Chapter I: Front Matter (1)

THE

DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE

OF THE

AMERICAN REVOLUTION.

BEING

THE LETTERS OF BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, SILAS DEANE, JOHN ADAMS, JOHN JAY, ARTHUR LEE, WILLIAM LEE, RALPH IZARD, FRANCIS DANA, WILLIAM CARMICHAEL, HENRY LAURENS, JOHN LAURENS, M. DUMAS, AND OTHERS, CONCERNING THE FOREIGN RELATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES DURING THE WHOLE REVOLUTION,

TOGETHER WITH

THE LETTERS IN REPLY FROM THE SECRET COMMITTEE OF CONGRESS, AND THE SECRETARY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.

ALSO,

THE ENTIRE CORRESPONDENCE OF THE FRENCH MINISTERS, GERARD AND LUZERNE WITH CONGRESS.

Published under the Direction of the President of the United States, from the original Manuscripts of the Department of State, conformably to a Resolution of Congress, of March 27th, 1818.

EDITED

BY JARED SPARKS.

VOL. I.

BOSTON:

N. HALE AND GRAY & BOWEN.

G. & C. & H. CARVILL, NEW YORK.

1829.

HALE'S STEAM PRESS.

Nos. 6 Suffolk Buildings, Congress Street, Boston.

_Resolution of Congress of March 27th, 1818._

Resolution directing the Publication and Distribution of the
Journal and Proceedings of the Convention, which formed the
present Constitution of the United States.

_Resolved_, by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, that the Journal of the Convention, which formed the present Constitution of the United States, now remaining in the office of the Secretary of State, and all acts and Proceedings of that Convention, which are in possession of the Government of the United States, be published under the direction of the President of the United States, together with the Secret Journals of the Acts and Proceedings, and the Foreign Correspondence of the Congress of the United States, from the first meeting thereof, down to the date of the ratification of the definitive treaty of peace, between Great Britain and the United States, in the year seventeen hundred and eightythree, except such parts of the said foreign correspondence, as the President of the United States may deem it improper at this time to publish. And that one thousand copies thereof be printed, of which one copy shall be furnished to each member of the present Congress, and the residue shall remain subject to the future disposition of Congress.

[Approved March 27th, 1818.]

ADVERTISEMENT.

The Correspondence between the old Congress and the American Agents, Commissioners, and Ministers in foreign countries, was secret and confidential during the whole revolution. The letters, as they arrived, were read in Congress, and referred to the standing Committee of Foreign Affairs, accompanied with requisite instructions, when necessary, as to the nature and substance of the replies. The papers embracing this correspondence, which swelled to a considerable mass before the end of the revolution, were removed to the department of State after the formation of the new government, where they have remained ever since, accessible to such persons as have wished to consult them for particular purposes, but never before published. In compliance with the resolution of Congress, of March 27th, 1818, they are now laid before the public, under the direction of the President of the United States.

On the 29th of November, 1775, a Committee of five was appointed to correspond with the friends of America in other countries. It seems to have been the specific object of this Committee, to gain information in regard to the public feeling in Great Britain towards the Colonies, and also the degree of interest which was likely to be taken by other European powers in the contest, then beginning to grow warm on this side of the Atlantic. Certain commercial designs came also under its cognizance, such as procuring ammunition, arms, soldiers' clothing, and other military stores from abroad. A secret correspondence was immediately opened with Arthur Lee in London, chiefly with the view of procuring intelligence. Early in the next year, Silas Deane was sent to France by the Committee, with instructions to act as a commercial or political agent for the American Colonies, as circumstances might dictate. This Committee was denominated the _Committee of Secret Correspondence_, and continued in operation till April 17th, 1777, when the name was changed to that of the _Committee of Foreign Affairs_. The duties and objects of the Committee appear to have remained as before, notwithstanding the change of name.

In the first years of the war, it was customary for the Commissioners and Ministers abroad to address their letters to the Committee, or to the President of Congress. In either case the letters were read in Congress, and answered only by the Committee, this body being the organ of all communications from Congress on foreign affairs. The proceedings of Congress in relation to these topics were recorded in a journal, kept separately from that in which the records of other transactions were entered, and called the _Secret Journal_. This Journal has recently been published, in conformity with the same resolution of Congress, which directed the publication of the foreign correspondence.

Robert R. Livingston was chosen Secretary of Foreign Affairs on the 10th of August, 1781, when the Committee was dissolved, and the foreign correspondence from that time went through the hands of the Secretary. As the responsibility thus devolved on a single individual, instead of being divided among several, the business of the department was afterwards executed with much more promptness and efficiency.

The plan adopted, in arranging the papers for publication, has been to bring together those of each Commissioner, or Minister, in strict chronological order. As there is much looseness, and sometimes confusion in their arrangement as preserved in the Department of State, this plan has not always been easy to execute. The advantage of such a method, however, is so great, the facility it affords for a ready reference and consultation is so desirable, and the chain of events is thereby exhibited in a manner so much more connected and satisfactory, that no pains have been spared to bring every letter and document into its place in the exact order of its date. Thus, the correspondence of each Commissioner, or Minister, presents a continuous history of the acts in which he was concerned, and of the events to which he alludes.

It will be seen, that letters are occasionally missing. These are not to be found in the archives of the government. The loss may be accounted for in several ways. In the first place, the modes of conveyance were precarious, and failures were frequent and unavoidable. The despatches were sometimes intrusted to the captains of such American vessels, merchantmen or privateers, as happened to be in port, and sometimes forwarded by regular express packets, but in both cases they were subject to be captured. Moreover, the despatches were ordered to be thrown overboard if the vessel conveying them should be pursued by an enemy, or exposed to the hazard of being taken. It thus happened, that many letters never arrived at their destination, although duplicates and triplicates were sent. Again, the Committee had no Secretary to take charge of the papers, and no regular place of deposit; the members themselves were perpetually changing, and each had equal access to the papers, and was equally responsible for their safe keeping. They were often in the hands of the Secretary of Congress, and of other members who wished to consult them. Nor does it appear, that copies were methodically taken till after the war. In such a state of things, many letters must necessarily have been withdrawn and lost. When Mr Jay became Secretary of Foreign Affairs, in the year 1784, that office had been made the place of deposit for all the foreign correspondence which then remained. Under his direction, a large portion of it was copied into volumes, apparently with much care, both in regard to the search after papers, and the accuracy of the transcribers. These volumes are still retained in the archives of the Department of State, together with such originals as have escaped the perils of accident, and the negligence of their early keepers.

