Chapter I: Front Matter

THE
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE
OF THE
AMERICAN REVOLUTION.

VOL. III.

THE
DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE

OF THE

AMERICAN REVOLUTION;

BEING

THE LETTERS OF BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, SILAS DEANE, JOHN
ADAMS, JOHN JAY, ARTHUR LEE, WILLIAM LEE, RALPH
IZARD, FRANCIS DANA, WILLIAM CARMICHAEL, HENRY
LAURENS, JOHN LAURENS, M. DE LAFAYETTE, M.
DUMAS AND OTHERS, CONCERNING THE FOREIGN
RELATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES DURING
THE WHOLE REVOLUTION;

TOGETHER WITH

THE LETTERS IN REPLY FROM THE SECRET COMMITTEE OF
CONGRESS AND THE SECRETARY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.

ALSO,

THE ENTIRE CORRESPONDENCE OF THE FRENCH MINISTERS,
GERARD AND LUZERNE, WITH CONGRESS.

Published under the Direction of the President of the United States, from
the original Manuscripts in the Department of State, conformably
to a Resolution of Congress of March 27th, 1818.

EDITED

BY JARED SPARKS.

VOL. III.

BOSTON:
NATHAN HALE AND GRAY & BOWEN;
G. & C. & H. CARVILL, NEW YORK; P. THOMPSON, WASHINGTON.
1829.

HALE'S STEAM PRESS.
No. 6 Suffolk Buildings, Congress Street, Boston

CONTENTS

OF THE

THIRD VOLUME.

BENJAMIN FRANKLIN'S CORRESPONDENCE.

* * * * *

Page.

To John Hancock, President of Congress. Nantes,
December 8th, 1776, 5

Announces his arrival in France.--Does not assume
a public character.--Military stores destined for
America.

To the Committee of Secret Correspondence. Nantes,
December 8th, 1776, 7

The Committee of Secret Correspondence to Benjamin
Franklin. Baltimore, January 1st, 1777, 9

Announcing his appointment as Commissioner to Spain.

To the Committee of Secret Correspondence. Paris,
January 4th, 1777, 9

Arrives in Paris.--Has an audience with Count de
Vergennes.--Interview with the Spanish Ambassador.--The
nation favorable to the American cause.

To the President of Congress. Paris, January 20th,
1777, 10

Recommending Captain Balm.

To the Count d'Aranda, Spanish Ambassador to the
Court of France. Passy, April 7th, 1777, 11

Communicates the propositions of the United States
to Spain.--Congress will also assist France and
Spain in the conquest of the English sugar islands.

To General Washington. Paris, June 13th, 1777, 12

Recommending Count Kotkouski.--Count Pulaski.

To General Washington. Paris, June 13th, 1777, 13

Recommending Baron de Frey.

M. Dubourg to B. Franklin. Paris, September
8th, 1777, 14

Requesting a letter of recommendation for M. Gerard,
who wishes to settle in America.

To Richard Peters. Passy, September 12th, 1777, 15

Recommending M. Gerard.

Remarks on a Loan for the United States, 15

America a safer debtor than Britain, from her general
industry, frugality, prudence, ability, and virtue.

To David Hartley, member of Parliament. Passy,
October 14th, 1777, 23

The conduct of Great Britain has rendered submission
impossible.--Cruel treatment of the American prisoners
in England.--Propositions for their relief.

To James Lovell. Paris, December 21st, 1777, 27

Mr Deane's recommendations of officers.--Numerous
and vexatious applications, with high recommendations.

To James Hutton. Passy, February 1st, 1778, 29

Means of reconciling America.

To David Hartley. Passy, February 12th, 1778, 31

Alienation of America from Great Britain.--Kindness
and cordiality of France.--Change of Ministry necessary
for conciliation.--Subscriptions in England
for the relief of American prisoners.--Mr Hutton.

To David Hartley. Passy, February 26th, 1778, 34

Lord North's conciliatory bills.--Advice to the English
whigs.

To James Hutton. Passy, March 24th, 1778, 37

The Commissioners are ready to treat.

Note from William Pultney to B. Franklin. March
29th, 1778, 37

Desires an interview with Dr Franklin.

To William Pultney. Passy, March 30th, 1778, 38

America cannot treat on any terms short of independence--
will not treat at all in case of a war against France.

To Dr Bancroft. Passy, April 16th, 1778, 40

British Commissioners cannot succeed in America on
their terms.

David Hartley to B. Franklin. Paris, April 23d, 1778, 40

Advises him to take care of his own safety.

To Count de Vergennes. Passy, April 24th, 1778, 41

Giving an account of his conversations with Mr Hartley;
of the visit of Mr Chapman, an agent of Lord
Shelburne.--The Quebec fleet.

Count de Vergennes to B. Franklin. Versailles,
April 25th, 1778, 44

Policy of the English to excite divisions and distrust.

James Lovell to B. Franklin. Yorktown, June 20th, 1778, 45

Answer to a letter from Brussels. Passy, July 1st, 1778, 45

Reply to insinuations against the faith of France.--Future
prospects of America.--Acknowledgment of
the independency of little consequence to America.--The
King's political studies.--Peace is to be obtained
only on equal terms.--Ridicules the offers
of rewards.

To James Lovell. Passy, July 22d, 1778, 52

Proceedings relative to Mr Deane.--Beaumarchais.--Eleventh
and twelfth articles of the treaty.--Mr
Izard.--Inconvenience and expense of maintaining
several Commissioners instead of one.--War between
England and France; war in Germany.--Difficulty
of raising loans.--Drafts of Congress on the
Commissioners.

Instructions to B. Franklin, as Minister Plenipotentiary
to the Court of France, 59

Committee of Foreign Affairs to B. Franklin. Philadelphia,
October 28th, 1778, 62

Forwarding his new credentials.

James Lovell to B. Franklin. Philadelphia, December
8th, 1778, 63

Depreciation of the currency.

Dr Price to B. Franklin. London, Jan. 18th, 1779, 64

Declines removing to America.

James Lovell to B. Franklin. Philadelphia, January
29th, 1779, 65

English successes in Georgia.

James Lovell to B. Franklin. Philadelphia, February
8th, 1779, 66

To David Hartley. Passy, February 22d, 1779, 66

America cannot relinquish her alliance with France
to treat with Britain.

Letter respecting Captain Cook. Passy, March 10th, 1779, 67

Recommending to afford Captain Cook all the assistance
he may need.

To David Hartley. Passy, March 21st, 1779, 68

Delay in the exchange of prisoners.--Losses of the
English.--Growth of America.

David Hartley to B. Franklin. London, April 22d, 1779, 70

Proposing a truce.--Interests of France.--Advantages
of adopting some preliminaries.

Observations by Mr Hartley, 74

Enclosed in the preceding.

Instructions to John Paul Jones, Commander of the
American Squadron in the service of the United
States, now in the port of L'Orient, 77

To David Hartley. Passy, May 4th, 1779, 78

Relative to Mr Hartley's propositions.

