well-defined Indian policy, one that has made the welfare of the aborigines its sole concern. Legislation for the subject race has almost invariably been dictated by the needs of the hour, by the selfish and exorbitant demands of pioneers, and by the greed and caprice of politicians.

[2] There were, of course, other indigenous tribes to the westward, in the direction of Colorado and Texas, and to the northward, in southern Nebraska; but only the latter were more than remotely affected, as far as local habitation was concerned, by the coming of the eastern emigrants and the consequent introduction of the reservation system.

[3] Kansas Historical Society _Collections_, vol. viii, 72-109.

[4] In scarcely a single case here cited was the old home of the tribe limited by the boundaries of a single state nor is it to be understood that the state here mentioned was necessarily the original habitat of the tribe. It was only the territorial headquarters of the tribe at the time of removal or at the time when the policy of removal was first insisted upon as a _sine qua non_. Some of the Indians emigrated independently of treaty arrangements with the United States government and some did not immediately direct their steps towards Kansas or Oklahoma; but made, through choice or through necessity, an intervening point a stopping-place. The Kickapoos, the Shawnees, and the Delawares tarried in Missouri, the Choctaws and the Cherokees, many of them, in Arkansas but that was before 1830, the date of the removal law. After 1830, there was no possible resting-place for weary Indians this side of the Ozark Mountains.

[5] Some of the more insignificant southern Indians eventually found their way also to Oklahoma. In 1860 there were a few Louisiana Caddoes in the northwestern part of the Chickasaw country, most likely the same that, in 1866, were reported to have been driven out of Texas in 1839 by bushwhackers and then out of the Washita country at the opening of the Civil War. They continued throughout the war loyal to the United States. In 1853 the Choctaw General Council passed an act admitting to the rights of citizenship several Catawba Indians; and from that circumstance, the Office of Indian Affairs surmised that the Choctaws would be willing to incorporate Catawbas yet in the Carolinas. In 1857 there were about seventy Catawbas in South Carolina on a tiny reservation. They expressed an ardent wish to go among the Choctaws. In 1860 the Catawbas were in possession of the northeastern part of the Choctaw country.

[6] For the detailed history of events leading up to Indian removals, particularly the southern, see American Historical Association, _Report_, 1906, 241-450.

[7] Not all of the southern Indians had emigrated in the thirties and forties. A considerable number of Cherokees removed themselves from the country east of the Mississippi to Texas. This was immediately subsequent to and induced by the American Revolution [Texas Historical Association, _Quarterly_, July, 1897, 38-46 and October, 1903, 95-165]. Many Cherokees, likewise, took the suggestion of President Jefferson and moved to the Arkansas country prior to 1820. Moreover, there were "Eastern Cherokees" in controversy with the "Western Cherokees" for many years after the Civil War. Their endless quarrels over property proved the occasion of much litigation. In the late fifties active measures were taken by the Office of Indian Affairs to complete the removal of the Seminoles and to accomplish by intrigue and diplomacy what the long and expensive Second Seminole War had utterly failed to do. Elias Rector of Arkansas superintended the matter and the Seminole chief, John Jumper, gave valuable assistance, as did also the Creeks, who generously granted to the Seminoles a home within the Creek country west [Creek Treaty, 1856, Kappler's _Indian Laws and Treaties_, vol. ii, 757]. Billy Bowlegs was the last Seminole chief of prominence to leave Florida [Coe's _Red Patriots_, 198]. In 1853 there were still some four hundred Choctaws reported as living in Alabama and there must have been even more than that in Mississippi. In 1854 steps were taken, but unsuccessfully, for their removal. In 1859 Representative John J. McRae presented a petition from citizens of various Mississippi counties asking that the Choctaws be removed altogether from the state because of their intimacy and intercourse with the negroes. The Office of Indian Affairs refused to act. Perchance, it considered the moment inopportune or the means at hand insufficient. It may even have considered the charge against the Choctaws a mere pretext and quite unfounded since it was commonly reported that the Choctaws had a decided aversion to that particular kind of race mixture. In that respect they differed very considerably from the Creeks who to-day are said to present a very curious spectacle of an almost complete mixture. Choctaws from Mississippi and Cherokees from North Carolina and Catawbas from South Carolina fought with the South in the Civil War.