The letters of the Committee of Congress to the agents abroad were few, scanty, and meagre. This may be ascribed to two causes. First, there was really very little to communicate, which was not known through the public papers; and, secondly, it was not made the duty of any particular member of the Committee to write letters. Hence the agents frequently complained, that their despatches were not answered, and that they were embarrassed for want of intelligence. When Mr Livingston came into the office of Foreign Affairs, a salutary change took place in this respect. His letters are numerous, full, and instructive.

In preparing the papers for the press, according to the spirit of the resolution of Congress, the first rule has been to print such matter only as possesses some value, either as containing historical facts, or illustrating traits of character, or developing the causes of prominent events. In such a mass of materials, so varied in their character and in the topics upon which they treat, it has not always been easy to discriminate with precision in regard to these points. The editor can only say, that he has exercised his best judgment to accomplish the end proposed. His task has been rendered still more perplexing, from the disputes, and even quarrels, which existed between the early American Commissioners, and with the effects of which a large portion of their correspondence is tinged. No worthy purpose can be answered by reviving the remembrance of these contentions at the present day; but, at the same time, such particulars ought to be retained, as will exhibit in their proper light the characters of the persons concerned, and show how far their altercations operated to the public good or injury. This line has been pursued as far as practicable, and those parts of the correspondence chiefly marked with personalities, and touching little on public interests, have been omitted, as neither suited to the dignity of the subject, nor to the design of this publication.

On perusing these volumes, it may at first seem extraordinary, that so large a collection of letters, written by different persons at different times, embracing topics of great moment, and assuming the character of secret and confidential despatches, should be so generally well fitted to meet the public eye. But it must be kept in mind, that the writers knew their letters would be read in open Congress, which was much the same as publishing them, and under this impression they were doubtless prompted to study circumspection, both in matter and manner.

Justice to himself requires the editor to observe, that he has not felt at liberty, in accordance with the express terms of the resolution of Congress, to add anything to the original papers by way of commentary or illustration. The few notes, which he has subjoined, are intended mainly to assist the reader in referring to collateral topics in different parts of the work. When it is considered under what circumstances and with what aims these letters were written, it will be obvious, that time and succeeding events must have detected occasional misapprehensions and errors of statement in the writers, as well as the fallacy of some of their conjectures and speculations. They were called upon to grapple with the politics of Europe, and to discourse on a theme and execute a task, that would have been of no easy accomplishment in the hands of the veteran diplomatists of the old world. The editor's researches in the public offices of England and France, with particular reference to the early diplomatic relations between those countries and the United States, have put in his possession a body of facts on the subjects discussed in these papers, which might have been used to advantage in supplying corrections and explanations; but, for the reason above mentioned, he has not deemed himself authorised to assume such a duty. He is not without the expectation, however, that the public will hereafter be made acquainted with the results of his inquiries in some other form.

CONTENTS

OF THE

FIRST VOLUME.

SILAS DEANE'S CORRESPONDENCE.

Page

From the Committee of Correspondence to Silas Deane.
Philadelphia, March 3d, 1776, 5

Instructions to Mr Deane on his departure for France.

Silas Deane to the Committee of Secret Correspondence.
Paris, August 18th, 1776, 9

Mr Deane's interview with Count de Vergennes, and
conversation on American affairs.--Dubourg.--
Beaumarchais.--Military supplies for the American
service.

From Caron de Beaumarchais to the Committee of Secret
Correspondence. Paris, August 18th, 1776, 35

Account of his contract with Mr Deane for furnishing the
United States with military supplies.

Silas Deane to Count de Vergennes. Paris, August 22d, 1776, 40

To Robert Morris. Bordeaux, September 17th, 1776, 40

To Robert Morris. Paris, September 30th, 1776, 41

On mercantile affairs.

To the Committee of Secret Correspondence. Paris, October
1st, 1776, 43

Military supplies.--Asks for blank commissions for ships
of war.--Dr Bancroft.

To the Committee of Secret Correspondence. Paris, October
8th, 1776, 48

Agreement between M. Monthieu and Silas Deane for the
Transportation of military Supplies to America. Paris,
October 15th, 1776, 51

To the Committee of Secret Correspondence. Paris, October
18th, 1776, 53

Urges the importance of making known formally to foreign
powers the independence of the United States.--Case of
Captain Lee who went into Bilboa with prizes.--Demands
remittances.

To the President of Congress. Paris, October 17th, 1776, 56

To William Bingham. Paris, October 17th, 1776, 57

To William Bingham. Paris, October 25th, 1776, 58

To the Committee of Secret Correspondence. Paris, October
25th, 1776, 59

To the Committee of Secret Correspondence. Paris, November
6th, 1776, 60

Supplies forwarded.--M. du Coudray.

To the Committee of Secret Correspondence. Paris, November
9th, 1776, 64

To the Committee of Secret Correspondence. Paris, November
26th, 1776, 64

Grand Duke of Tuscany proposes commercial intercourse
with America.

To the President of Congress. Paris, November 27th, 1776, 65

To the Committee of Secret Correspondence. Paris, November
27th, 1776, 66

Proposals to send frigates to harass the British fishery
on the Grand Bank.--Recommends sending American
privateers into the European seas.

To the Committee of Secret Correspondence. Paris, November
28th, 1776, 67

On the acknowledgment of American independence by
European powers.--Applications of officers to go to
America.--Baron de Kalb.

To the Committee of Secret Correspondence. Paris, November
29th, 1776, 74

Beaumarchais's military supplies.

To the Committee of Secret Correspondence. Paris, November
29th, 1776, 76

Military officers recommended.--Colonel Conway.

To the Committee of Secret Correspondence. Paris, December
1st, 1776, 77

Thoughts on the means of defraying the expenses of the
war.--A loan for the purpose.--Great resources in the
western lands.--Plan for constituting them a pledge to
redeem a loan.--Credit of the different European powers.

To the Committee of Secret Correspondence. Paris, December
3d, 1776, 88

Military articles shipped for the use of the United
States.

To John Jay. Paris, December 3d, 1776, 90

Plan of a treaty with France sketched by Mr Deane.

