Chapter IV: Section I: The Bones and Joints 11

" II. THE MUSCLES 53

" III. THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 121

" IV. THE VASCULAR SYSTEM 203

" V. THE ALIMENTARY TRACT WITH ITS APPENDAGES, THE
SPLEEN, AND THE PERITONEUM 267

" VI. THE LARYNX, LUNGS, VOCAL SACS, THYMUS AND THYROID
GLANDS, AND THE LYMPHATIC GLANDS (TONSILS?) OF
THE HYOID REGION 307

" VII. THE URINO-GENITAL SYSTEM, THE ADRENALS, AND THE
FAT-BODIES 325

" VIII. THE SKIN AND THE SENSE-ORGANS 351

ADDENDA, ETC. 425

INDEX 441

ILLUSTRATIONS.

FIGURE PAGE

1. The Green water-frog, _Rana esculenta_, L. 4

2. The Brown grass-frog, _Rana temporaria_, L. 8

3. Femur of _Rana esculenta_ 16

4. Vertebrae of do. 17

5. Vertebral column of do. 18

6, 7. Section through a vertebra of _Rana esculenta_ 20

8, 9. Urostyle of _Rana esculenta_ 21

10–14. Skull of do. 22, 23, 25, 28

15. Nasal Cartilages of frog 29

16, 17. Skull of _Rana esculenta_ 29, 30

18. Origin of suspensory cartilage from the skull 32

19, 20. Skull of _Rana esculenta_ 32, 33

21. Mandible of _Rana esculenta_ 34

22. Hyoid of _Rana esculenta_ 35

23. Omosternum of _Rana esculenta_ 36

24. Shoulder-girdle and sternum of do. 36

25. Shoulder-girdle of the frog 37

26, 27. Suprascapula of _Rana esculenta_ 38

28. Left scapula of _Rana esculenta_ 38

29. Scapula seen from behind 38

30. Left coracoid 39

31. Clavicle of the left side 39

32. Right shoulder-girdle of _Rana esculenta_ 40

33. Hinder border of the scapula and coracoid 40

34. Clavicular cartilage of _Rana esculenta_ 40

35. Humerus of _Rana esculenta_ (female) 41

36. Do. (male) 41

37. Do. (female) 41

38. Radio-ulnar of _Rana esculenta_ 43

39, 40. Bones of the forearm and hand of _Rana esculenta_ 44, 46

41, 42. Pelvis of _Rana esculenta_ 48

43. Horizontal section through the iliac bones, etc. 49

44. Femur of _Rana esculenta_ 49

45. Tibio-fibula of do. 50

46. Section of the tibio-fibula 50

47. Right foot of _Rana esculenta_ 51

48–50. Eye-muscles of do. 55, 56

51. Skull and orbital cavities of _Rana esculenta_ 57

52. M. levator bulbi of _Rana esculenta_ 57

53. Eye-muscles of _Rana esculenta_ 58

54. Facial muscles of do. 59

55. Muscles of the back and shoulder 60

56, 57. Muscles of the lower jaw of _Rana esculenta_ 61, 62

58. Muscles of the throat, chest, and abdomen of do. 63

59. Muscles of the hyoid bone and the tongue of do. 64

60. Do. (from below) 65

61. Do. (from right side) 66

62. Muscles of the throat, chest, and belly of _Rana esculenta_ 68

63. Muscles of trunk of _Rana esculenta_ (from the right side) 69

64. Second layer of abdominal muscles of _Rana esculenta_,
from right side and below 70

65. M. obliquus internus 71

66. Muscles of the back and shoulder blade 72

67. Muscles of the back and pelvic girdle of _Rana esculenta_ 74

68. Muscles of the shoulder, from below 77

69. Muscles of the right shoulder and upper arm 78

70. Right shoulder, from below 79

71. Muscles of the back and shoulder 79

72. Muscles of the chest, throat, and belly of _Rana esculenta_ 81

73. Muscle of right shoulder and upper arm 83

74. Muscles of the right arm of _Rana esculenta_ 84

75. Do. (deep layer) 85

76. Muscles of forearm of _Rana esculenta_ 86

77. Muscles of hand of _Rana esculenta_, volar surface 88

78. Second layer of muscles on volar surface of hand of
_Rana esculenta_ 88

79. Muscles of hand of _Rana esculenta_ 92

80. Muscles of left thigh of do. 95

81, 82. Do. (ventral surface) 98, 99

83. Deep muscles of left thigh of _Rana esculenta_ 100

84. Do. (Dorsal view) 101

85. Left half of pelvis of _Rana esculenta_ 101

86. Muscles of the right leg and foot of _Rana esculenta_
(Dorsal view) 103

87. Do. (seen from below) 105

88. Do. (Dorsal view) 106

89–91. Muscles of the plantar surface of foot of
_Rana esculenta_ 107, 111, 112

92–94. Dorsal view of muscles of foot of
_Rana esculenta_ 115, 117, 118

95. Pectoral region of _Rana esculenta_ 119

96. Hind portion of back and thigh of _Rana esculenta_ 120

97. The nervous system of _Rana esculenta_, from the
ventral surface 136

98. Dorsal view of brain of _Rana esculenta_ 143

99. Transverse section through hinder end of Medulla
oblongata 144

100. Do. at the point of origin of the abducens nerve 145

101. Do. of the auditory nerve 146

102. Ventral view of brain of _Rana esculenta_ 149

103. Lateral do. 150

104. Transverse section through the anterior portion of
the optic lobes opposite the origin of the
motor-oculi nerve. 151