[8] Other Indians made trouble during the progress of the Civil War, as, for instance, the Sioux in the summer of 1862. The Sioux, however, were not fighting for or against the issues of the white man's war. They were simply taking advantage of a favorable occasion, when the United States government was preoccupied, to avenge their own wrongs.

[9] The existence of the "Cherokee Neutral Land" out of which the southeastern counties of Kansas were illegitimately formed was not exactly an exception to this. The Neutral Land, eight hundred thousand acres in extent, was an independent purchase, made by the Cherokees, and was not included in the exchange or in the original scheme that forced their removal from Georgia. It was a subsequent concession to outraged justice.

[10] By far the best instance of missionary activity in behalf of slavery among the northern Indian immigrants is to be found in the case of the Reverend Thomas Johnson's work at the Shawnee Mission [Ray's _Repeal of the Missouri Compromise_, footnote 207]. Johnson, like William Walker, head chief of the Wyandots, was an ardent pro-slavery advocate [_ibid._, footnote 205] and took a rather disgracefully prominent part in the notorious election frauds of early Kansas territorial days [House _Report_, 34th congress, first session, no. 200, pp. 14, 18, 94, 425].

[11] Buchanan's _Works_, vol. iii, 348, 350, 353.

[12] Siebert's _Underground Railroad from Slavery to Freedom_, 284.

[13] The most interesting case that came up in this connection was that of the so-called Beams' Negroes, resident in the Choctaw country and illegally claimed as refugees by John B. Davis of Mississippi [Indian Office, _Special Files_, no. 277]. The Reverend S. A. Worcester interested himself in their behalf [Jefferson Davis to Worcester, October 7, 1854] and a decision was finally rendered in their favor. Another interesting case of similar nature was, "In re negroes taken from Overton Love and David Wall of the Chickasaw Nation by Citizens of Texas, 1848-'57" [_ibid._, no. 278].

[14] Under the Intercourse Law of 1834, the Indian Territory had been annexed for judicial purposes to the western district of Arkansas. The Indians were much dissatisfied. They felt themselves entitled to a federal court of their own, a privilege the United States government persistently denied to them but one that the Confederate government readily granted. As matters stood, prior to the Civil War, the red men seemed always at the mercy of the white man's distorted conception of justice and were, perforce, quite beyond the reach of the boasted guaranties of theoretical Anglo-Saxon justice since the very location of the court precluded a trial by their peers of the vicinage. The journey to Arkansas, in those early days, was long and tiresome and expensive. Complications frequently arose and matters, difficult of adjustment, even under the best of circumstance. Among the Creeks and Seminoles, the status of the free negro was exceptionally high, partly due, with respect to the latter, to conditions growing out of the Second Seminole War. As already intimated, the Creeks had no aversion whatsoever to race mixtures and intermarriage between negroes and Indians was rather common. The half-breeds resulting from such unions were accepted as bona fide members of the tribe by the Indians in the distribution of annuities, but not by the United States courts--another source of difficulty and a very instructive one as well, particularly from the standpoint of reconstructionist exactions.

Occasionally the presence of the free negro within the Indian country was a source of grave danger. The accompanying letters outline a case in point:

HEAD QUARTERS 7TH. MIL: DEPT. FORT SMITH, March 5th. 1852.

SIR: By direction of the Colonel commanding the Department I transmit
herewith copies of a communication from George Folsom, Chief of the
Pushmataha District, to Colonel Wilson Choctaw Agent and one from
Colonel William Wilson Choctaw Agent to Brevet Major Holmes commanding
Fort Washita asking aid from the Military force.

As the letter from the Choctaw Agent is not sufficiently explicit as
to what he wishes done by the Military authority the subject is
referred to you, and if on investigation it be found that Military
interference is necessary to enforce the intercourse law, prompt
assistance will be rendered for the purposes therein specified, under
the direction and in presence of the Choctaw Agent. Respectfully Yr
Obt. Servt.,

FRANCIS N PAGE, Asst. Adjt. Genl.