To the Committee of Secret Correspondence. Paris, December
6th, 1776, 96

List of officers destined to serve in the United
States.--Agreement with the Marquis de la Fayette, and
Baron de Kalb.

To Count de Vergennes. Paris, December 8th, 1776, 100

Arrival of Dr Franklin at Nantes.

To the Committee of Secret Correspondence. Paris, December
12th, 1776, 100

To the Committee of Secret Correspondence. Paris, January
20th, 1777, 101

Disappointment in shipping the military articles.--M. du
Coudray censured.

To the Committee of Secret Correspondence. Paris, February
6th, 1777, 103

To the Committee of Secret Correspondence. Paris, February
27th, 1777, 103

To the President of Congress. Paris, April 8th, 1777, 104

To Robert Morris. Paris, August 23d, 1777, 105

Particulars relating to the American ships in French
ports.--Conduct of the government towards them.

To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. Paris, September 3d,
1777, 112

Account of articles shipped under charge of Captain
Landais.

To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. Paris, September 10th,
1777, 113

Articles shipped.--M. Francy, agent for Hortalez & Co.

To Robert Morris. Paris, September 23d, 1777, 114

Remarks concerning the commercial agency at Nantes.

Committee of Foreign Affairs to Silas Deane. York, in
Pennsylvania, December 4th, 1777, 117

James Lovell to Silas Deane. York, December 8th, 1777, 117

Communicating the resolution of Congress for Mr Deane's
recall.

Count de Vergennes to the President of Congress. Versailles,
March 25th, 1778, 118

Approving Mr Deane's conduct in France.

Count de Vergennes to Silas Deane. Versailles, March 26th,
1778, 119

Commendatory of his conduct.

Dr Franklin to the President of Congress. Passy, March 31st,
1778, 120

Approving Mr Deane's conduct.

To the President of Congress. Delaware Bay, July 10th, 1778, 120

Notice of his arrival.

To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, July 28, 1778, 122

Proposes to give Congress information respecting the
state of their affairs in Europe.

To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, September 8th,
1778, 123

To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, September 11th,
1778, 123

To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, September 22d,
1778, 124

Nature of communications made to Congress.--Offers any
further information that may be desired.

To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, September 24th,
1778, 127

Asks copies of Mr Izard's letters to Congress.

To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, October 7th,
1778, 127

To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, October 12th,
1778, 128

To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, October 12th,
1778, 129

Reply to charges in Mr Izard's letters, respecting
commercial and other transactions in France.

To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, October 12th,
1778, 139

Vindication against charges made to Congress by Arthur
Lee.--Political and commercial transactions in
France.--Dr Franklin.--Affair of Dunkirk.--Vindication
of Dr. Franklin against Mr Lee's charges.--Count
Lauragais.--M. Holker.--Mr Williams.

To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, October 12th,
1778, 155

History of the eleventh and twelfth articles of the
treaty with France.

To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, November 1st,
1778, 158

Communicating a project for the redemption of the
Continental money;--and a plan for equipping a fleet for
defending the coasts and commerce of the United States.

To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, November 19th,
1778, 172

Further observations on transactions in France.

To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, November 30th,
1778, 175

To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, December 4th,
1778, 176

To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, December 21st,
1778, 177

Solicits a speedy settlement of his affairs with
Congress.

To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, December 30th,
1778, 178

To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, January 4th,
1779, 178

Complaints against Thomas Paine on account of his
statements respecting the French supplies.--M. de
Beaumarchais.

To the President of Congress. January 21st, 1779, 180

To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, February 22d,
1779, 180

To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, March 15th,
1779, 181

To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, March 29th,
1779, 182

Complains of the delay of Congress in settling his
affairs.--Desires that his conduct may either be
approved or censured.--Demands that justice may be done.

To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, April 2d, 1779, 185

To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, April 17th,
1779, 186

To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, April 26th,
1779, 187

Recapitulation of his past services, and of his efforts
to come to a settlement with Congress.--Complaints of
the abuse he has met with in the public papers.

To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, April 27th,
1779, 194

To M. Holker. Philadelphia, April 26th, 1779, 196

Respecting the purchase of articles in France for the
United States.

M. Holker's Answer. Philadelphia, April 26th, 1779, 197

To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, April 30th,
1779, 197

Statement of accounts respecting purchases in
France.--Arthur Lee.--Requests that the accounts may be
examined.--Moneys paid by M. Grand.

To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, May 12th, 1779, 203

To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, May 22d, 1779, 204

Recapitulation of previous events.--Urges Congress to
consider his situation, and come to a decision
respecting him.

To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, August 18th,
1779, 214

To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, September 4th,
1779, 214

To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, November 23d,
1779, 215

To the President of Congress. Williamsburgh, December 18th,
1779, 216

Declines accepting the money granted to him by Congress.

To the President of Congress. Paris, May 15th, 1781, 217

Has been adjusting his accounts.--Solicits Congress to
appoint some person to examine and audit them.

To the President of Congress. Ghent, March 17th, 1782, 219

CORRESPONDENCE OF THE COMMISSIONERS AT THE COURT OF FRANCE.

From the Committee of Secret Correspondence to Benjamin
Franklin, Silas Deane, and Arthur Lee, Commissioners at
Paris. Baltimore, 21st December, 1776, 225

Campaign of 1776.--New levies to be raised.--Necessity
of speedy aid from France.--Recall of Mediterranean
passes.--Loan of two millions sterling.

Robert Morris to the Commissioners. Philadelphia, 1st
December, 1776, 233

Retreat through the Jerseys.--Depreciation of
Continental currency.--Gloomy situation of the country.

The Committee of Secret Correspondence to the Commissioners.
Baltimore, 30th December, 1776, 246

Success at Trenton.--Tenders to France and Spain.

Committee of Secret Correspondence to Captain Larkin
Hammond. Baltimore, 2d January, 1777, 249

To the Committee of Secret Correspondence. Paris, 17th
January, 1777, 250

Audience of Vergennes.--Privateers.--German troops in
the British service.--Disposition of the French.

The Committee of Secret Correspondence to William Bingham at
Martinique. Baltimore, 1st February, 1777, 255

The Committee of Secret Correspondence to the Commissioners.
Baltimore, 2d February, 1777, 257

Want of ships of war.--Reverses of the British in the
Jerseys.--New levies.

To the Committee of Secret Correspondence. Paris, 6th
February, 1777, 260

Tobacco.--German troops.--Offers of supplies and
service.--Mr Lee goes to Spain.--No danger from Russia.

To the President of Congress. Paris, 6th February, 1777, 264

Introducing M. du Coudray.

Agreement between the Commissioners and certain French
officers, 265

Committee of Secret Correspondence to the Commissioners.
Baltimore, 19th February, 1777, 266

Military events.--Preparations in Great Britain.--Urgent
necessity of aid.--Disposition of Spain.

To the Committee of Secret Correspondence. Paris, 4th March,
1777, 269

Complain of want of intelligence.

To the Committee of Secret Correspondence. Paris, 12th
March, 1777, 270

Want of intelligence from America.--Particular accounts
of their proceedings, and favorable but cautious policy
of the French Court.--Disposition of Holland.--Of
Spain.--Secret supplies from the latter.--Loan of two
millions sterling.--Applications for service from
foreign officers.--Contract for 5000 hogsheads tobacco
with the Farmers-General.--All Europe favorable to the
American cause.--English and French fleet.--Sir J.
Yorke's memorial to Holland.--Contract for monthly
packets.

Agreement between Messrs Franklin and Deane and the
Farmers-General of France, for the sale of a quantity of
tobacco, 282

Agreement for packets between M. Ray de Chaumont, on the one
part, and Benjamin Franklin and Silas Deane, on the other, 284

To Jonathan Williams. Paris, 1st May, 1777, 285

From the Committee of Foreign Affairs to the Commissioners.
Philadelphia, 2d May, 1777, 286

Urge them to engage French merchants in American
trade.--British Generals discouraged.--Return of
Congress to Philadelphia.--State of the army.

From the Committee of Foreign Affairs to the Commissioners.
Philadelphia, 9th May, 1777, 290

Introducing J. Paul Jones.--His captain's commission.

To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. Paris, 25th May, 1777, 291

Mr Lee goes to Berlin.--Necessity of a free port in
Germany.--Cunningham.--Lafayette goes to America.

To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. Paris, 26th May, 1777, 296

Warfare on the British successful and
important.--Importance of a naval force in the German
ocean; and of carrying the war into Great Britain.

From the Committee of Foreign Affairs to the Commissioners.
Philadelphia, May 30th, 1777, 300

Loan.--Importance of America to Britain in the French
war.--Facilities for an attack on the West Indies.

To John Jay. Dunkirk, 2d June, 1777, 302

Importance of a naval force on the British coast, at St
Helena to intercept the East India fleet.

From the Committee of Foreign Affairs to the Commissioners.
Philadelphia, June 13th, 1777, 304

Position of the armies; in the Jerseys; in the
north.--Favorable aspect of affairs.

From the Committee of Foreign Affairs to the Commissioners.
Philadelphia, June 18th, 1777, 306

Military operations.--Answer of the States-General to
Sir J. Yorke.

From the Committee of Foreign Affairs to the Commissioners.
Philadelphia, June 26th, 1777, 309

Military operations.

From the Committee of Foreign Affairs to the Commissioners.
Philadelphia, July 2d, 1777, 310

Military operations.--Commission and Instructions for
William Lee to Vienna and Berlin; for Ralph Izard to
Tuscany.

Count de Vergennes to the Commissioners. Versailles, 16th
July, 1777, 311

Complains of American privateers for violating
neutrality.

To Count de Vergennes. Paris, 17th July, 1777, 314

Apology for the American privateers.

From the Committee of Foreign Affairs to the Commissioners.
Philadelphia, August 7th, 1777, 315

Military operations.--Loss of Ticonderoga.

To Count de Vergennes. Versailles, August 12th, 1777, 317

Arrest of Mr Hodge.

Messrs Franklin and Deane's Contract with M. Holker, 318

To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. Passy, 8th September,
1777, 319

Mr Lee's return from Berlin.--Disposition of
Prussia.--England and France equally averse to begin
hostilities.--English funds losing credit on the
Continent.--English trade in French bottoms.

From the Committee of Foreign Affairs to the Commissioners.
Yorktown, 6th October, 1777, 323

Military operations.--Burgoyne; Fort Schuyler;
Bennington.--Middle Department; Brandywine; Howe enters
Philadelphia; Germantown.

From the Committee of Foreign Affairs to the Commissioners.
Yorktown, 6th October, 1777, 330

Difficulty of raising money by appropriation of vacant
land.--Loan of twenty millions.

To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. Passy, 7th October,
1777, 332

Secret supplies from France.--Complain of failure of
remittances.--Propositions for forming a commercial
company at Emden.

From the Committee of Foreign Affairs to the Commissioners.
Yorktown, 18th October, 1777, 336

Military operations.--British property in French
bottoms.

From the Committee of Foreign Affairs to the Commissioners.
York, 31st October, 1777, 338

Surrender of Burgoyne.--Attack on Red Bank.

From the Committee of Foreign Affairs to the Commissioners.
York, 8th November, 1777, 340

Announcing the election of H. Laurens as President of
Congress.

To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. Passy, 30th November,
1777, 340

Remit supplies.--Capture of neutral vessels by American
privateers.--King of England's Speech.--Opposition in
Parliament.

From the Committee of Foreign Affairs to the Commissioners.
York, 1st December, 1777, 346

Difficulties in regard to French officers; their return
to France.

From the Committee of Foreign Affairs to the Commissioners.
York, 2d December, 1777, 349

Military operations.--Confederation passed by Congress,
submitted to the States.--Expenditures.--Emission of
paper money.--Unfavorable position of American
commerce.--An expedition to the East India seas
proposed.

To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. Paris, 18th December,
1777, 355

News of Burgoyne's surrender in France.--French Court
determine to acknowledge independence, to make a treaty
of amity and commerce.--Additional aid of three millions
of livres from France, and from Spain.--French
Ambassador at London insulted.--English stocks
fall.--Treatment of American prisoners in England.

From the Committee of Foreign Affairs to the Commissioners.
York, 12th January, 1778, 359

Loss of the despatches by Folger.

To John Paul Jones. Paris, 16th January, 1778, 361

Instructions for a cruise in the Ranger.

From the Committee of Foreign Affairs to the Commissioners.
York, 21st January, 1778, 362

Military operations.

To the President of Congress. Passy, February 8th, 1778, 364

Treaties with France signed.--Secret clause in respect
to Spain.

To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. Passy, February 16th,
1778, 366

Remit treaties with France.--Intimations from
Holland.--English agents at Paris endeavor to get
propositions from the Commissioners as the basis of a
treaty.--Alarm in England.--Mansfield proposes a
coalition to Camden.

To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. Passy, February 28th,
1778, 369

Lord North's plan of conciliation.--Its insidious
character.--Advise the occupation of the Bermudas; and
reduction of English fishing ports in and near
Newfoundland.

From the Committee of Foreign Affairs to William Bingham.
York, March 2d, 1778, 372

Commercial.

M. Gerard to the Commissioners. Versailles, March 17th,
1778, 374

Announces that the king will receive them.

From the Committee of Foreign Affairs to the Commissioners.
York, March 24th, 1778, 375

Effect of depreciation of currency.

To M. Dumas. Paris, April 10th, 1778, 376

Enclosing a draught of a letter to the Grand Pensionary.

Draught of a proposed letter from the Commissioners to the
Grand Pensionary, 377

Announcing the treaty with France.

To M. Dumas. Passy, April 10th, 1778, 377

Arrival of Mr Adams to succeed Mr Deane.--Request his
opinion on the propriety of sending a Minister to
Holland.

To Mr John Ross. Passy, April 13th, 1778, 379

Commercial.

From the Committee of Foreign Affairs to William Bingham at
Martinique. York, April 16th, 1778, 380

Commercial Board.

From the Committee of Foreign Affairs to the Commissioners.
York, April 16th, 1778, 382

M. de Sartine to Count de Vergennes. Versailles, April 26th,
1778, 382

Protection of Commerce in the French seas.

From the Committee of Foreign Affairs to William Bingham.
York, April 26th, 1778, 384

Governor Tryon.--Forged resolve of Congress.

From the Committee of Foreign Affairs to the Commissioners.
York, April 30th, 1778, 385

To M. Dumas. Yorktown, May 14th, 1778, 386

Holland grants convoys against the British.

From the Committee of Foreign Affairs to William Bingham.
York, May 14th, 1778, 387

Commercial.

From the Committee of Foreign Affairs to the Commissioners.
York, May 14th, 1778, 388

Favorable situation of affairs.--Lord North's
conciliatory bill circulated in the country.--Referred
to a committee in Congress.--Their report.--Objections
to the 11th and 12th articles of the treaty with France.

To M. de Sartine. Passy, May 14th, 1778, 392

English prisoners brought into France.--General
principle as to a prisoner in a neutral country.

From the Committee of Foreign Affairs to the Commissioners.
York, May 15th, 1778, 393

Advising trade to America in French bottoms.--Objections
to the 12th article of the treaty.--Contract signed by
the Commercial Committee with the agent of Beaumarchais.

To the Count de Vergennes. Passy, May 16th, 1778, 396

The Boston frigate.

To M. de Sartine. Passy, May 16th, 1778, 396

Requesting the grant of a frigate to Besmarine, Rainbeau
& Co.

To Mr Jonathan Williams at Nantes. Passy, May 25th, 1778, 397

Revoking powers formerly granted him.

To M. de Sartine. Passy, June 3d, 1778, 398

Requesting regulations in respect of duties to be paid
on supplies to ships of war.--Prizes of the Ranger.

John Paul Jones to the Commissioners. Passy, June 16th,
1778, 399

Lieutenant Simpson's parole.

To David Hartley. Passy, June 16th, 1778, 400

Exchange of English and American prisoners.

To John Paul Jones. Passy, June 16th, 1778, 401

Instructing him to set sail for America.

From the Committee of Foreign Affairs to the Commissioners.
York, June 21st, 1778, 402

Propositions of the British Commissioners.

M. de Sartine to the Commissioners. Versailles, July 14th,
1778, 403

Supplies for St Pierre and Miquelon.

To M. de Sartine. Passy, July 16th, 1778, 404

British prisoners in France.

To the Council of the Massachusetts Bay. Passy, July 16th,
1778, 405

Enclosing a copy of M. de Sartine's letter relative to
St Pierre and Miquelon.

To Count de Vergennes. Passy, July 17th, 1778, 406

Communicating a resolve of Congress relative to
treaties.

To the President of Congress. Passy, July 20th, 1778, 407

Exchange ratifications of treaties.--Appearances of war
in Germany.--M. Dumas.--American Consuls.

The Functions of Consuls, 410

To the President of Congress. Passy, July 23d, 1778, 412

Intention of the British Cabinet to acknowledge our
independence on condition of a separate
treaty.--Declaration of de Vergennes, that war's
actually existing between France and England.

To the President of Congress. Passy, July 29th, 1778, 413

Recommending Mr Livingston.

To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. Passy, July 29th, 1778, 413

M. de Sartine to the Commissioners. Versailles, July 29th,
1778, 414

Obstructions to the sale of prizes in France cease.

To M. de Sartine. Passy, August 13th, 1778, 415

On regulations for prizes and prisoners.--Objections to
some articles.

John Paul Jones to the Commissioners. Brest, August 15th,
1778, 417

Complains of injurious reports.--Demands redress by
court martial.

M. de Sartine to the Commissioners. Versailles, August 16th,
1778, 418

Regulations for prizes and prisoners.

To M. de Sartine. Passy, August 18th, 1778, 425

Commissioners express themselves satisfied with the
regulations.

John Paul Jones to Abraham Whipple. Brest, August 18th,
1778, 426

Requesting a trial of Lieutenant Simpson by court
martial.

Abraham Whipple to John Paul Jones. Brest, August 19th,
1778, 426

Declines summoning a court martial.

To John Paul Jones. Passy, August 22d, 1778, 428

On the court martial.

To Count de Vergennes. Passy, August 28th, 1778, 428

Request further pecuniary aid.--Request permission to
raise a loan in France.--Desire his interposition with
the Barbary powers.--Request that Americans may pass
through France with their effects, without duties.

Declaration of Count de Vergennes, annulling the Eleventh
and Twelfth Articles of the Commercial Treaty with France, 432

Declaration of the American Commissioners, annulling the
Eleventh and Twelfth Articles of the same Treaty, 433

To M. de Beaumarchais. Passy, September 10th, 1778, 434

Property of the Therese.--Accounts of Hortalez & Co.

To M. de Sartine. Passy, September 10th, 1778, 435

Recapture of a French vessel.

To Count de Vergennes. Passy, September 10th, 1778, 436

Received powers to settle with Hortalez & Co.--Request
information as to that house.--M. Francy.

M. de Sartine to the Commissioners. Versailles, September
16th, 1778, 439

Rights of recaptors.

To M. de Sartine. Passy, September 17th, 1778, 441

Principles of the law of recapture.--Case of the
Isabella.

To the President of Congress. Passy, September 17th, 1778, 444

All European powers arming.--Administer the oath of
allegiance.--Necessity of measures for identifying
American property abroad.--American prisoners escaped
from England.

M. Necker to the Count de Vergennes. Paris, September 18th,
1778, 449

Transit duty on effects of Americans, returning home
through France.

To the American Prisoners in Plymouth, or elsewhere in Great
Britain. Passy, September 20th, 1778, 450

Promising an exchange.--Discouraging attempts to escape.

M. de Sartine to the Commissioners. Versailles, September
21st, 1778, 452

Laws of recapture in the States.--Importance of
uniformity.--Case of the Isabella.

M. de Sartine to Count de Vergennes. Versailles, September
21st, 1778, 453

Mediation of France with the Barbary powers in favor of
America.

To the President of Congress. Passy, September 22d, 1778, 455

Introducing Mr Jonathan Loring Austin.

E. T. Van Berckel to M. Dumas. Amsterdam, September 23d,
1778, 456

Enclosing the declaration of the Burgomasters of
Amsterdam.

Declaration of E. T. Van Berckel. Amsterdam, September 23d,
1778, 457

Count de Vergennes to the Commissioners. Versailles,
September 24th, 1778, 458

Americans returning through France.

To William Lee. Passy, September 26th, 1778, 458

Project of a treaty with Holland.

To Ralph Izard. Passy, September 26th, 1778, 459

To Count de Vergennes. Passy, September 26th, 1778, 460

Acknowledge the receipt of a letter of the 24th,
relative to the effects of Americans returning home
through France.--Also of the 25th, relative to Mr
Izard's goods.

To M. de Sartine. Passy, September 26th, 1778, 461

Mr Izard's baggage taken in an English vessel.

Count de Vergennes to the Commissioners. Versailles,
September 27th, 1778, 462

Interposition of France with the Barbary powers.

To M. de Sartine. Passy, September 27th, 1778, 462

The vessel recaptured by Captain McNeil.

To M. Dumas. Passy, September 27th, 1778, 463

Relative to a treaty with Holland.

From the Committee of Foreign Affairs to William Bingham.
Philadelphia, September 28th, 1778, 464

To Count de Vergennes. Passy, October 1st, 1778, 465

Intercourse with the Barbary powers.

To M. de Sartine. Passy, October 2d, 1778, 467

M. de Sartine to the Commissioners. Versailles, October 7th,
1778, 467

Mr Izard's effects.

The Ambassador of Naples to the Commissioners. Paris,
October 8th, 1778, 469

Ports of Naples remain open for American vessels.

To the Ambassador of Naples. Passy, October 9th, 1778, 469

Acknowledging the receipt of his letter of the
8th.--Flag of the United States.--Flags of different
States.--Commissions of ships of war; of
privateers.--Mode of clearance differs in different
States.

To M. de Sartine. Passy, October 12th, 1778, 470

Mr Izard's effects.--American seamen in the British
service.

From James Lovell to the Commissioners. Philadelphia,
October 12th, 1778, 474

To Ralph Izard. Passy, October 13th, 1778, 474

To M. de Sartine. Passy, October 13th, 1778, 475

To the Americans taken on board the English frigates. Passy,
October 15th, 1778, 475

Requesting of American sailors in prison a list of those
willing to take the oath of allegiance to the United
States.

To M. Dumas. Passy, October 16th, 1778, 476

On Van Berckel's declaration.--Treaty with Holland.

M. de Sartine to the Commissioners. Marly, October 19th,
1778, 478

Mr Izard's effects.

To Ralph Izard. Passy, October 22d, 1778, 479

M. de Sartine to the Commissioners. Marly, October 26th,
1778, 479

Surrender of American seamen captured in British
ships.--Of American prisoners in general.

M. Dumas to the Commissioners. Hague, October 27th, 1778, 480

Memorial of the merchants of Amsterdam.--Reply of Lord
Suffolk to representations of the States of
Holland.--Opinion of the city of Amsterdam.

To E. T. Van Berckel, Burgomaster of Amsterdam. Passy,
October 29th, 1778, 483

Proposing an interview at Aix-la-Chapelle.

To Count de Vergennes. Passy, October 29th, 1778, 483

On the Eleventh and Twelfth articles of the Treaty.

Count de Vergennes to the Commissioners. Versailles, October
30th, 1778, 484

On Arrangement with the Barbary Powers.

To M. de Sartine. Passy, October 30th, 1778, 484

Thanking him for the liberation of four American
prisoners.--English whale fishery on the coast of
Brazil.--Vessels manned by American seamen.--Exposed
state of the ships.--Mr Lee refuses to sign the letter.

Count de Vergennes to the Commissioners. Versailles, October
31st, 1778, 487

Fixing the day for interchange of declarations annulling
the Eleventh and Twelfth articles of the Treaty.

M. Dumas to the Commissioners. Hague, November 4th, 1778, 488

Disposition of Amsterdam.--New memorial of Sir J.
Yorke.--Project of a treaty under consideration.

To M. de Sartine. Passy, November 15th, 1778, 490

Succors to American prisoners.

To the President of Congress. Passy, November 7th, 1778, 491

Enclosing declaration concerning the Eleventh and
Twelfth articles of the treaty, also correspondence with
M. de Sartine on recaptures; on the negotiation with
Barbary States.--Interest on loan office
certificates.--Disposition of England, of Prussia,
Russia, Holland.--Preparations in Spain.

M. Dumas to the Commissioners. Hague, November 10th, 1778, 493

Proceedings in Holland.

M. de Sartine to the Commissioners. Versailles, November
12th, 1778, 495

M. de Fleury, in the American service, prisoner at St
Augustine.

To M. de Sartine. Passy, November 12th, 1778, 495

Requesting convoy for ships from Nantes.--Propriety of
strengthening the French naval force in America.

M. Dumas to the Commissioners. Hague, November 13th, 1778, 497

Project to grant a convoy for naval stores.--King of
France declares his expectations.

M. de Sartine to the Commissioners. Versailles, November
14th, 1778, 498

American prisoners in France.

M. Dumas to the Commissioners. Hague, November 20th, 1778, 499

Triumph of the English party in the Assembly of the
Province.--Amsterdam protests.

To Count de Vergennes. Passy, January 1st, 1779, 500

Threats of the British Commissioners to change the
conduct of the war in America.--Former
severities.--Object of this change.--Congress declare
that they will retaliate.--Propriety of interference by
France.--Advantage of a strong French fleet in the
American seas.--Coalition of parties in England against
the Americans.

To M. de Sartine. Passy, January 2d, 1779, 507

American prisoners in France.

M. de Sartine to the Commissioners. Versailles, January
13th, 1779, 508

American prisoners in France.--English prisoners.

To William Lee, at Frankfort. Passy, January 13th, 1779, 509

To John Lloyd, and others. Passy, January 26th, 1779, 509

Free ports in France.--Barbary powers.--Duties to be
paid in France.

To Count de Vergennes. Passy, February 9th, 1779, 511

Recaptures of French ships by Americans.

To M. Schweighauser. Passy, February 10th, 1779, 513

Plate returned by Captain Jones to the Countess of
Selkirk.

To John Paul Jones. Passy, February 10th, 1779, 513

NOTE.--The French money, so often mentioned in this and the succeeding volumes, is reckoned in livres, sols, and deniers. Thus, 85,706_l._ 16_s._ 3_d._ or, 85,706. 16. 3. indicates 85,706 livres, 16 sols, 3 deniers. In reducing this money to American currency, five livres and eight sols were allowed to the dollar.

THE

CORRESPONDENCE

OF

SILAS DEANE,

COMMISSIONER FROM THE UNITED STATES

TO THE COURT OF FRANCE.

Silas Deane was born in the town of Groton, Connecticut, and graduated at Yale College in 1758. He was a member from his native colony of the first Congress that met in Philadelphia. Early in the year 1776 the Committee of Secret Correspondence commissioned him to go to France, as a political and commercial agent. He was instructed to ascertain the disposition of the French Court, in regard to the contest between Great Britain and the Colonies, and to procure if possible supplies of arms and military stores. Having arrived at Paris in June, he immediately applied himself to execute his instructions, and was successful in obtaining the main objects for which he was sent.

In September three Commissioners were appointed by Congress to negotiate treaties with foreign powers, and particularly with the Court of France. The persons chosen were Dr Franklin, Silas Deane and Arthur Lee. They all met at Paris in December, and continued to procure supplies of money and arms for the United States; till at length they signed the treaties of alliance and commerce with France, February 6th, 1778. Meantime Deane had been recalled on the 21st of November preceding. Of this he received the intelligence in March following, and left Paris April 1st to join Count d'Estaing's fleet at Toulon, in which he came to America.

The account which he gave to Congress of his transactions abroad, was not satisfactory, and he was detained many months in Philadelphia soliciting opportunities to vindicate himself before Congress from what he deemed the unjust charges of his enemies; but the papers relating to his mercantile proceedings having been left in France, he was not able wholly to remove the unfavorable impression that existed against him. Congress, however, neither passed a vote of censure nor approbation of his conduct.

In the spring of 1780 he returned to France, where he remained more than a year in reduced circumstances, attempting to settle his accounts. He exhibited large claims against Congress, which do not appear to have been allowed. In March, 1782, he was living in Ghent. After the peace he went to England, where he died in August 1789.

THE

CORRESPONDENCE

OF

SILAS DEANE.

* * * * *

FROM THE COMMITTEE OF SECRET CORRESPONDENCE TO SILAS DEANE.[1]

Philadelphia, March 3d, 1776.

On your arrival in France, you will for some time be engaged in the business of providing goods for the Indian trade. This will give good countenance to your appearing in the character of a merchant, which we wish you continually to retain among the French, in general, it being probable that the court of France may not like it should be known publicly, that any agent from the Colonies is in that country. When you come to Paris, by delivering Dr Franklin's letters to Monsieur Le Roy at the Louvre, and M. Dubourg, you will be introduced to a set of acquaintance, all friends to the Americans. By conversing with them, you will have a good opportunity of acquiring Parisian French, and you will find in M. Dubourg, a man prudent, faithful, secret, intelligent in affairs, and capable of giving you very sage advice.

It is scarce necessary to pretend any other business at Paris, than the gratifying of that curiosity, which draws numbers thither yearly, merely to see so famous a city. With the assistance of Monsieur Dubourg, who understands English, you will be able to make immediate application to Monsieur de Vergennes, _Ministre des Affaires Etrangères_, either personally or by letter, if M. Dubourg adopts that method, acquainting him that you are in France upon business of the American Congress, in the character of a merchant, having something to communicate to him, that may be mutually beneficial to France and the North American Colonies; that you request an audience of him, and that he would be pleased to appoint the time and place. At this audience if agreed to, it may be well to show him first your letter of credence, and then acquaint him that the Congress, finding that in the common course of commerce, it was not practicable to furnish the continent of America with the quantity of arms and ammunition necessary for its defence, (the Ministry of Great Britain having been extremely industrious to prevent it,) you had been despatched by their authority to apply to some European power for a supply. That France had been pitched on for the first application, from an opinion, that if we should, as there is a great appearance we shall, come to a total separation from Great Britain, France would be looked upon as the power, whose friendship it would be fittest for us to obtain and cultivate. That the commercial advantages Britain had enjoyed with the Colonies, had contributed greatly to her late wealth, and importance. That it is likely great part of our commerce will naturally fall to the share of France; especially if she favors us in this application, as that will be a means of gaining and securing the friendship of the Colonies; and that as our trade was rapidly increasing with our increase of people, and in a greater proportion, her part of it will be extremely valuable. That the supply we at present want, is clothing and arms for twenty five thousand men with a suitable quantity of ammunition, and one hundred field pieces. That we mean to pay for the same by remittances to France or through Spain, Portugal, or the French Islands, as soon as our navigation can be protected by ourselves or friends; and that we besides want great quantities of linens and woollens, with other articles for the Indian trade, which you are now actually purchasing, and for which you ask no credit, and that the whole, if France should grant the other supplies, would make a cargo which it might be well to secure by a convoy of two or three ships of war.

If you should find M. de Vergennes reserved, and not inclined to enter into free conversation with you, it may be well to shorten your visit, request him to consider what you have proposed, acquaint him with your place of lodging, that you may yet stay sometime at Paris, and that knowing how precious his time is, you do not presume to ask another audience, but that if he should have any commands for you, you will upon the least notice immediately wait upon him. If, at a future conference he should be more free, and you find a disposition to favor the Colonies, it may be proper to acquaint him, that they must necessarily be anxious to know the disposition of France, on certain points, which, with his permission, you would mention, such as whether if the Colonies should be forced to form themselves into an independent state, France would probably acknowledge them as such, receive their ambassadors, enter into any treaty or alliance with them, for commerce or defence, or both? If so, on what principal conditions? Intimating that you shall speedily have an opportunity of sending to America, if you do not immediately return, and that he may be assured of your fidelity and secrecy in transmitting carefully any thing he would wish conveyed to the Congress on that subject. In subsequent conversations, you may, as you find it convenient, enlarge on these topics, that have been the subjects of our conferences, with you, to which you may occasionally add the well known substantial answers, we usually give to the several calumnies thrown out against us. If these supplies on the credit of the Congress should be refused, you are then to endeavor the obtaining a permission of purchasing those articles, or as much of them as you can find credit for. You will keep a daily journal of all your material transactions, and particularly of what passes in your conversation with great personages; and you will by every safe opportunity, furnish us with such information as may be important. When your business in France admits of it, it may be well to go into Holland, and visit our agent there, M. Dumas, conferring with him on subjects that may promote our interest, and on the means of communication.

You will endeavor to procure a meeting with Mr Bancroft by writing a letter to him, under cover to Mr Griffiths at Turnham Green, near London, and desiring him to come over to you, in France or Holland, on the score of old acquaintance. From him you may obtain a good deal of information of what is now going forward in England, and settle a mode of continuing a correspondence. It may be well to remit him a small bill to defray his expenses in coming to you, and avoid all political matters in your letter to him. You will also endeavor to correspond with Mr Arthur Lee, agent of the Colonies in London. You will endeavor to obtain acquaintance with M. Garnier, late _Chargé des Affaires de France en Angleterre_, if now in France, or if returned to England, a correspondence with him, as a person extremely intelligent and friendly to our cause. From him, you may learn many particulars occasionally, that will be useful to us.

B. FRANKLIN,
BENJ. HARRISON,
JOHN DICKINSON,
ROBERT MORRIS,
JOHN JAY.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] On the 29th November, 1775 a committee was appointed by Congress, which was called the _Committee of Secret Correspondence_, and consisted of five persons. The first members chosen were Harrison, Franklin, Johnson, Dickinson and Jay. The purpose of the committee was to correspond with the friends of the Colonies in Great Britain, Ireland, and other parts of the world, and communicate their correspondence to Congress when required. Provision was made for defraying expenses, and paying such agents as the committee might send on this service.

There was another standing _Secret Committee_ of Congress, first instituted September 18th, 1775, and empowered to purchase arms, ammunition and military stores, and also to export various articles to meet the charges of such purchases abroad. But this committee had no connexion with that of secret correspondence. It was dissolved, July 5th, 1777, when the _Committee of Commerce_ was appointed in its stead.

* * * * *

TO THE COMMITTEE OF SECRET CORRESPONDENCE.

Paris, August 18th, 1776.

I wrote you every material occurrence to the time of my leaving Bordeaux, and sent duplicates by Captains Palmer, Bunker, and Seaver, one of which you will undoubtedly have received, before this comes to hand. I left that city on the last of June, and arrived here the Saturday following, having carefully attended to every thing in the manufacturing or commercial towns in my way, which, indeed, are neither numerous nor of great consequence. I spent at Angouleme a day in viewing what, as to manufactures alone, deserves attention on the journey; the foundery for cannon, where the greatest part of those used in the kingdom are manufactured. The cannon are cast solid, after which they are put as in a turner's lathe, and bored out, and the outside smoothed and turned at pleasure; they can bore and complete a twelve pounder in one day in each lathe, which takes four men only to work; the workmen freely showed me every part of their furnace and foundery. On Monday after my arrival, I waited on my bankers, and found that Mr Bancroft had arrived the same day with me, Mr Thomas Morris and M. Venzonals about ten days before. I waited on M. Dubourg and delivered him Dr Franklin's letter, which gave the good gentleman the most sincere and real pleasure.

M. Penet, on his arrival in Paris, waited on M. Dubourg, showed him a copy of his contract with the committee of Congress, and told him he had letters from Dr Franklin to him, but had left them on the road, or at Rotterdam, through fear of a search; he told M. Dubourg, to whom he was a perfect stranger, so many particular circumstances, that he could not doubt of his sincerity, and in consequence he embarked in his affairs to a large amount. Five or six weeks have now passed without the arrival of the letters said to be left on the road. Arms, powder, &c. to a large sum were in readiness, when my arrival gave him confidence, that I would take the burden off him, as he doubted not that my credentials would be explicit. I saw immediately the arrangement of the whole, and that M. Penet had returned to France, (copy of the contract excepted,) almost as empty handed as he came to Philadelphia, yet had found means to collect a very considerable quantity of stores, part of which he had actually shipped. This circumstance gave me hopes, yet I found that it would now be expected I should become responsible for the articles, which embarrassed me much, since to detain them would be quite disagreeable, and to step out of my own line and involve myself with Messrs Plairne and Penet's contract, would be equally so.

M. Penet had somehow got intelligence of my being in France, and that I was expected at Paris; he, therefore, waited for me, and I saw him the next day at my hotel, when he complained of want of remittances, and desired me to pledge my credit for the stores, which I waived in the best manner I could, for I saw the consequences might involve me in many difficulties and frustrate my greater designs. I, therefore, told him I would certify to the merchants, if necessary, that the Congress would pay for whatever stores they would credit them with, and in the mean time, advised him to proceed strictly agreeable to the letter of the contract, and I was positive that the Congress would fulfil their part of it. I finally satisfied both him and M. Dubourg, and he parted for Nantes to ship the goods the next day. I must do him the justice that is his due; he has been indefatigable in the business, his heart seems to be entirely in it, and I believe him honest, but his connexions either commercial or political are not, of themselves, equal to such an undertaking, but the cause he was employed in, had, in a great measure, I found, supplied this deficiency, which was to me a favorable appearance.