105. Horizontal section through the brain to show the
ventricles 153

106. Section through the lower division of the pituitary body 157

107. Transverse section through the hinder portion of the
cerebral hemispheres 158

108. Transverse section near the middle of the cerebral
hemispheres 158

109. From a transverse section through one of the cerebral
hemispheres 159

110. Diagram to show the Vena spinalis posterior, etc. 164

111. Dorsal view of the orbit, etc. (deep dissection)
(_coloured_) Plate I.

112. Do. (superficial do.) (_coloured_) Plate I.

113. View of roof of mouth; mucous membrane, etc.
(_coloured_) Plate I.

114. Lateral dissection of head, etc. (_coloured_) Plate I.

115. Dissection of the floor of the mouth (_coloured_) Plate I.

116. Right half of skull of _Rana esculenta_ 174

117. The nervous system of _Rana esculenta_, from the
ventral surface 176

118. Ventral view of the brain and spinal cord, to show the
points of exit of the spinal nerves 178

119. Ventral view of the spinal ganglia 179

120. Schema of spinal ganglion 179

121. Dorsal branches of the spinal nerves 181

122. The brachial plexus 184

123, 124. Nerves of the ventral surface of the arm 185, 186

125. The N. radialis 186

126. Ventral view of the brain and spinal cord 188

127. The sciatic plexus 190

128. Distribution of the sciatic nerve 193

129. Nerves of the leg and sole of the foot 194

130. Distribution of the N. peroneus 196

131. Sympathetic cord 198

132. The heart and blood-vessels, seen from the ventral
surface 213

133. The heart, seen from above 214

134. The frog’s heart, seen from the ventral surface 215

135. Dissection of a case in which the auricular septum
is placed more to the left than is normal 215

136. Dissection of the heart from the left side 216

137 I. Transverse section through the junction of the hinder
and middle thirds of the ventricle of _R. temporaria_ 217

137 II. Transverse section through junction of the middle
and anterior thirds of the same heart 217

138. Portion of a transverse section through the middle
of the ventricle of _R. temporaria_ 218

139. Course of the cardiac nerves in the auricular septum 219

140. Group of nerve-cells on the cardiac nerve, from the
auricular septum 220

141_a_. Small group of nerve-cells from the auricular septum 221

141_b_. Isolated nerve-cells from frog’s heart 221

142. Arteries and veins of the Truncus arteriosus of _Bufo
vulgaris_ 222

143. Schema of the arterial system of _Rana esculenta_ 223

144. Right carotid gland 224

145. Arterial system of Rana esculenta 225

146. Transverse section at level of the larynx 226

147. Dissection to show the occipito-vertebral and the
cutaneous arteries 227

148. Branches of the occipito-vertebral and cutaneous
arteries in the head 228

149. Dissection to show the occipito-vertebral and the
cutaneous arteries 229

150. Subclavian artery of the left side 231

151. Arteries of the palmar surface of the hand 232

152. Arteries of the dorsal surface of the hand 232

153. Arterial system of _Rana esculenta_ 234

154. The urinogenital arteries 235

155. Bifurcation of the aorta and the iliac arteries 236

156. Arteries of the hinder extremity 237

157. Arteries of the dorsal surface of the foot 239

158. Arteries of the sole of the foot 240

159. Schema of the veins of _Rana esculenta_ 242

160. Distribution of the internal jugular vein and the
anterior portion of the cutaneous vein 243

161. The anterior caval vein and its branches 244

162. Course of the cutaneous vein as seen from the side 245

163. Veins in the region of the kidney 246

164. Veins of the liver 248

165. Veins of the hinder extremity 250

166. Transverse section of a septum with the attached skin 252

167. The sinus abdominalis lateralis 252

168. Sinus thoracicus transversus 253

169. The lymph-sacs of _Rana esculenta_ (seen from the
dorsal surface) 254

170. Do. (seen from the ventral do.) 256

171. Do. (seen from the side) 257

172. Transverse section through the trunk in the region
of the iliac lymph-sac 258

173. Dissection to show the iliac lymph-sac 259

174. Plan of attachments of the inferior femoral etc. septa 259

175. Transverse section of the thigh 260

176. The anterior lymph-hearts 261

177. The posterior lymph-hearts 261

178. The roof of the mouth 276