Colonel John Drennen, Superintendent W. T.

_Inclosure_

CHOCTAW AGENCY, February 9th 1852

SIR: The enclosed copy of a letter from Colonel George Folsom Chief of
Pushmataha District of the Choctaw Nation will put you in possession
of the facts and reasons why I address you at this time.

As the position of the free Negros and Indians alluded to in the
Chief's letter seems to be of rather a hostile character, having built
themselves a Fort doubtless for the purpose of defending themselves if
interupted in their present location, it seems to me necessary that
they should be driven away if necessary by Military authority; and, as
your post is the most convenient to the place where the Negroes and
Indians are Forted I have thought that a command could be sent with
less trouble and at less expense to the government by you than any one
else. I would therefore most respectfully call upon you to take such
steps as you may think most advisable to remove from the Choctaw
country the persons complained of by the Chief, and if necessary call
upon Chief Folsom to aid you with his light horse, who may be of much
service to you in the way of Guides. Very Respectfully Yr. Obt Servt.

(Signed) WILLIAM WILSON, Choctaw Agent

[Endorsement] A true Copy, Francis N Page, Asst. Adjt. Genl.

_Inclosure_

PUSHMATAHA DISTRICT, January 23. 1852.

DEAR SIR: I spoke to you about those free negroes upon the head waters
of Boggy, when I last saw you, requesting to have something done with
them. I have just learned that the negroes and some Indians are banded
together and have built themselves a little Fort. There is no doubt
but that they will be a great trouble to us. One of our country judges
sent for the light-horse-men to go and seize the negroes, but I have
forbid them going, and many of our people wish to go and see them. I
have forbid any body to go there with intentions to take them. It will
no doubt be hard to break them up. You have probably just returned
home, and it may seem tresspassing upon you to write you about those
negroes and Indians, but you are our agent and we have the right to
look to you for help. It seems to me this affair wants an immediate
action on it.

I have simply stated to you how these negroes and Indians are Forted
up that you may better know how to deal with them. In purforming your
duties if I can in any way render you any assistance I shall always be
happy to do so. Very respectfully Your friend

(Signed) GEORGE FOLSOM, Chief Push: Dist:

Col: William Wilson, Choctaw Agent [Endorsement] a true Copy, Francis
N Page, Asst. Adjt. Genl.

[15] Buchanan's _Works_, vol. x, "the Catron letter," 106; "the Grier letter," 106-107.

[16] This was as it appeared to N. G. Taylor, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, as he looked back, in 1867, upon events of the past few years. He was then of the opinion that the very existence of slavery among the southern tribes had most probably saved their country from being coveted by emigrants going westward.

[17] One agency under the Southern Superintendency, the Neosho River Agency, was, however, included in the scheme preliminary to the organization of Kansas and Nebraska. See the following letters found in Thomas S. Drew's _Letter Press Book_:

(a) OFFICE SUPT. IND. AFFAIRS FORT SMITH, ARKS., Dec. 21, 1853.

SIR: Inclosed herewith you will receive letters from Agent Dorn, dated
the 1st and 2nd instant; the former in relation to the disposition of
the Indians within his agency to meet Commissioners on the subject of
selling their lands, or having a Territorial form of Government extend
over them by the United States: and the latter nominating John Finch
as Blacksmith to the Great and Little Osages. Very respectfully Your
obt. servt.

A. H. RUTHERFORD, Clerk for Supt.

Hon. Geo. W. Manypenny, Com{r} Ind. Affairs
Washington City.

(b) OFFICE SUPT. INDIAN AFFAIRS FORT SMITH, ARKS. Dec. 29, 1853.

SIR: ... I have also to acknowledge the receipt of letters from you of
the 2nd instant to the Commissioner of Ind. Affrs. upon the subject of
the Indians within your Agency being willing to meet Commissioners on
the part of the U. S. preparatory to selling their lands, or to take
into consideration the propriety of admitting a Territorial form of
Government extended over them &. ...