To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. Passy, May
26th, 1779, 81

Receives his credentials.--Presented to the King.--American
prisoners in France released.--Captain
Jones's squadron.--Exchange of prisoners with
England.--American prisoners there committed for
high treason.--Necker unfavorably disposed towards
America.--Accounts of the Commissioners.--Difficulty
of raising a loan.--Charges of William Lee and Ralph
Izard.--Recommends the appointment of consuls.--Agents
and applications of the separate States.--Barbary
Powers.--Disposition of the French.--Preparations of
Spain.--Preparations in France.--Opinion of the Howes,
Cornwallis, &c. of the impracticability of the conquest
of America.

To James Lovell. Passy, June 2d, 1779, 95

Currency.--Charges of Mr Lee and Mr Izard.--Communication
between Europe and America.--M. de la Luzerne.

James Lovell to B. Franklin. Philadelphia, June 13th, 1779, 98

Enclosing a resolve relative to Beaumarchais's accounts.

James Lovell to B. Franklin. Philadelphia, July 9th, 1779, 98

James Lovell to B. Franklin. Philadelphia, July 16th, 1779, 99

Burning of Fairfield.--Compensation of Ministers.--Forwards
letters to the King of France.--Invoices of supplies
desired.

Instructions from Congress to B. Franklin. In Congress,
August 14th, 1779, 101

Proposing the mutual guaranty of the fisheries by
France and the United States.

To the Marquis de Lafayette. Passy, August 24th, 1779, 104

Forwarding him a sword, in the name of the Congress.

The Marquis de Lafayette to B. Franklin. Havre,
August 29th, 1779, 104

Acknowledging the reception of the sword.

To James Lovell. Passy, September 30th, 1779, 105

Supplies.--Receives nothing himself.

To Mr Bridgen. Passy, October 2d, 1779, 106

Devices on coins.

To John Jay, President of Congress. Passy, October
4th, 1779, 108

Beaumarchais's accounts.--Supplies.--M. Neufville's
offers of a loan.--Demands of Mr Ross, Mr Izard,
and Mr Lee.--Inactivity of the combined fleets.--
Relations of Holland and England.--Favorable
disposition of Portugal.--Exchange of prisoners.--
Jones's cruise in the English waters.--Complaints of
French officers returning from America.--Complaints
against American cruisers.--Luxury of the
Americans.--Monument to General Montgomery.--Supplies
from Spain.

To James Lovell. Passy, October 17th, 1779, 118

Jones's cruise.--Mr Lee and Mr Deane.--Prospect of
peace.--Return of Commodore Jones.

To R. Bernstorf, Minister of Foreign Affairs in Denmark.
Passy, December 22d, 1779, 121

Remonstrates against the seizure of the American
prizes in the ports of Norway.

To David Hartley. Passy, February 2d, 1780, 125

America will not treat without her allies.--His
former offers to pay for the tea destroyed in
Boston.--Indisposition to peace on the part of
England.--Exchange of prisoners.--British barbarities
in America.

James Lovell to B. Franklin. Philadelphia, February
24th, 1780, 128

Drafts merely nominal.

To Samuel Huntington, President of Congress. Passy,
March 4th, 1780, 129

Seizure of the prizes in Norway.--Quarrel between
Commodore Jones and Captain Landais.--Necessity of
appointing a consul.--Exchange of prisoners.--Prospects
of England.--Supplies of France.

From R. Bernstorf, Minister of Foreign Affairs in Denmark,
to B. Franklin. Copenhagen, March 8th, 1780, 134

On the seizure of the American prizes.

To James Lovell. Passy, March 16th, 1780, 135

Proposed convention in London.--Affairs of England.

To Joseph Reed, President of the State of Pennsylvania.
Passy, March 19th, 1780, 137

Mr Pultney.--Errors corrected.

Count de Vergennes to B. Franklin. Versailles, May 11th,
1780, 140

Recommending the Baron d'Arendt.

To the Judges of the Admiralty at Cherbourg. Passy, May
16th, 1780, 140

Requesting the release of the neutral ship Flora; the
cargo, if English, may be condemned.

To the President of Congress. Passy, May 22d, 1780, 141

Recommending the Baron d'Arendt.

To an Agent of American Cruisers. Passy, May 30th, 1780, 142

Free ships make free goods.

To the President of Congress. Passy, May 31st, 1780, 143

Complains of the trouble of maritime affairs.--Difficulty
of meeting the drafts.--Accounts of the Commissioners.--
American prizes in Danish ports.--Capture of neutral
vessels with English cargoes.--European powers have
adopted the rule, that free ships make free goods.--
Unfavorable disposition in Europe towards England.--
Difficulties in the exchange of prisoners.

To the President of Congress. Passy, June 1st, 1780, 149

Recommending Commodore Jones.

To C. W. F. Dumas. Passy, June 5th, 1780, 149

Respecting neutral ships.--Expresses a wish that all
private property and all private individuals might be
unmolested.--Letter of General Clinton.

Count de Vergennes to B. Franklin. Versailles, June
30th, 1780, 152

Orders to M. de la Luzerne relative to the French
holders of American paper money.

Committee of Foreign Affairs to B. Franklin. Philadelphia,
July 11th, 1780, 153

Making new drafts.

Committee of Foreign Affairs to B. Franklin. Philadelphia,
July 11th, 1780, 154

Mr Laurens appointed to negotiate a loan in Holland.

Committee of Foreign Affairs to B. Franklin. Philadelphia,
July 11th, 1780, 155

Communicating the acknowledgment of Congress for
the attentions of the French Consul in Bergen.

Committee of Foreign Affairs to H. Dohrman, merchant,
Lisbon. Philadelphia, July 11th, 1780, 155

Informing him of his appointment as agent of Congress
for the relief of Americans in distress.

David Hartley to B. Franklin. London, July 17th, 1780, 157

Enclosing a copy of a conciliatory bill, rejected in the
House of Commons.

To C. W. F. Dumas. Passy, July 26th, 1780, 159

Messrs Neufville.--Capture of Charleston of little consequence.

To the President of Congress. Passy, August 9th, 1780, 161

Disputes of Landais and Jones.--Necessity of appointing
consuls.--Mr Adams offends the French Court.--The
armed neutrality.

To James Lovell. Passy, August 10th, 1780, 167

Little value of pretended confidential information of
secrets of State.--Transmits copies of instruments
annulling the eleventh and twelfth articles.

James Lovell to B. Franklin. Philadelphia, August 15th, 1780, 169

Notifying Dr Franklin of bills to be drawn on him.

James Lovell to B. Franklin. Sept. 7th, 1780, 170

Enclosing proceedings of Congress relative to new
drafts.--Increase of taxes for the improvement of the
currency.

To C. W. F. Dumas. Passy, Oct. 2d, 1780, 171

Relative to M. Dumas's appointment and services.

To C. W. F. Dumas. Passy, Oct. 9th, 1780, 172

Has recommended M. Dumas to Mr Laurens as Secretary.--
Requests advice as to the manner of applying to the
States-General.

James Lovell to B. Franklin. Philadelphia, October
28th, 1780, 173

Requesting him to transmit certain papers to Mr Jay
at Madrid.

To Sir Grey Cooper, Baronet, Secretary to the Treasury of
Great Britain. Passy, November 7th, 1780, 174

Requesting relief for Mr Laurens, prisoner in the
Tower.

Charles Vernon, Lieutenant Governor of the Tower of London,
to Sir Grey Cooper. Hampstead, November 27th, 1780, 175

Mr Laurens's treatment in the Tower.

Sir Grey Cooper to B. Franklin. London, November
29th, 1780, 176

Respecting Mr Laurens; enclosing the preceding.

Instructions from Congress to B. Franklin. In Congress,
November 29th, 1780, 176

To James Lovell. Passy, December 2d, 1780, 179

Agrees to furnish the French troops in America with
provisions, in order to meet the drafts of Congress.

To the President of Congress. Passy, December 2d, 1780, 180

Recommending the furnishing of provisions to the
French troops.

To the President of Congress. Passy, December 3d, 1780, 181

Mr Laurens's captivity.--Memorial of Sir Joseph
Yorke.--Delays in sending supplies.--Capture of a
Portuguese ship with English property by an American
armed vessel.--Recommends that neutral ships
be not molested.

James Lovell to B. Franklin. Philadelphia, December
21st, 1780, 184

Mr Palfrey appointed Consul to France.

Additional instructions from Congress to B. Franklin.
In Congress, December 27th, 1780, 185

To Count de Vergennes. Passy, Feb. 13th, 1781, 186

Transmitting letters of Congress to the King.--
Communicates the instructions of Congress.--Critical
situation of America.--Quotes a letter of General
Washington on this subject.--Disappointment in
supplies expected from Spain.--Danger to Europe
if America is recovered by England.--Necessity of
immediate aid.

To Count de Vergennes. Passy, March 6th, 1781, 189

Instructed to apply for an early answer to the application
of Congress for more aid.

James Lovell to B. Franklin. March 9th, 1781, 189

Proceedings of Congress on several subjects.

To M. de Rayneval, Secretary to the Council of
State. Passy, March 11th, 1781, 190

Relative to supplies.

To the President of Congress. Passy, March 12th, 1781, 192

Relating his proceedings in obedience to his instructions;
the King of France grants a further sum of
six millions; France declines the mediation of Russia
and Austria.--Requests to be relieved from public
duties on account of his age and infirmities--Recommends
his grandson, William Temple Franklin, to Congress.

To Francis Lewis and the Board of Admiralty.
Passy, March 17th, 1781, 197

Account of the squadron and expedition of Captain
Jones; disposition of the prizes; affair with Captain
Landais; the Ministry wished it to be considered
an American expedition.

Agreement between Captain John Paul Jones and the officers
of the squadron, 205

James Lovell to B. Franklin. March 31st, 1781, 207

Military operations.

James Lovell to B. Franklin. Philadelphia, May 9th, 1781, 208

Desiring the exchange of Mr Gouverneur and Dr Witherspoon.

To M. de Lafayette. Passy, May 14th, 1781, 209

Expedition against Arnold.--English policy.--Appointment
of his successor to the Court of France.

To the President of Congress. Passy, May 14th, 1781, 211

Supplies.--Exchange of prisoners.--Plans of the English
administration.

To Thomas Lewis. Passy, May 16th, 1781, 215

Supplies.

James Lovell to B. Franklin. Philadelphia, May 17th, 1781, 216

Introducing Dr Putnam.

Count de Vergennes to B. Franklin. Versailles,
June 8th 1781, 216

Colonel Laurens's purchases in Holland.--The grant of
the king to be expended partly in France.

To the President of Congress. Passy, June 11th,
1781, 217

On the disposition of the French grant.

To John Adams. Passy, June 11th, 1781, 218

Relative to certain expenses of Mr Adams, charged
on the United States.

The President of Congress to B. Franklin. In Congress,
June 19th, 1781, 220

Appointment of new Ministers for negotiating a
peace.--Dr Franklin's services necessary on this
occasion.

To Major William Jackson. Passy, June 28th, 1781, 221

Directing him to stop the shipment of money in Holland.

Major William Jackson to B. Franklin. Amsterdam,
June 29th, 1781, 221

Reason of his delay at Amsterdam.

To David Hartley. Passy, June 30th, 1781, 222

Informing him that Vergennes declines granting him
a passport.

Major William Jackson to B. Franklin. Amsterdam,
July 2d, 1781, 223

Remonstrating against the detention of the money,
obtained from France by Colonel Laurens, and deposited
with M. Fizeaux and Co. Amsterdam.--Communicates
his determination to retain the money in his own
hands.--Reasons for retaining the money referred to
in the preceding letters.

To Major William Jackson. Passy, July 5th, 1781,
at six in the morning, 227

Reasons for ordering the detention of the money,
which was part of the grant obtained by Dr Franklin.

To Major William Jackson. Passy, July 5th, 1781, 229

Adhering to his former determination relative to the
detention of the money.

To Major William Jackson. Passy, July 6th, 1781, 229

Account of the manner in which the money referred
to in the preceding letters was obtained.--Exertions
of Dr Franklin in obtaining supplies.

To the President of Congress. Passy, July 11th, 1781, 232

Reasons for detaining the money, intended to have
been shipped at Amsterdam.

James Lovell to B. Franklin. Philadelphia, July
21st, 1781, 233

Forwarding duplicates of certain resolutions of Congress.

To C. W. F. Dumas. Passy, August 6th, 1781, 234

Entertains little hope of aid from Holland.--Coldness
of that country.

To C. W. F. Dumas. Passy, August 10th, 1781, 235

Communicating intelligence from America.--Apologises
for expressions in his former letter, and requests
that it may not be shown.

To the President of Congress. Passy, September 13th, 1781, 236

Interview with the Count de Vergennes on communicating
his instructions relative to the negotiations,
and the letter of Congress to the King.--Accepts the
appointment of negotiator.--Desires that a Consul-General
may be appointed for France.

John Adams to B. Franklin. Amsterdam, October 4th, 1781, 238

Relative to certain expenses of the American Ministers.

Robert R. Livingston to B. Franklin. Philadelphia,
October 20th, 1781, 238

Mr Livingston is appointed Secretary of Foreign
Affairs.--Military operations.--Preparations for
another campaign.

Robert R. Livingston to B. Franklin. Philadelphia,
October 24th, 1781, 242

Announcing the capitulation of Yorktown.--Expresses
a wish that Dr Franklin will accept his new appointment
as negotiator.

To Thomas Mc'Kean, President of Congress. Passy,
November 5th, 1781, 243

State of American prisoners in England.--Difficulties
in effecting exchanges.--England refuses the mediation
of the Powers; will treat with the United States
only as subjects.--Proceedings of Colonel Laurens
in Holland.--Confusion in shipping the supplies.

Robert R. Livingston to B. Franklin. Philadelphia,
November 24th, 1781, 249

Recommending certain French officers in the American
service.

Robert R. Livingston to B. Franklin. Philadelphia,
November 26th, 1781, 250

Financial difficulties of America.--Importance of a
French naval force in the American waters.--The
commission for negotiating a commercial treaty with
Great Britain discharged.--Preparations for a new
campaign.--Supposed letters of Mr Deane.

William Alexander to B. Franklin. Paris, December
15th, 1781, 256

Requesting information concerning the disposition of
France and America to treat with Great Britain.

To William Alexander. Passy, Dec. 15th, 1781, 257

To David Hartley. Passy, December 15th, 1781, 257

Concerning Mr Hartley's plan for securing the lives of
the spectators at public spectacles in case of fire.

Robert R. Livingston to B. Franklin. Philadelphia,
December 16th, 1781, 258

Military operations.--Enclosing a resolution of Congress
for raising a pillar at Yorktown; also an ordinance
ascertaining what captures on the waters
are lawful, with other American State papers.

David Hartley to B. Franklin. London, January 2d, 1782, 260

History of his proceedings for promoting negotiations
for peace.--Conciliatory Bill of 1780, proposed as
a basis; the question of independence to be waived;
a separate treaty with America to be negotiated--Communicates
these propositions to Lord North as
general grounds of negotiation towards peace.--Lord
North wishes to know if any person is authorised
to treat on the part of America.--Urges the
making of overtures for a separate negotiation.

Remarks on the Conciliatory Bill, 267

Enclosed in the preceding.

Robert R. Livingston to B. Franklin. Philadelphia,
January 7th, 1782, 268

Suggesting the objects of most importance to be negotiated;
the limits of the United States; extend to
the Mississippi on the West.--The fisheries; right
of the Americans to fish on the banks of Newfoundland;
sentiments of France on this subject.--Compensation
to American royalists--Restitution of
records and papers taken from America.

To David Hartley. Passy, January 15th, 1782, 281

No negotiations can be opened without the concurrence
of France.--Objections to the Conciliatory
propositions--Commissioners authorised to treat.--A
formal acknowledgment of independence not made
necessary by the treaty with France.

To the Count de Vergennes. Passy, Jan. 18th, 1782, 285

Capture of Flemish ships by American privateers.--English
ships furnished with imperial papers after
a pretended sale of ship and cargo at Ostend.

Robert R. Livingston to B. Franklin. Philadelphia,
January 23d, 1782, 287

Intercepted letters of Mr Deane.--Complains of want
of intelligence from Europe.--Encloses resolutions
of Congress relating to the fisheries and the
western limits.

David Hartley to B. Franklin. London, January
24th, 1782, 288

Correcting Dr Franklin's misapprehensions of his
propositions.--Cases in which America might treat
separately.

Explanatory letter to Mr Hartley, referred to in the
preceding, 293

Robert R. Livingston to B. Franklin. Philadelphia,
January 26th, 1782, 294

Enclosing a convention for the establishment of consuls.

To Robert R. Livingston, Secretary of Foreign Affairs.
Passy, January 28th, 1782, 295

David Hartley to B. Franklin. London, February
1st, 1782, 295

Interview with the Minister; he is favorably disposed
for peace.

The Danish Minister to the Count de Vergennes. Paris,
February 6th, 1782, 296

Complains of the outrages of American armed vessels
on the coast of Norway.

Robert R. Livingston to B. Franklin. Philadelphia,
February 13th, 1782, 297

Pressing for further assistance from France.--This
measure would be advantageous to France herself.--
Sufferings of American prisoners in England.--
Disturbances in Vermont and New Hampshire.

To David Hartley. Passy, February 16th, 1782, 301

Acknowledges his misapprehension of Mr Hartley's
former proposition.--Reasons of jealousy between
France and England; English Commissioner at
Dunkirk.--England must take the first step towards
a peace with America.

Count de Vergennes to B. Franklin. Versailles,
February 24th, 1782, 303

Enclosing the complaint of the Danish Count respecting
outrages by American vessels on the coast of
Norway.

David Hartley to B. Franklin. Feb. 28th, 1782, 304

Prospects of peace.--The Ministry favorably disposed.

Edmund Burke to B. Franklin. London, February 28th, 1782, 305

Resolution of the House of Commons.--Mr Laurens.

To the Count de Vergennes. Passy, March 3d, 1782, 306

Relative to the complaints of the Danish Court.--Expects
redress for the seizure of American prizes in Danish
ports.

To Robert R. Livingston. Passy, March 4th, 1782, 308

Complaints against American cruisers.--Influence and
services of M. de Lafayette.--Changes in the British
Ministry.--Unfriendly disposition of the King.--
Relations with France.--Financial arrangements
of Mr Morris.--American prisoners.--Arrival and
reception of Cornwallis and Arnold in England.--Mr
Deane's discontents; his vindication of Arnold.

To Robert R. Livingston. Passy, March 9th, 1782, 314

Address of the House of Commons to the King against
continuing the war in America.

Robert R. Livingston to B. Franklin. Philadelphia,
March 9th, 1782, 315

Enclosing a letter from the Superintendent of Finance.

David Hartley to B. Franklin. London, March 11th, 1782, 315

Mr Digges appointed by the Ministry to inquire if any
persons are authorised to treat.

David Hartley to B. Franklin. London, March 12th, 1782, 316

Enclosing the Parliamentary proceedings respecting
the war with America; prelude to a general bill to
enable the administration to treat.

David Hartley to B. Franklin. London, March 21st, 1782, 318

Dissolution of the Ministry.--Is desirous of
negotiating the peace.

T. Digges to B. Franklin. Amsterdam, March 22d, 1782, 320

Appointed by the Ministry to inquire if any persons
in Europe are commissioned by Congress to treat
and to make known the disposition of the Ministry
to open negotiations for a truce.--His communications
with Mr Adams.

John Adams to B. Franklin. The Hague, March 26th, 1782, 325

Interview with Mr Digges; opposes the plan of a truce.--
Many cities in Holland declare in favor of American
independence.

To Robert R. Livingston. Passy, March 30th, 1782, 328

Policy of the Ministry; to divide America, and to
separate America and France.--Singular language of
the bill empowering the King to treat.

To John Adams. Passy, March 31st, 1782, 329

Mr. Digges's mission.--Delays of Holland and Spain.

To David Hartley. Passy, March 31st, 1782, 330

The five Commissioners empowered to treat.

To David Hartley. Passy, April 5th, 1782, 331

Has no confidence in Digges.--The Commissioners
are ready to treat.--Reconciliation spoken of in the
Parliamentary proceedings more than a mere peace.--Acts
necessary to effect it.

To Robert R. Livingston. Passy, April 8th, 1782, 334

The new Ministry.--Recommending the Prince de Broglie.

To Henry Laurens. Passy, April 12th, 1782, 335

Encloses a copy of his commission, empowering him
to treat.--Treaties and instructions forbid their
treating without France.

M. de Rayneval to B. Franklin. Versailles, April 12th, 1782, 336

The French Minister approves his reply to Mr Hartley.--
Proposals of the British Ministry for a separate
treaty with France by Mr Forth.

To Robert R. Livingston. Passy, April 12th, 1782, 338

The new Ministry endeavor to gain over Holland.--Capture
of St Joseph (Illinois) by the Spaniards.

To David Hartley. Passy, April 13th, 1782, 340

Insincerity of the late Ministry in their proposals for
reconciliation; endeavoring at the same time to
treat separately with France.

To John Adams. Passy, April 13th, 1782, 341

Mr Forth's mission to the French Ministry; Canada
offered to France to induce her to treat separately;
answer of the French Court.

Count de Vergennes to B. Franklin. Versailles,
April 23d, 1782, 342

Enclosing the complaint of the Danish Court on account
of the capture of a Danish vessel.

David Hartley to B. Franklin, London, May 1st, 1782, 343

The late Ministry wished for peace on prudential
grounds, not for reconciliation; proposal of a separate
peace was intended to excite distrust in France.
His breviate laid before the Ministry, calculated to
divest the war with America of hatred and jealousy
against France.

Robert R. Livingston to B. Franklin. Philadelphia,
May 22d, 1782, 353

Enclosing a letter to the King; resolutions of Congress
on the application of Sir Guy Carleton to forward
despatches, and on the subject of prisoners in England.--
Disposition towards France in America.

David Hartley to B. Franklin. London, May 25th, 1782, 356

Release of the American prisoners in England.--Prospect
of reconciliation.

Robert R. Livingston to B. Franklin. Philadelphia,
May 30th, 1782, 357

Memorial on the subject of prize money due Captain
Jones.--Inquires why the Danish Court applies to
France on account of injuries of American cruisers.--
Affair of Captain Huddy, who was hanged by a
party of soldiers.

Richard Oswald to B. Franklin. Paris, June 5th, 1782, 362

Desiring the discharge of Lord Cornwallis's parole.

To Richard Oswald. Passy, June 5th, 1782, 363

Promises to comply with the request to discharge Lord
Cornwallis.

John Adams to B. Franklin. The Hague, June 13th, 1782, 364

Mr Grenville only empowered to treat with France;
the Ministry will be unwilling to make any
concessions.--The Dutch are disposed to an alliance
with America.--Policy of Russia.

Robert R. Livingston to B. Franklin. Philadelphia,
June 23d, 1782, 366

People in America not disposed to a separate treaty.--
Affairs of Captain Huddy.--Case of the Ernten.

To Robert R. Livingston. Passy, June 25th, 1782, 368

An additional six millions cannot be obtained from
France.--Mr Grenville is sent with full powers to
treat with all the belligerent powers together.--Is
joined by Mr Jay.--An act of Parliament was considered
necessary to authorise the exchange of the
American prisoners, as they were committed for
high treason.--The Swedish Ambassador expresses
a wish to treat with Dr Franklin.--Services of M. Dumas.

To Robert R. Livingston. Passy, June 29th, 1782, 373

Discharges Lord Cornwallis from his parole.--The
intentions of the British Ministry seem to change
with success.--Disinclination of the King to
America.--Agents are sent by the Ministry into
America to attempt a separate treaty.

JOURNAL.

From March 21st to July 1st, 1782. Passy, May 9th, 1782, 376

Reasons for keeping a Journal.--Visited by Lord
Cholmondely, by whom he transmits the following.

To Lord Shelburne. Passy, March 22d, 1782, 377

Desires a general peace.

Lord Shelburne to B. Franklin. London, April 6th, 1782, 378

Lord Shelburne appointed Secretary of State; sends
Mr Oswald to confer with Dr Franklin.

Henry Laurens to B. Franklin. London, April 7th, 1782, 379

Introducing Mr Oswald.--Desires to effect his
exchange.--Conversation with Mr Oswald, in which
Dr Franklin declares that America will only treat
in concert with France.

To Count de Vergennes. Passy, April 15th, 1782, 381

Stating the mission of Mr Oswald and his proceedings
thereon, as above.--Mr Oswald has an interview
with M. de Vergennes, and returns to England.

To Lord Shelburne. Passy, April 18th, 1782, 383

M. de Vergennes declares the King ready to treat
in concurrence with his allies.--Details of his
conversation with Mr Oswald, as given in the
succeeding letter to Mr Adams.

Notes for conversation, 388

To John Adams. Passy, April 20th, 1792, 391

In a conversation with Mr Oswald, he observed that if
England desires a reconciliation much reparation
must be made, that the advantage to the commerce
of England from a peace would depend on a reconciliation,
without which the peace would not be durable,
that it would be politic for England to offer to cede
Canada.--Desires the presence of Mr Adams and Mr Laurens.

To Henry Laurens. Passy, April 20th, 1792, 393

Details of Mr Oswald's proceedings.

John Adams to B. Franklin. Amsterdam, April 16th, 1782, 394

Giving an account of his interview with Mr Laurens at
Haerlem.--Suggests the necessity of the session of
Canada and Nova Scotia, or at least a stipulation
that no troops nor fortifications should be maintained
on the frontiers.--Mr Laurens represents the
new Ministry as feeble and insincere, the nation as
desirous of a general peace.--Mr Adams proposes
to Dr Franklin to receive no other messenger who
is not a plenipotentiary.

To John Adams. Passy, April 21st, 1782, 397

The act of Parliament for exchanging American prisoners
as prisoners of war, is a tacit acknowledgement
of independence.--Circumstances in Holland favorable
for obtaining a loan.

John Adams to B. Franklin. Amsterdam, May 2d, 1782, 399

Plan of a triple or quadruple alliance.--Difficulty of
obtaining a loan in Holland.

Henry Laurens to B. Franklin. London, April 20th, 1782, 401

Requesting the discharge of Lord Cornwallis in return
for his own enlargement.--Disposition in England is
become favorable to the acknowledgement of independence,
and to a general peace.

Lord Shelburne to B. Franklin. Shelburne House,
April 20th, 1782, 403

Mr Oswald is sent back to settle the time and place of
treating.

To Count de Vergennes. Passy, May 4th, 1782, 406

Mr Oswald brings information that it has been agreed
in Council to treat at Paris of a general peace, and that
Mr Grenville will be sent for that purpose.

Count de Vergennes to B. Franklin. Versailles,
May 5th, 1782, 407

Appointing an interview with Mr Oswald.

To John Adams. Passy, May 8th, 1782, 408

Mr Oswald intimates that the Ministry will acknowledge
the independence of America, on condition that
Britain is left in the same condition as at the
peace of 1763.

Charles J. Fox to B. Franklin. St James, May 1st, 1782, 409

Expresses his wishes for a reconciliation.--Mr
Grenville is acquainted with his sentiments.--
Journal continued; Mr Grenville represents England
as ready to treat with all the powers.--Dr Franklin
accompanies him on an interview with the Count de
Vergennes.--They maintain that England should
expect no concessions in return for the acknowledgment
of independence, which was already conquered
by America.--Dr Franklin sees Lafayette, who expresses
a wish to be sent to England.

To Mr Secretary Fox. Passy, May 10th, 1782, 415

To Lord Shelburne. Passy, May 10th, 1782, 416

Time of treating not yet settled.--Discharge of American
prisoners.

To Lord Shelburne. Passy, May 13th, 1782, 418

Desires that Mr Oswald may be sent to treat.--Journal
continued.--Conversation with Mr Grenville relative
to the obligations of America to France.

David Hartley to B. Franklin. London, May 3d, 1782, 421

Favorable prospect of reconciliation.

To David Hartley. Passy, May 13th, 1782, 422

The release of the American prisoners will tend to
promote a reconciliation.--Journal continued;
Ministers of the European powers determined not
to return the visits of the American Ministers.--
Anecdote of the Russian Minister and the Count du
Nord.

Henry Laurens to B. Franklin. Ostend, May 17th, 1782, 425

Declines engaging in the negotiations.--His opinions
coincide with those of Dr Franklin.--Lord Cornwallis
desires to be discharged.

To Henry Laurens. Passy, May 25th, 1782, 429

Nations are never satisfied with the terms of a peace.--
Discharge of Lord Cornwallis.

David Hartley to B. Franklin. London, May 13th, 1782, 433

Relative to his proceedings with the new Ministry.--
Proposes the following preliminaries; the British
troops to be withdrawn from America; a truce
made, which shall be converted into a peace, in case
of a peace with the allies of America.--Journal
continued.--Mr Grenville states that he has received
full powers to treat with France and her allies.--The
power relates only to France.

Lord Shelburne to B. Franklin. Whitehall, May 28th, 1782, 440

Lord Shelburne to B. Franklin. Whitehall, May 29th, 1782, 440

Mr Oswald has received orders to return to Paris, with
the necessary instructions.--Journal continued; Mr
Grenville explains the omission of America in the
power.--His instructions are full, empowering him
to acknowledge the independence of America.--
Conversation on the resolution of the Americans not
to treat without the allies.--Mr Grenville suggests
the question, whether it includes Holland and Spain?
whether it would be adhered to in regard to France
at all events?

To Mr Grenville. Passy, May 31st, 1782, 445

Releasing Captain McLeod conditionally from his parole.

To John Adams. Passy, June 2d, 1782, 446

Giving an account of affairs as above related in the
Journal.--Suspects the omission of America in Mr
Grenville's power.--Journal continued; Mr Oswald
states that peace is absolutely necessary, that no
more money can be raised.

Lord Shelburne to Richard Oswald. Whitehall, May 21st, 1782, 449

Relative to Mr Walpole's appointment to negotiate.--
Journal continued; Memorandums of Lord Shelburne;
that Commissioners be appointed, or any
character given to Mr Oswald, which he and Dr
Franklin think proper for treating; that compensation
be made to the loyalists.--Conversation with
Mr Oswald on those points.--Russian offer of mediation
to Holland.

W. H. Hartley to B. Franklin. Soho Square, May 24th, 1782, 455

Journal continued; Release of Lord Cornwallis.--Extract
from the Evening Post relative to information
obtained by Mr Grenville in his visit to Dr
Franklin; erroneous statements.--Policy of Russia
to mediate a peace between Britain and Holland,
and continue the general war.--Major Ross declines
receiving the conditional discharge of Lord Cornwallis.

To Richard Oswald. Passy, June 11th, 1782, 460

Discharge of Lord Cornwallis.--Journal continued.--
Conversation with the Count de Vergennes relative
to the attempts to separate France and America;
suggests the propriety of a treaty between the allies,
to support each other in case of a subsequent war
by England against either.--Mr Ross accepts Lord
Cornwallis's conditional discharge.--M. Boeris informs
that Holland will decline the mediation of
Russia for a separate treaty. Mr Grenville receives
full powers, authorising him to treat with any other
Prince or _State_.--Empowered to acknowledge the
independence of America previous to the treaty,
and to propose the peace of 1763 as a basis.--Suggests
a doubt whether Great Britain will allow America
to be designated by the expression _State_.--Comparison
of Mr Fox and Lord Shelburne; of Mr Oswald and Mr
Grenville.

M. de Lafayette to B. Franklin. Versailles, Thursday
morning, June 20th, 1782, 471

Count de Vergennes proposes to meet Mr Grenville,
and adopt measures for an official communication
to the allies.--Journal continued.--Arrival of Mr
Jay.--Visit to the Count de Vergennes, who expresses
a doubt of the sincerity of the British Court.

To Richard Oswald. Passy, June 27th, 1782, 474

Expresses a wish that he should be employed to
treat.--Doubts whether the word _State_ in Mr
Grenville's powers would apply to America, the
Enabling Act not having then been passed.--Journal
continued.--British Agents in America to propose a
reunion with Great Britain.--Interview with the
Spanish Minister.--Journal closes.

CORRESPONDENCE CONTINUED.

To Henry Laurens. Passy, July 2d, 1782, 477

Delays in the opening of the negotiation.--Suggests
doubts of the sincerity of the British Ministers.

Robert R. Livingston to B. Franklin. Philadelphia,
July 5th, 1782, 478

Enclosing public papers.

Note from M. de Lafayette to B. Franklin. Paris,
July 9th, 1782, 479

Mr Grenville's express arrives.

To M. de Lafayette. Passy, July 9th, 1782, 479

Mr Grenville informs him of changes in the Minister.--No
change is made in the disposition for peace.

To David Hartley. Passy, July 10th, 1782, 480

Complains of the delays in the opening of the
negotiation.--Suspicions.

To Benjamin Vaughan. Passy, July 10th, 1782, 481

Proposing certain ameliorations in the conduct of wars.

To Benjamin Vaughan. Passy, July 11th, 1782, 483

Plan of Lord Shelburne for a reunion of America under
a separate Parliament.--The plan impracticable.

To Richard Oswald. Passy, July 12th, 1782, 484

Rumors that Lord Shelburne's opposition to the absolute
acknowledgment of American independence was the cause
of Mr Fox's resignation.

To the Earl of Shelburne. Passy, July 12th, 1782, 485

Congratulations on his appointment to the treasury.

To M. de Lafayette. Passy, July 24th, 1782, 485

Delays in the negotiations.

David Hartley to B. Franklin. London, July 26th, 1782, 486

Townshend appointed Secretary for Foreign Affairs.--Mr
Oswald receives a place in that department.

Lord Grantham to B. Franklin. Whitehall, July 26th, 1782, 488

Sincerity of the Ministers.--Mr Fitzherbert.

Lord Shelburne to B. Franklin. Shelburne House,
July 27th, 1782, 488

Acknowledgments for his congratulations.

To Richard Oswald. Passy, July 28th, 1782, 489

Affair of Captain Asgill.--Justification of the
proceedings of General Washington.

To Count de Vergennes. Passy, August 8th, 1782, 491

Mr Oswald informs him that his commission is in
preparation.

Count de Vergennes to B. Franklin. Versailles,
August 8th, 1782, 491

Requesting a visit.

Robert R. Livingston to B. Franklin. Philadelphia,
August 9th, 1782, 492

Letter of General Carleton and Admiral Digby to General
Washington, declaring that a negotiation for a general
peace is opened on the ground of independence.--
Compensation to loyalists; fisheries; western lands.

To Robert R. Livingston. Passy, Aug 12th, 1782, 494

Accounts between France and the United States; the
sum of eighteen millions has been received, exclusive
of the Holland loan, for which the King is guaranty;
twelve millions of this a free gift.--Sweden ready to
treat.--Affairs of the expedition of Commodore
Jones.--Medals and monument in commemoration
of the victories of Yorktown and Saratoga.--Delays
in the negotiation.

To Robert Morris. Passy, Aug. 12th, 1782, 498

Difficulty of obtaining more supplies.--State of
Beaumarchais's accounts.--State of the United States'
funds in Europe.

David Hartley to B. Franklin. London, August 16th, 1782, 502

Regrets the delays in the negotiations.--Believes the
Ministry sincere.

THE

CORRESPONDENCE

OF

BENJAMIN FRANKLIN,

COMMISSIONER AND MINISTER PLENIPOTENTIARY TO
THE COURT OF FRANCE, AND COMMISSIONER
FOR NEGOTIATING A PEACE

At the beginning of the Revolution, DR FRANKLIN was in England, where he had resided several years as an agent for Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, New Jersey and Georgia. He returned to America in the spring of 1775, and was shortly after elected a member of Congress. In that body he held the rank, to which his great talents and patriotism entitled him, and was chosen one of the Committee of Secret Correspondence for transacting foreign affairs.

On the 26th of September, 1776, he was elected a Commissioner to the Court of France, in conjunction with Silas Deane and Thomas Jefferson. Immediately after his appointment he hastened preparations for his departure. Meantime Mr Jefferson declined serving, and Arthur Lee was chosen in his place. Dr Franklin set off from Philadelphia on his voyage, October 26th, and entered Quiberon Bay, on the coast of France, November 29th, after a fatiguing passage. He was now seventyone years of age. He proceeded to Nantes, where he remained a few days to recruit himself, and arrived in Paris about the 20th of December. Here he found Mr Deane, and they were soon after joined by Mr Lee.

Little was done by the Commissioners in Paris for more than a year, as France was not then prepared to take an open part against England. The success of the American arms against Burgoyne became the turning point in the French Cabinet, and they immediately consented to make treaties of amity and commerce with the United States, which were definitively signed on the 6th of February, 1778. This great work being finished, Congress deemed it expedient to dissolve the Commission by appointing a Minister Plenipotentiary to the Court of France. The choice fell on Dr Franklin, and, notwithstanding his advanced age, and the arduous nature of the office, he accepted the appointment, and discharged the entire duties of it to the end of the Revolution.

While holding the place of joint Commissioner in France, Congress elected him, on the 1st of January, 1777, to a separate mission to the Court of Spain. Upon this mission, however, he never entered, and it was afterwards transferred to Arthur Lee.

Towards the close of the war, Dr Franklin strenuously urged Congress to permit him to return to his own country, requesting that a successor might be sent out, whose years and strength would better qualify him to endure the labors and perform the services of his station. But Congress did not listen to this petition. His counsels and experience were thought essential to the management of the important concerns then pending. He took a leading part in all the negotiations for peace, and, in conjunction with John Adams, John Jay, and Henry Laurens, signed the preliminary articles, November 30th, 1782, and the definitive treaty, September 3d, 1783. On the 3d of April, of the same year, he concluded a treaty of amity and commerce, with the Swedish Minister in Paris, between Sweden and the United States.

Mr Jefferson at length arrived in Paris as his successor, and Dr Franklin returned to Philadelphia in September, 1785, after an absence of nine years, during the whole of which time he had been engaged in a most active, laborious, and successful service for his country.

THE

CORRESPONDENCE

OF

BENJAMIN FRANKLIN.

TO JOHN HANCOCK, PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.

Nantes, December 8th, 1776.

Sir,

In thirty days after we left the Capes of Delaware, we came to an anchor in Quiberon Bay. I remained on board four days, expecting a change of wind proper to carry the ship into the river Loire; but the wind seemed fixed in an opposite quarter. I landed at Aury, and with some difficulty got hither, the road not being well supplied with means of conveyance. Two days before we saw land, we met a brigantine from Bordeaux belonging to Cork, and another from Rochefort belonging to Hull, both of which were taken. The first had on board staves, tar, turpentine, and claret; the other coniac brandy and flaxseed. There is some difficulty in determining what to do with them, as they are scarce worth sending to America, and the mind of the French Court, with regard to prizes brought into their ports, is not yet known. It is certainly contrary to their treaties with Britain, to permit the sale of them, and we have no regular means of trying and condemning them. There are, however, many here, who would purchase prizes, we having already had several offers from persons who are willing to take upon themselves all consequences as to the illegality. Captain Wickes, as soon as he can get his refreshment, intends to cruise in the channel.

Our friends in France have been a good deal dejected with the Gazette accounts of advantages obtained against us by the British troops. I have helped them here to recover their spirits a little, by assuring them that we still face the enemy, and were under no apprehension of their armies being able to complete their junction. I understand that Mr Lee has lately been at Paris, that Mr Deane is still there, and that an underhand supply is obtained from the government of two hundred brass field pieces, thirty thousand firelocks, and some other military stores, which are now shipping for America, and will be convoyed by a ship of war. The Court of England (Mr Penet tells me, from whom I have the above intelligence) had the folly to demand Mr Deane to be delivered up, but were refused.

Our voyage, though not long, was rough, and I feel myself weakened by it, but I now recover strength daily, and in a few days shall be able to undertake the journey to Paris. I have not yet taken any public character, thinking it prudent first to know whether the Court is ready and willing to receive Ministers publicly from the Congress, that we may neither embarrass her on the one hand, nor subject ourselves to the hazard of a disgraceful refusal on the other. I have despatched an express to Mr Deane, with the letters that I had for him from the Committee, and a copy of our commission, that he may immediately make the proper inquiries, and give me information. In the mean time I find it generally supposed here, that I am sent to negotiate, and that opinion appears to give great pleasure, if I can judge by the extreme civilities I meet with from numbers of the principal people, who have done me the honor to visit me.

I have desired Mr Deane, by some speedy and safe means, to give Mr Lee notice of his appointment. I find several vessels here laden with military stores for America, just ready to sail; on the whole, there is the greatest prospect that we shall be well provided for another campaign, and much stronger than we were last. A Spanish fleet has sailed with seven thousand land forces foot and some horse. Their destination unknown, but supposed against the Portuguese in Brazil. Both France and England are preparing strong fleets, and it is said, that all the powers of Europe are preparing for war, apprehending that a general one cannot be very far distant. When I arrive at Paris I shall be able to write with more certainty. I beg you to present my duty to Congress, and assure them of my most faithful endeavors in their service.

With the sincerest esteem and respect, I have the honor to be, &c.

B. FRANKLIN.

* * * * *

TO THE COMMITTEE OF SECRET CORRESPONDENCE.

Nantes, December 8th, 1776.

Gentlemen,

After a short but rough passage of thirty days, we anchored in Quiberon Bay, the wind not suiting to enter the Loire. Captain Wickes did everything in his power to make the voyage comfortable to me; and I was much pleased with what I saw of his conduct as an officer, when on supposed occasions we made preparation for engagement, the good order and readiness with which it was done, being far beyond my expectations, and I believe equal to anything of the kind in the best ships of the king's fleet. He seems to have also a very good set of officers under him. I hope they will all in good time be promoted. He met and took two prizes, brigantines, one belonging to Cork, laden with staves, pitch, tar, turpentine, and claret; the other to Hull, with a cargo of flaxseed and brandy. The captains have made some propositions of ransom, which, perhaps, may be accepted, as there is yet no means of condemning them here, and they are scarce worth sending to America. The ship is yet in Quiberon Bay, with her prizes. I came hither from thence, seventy miles, by land. I am made extremely welcome here, where America has many friends. As soon as I have recovered strength enough for the journey, which I hope will be in a very few days, I shall set out for Paris. My letter to the President will inform you of some other particulars.

With great esteem, I have the honor to be, &c.

B. FRANKLIN.

_P. S. December 10th._ I have just learnt that eighty pieces of cannon, all brass, with carriages, braces, and everything fit for immediate service, were embarked in a frigate from Havre, which is sailed; the rest were to go in another frigate of thirtysix guns.

* * * * *

FROM THE COMMITTEE OF SECRET CORRESPONDENCE TO BENJAMIN FRANKLIN.

Baltimore, January 1st, 1777.

Sir,

Congress, relying on your wisdom and integrity, and well knowing the importance of the case, have appointed you their Commissioner to negotiate a treaty of friendship and commerce with the Court of Spain.[1] The idea of Congress on this subject you will find in the instructions sent by this opportunity to yourself, and the other Commissioners, at the Court of France. Your commission for this special service we have now the honor to enclose you.

We are, with great respect and esteem, honorable Sir, yours, &c.

B. HARRISON,
R. H. LEE,
J. WITHERSPOON,
W. HOOPER.

[1] See the _Secret Journals of Congress_, Vol. II. pp. 38, 41, 42.

* * * * *

TO THE COMMITTEE OF SECRET CORRESPONDENCE.

Paris, January 4th, 1777.

Gentlemen,

I arrived here about two weeks since, where I found Mr Deane. Mr Lee has since joined us from London. We have had an audience of the Minister, Count de Vergennes, and were respectfully received. We left for his consideration a sketch of the proposed treaty.[2] We are to wait upon him tomorrow with a strong memorial, requesting the aids mentioned in our instructions. By his advice, we have had an interview with the Spanish Ambassador, Count d'Aranda, who seems well disposed towards us, and will forward copies of our memorials to his Court, which will act, he says, in perfect concert with this.

[2] See this sketch in the Secret Journals of Congress, Vol. II, p. 7.

Their fleets are said to be in fine order, manned and fit for sea. The cry of this nation is for us, but the Court, it is thought, views an approaching war with reluctance. The press continues in England. As soon as we can receive a positive answer from these Courts, we shall despatch an express with it.

I am, Gentlemen, &c.

B. FRANKLIN.

* * * * *

TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.

Paris, January 20th, 1777.

Dear Sir,

The bearer, Captain Balm, is strongly recommended to me as a very able officer of horse, and capable of being extremely useful to us, in forming a body of men for that service. As he has otherwise an excellent character, I take the liberty of recommending him to my friends as a stranger of merit, worthy of their civilities, and to the Congress as an officer, who if employed may greatly serve a cause, which he has sincerely at heart.

With great respect, &c.

B. FRANKLIN.

* * * * *

TO THE COUNT D'ARANDA, SPANISH AMBASSADOR TO THE COURT OF FRANCE.

Passy,[3] April 7th, 1777.

Sir,

I left in your Excellency's hands, to be communicated, if you please, to your Court, a duplicate of the commission from Congress, appointing me to go to Spain as their Minister Plenipotentiary. But, as I understand, that the receiving such a Minister is not at present thought convenient, and I am sure the Congress would have nothing done that might incommode in the least a Court they so much respect, I shall therefore postpone that journey till circumstances may make it more suitable. In the mean time, I beg leave to lay before his Catholic Majesty, through the hands of your Excellency, the propositions contained in a resolution of Congress, dated December 30th, 1776, viz.

"That if His Catholic Majesty will join with the United States in a war against Great Britain, they will assist in reducing to the possession of Spain the town and harbor of Pensacola; provided the inhabitants of the United States shall have the free navigation of the Mississippi, and the use of the harbor of Pensacola; and will, (provided it shall be true, that his Portuguese Majesty has insultingly expelled the vessels of these States from his ports, or has confiscated any such vessels,) declare war against the said King, if that measure shall be agreeable to, and supported by, the Courts of France and Spain."

It is understood, that the strictest union subsists between those two Courts; and in case Spain and France should think fit to attempt the conquest of the English sugar islands, Congress have further proposed to furnish provisions to the amount of two millions of dollars, and to join the fleet employed on the occasion, with six frigates of not less than twentyfour guns each, manned and fitted for service; and to render any other assistance which may be in their power, as becomes good allies; without desiring for themselves the possession of any of the said islands.

These propositions are subject to discussion, and to receive such modification as may be found proper.

With great respect, I have the honor to be your Excellency's most obedient and most humble servant,

B. FRANKLIN.

[3] Passy is a small town about three miles from Paris, on the banks
of the Seine. Dr Franklin lived here during the whole of his residence
in France.

* * * * *

TO GENERAL WASHINGTON.

Paris, June 13th, 1777.

Sir,

The bearer, M. le Comte Kotkouski, a Polish officer, is recommended to me by several persons of worth here, as a man of experience in military affairs, and of tried bravery. He has lost his family and estate in Poland, by fighting there in the cause of liberty, and wishes, by engaging in the same cause, to find a new country and new friends in America. Count Pulaski, who was a General of the confederates in Poland, and who is gone to join you, is esteemed one of the greatest officers in Europe. He can give you the character of this M. Kotkouski, who served under him as Lieutenant Colonel.

It is with regret that I give letters of introduction to foreign officers, fearing that you may be troubled with more than you can provide for, or employ to their and your own satisfaction. When particular cases seem to have a claim to such letters, I hope you will excuse my taking the liberty. I give no expectations to those who apply for them; I promise nothing, I acquaint them that their being placed when they arrive is a great uncertainty, and that the voyage being long, expensive, and hazardous, I counsel them not to undertake it. This honest gentleman's zeal is not to be discouraged by such means; he determines to go and serve as a volunteer, if he cannot be employed immediately as an officer; but I wish and hope that your Excellency may find a better situation for him, and that he will be a useful officer. He has the advantage of understanding English, and will soon speak it intelligibly. He also speaks German, and some other European languages, and the Latin.

With the truest esteem and respect, I have the honor to be, &c.

B. FRANKLIN.

* * * * *

TO GENERAL WASHINGTON.

Paris, June 13th, 1777.

Sir,

The person, who will have the honor of delivering this to your Excellency, is Monsieur le Baron de Frey, who is well recommended to me as an officer of experience and merit, with a request that I would give him a letter of introduction. I have acquainted him, that you are rather overstocked with officers, and that his obtaining employment in your army is an uncertainty; but his zeal for the American cause is too great for any discouragements I can lay before him, and he goes over at his own expense, to take his chance, which is a mark of attachment that merits our regard. He will show your Excellency the commissions and proofs of his military service hitherto, and I beg leave to recommend him to your notice.

With the sincerest esteem and respect,

B. FRANKLIN.

* * * * *