179. The floor of the mouth 277

180. The capillaries of the submucous layer (_coloured_) Plate II.

181 I. Transverse section of the premaxillary bone, to
show attachment of the teeth 279

181 II. Dentine and enamel 279

181 III. Enamel 279

182, 183. Muscles of the tongue 281, 282

184. The alimentary canal 283

185. The abdominal viscera of _Rana esculenta_ 284

186. Longitudinal folds of stomach of _Rana temporaria_ 285

187. The cells at the mouth of the gland of the fundus
of the stomach. (_coloured_) Plate II.

188. The mucous membrane of the pyloric end of the stomach
of _Rana esculenta_ 286

189. Mucous membrane of the pyloric end of stomach and
duodenum 288

190. Isolated fold of mucous membrane of small intestine of
_Rana temporaria_ 291

191. Fold of mucous membrane of _Rana temporaria_ 291

192. The large intestine of _Rana temporaria_ 292

193. Large intestine of _Rana esculenta_ 293

194. The liver 295

195. The pancreas and bile-canals 296

196 I. }
} The hepatic veins (_coloured_) Plate II.
196 II. }

196 III. The hepatic arteries (_coloured_) Plate II.

197. Liver-cells 299

198. The bile-capillaries 299

199. The pancreas and bile-canals 300

201. The peritoneum of _Rana esculenta_ 305

202. The position and relations of the larynx 311

203. The cartilaginous skeleton of the larynx 312

204. The larynx and surrounding parts 313

205. The muscles of the larynx 314

206. Three sections through the larynx of _Rana esculenta_ 316

207. The Rima glottidis 317

208. The lung of _Rana temporaria_ (_coloured_) Plate II.

209. The vocal sac of the right side 320

210. The thymus gland 321

211. The thymus gland of _Rana esculenta_ 321

212. The thyroid gland of _Rana esculenta_ 323

213. The lymphatic gland of _Rana esculenta_ 324

214. The male urino-genital organs 331

215. The right kidney 332

216. The blood vessels and lymphatics of the kidney 333

217. Vertical sections through the kidney (_coloured_) Plate II.

218. The uriniferous tubes 335

219. A gold preparation of the kidney of _Rana esculenta_
(_coloured_) Plate II.

220. Transverse section of the kidney 338

221. The bladder 339

222. The male reproductive organs 341

223. Various preparations from the testis 342

224. The female reproductive organs 344

225. Preparations from ovary and oviduct 346

226. The male urino-genital organs 348

227. The fat-body of _Rana esculenta_ 349

228. The epidermis from the head of _Rana esculenta_ 367

229. Vertical section through the skin of the back 368

230. Surface view of epidermis of _Rana temporaria_ 368

231. Nerve terminations of the branched pigment-cells of
the cutis 368

232. The temporary papillae in _Rana temporaria_ 371

233. The epidermis of the supplemental toe of
_Rana esculenta_ 375

234 I. Fore-foot of a male frog 375

234 II. The swelling on the supplemental toe of a male frog 375

235. The blood-vessels and lymphatics of the skin 376

236. Lateral sense-organ of tadpole of frog 378

237. Various parts from the fungiform papillae 381

238, 239. Frontal sections through the nose of two tadpoles 384

240 I A. Bowman’s glands _in situ_ from _Rana temporaria_ 386

240 I B. Section of Bowman’s gland 386

240 II. Vessels of nasal mucous membrane of _Rana esculenta_ 386

241. Separations from the olfactory mucous membrane of _Rana
temporaria_ 388

242. The tympanic membrane of _Rana esculenta_ 389

243. The columella 391

244. Antero-posterior section through the capsule of the
right labyrinth of _Rana esculenta_ 392

245. The membranous labyrinth of _Rana esculenta_ 394

246. Part of the outer wall of the perilymphatic space 395

247, 248. The right membranous labyrinth of _Rana esculenta_ 397

249, 250. The membranous labyrinth of _Rana esculenta_ 399, 401

251. Preparations from the ear of _Rana esculenta_ 402

252. The nerve-terminations in the membranous labyrinth of
_Rana esculenta_ 404

253. Endothelium from the inner surface of the sclerotic coat 406

254, 255. Preparation from cornea of _Rana esculenta_ 407, 408

256. The vessels of the choroid and iris 410

257. Fibres from the lens of the frog 414

258. Vertical section through retina of frog 415

259. Various preparations from the eye of the frog 417

260. The vessels of the vitreous body 421

261. Preparations from the nictitating membrane of _Rana
esculenta_ 423