A. H. RUTHERFORD, Clerk for Supt.

A. J. Dorn, U. S. Indian Agt., Crawford Seminary.

[18] In this connection, the following are of interest:

(a) The Choctaws, it is understood, are prepared to receive and assent
to the provisions of a bill introduced three years since into the
Senate by Senator Johnson of Arkansas, for the creation of the
Territories of Chah-la-kee, Chah-ta, and Muscokee, and it is greatly
to be hoped that that or some similar bill may be speedily enacted....
Their country, a far finer one than Kansas.... The Choctaws have
adopted a new constitution, vesting the supreme executive power in a
governor.... It is understood that this change has been made
preparatory to the acceptance of the bill already mentioned.

The foregoing is taken from the _Annual Report_ of the southern superintendent for 1857 and in that report, Elias Rector who was then the superintendent, having taken office that very year, argued that all the five great tribes ought to be allowed to have delegates on the floor of Congress and to be made citizens of the United States; for the constitutions of the Cherokees, Choctaws, and Chickasaws would compare favorably, said he, with those of any of the southwestern states [Senate _Documents_, 35th congress, first session, vol. ii, 485].

(b) The Fort Smith _Times_ of February 3, 1859 printed the following:

SAM HOUSTON AND THE PRESIDENCY

The following we take from a printed slip sent to us by our Doaksville
correspondent, who informs us that it was sent to that office just as
he sends it. We presume that it is the programme laid down by some of
the Texas papers, friendly to the election of Sam Houston to the
Presidency....

_Re-organization of the Territories_

1. The organization of the Aboriginal Territory of Decotah, from that
part of the late Territory of Minnesota, lying west of the State of
Minnesota.

2. To fix the western boundaries of Kansas and Nebraska, at the
Meridian 99 or 100; and to establish in those Territories, Aboriginal
counties, for the exclusive and permanent occupation of the Aboriginal
tribes now located east of that line and within those Territories;
also to provide, that said Territories shall not be admitted into the
Union as States unless their several Constitutions provide for the
continuation of the Federal regulations adopted for better government
and welfare of the Aboriginal tribes inhabiting the same.

3. To organize the Indian territory lying west of Arkansas, as "the
Aboriginal Territory of Neosho," under regulation similar to those
proposed by Hon. Robert W. Johnson of Arkansas in 1854 for the
organization of the Indian territory of Neosho.

4. To purchase from the State of Texas all that portion of the State
lying north of the Red river and include the same in the Aboriginal
territory of Comanche or Ouachita.

5. The territory of New Mexico.

6. From the western portion of New Mexico to take the Aboriginal
territory of Navajoe.

7. From the western portion of Utah, to take the Aboriginal territory
of Shoshone.

Re-organize the eastern part of Utah, (the Mormon country), as an
Aboriginal territory.

Organize the western territory of Osage.

From Nebraska, west of the M.100, and south of the 45th parallel take
the Aboriginal territory of Mandan.

Organize the eastern half of Oregon, as the Aboriginal territory of
Umatilla.

Washington east of the M.118 to be the Aboriginal territory of
Okanagan.

Nebraska, north of the 45th parallel to be the Aboriginal territory of
Assinneboin. Emigration into these territories to be prohibited by law
of Congress, until the same shall have been admitted into the Union as
States.

In each territory, a resident Military Police to preserve order....

(c) Henry Wilson, in the _Rise and Fall of the Slave Power_, vol. ii,
634-635 says,

In the Indian Territory there were four tribes of Indians--Cherokees,
Choctaws, Chickasaws, and Creeks. Under the fostering care of their
governments slavery had become so firmly established that slaveholders
thought them worthy of political fellowship, and articles in favor of
their admission began to appear in the southern press. "The progress
of civilization," said the New Orleans "Picayune," "in several of the
Indian tribes west of the States will soon bring up a new question for
the decision of Congress.... It cannot fail to give interest to this
question that each of the Indian tribes has adopted the social
institutions of the South." To concentrate and give direction to such
efforts, a secret organization was formed to encourage Southern
emigration, and to discourage and prevent the entrance into the
Territory of all who were hostile to slaveholding institutions. It was
hoped thus to guard against adverse fortune which had defeated their
purposes and plans for Kansas....

[19] With reference to the proposed organization the subjoined documents are of interest: