Chapter IV: , Note 49

[For the following important note upon Palestine, and especially Judah, as a “buffer state”, I am indebted to my friend Professor F. C. Eiselen, who writes me the following under date of May 5, 1915. W. A. O.]: “The two great world powers in antiquity were Babylonia-Assyria on the one hand and Egypt on the other; only for a short time did the Hittites and the people of Urartu play a very important rôle in the ancient history of Western Asia. Between them lay Syria-Palestine; hence if we look for buffer states in antiquity we might expect to find them in that region. Now the strategical position of Syria-Palestine in relation to these two great powers has long been recognized, but historians do not seem to have considered it from the standpoint of buffer states, but more from the standpoint of a bone of contention, or the mixed character of its population and civilization, or the opportunity of exerting an influence in all directions” (E. Meyer, _Geschichte des Altertums_, zweite Auflage, I, 2, pp. 602 ff.). It is rather strange that the other question has received so little attention, but such is the case: while there are more or less indirect suggestions of such a situation, the idea of buffer states receives very little consideration. No doubt Klamroth is right in saying that the establishment of buffer states was not foreign to Assyrian policy. At any rate the line in the inscription of Tiglath-Pileser IV, to which he refers (II Rawlinson, 67) may well be interpreted as implying such a policy on the part of this ruler. It is translated by E. Schrader (_Keilinschriftliche Bibliothek_, II, p. 21) as follows: “Den (Stamm) Idibi-il machte ich zur Grenzwacht gegen Egypten”; similarly by A. S. Strong (_Records of the Past, New Series_, V, p. 125): “Idibi-ili as a watch over (against) Egypt I appointed.” (Cf. also the establishment of a Phoenician province by Tiglath-Pileser under the rule of his own son, to hold together the states along the Mediterranean, Hugo Winckler, _Altorientalische Forschungen_, II, p. 4; cf. p. 67). The interpretation by Rogers of the significance of Gaza and other Philistine cities [i. e. as possible buffer states for Egypt against the Assyrian] is undoubtedly quite correct. The relation of Israel and Judah and Assyria as reflected especially in 2 Kings 15-25, suggests that the Egyptians also considered Syria-Palestine in the nature of a buffer state. In describing the policy of Egypt during the eighth century J. H. Breasted uses these words—applicable also in other centuries: “Unable to oppose the formidable armies of Assyria, the petty kinglets of Egypt constantly fomented discontent and revolt among the Syro-Palestinian states in order, if possible, to create a fringe of buffer states between them and the Assyrian” (_A History of Egypt_, p. 549). The Egyptians succeeded in stirring up Hezekiah of Judah (Isa. 28-30), whereupon Sennacherib came, severely punishing the rebel (2 Kings 18, 19; Isa. 26, 37). May it not be that the transfer of some of Hezekiah’s territory to Ashdod, Ekron, and Gaza was for the purpose of maintaining or intensifying the good will of these buffer states? (_Taylor Cylinder_ III, lines 1-26; Lehmann-Haupt, _Israel_, p. 122). The later history of Judah may be interpreted on the same principle. The rapid advance of Necoh against Assyria through the territory of Judah (2 Kings 22:28, 29) resembles the rapid advance of the Germans against the French, through the territory of Belgium; Nebuchadnezzar cannot afford to lose such a valuable buffer state (2 Kings 24:1); and after the revolt and destruction of Judah, he still attempts to maintain a state under Gedaliah (2 Kings 25:22). The restored community, after the exile, served as a buffer state between Persia and Egypt. Six years ago I wrote regarding the attitude of Cyrus toward the Jews: “A clash with Egypt was inevitable; hence it was to the interest of Cyrus to have on the Egyptian border a state that was bound to him by the strongest ties of gratitude, and upon the fidelity of which he could rely” (_Prophecy and the Prophets_, pp. 246, 247). Regarding the general policy of Cyrus see E. Schrader, _Keilinschriften und das alte Testament_, dritte Auflage, p. 115; L. W. Batten, _Ezra and Nehemiah_, p. 35. A similar situation continued to exist in later ages.”

ADDENDUM (p. 87)

Perhaps the best ancient statement regarding the workings of Roman diplomacy with both friendly and hostile tribes beyond the Rhine is in Flavius Vopiscus, _Probus_, ch. 14 and 15, especially the succinct report of Probus himself to the senate (15, 2): “Omnes iam barbari vobis arant, vobis iam serunt et contra interiores gentes militant”. Though the period is late this is the same policy as that inaugurated by Augustus, perfected by Tiberius, and maintained doubtless by all the abler emperors.

INDEX

Agrippa, 65 f., 74.

Alexander, 108 f.

Aliso, 89, Appendix, Chapter IV, n. 16.

Arabia, 106.

Ariovistus, Chapter IV, n. 8.

Armenia, 83, 109 f.

Arminius, 10, 13, 17, 47; in literature, Chapter I, n. 38;
eulogized by Tacitus, 30 ff.

Augustus: attempt of to subdue Germany, 9 f., 27; refutation
of this view—summary, 80; worship of, Chapter I, n. 11; p.
75; opposed to expansion by conquest, 12 f., 57; purpose
of operations in Germany, 18, 57; protection of Gaul and
Italy by him a military and political necessity, 18, 63
f., 66; character of, 54 f.; policy one of peace, 60 ff.;
influenced by military leaders, 65 f.; influenced by political
considerations, 67 ff.

_Auxilia_, 39, 41.

Borma, Chapter IV, notes 8 and 22.

Buffer states: general policy of, 85, 105 ff.; historic
examples of, 105 ff.

Caesar, 10, 27 f., 55; in Britain and Germany, 106.

_Causarum patroni_, 96 ff., Chapter IV, n. 34.

Commerce in Germany, 92, Chapter IV, n. 15, Appendix, Chapter
IV, n. 16.

Dacia, 107.

Dio, 21 f., 56, Chapter IV, n. 29; p. 99 ff.; his description
of battle contradicted by Tacitus, 25 f.

Drusus and Tiberius: campaigns of, 12, Chapter IV, n. 23;
influence of on Augustus, 65 f.

Elbe, the, as frontier, 9 f., 11 ff., 65, 75.

Empires, ancient world, relations of to barbarians, 82 ff.

Engineering works, 92 ff.

Ethiopia, 107.

Fleet, 41, 51, Appendix, Chapter IV, n. 16.

Flevum, 90.

Florus, 23 ff., 27 f., 75, 96, 100, Chapter IV, n. 29.

Forts, Chapter IV, n. 26; p. 110, 104, Appendix, Chapter IV, n.
16.

Frontiers: Armenia, 83; Rhine, 83; rivers, Chapter IV, n. 4;
western, Chapter IV, n. 8.

Germanicus, campaigns of, 30 f., 50, 53, 104.

Germans, attacks and provocations of against Rome, 63 f., 102 f.

Germany, attempted subjugation of, 9 ff., 27 f.; anomaly of
“conquest”, 77, 89 ff., 94 f.; not made a Roman province,