Chapter I: Front Matter (1)

THE

DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE

OF THE

AMERICAN REVOLUTION.

VOL. X.

THE

DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE

OF THE

AMERICAN REVOLUTION;

BEING

THE LETTERS OF BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, SILAS DEANE, JOHN ADAMS, JOHN JAY, ARTHUR LEE, WILLIAM LEE, RALPH IZARD, FRANCIS DANA, WILLIAM CARMICHAEL, HENRY LAURENS, JOHN LAURENS, M. DE LAFAYETTE, M. DUMAS, AND OTHERS, CONCERNING THE FOREIGN RELATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES DURING THE WHOLE REVOLUTION;

TOGETHER WITH

THE LETTERS IN REPLY FROM THE SECRET COMMITTEE OF CONGRESS, AND THE SECRETARY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.

ALSO,

THE ENTIRE CORRESPONDENCE OF THE FRENCH MINISTERS, GERARD AND LUZERNE, WITH CONGRESS.

Published under the Direction of the President of the United States, from the original Manuscripts in the Department of State, conformably to a Resolution of Congress, of March 27th, 1818.

EDITED

BY JARED SPARKS.

VOL. X.

BOSTON:

NATHAN HALE AND GRAY & BOWEN;

G. & C. & H. CARVILL, NEW YORK; P. THOMPSON, WASHINGTON.

1830.

Steam Power Press--W. L. Lewis' Print.

No. 6, Congress Street, Boston

CONTENTS

OF THE

TENTH VOLUME.

GENERAL LAFAYETTE'S CORRESPONDENCE.

Page.

Resolve of Congress respecting General Lafayette.
In Congress, November 23d, 1781, 5

Expressing their sense of his services, and directing the
foreign Ministers and other officers of the United States
to consult with him.

To Robert R. Livingston. Antony, near Paris,
March 30th, 1782, 7

Ministerial changes in England.

To Robert R. Livingston. St Germain, June 25th,
1782, 8

Composition, character, and policy of the Shelburne
Ministry.--Defeat of Count de Grasse.--Siege of Gibraltar.

Robert R. Livingston to M. de Lafayette. Philadelphia,
September 18th, 1782, 15

The Count de Segur.--Character of the British Ministry.

Robert R. Livingston to M. de Lafayette. Philadelphia,
November 2d, 1782, 16

Political and military state of America.

To the President of Congress. Brest, December
3d, 1782, 19

Is about to embark on a voyage in the service of America.

Robert R. Livingston to M. de Lafayette. Philadelphia,
January 10th, 1783, 20

Discontents in the army on account of the want of
money.--Regrets the departure of the French troops.

To William Carmichael, at Madrid. Cadiz, January
20th, 1783, 22

America ought to treat with Spain only on an equal
footing.

To Robert R. Livingston. Cadiz, February 5th,
1783, 24

Objects of his voyage.--Mr Carmichael desires his presence
at Madrid.--Disposition of Spain.--Southern
boundaries.--Recommends Mr Harrison to be Consul at Cadiz.

To the President of Congress. Cadiz, February
5th, 1783, 28

Congratulations on the peace.--Desires the annexation of
Canada to the United States.--His presence required in
Madrid.

To the Count de Florida Blanca. Madrid, February
19th, 1783, 30

Submitting to his revision the results of previous
conferences on American affairs.

Count de Florida Blanca to M. de Lafayette.
Pardo, February 22d, 1783, 32

Acknowledges the correctness of the statements contained
in the preceding letter.--The King is disposed to settle
the affair of the boundaries amicably.

To the Count de Florida Blanca. Madrid, February
22d, 1783, 33

The Spanish Minister explains his sentiments concerning
the boundary.

To Robert R. Livingston. Bordeaux, March 2d,
1783, 33

Interviews with the Count de Florida Blanca.--The Spanish
Court fears the effect of the American revolution on its
Colonies.--Conferences with the other Spanish
Ministers.--Disposition of the Spanish Court towards the
United States.--Urges the necessity of strengthening the
union.

Robert R. Livingston to M. de Lafayette. Philadelphia,
May 1st, 1783, 38

Acknowledges the importance of his correspondence, and his
services in Europe in the cause of America.--Proceedings
in America in consequence of the ratification of the
Provisional Articles.

To the President of Congress. Chavaniac, in the
Province of Auvergne, July 20th, 1783, 40

Russia is determined on a Turkish war.--Endeavors
to obtain L'Orient and Marseilles as free ports.

To the President of Congress. Nantes, September
7th, 1783, 42

Applies to the French Ministry and the American
Commissioners on the subject of American debts.--Commerce
between France and America.--Warlike preparations in the
East.--Necessity of conciliating the army and cementing
the union.--Will return to America as soon as his presence
in Europe ceases to be useful.

To the President of Congress. Paris, December
26th, 1783, 45

Changes in the British Ministry.--Affairs in the East.

To John Jay, Secretary of Foreign Affairs. Mount
Vernon, November 25th, 1784, 46

Regrets the publication of certain papers relating to the
Indian treaty.

To John Jay. Versailles, February 8th, 1785, 48

Affairs of Europe.

To John Jay. Paris, March 19th, 1785, 50

Urges the surrender of New Orleans to America, or the
declaration of it as a free port.--European
affairs.--Opposition of the mercantile interest to a
liberal commercial policy.

To John Jay. Paris, May 11th, 1785, 51

European affairs.--Endeavors to obtain privileges for the
American trade in France.--Intends to visit the south of
France and Germany.

To John Jay. Vienna, September 6th, 1785, 52

Calls the attention of Congress to the Memorial of M.
d'Argaynarat.

To John Jay. Paris, February 11th, 1786, 53

Sentiments of the German Courts concerning America.--The
stability of democratical forms of government, and of the
union of the States distrusted in Europe.--European
affairs.

To John Jay. Paris, October 28th, 1786, 57

Expresses his astonishment that M. Gardoqui should raise
any doubts respecting the adoption of the English limits
in America.--The navigation of the Mississippi must be
enjoyed by the United States.--The appointment of the
convention has a good effect in Europe.--Recommends a
confederacy of America and the powers of southern Europe
against the Barbary States.

To John Jay. Paris, February 7th, 1787, 59

European affairs.--The disturbances in New England excite
distrust in Europe.

To John Jay. Paris, May 3d, 1787, 60

Proceedings of the notables in France.--The interest of
the American debt unpaid.--Hopes from the convention at
Philadelphia.--Character of Brienne.

To John Jay. Paris, October 15th, 1787, 63

State of affairs in Europe.--Effects of a maritime war on
America.--The present time favorable for obtaining the
restoration of the forts and the navigation of the
Mississippi.

THE CORRESPONDENCE OF THE COMMISSIONERS

FOR NEGOTIATING A PEACE

WITH GREAT BRITAIN.

Commission to treat of Peace, 71

Commission to accept the mediation of the Empress
of Russia and the Emperor of Germany, 73

Instructions to the Commissioners for Peace. In
Congress, June 15th, 1781, 75

The King's warrant for Richard Oswald's first Commission
for negotiating Peace, 76

Richard Oswald's second Commission for negotiating
Peace, 80

Commission to William T. Franklin, 83

From Benjamin Franklin and John Jay, appointing him
Secretary to the Commissioners.

Resolutions of Congress. In Congress, October 3d,
1782, 86

Declaring their intention to adhere to their alliance with
France, and to prosecute the war till the conclusion of a
general peace, and their entire confidence in the support
of France.

Articles agreed on between the American and British
Commissioners. October 8th, 1782, 88

Richard Oswald to the Commissioners. Paris, November
4th, 1782, 92

Insisting on the restoration of the property confiscated
for attachment to the British cause, and on a general
amnesty.

Articles taken to England by Mr Strachey. November
5th, 1782, 94

H. Strachey to the Commissioners. Paris, November
5th, 1782, 98

Urging the indemnification of the refugees as
indispensable to peace.

To Richard Oswald. Paris, November 5th, 1782, 99

Restitution of the estates of the refugees is
impossible.--Indemnification can only be granted on
condition of retribution to American citizens for the
destruction of their property during the war.--The amnesty
cannot be extended any further.

To H. Strachey. Paris, November 6th, 1782, 101

Enclosing the preceding letter.

Third set of Articles. November 25th, 1782, 101

Article proposed and read to the Commissioners,
before signing the Preliminary Articles, 106

Demanding compensation for all the private property seized
or destroyed during the war.--FACTS in regard to this
subject.

To M. de Lafayette. Paris, November 28th, 1782, 108

Approve of his return to America.

Provisional Articles of Peace, 109

To Francis Dana at Petersburg. Paris, December
12th, 1782, 116

Informing him of the signing of the Provisional Articles,
and advising the communication of his mission.

To Robert R. Livingston. Paris, December 14th,
1782, 117

Enclosing a copy of the preliminaries of peace, with
remarks on some of the articles.

Resolution of Congress respecting Commercial
Stipulations. In Congress, December 31st, 1782, 121

Instructing the Commissioners to stipulate for a direct
commerce between the British dominions and the United
States.

English Commissioners' Declaration of the Cessation
of Hostilities. Paris, January 20th, 1783, 121

Signature of the above Declaration by the American
Commissioners, 123

British King's Proclamation, Declaring a Cessation
of Arms, 124

Alleyne Fitzherbert to the Commissioners. Paris,
February 18th, 1783, 126

Enclosing passports for American vessels and the preceding
proclamation.

American Commissioners' Declaration of the Cessation
of Hostilities, 127

Robert R. Livingston to the Commissioners.
Philadelphia, March 25th, 1783, 129

General satisfaction with the Preliminary
Articles.--Remarks on the 5th Article.--Regrets the
signing of the treaty without communication with the
French Court, and the concealing of the Separate Article.

Proclamation of Congress, Declaring a Cessation of Arms, 133

Robert R. Livingston to the Commissioners. Philadelphia,
April 21st, 1783, 136

Proceedings in Congress relative to the ratification of
the Provisional Articles.--Points out some ambiguities in
the Articles.

Mr Grand to the Commissioners. Paris, May 10th,
1783, 139

Enclosing a statement of sums for which he is responsible
on behalf of the United States.--Difficulty of meeting the
payment.

M. de Lafayette to the Commissioners. Paris,
May 12th, 1783, 141

Is requested by the Count de Vergennes to inquire if the
Commissioners will conclude the treaty under the mediation
of Austria and Russia.

David Hartley's Commission, 142

An Order of the British Council. At the Court of
St James, May 14th, 1783, 144

Authorising the importation of unmanufactured articles
from the United States, and allowing the same privileges
on merchandise exported into the United States, as upon
those exported to the foreign dominions of Great Britain.

Count de Vergennes' Proposed New Articles, 146

Interpreting the 2d and 3d Articles of the treaty of
commerce of 1778, so as to place the two powers mutually
on the footing of the most favored nation.

To Mr Grand. Paris, May 22d, 1783, 147

Regret that they cannot relieve his difficulties.

Robert R. Livingston to the Commissioners. Philadelphia,
May 28th, 1783, 148

Violation of the Articles of the Provisional Treaty, by
the British General sending off slaves.--Complains of want
of information from the Commissioners.

Robert R. Livingston to the Commissioners. Philadelphia,
May 31st, 1783, 149

Propositions from Holland.--Congress will be averse to
engagements that may involve them in European
quarrels.--Dissatisfaction with the 5th and 6th
Preliminary Articles.

John Adams's Proposed Agreement. June, 1783, 151

John Jay's Proposed Agreement. June, 1783, 153

David Hartley's Proposed Agreement. June, 1783, 154

Report of a Committee of Congress, 155

On the proposition of Holland, that America should accede
to the treaty of the armed neutrality and conclude a
similar treaty with the other belligerents.--Congress came
to the resolution, to instruct the Commissioners not to
enter into any engagement, which should bind the
contracting parties to support it by arms.

David Hartley to the Commissioners. Paris, June
14th, 1783, 158

The British Court desires a sincere reconciliation of the
two countries.--It is not an exact literal reciprocity
that is desirable, but a substantial reciprocity.--The old
British policy cannot easily be abandoned at once.--A
temporary convention between the two powers would tend to
remove the difficulties in the way of an entire
reconciliation and reciprocity.

David Hartley's Memorial to the Commissioners, 165

On the proposed reciprocity of intercourse between Great
Britain and America.--Circumstances which must prevent a
permanent connexion between America and France; Spain; the
Italian powers; the Northern powers; Holland.--Great
Britain and America must be connected in friendly or
hostile relations.

The President of Congress to the Commissioners.
Philadelphia, June 16th, 1783, 172

Transmitting papers in consequence of Mr Livingston's
resignation.

Henry Laurens to the Commissioners. London,
June 17th, 1783, 173

Interview with Mr Fox.--Symptoms of coldness.

The President of Congress to B. Franklin. Philadelphia,
June 18th, 1783, 174

Thanks him for medals.--The Americans are irritated by the
British holding New York and sending away negroes.

Henry Laurens to the Commissioners. London,
June 20th, 1783, 176

Coolness of the Ministry.

To the Count de Vergennes. Passy, June 28th,
1783, 177

Desiring assistance to meet the bills drawn by Mr Morris.

Propositions made by the Commissioners to David
Hartley for the Definitive Treaty, 178

David Hartley's Six Propositions for a Definitive
Treaty. June, 1783, 182

The Commissioners' Answers to Mr Hartley's Six
Propositions, 183

To David Hartley. Passy, July 17th, 1783, 185

Communicate the ratification of the Provisional Articles
by Congress.--Complain of the violation of the articles
by the British commander in America.--Propose that no
executions shall be issued against British debtors in
America under a delay of three years.

To Robert R. Livingston. Passy, July 18th, 1783, 187

Defence of their conduct in regard to the Separate
Article.--Reasons for framing the article, and for
withholding the communication of it to France and
Spain.--Explanations of the alleged ambiguities in the
other articles.

To Robert R. Livingston. Paris, July 27th, 1783, 193

State of the negotiations.

Project for a Definitive Treaty of Peace, 195

Ratification of the Provisional Articles by Great Britain, 206

An Act of the British Parliament, repealing certain Acts
prohibiting Intercourse with the United States, 207

David Hartley to the Commissioners. Paris, August
29th, 1783, 209

Desiring them to fix the day for signing the Definitive
Treaty.--His instructions confine him to Paris.

To David Hartley. Passy, August 30th, 1783, 209

Appointing a time for signing the treaty.

David Hartley to the Commissioners. Paris, September
4th, 1783, 210

Congratulates them on the signing of the
treaty.--Assures them of the sincere wish of the British
Court for an entire reconciliation.

B. Franklin to Charles Fox. Passy, September
5th, 1783, 211

Expressing his satisfaction with Mr Hartley.

To David Hartley. Passy, September 5th, 1783, 212

Desire a return of cordiality between the two
countries.--Some of the proposed stipulations are not
within their instructions.

To David Harley. Passy, September 7th, 1783, 213

Transmitting a resolve of Congress, ordering the issuing
of a commission to negotiate a treaty of commerce.

To the President of Congress. Passy, September
10th, 1783, 214

Recommending Mr Thaxter.--Account of their negotiations
subsequent to the signing of the Provisional
Articles.--The articles relating to the tories.--Injurious
impressions made in Europe by the popular assemblies in
America.--Recommends the appointment of a Minister to
Great Britain.--Connexions with other powers.--Necessity
of a common national policy in the States.

From Congress to the Commissioners. October
29th, 1783, 222

Instructing them to express to the Emperor the desire of
Congress to enter into a treaty of amity and commerce with
him; to meet the advances of other European powers on the
basis of perfect equality and reciprocity; to demand
satisfaction of the Danish Court for the seizure of
American prizes in Danish ports; to report to Congress
information as to the expedition of Commodore Jones; to
take no further steps for the admission of the United
States into the confederacy of the neutral powers; to
hasten the conclusion of the Definitive Treaty; to
negotiate an explanation of a paragraph in the Declaration
of the cessation of hostilities.--Authorising Mr Jay to
call Mr Carmichael to Paris for the purpose of adjusting
their accounts.--Giving Mr Jay leave to go to Bath.

Ratification of the Definitive Treaty by Congress, 226

Proclamation of Congress respecting the Definitive
Treaty, 226

Accompanied by Resolutions recommending the adoption of
measures by the States for the restitution of confiscated
property of British subjects.

Ratification of the Definitive Treaty by Great
Britain, 229

CONRAD ALEXANDER GERARD'S CORRESPONDENCE.

Letter from the King of France to Congress, 235

Letter of credence for M. Gerard, in the character of
Minister of France to the United States.

Appointment of Consul-General of France in the
United States, 236

The King of France to Congress, 238

Letter of credence for Count d'Estaing.

Count d'Estaing to the President of Congress. At
Sea, July 8th, 1778, 239

Communicating his credentials and his readiness to
co-operate with General Washington.--M. Gerard.

Resolves of Congress respecting the Count d'Estaing's
Letter, and the reception of M. Gerard.
In Congress, July 11th, 1778, 241

To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, July
14th, 1778, 243

Offering the protection of Count d'Estaing's squadron to
the armed vessels of the United States.

To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, July
14th, 1778, 244

Requesting Congress to make provision for the English
prisoners on board the French squadron.

Ceremonial of admitting the French Minister to
Congress. In Congress, July 20th, 1778, 245

To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, November
9th, 1778, 251

Requesting Congress to take measures for the sailing of
vessels with supplies for the French forces.

To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, November
20th, 1778, 253

Informing Congress, that it is not usual to publish
treaties until the ratifications have been exchanged.

Notes of M. Gerard to Congress. Philadelphia,
December 2d, 1778, 253

Method of rendering acts in America valid in France.--Plan
for discharging the debt due to Hortalez & Co. by
furnishing the French forces in America with provisions at
the expense of the United States.

To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, December
6th, 1778, 254

Intends to encourage the capture of ships loaded with
ship-timber by privateers.

To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, December
7th, 1778, 255

Requesting to be informed if the United States have
reserved the liberty of treating separately with England.

To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, December
14th, 1778, 257

On the purchase of flour and rice for the French fleet.

To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, January
4th, 1779, 258

The articles furnished by Beaumarchais were sold to him by
the government, who is, therefore, a creditor of the
United States.

To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, January
5th, 1779, 260

Complaining of certain assertions in the newspapers, which
imply that France had assisted America previous to the
alliance.

To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, January
10th, 1779, 262

Urging an answer of Congress to the representations of the
preceding letter.--Answer of Congress disproving the
passages referred to.

To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, January
14th, 1779, 263

Acknowledging the answer of Congress abovementioned.

To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, January
15th, 1779, 264

Relative to the sentiments of Congress concerning certain
French officers.

Messrs Duportail, La Radiere, and Laumoy to M.
Gerard. Philadelphia, January 15th, 1779, 265

Consenting to remain in the service of the United States.

To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, February
3d, 1779, 267

Supply of provisions for the French fleet in the Gulf of
Mexico.

To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, February
8th, 1779, 267

Requesting to be admitted to an audience by Congress.

To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, February
9th, 1779, 268

The King of France grants a new supply of seven hundred
and fifty thousand livres.--The articles furnished by
Beaumarchais were not a present from France.--The French
Court cannot answer for the house of Hortalez & Co.

To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, February
9th, 1779, 269

The King of Spain has determined to adopt decisive
measures.--Advises the nomination of agents to conduct the
negotiations for peace.--Conference of M. Gerard with
Congress.

To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, March
14th, 1779, 272

Relative to means of regulating the rate of exchange.

To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, March
16th, 1779, 272

Requesting facilities for transporting French prisoners.

To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, March
17th, 1779, 273

Urging the measures for conducting the negotiations for
peace.--The delay of this measure creates suspicions of
divisions in Congress.

To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, March
31st, 1779, 275

Intention of returning to France.--Urges the sending out
of Ministers with full powers to treat.

To the President of Congress. Mount Pleasant,
April 6th, 1779, 276

Communicating extracts of letters from Martinique.

To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, April
24th, 1779, 279

Respecting the capture of two Spanish vessels by American
privateers, and their condemnation.--Memorial of Don Juan
de Miralles to M. Gerard on this subject.

To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, May
3d, 1779, 283

Urging Congress to adopt measures for taking part in the
negotiations for peace.

To the President of Congress. May 4th, 1779, 284

Communicating a note of the King of France.

From the King of France to Congress, 284

Informing them of the birth of a Princess.

To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, May
6th, 1779, 285

Urging measures for entering into the negotiations.--The
British government intend to push the war with
vigor.--Further grant of supplies.

To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, May
9th, 1779, 287

Count d'Estaing will appear on the American coasts in
compliance with the wishes of Congress.--Desires that
supplies may be in readiness on the arrival of the fleet.

To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, May
9th, 1779, 289

On the proposed co-operation of Count d'Estaing.

To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, May
19th, 1779, 290

Communicating the succeeding Memorial on the Spanish
vessels brought into port by American privateers.--Reply
of Congress, promising reparation in case of injustice.

To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, May
22d, 1779, 294

Objects of the alliance between France and the United
States.--Consequent measures of the French
government.--Extent of the engagements of
France.--Necessity of speedy measures on the part of
Congress for participating in the negotiations for peace.

To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, May
24th, 1779, 299

Expressing his satisfaction with the arrangements of
Congress for levying supplies by a tax.

To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, May
25th, 1779, 301

Acknowledges the reception of resolutions of Congress,
expressing their determination to retaliate for cruelties
committed by the English on French subjects in America, in
the same manner as if committed on citizens of the States.

To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, May
27th, 1779, 302

Importance of a speedy decision of Congress in regard to
the negotiations for peace, for securing the favor of
Spain, and for facilitating the co-operation of the French
forces in America.

To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, June
21st, 1779, 305

Proposing the adoption of measures for maintaining the
immunity of the French flag in the United States.

To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, July
5th, 1779, 306

Relative to the loading and destination of a French supply
ship.--Frauds committed in exporting provisions for the
French fleet.

To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, July
5th, 1779, 309

Requesting that protection may be given to the provisions
purchased for the French forces.--Desires to know if a
sufficient supply can be obtained in the States.

Report of a Committee respecting a Conference
with the Minister of France. In Congress, July
10th, 1779, 312

Containing seven articles read by the Minister, with his
verbal explanations on each article, relating to the
claims of Beaumarchais, the disavowal by Congress of any
disposition to conclude a separate peace, the appointment
of a Minister Plenipotentiary to France, the want of
preparation for the approaching campaign on the part of
the States, the desire of the English Court to be
reconciled with France without an express acknowledgment
of American independence, &c.

To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, July
26th, 1779, 323

Returning thanks for the permission to expedite the supply
ship, and requesting an examination into the pretended
frauds, practised with regard to the ships employed in
carrying provisions to the French fleet.

To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, July
26th, 1779, 324

Requesting that the provisions destined for the French
fleet may remain in the public magazines.

To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, July
26th, 1779, 324

Demanding satisfaction for the attacks made on M. Holker,
French Consul, and requesting the adoption of measures for
protecting the officers of France from future insults.

M. Gerard to the President of the State of Pennsylvania.
Philadelphia, July 26th, 1779, 327

M. Holker to Joseph Reed, President of Pennsylvania.
Philadelphia, July 24th, 1779, 331

To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, July
28th, 1779, 334

Enclosing certain papers relative to M. Holker, viz.;

Joseph Reed to M. Holker. Philadelphia, July
24th, 1779, 335

Joseph Reed to William Henry, Chairman of the
Committee. Walnut Street, July 23d, 1779, 337

William Henry to Joseph Reed. Friday Afternoon,
5 o'clock, Committee Room, 338

M. Holker to M. Gerard. Philadelphia, July 29th,
1779, 339

Transmitting papers relative to the affair of the flour at
Wilmington.

To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, July
30th, 1779, 340

Transmitting papers relative to M. Holker.

Resolves of Congress. In Congress, July 30th,
1779, 341

Resolves, assuring the protection of the United States to
the officers of his Most Christian Majesty, approving the
conduct of M. Holker, &c.

The President of Pennsylvania to M. Gerard. In
Council, Philadelphia, July 31st, 1779, 342

Expressing regret that any disagreeable discussions should
have taken place, and informing him that the flour is now
at the disposition of M. Holker.

To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, August
5th, 1779, 344

Acknowledging the reception of certain resolutions of
Congress.

To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, August
5th, 1779, 345

Expressing his satisfaction with the resolutions of
Congress on the affair of M. Holker, and requesting that
no prosecutions may be commenced against the offenders.

To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, August
11th, 1779, 346

Failure of the attempt to procure military stores at
Martinique.

The Marquis de Bouille to M. Gerard. Martinique,
July 11th, 1779, 347

Unable to furnish any supplies for the United States.

Resolution of Congress. In Congress, August
23d, 1779, 348

Resolution, appointing a committee to offer
congratulations on the birth-day of his Most Christian
Majesty.

M. Gerard to the Committee of Congress. Philadelphia,
August 23d, 1779, 348

Acknowledging the reception of the foregoing resolution.

The Count de Vergennes to M. Gerard, 349

Spain joins the alliance.--The English Court will attempt
to separate America from the alliance by advantageous
offers.

To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, September
15th, 1779, 350

Appointment of Mr Wilson Attorney General for France in
the United States.

To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, September
15th, 1779, 350

Requesting an audience of leave.

M. Gerard's Speech on taking leave of Congress, 351

Reply of the President of Congress to M. Gerard's
Speech on his taking leave, 352

Congress to the King of France, 354

Expressing their approbation of M. Gerard's conduct and
character.

Proceedings of Congress. In Congress, September
25th, 1779, 355

Draft of a letter to M. Gerard, reported by a committee,
expressing the inviolable attachment of the United States
to their allies.--Letter as adopted by Congress.

CAESAR ANNE DE LA LUZERNE'S CORRESPONDENCE.

Substance of a Conference between M. de la Luzerne
and General Washington at Head Quarters,
West Point. September 16th, 1779, 361

Relative to a co-operation with a proposed expedition of
Count d'Estaing to the American coasts, and also with the
Spanish expedition against the Floridas.--Project of an
invasion of Canada and Nova Scotia.

Reception of the French Minister by Congress. In
Congress, November 17th, 1779, 367

Containing his letter of credence, his speech to Congress,
and their answer.

Don Juan Miralles to M. de la Luzerne. Philadelphia,
November 25th, 1779, 373

Desiring the co-operation of the United States with the
Spanish forces in the Floridas, and against the English
possessions northeast of Louisiana.--Requests to be
informed what kind of supplies may be expected from the
States.

To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, November
26th, 1779, 376

Communicating the foregoing letter.

To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, December
6th, 1779, 377

Requesting instructions as to the disposition of certain
property captured by American seamen.

The President of Congress to M. de la Luzerne.
In Congress, December 16th, 1779, 378

Plan of co-operation with the Spanish forces in Florida.

M. Holker to M. de la Luzerne. Philadelphia,
January 10th, 1780, 380

Representing the injurious effects of a law of Maryland on
his measures for supplying the French forces.

William Smith to M. Holker. Baltimore, January
7th, 1780, 382

The supplies intended for the French forces will be seized
by the American Commissioners.

The President of the Council of Maryland to William
Smith. In Council, Annapolis, January 6th,
1780, 383

The supplies purchased for the French fleet cannot be
exempted from seizure for the American army.

To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, January
10th, 1780, 384

Urging the adoption of measures for securing the supplies
raised for the French forces from liability to seizure.

To George Washington. Philadelphia, January
23d, 1780, 386

The English government are unable to raise soldiers, and
intend to obtain them by an exchange of prisoners in
America.--In case of exchange, advantage may be taken to
obtain a virtual acknowledgment of independence.

Extract of a Memorial communicated by the Ambassador
of England to the Court of Madrid, on
the 28th of March, 1779, 389

Ultimatum proposed by the Court of Madrid to the
Courts of France and England, dated 3d of
April, 1779, 390

Extract from the Exposition of the Motives of the
Court of Spain relative to England, 392

To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, January
24th, 1780, 393

Announcing the appointment of a French Consul for North
Carolina.

To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, January
25th, 1780, 394

Preparations for another campaign by the European
belligerents.--Necessity of similar preparations on the
part of America.--Desires to concert a plan of common
operations.

Report of a Committee on the Communications of
the French Minister. In Congress, January
28th, 1780, 395

The French Minister informs Congress, that great exertions
are making in Europe by England, to persuade the other
powers that America may be detached from France; that her
negotiations may result in an armed mediation, to which it
would be necessary to submit; that in this case, it would
be probably necessary to leave Great Britain whatever
territories in America were actually in her hand; he,
therefore, urges the necessity of pushing the approaching
campaign with vigor.

Answer of Congress to the Communications of the
French Minister. In Congress, January 31st,
1780, 399

Forces and plans of Congress for the approaching
campaign.--The general disposition in the United States is
to adhere to the alliance.

Communications of the French Minister to a Committee
of Congress at a second Conference. In
Congress, February 2d, 1780, 402

Communicating the views of the Spanish Court on the
Western boundary, the exclusive navigation of the
Mississippi, the possession of the Floridas, and the lands
on the left bank of the Mississippi.

George Washington to M. de la Luzerne. Head
Quarters, Morristown, February 4th, 1780, 404

The small number of British prisoners will, probably,
prevent any important concessions for the sake of
effecting an exchange.

George Washington to M. de la Luzerne. Head
Quarters, Morristown, February 15th, 1780, 406

Declines granting a detachment requested of him, on
account of the feebleness of his forces.--A covering
party, if necessary, may be furnished by the militia.

To the President of Congress. Philadelphia,
March 8th, 1780, 408

M. Gerard obtains facilities for fitting out the
Confederation in Martinique, but has no materials for
masts.

The King of France to Congress, 409

Communicating an additional grant of aid.

George Washington to M. de la Luzerne. Morristown,
May 5th, 1780, 410

Expressing his esteem for M. de la Luzerne, and his
satisfaction with his approbation of the state of the
army.

George Washington to M. de la Luzerne. Morristown,
May 11th, 1780, 411

Expresses his pleasure at the arrival of M. de Lafayette.

George Washington to M. de la Luzerne. Head
Quarters, Morristown, May 14th, 1780, 412

French fleet in the West Indies.

To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, May
16th, 1780, 412

His Majesty intends to send out a reinforcement.--Desires
the concurrence of Congress in combining a plan of
operations.--Requests information as to the forces,
resources, and posts of the enemy.--Additional supplies
obtained by Dr Franklin.--Favorable situation of affairs.

To George Washington. Philadelphia, May 21st,
1780, 415

Operations of the approaching campaign.

Report of a Committee of Congress on a Conference
with the French Minister. In Congress,
May 24th, 1780, 416

Plan for raising supplies.--Propose the establishment of
posts from Boston to Charleston to facilitate
communication.--Recommend the preparation of a
reinforcement to the French fleet, and the adoption of
measures to prevent desertions from the same.

George Washington to M. de la Luzerne. Morristown,
June 5th, 1780, 419

The French troops will be cordially received.--Desires to
maintain a correspondence with him.

Report of a Committee of Congress respecting
Communications from the French Minister. In
Congress, June 5th, 1780, 420

Raising of supplies for the French troops.--Mode of paying
them.

Report of a Committee of Congress respecting a
Conference with the French Minister. In Congress,
June 7th, 1780, 423

Raising of supplies for the French forces.

To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, June
18th, 1780, 425

Urging the completion of the American army.--Forces
necessary for an effective co-operation.

To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, June
28th, 1780, 427

Desiring permission for the supplying of the Spanish
forces with provisions.

Congress to the Minister of France. In Congress,
July 7th, 1780, 428

Supplies for the Spanish forces.

To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, July
22d, 1780, 429

Arrival of part of the French forces destined to act in
America.--The other part separated for security.

To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, July
25th, 1780, 430

Requesting that the American vessels of war may join the
French squadron.

Joseph Reed to M. de la Luzerne. In Council,
Philadelphia, July 25th, 1780, 431

The Hessian deserters are at liberty to enter the French
service, if desired.

To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, July
26th, 1780, 432

Desiring arrangements to be made for the subsistence of
the Hessian recruits.

George Washington to M. de la Luzerne. Head
Quarters, July 27th, 1780, 433

Plan of a junction of the French fleets.--Rumored project
of an attack on the French forces by General Clinton.

To George Washington. Philadelphia, July 30th,
1780, 434

Relative to certain proposed naval operations.

George Washington to M. de la Luzerne. Peekskill,
August 4th, 1780, 434

Project of junction of the two divisions of the French
forces.

George Washington to M. de la Luzerne. Peekskill,
August 6th, 1780, 436

Relative to the employment of American frigates to aid in
the junction of the French forces.

To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, August
15th, 1780, 437

Readiness of the French government to co-operate with the
American forces against the common enemy.

To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, August
15th, 1780, 438

Case of a citizen of Bermuda.

To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, September
1st, 1780, 439

Improbable that certain bills of exchange drawn on Dr
Franklin will be accepted.

George Washington to M. de la Luzerne. Head
Quarters, Bergen County, September 12th,
1780, 440

Projected naval operations.

To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, September
15th, 1780, 441

Desires the publication of the treaty for the purpose of
settling difficulties arising as to the 11th and 12th
Articles.

To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, September
16th, 1780, 442

Announcing the appointment of M. de Marbois as _Charge
d'Affaires_ during his absence.

M. de Marbois to the President of Congress. Philadelphia,
October 8th, 1780, 443

Acknowledging the reception of certain resolutions of
Congress.

M. de Marbois to the President of Congress. Philadelphia,
October 27th, 1780, 443

Requesting a convoy for store ships.

To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, November
1st, 1780, 444

Suggesting changes in the mode of authenticating ships'
papers.

From Congress to the King of France, 445

Unprosperous state of things.--Retrospect of
events.--Praying for assistance in raising a loan.

To George Washington. Philadelphia, December
5th, 1780, 449

Expected arrival of clothing for the army.--Spanish
operations.

George Washington to M. de la Luzerne. New
Windsor, December 14th, 1780, 451

Forwards his despatches for Rhode Island.

To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, January
15th, 1781, 452

American prizes carried into French ports will be judged
in the same manner as those of subjects.

To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, February
25th, 1781, 452

Arrival of a French squadron in the Chesapeake.

To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, February
28th, 1781, 453

Authorises Mr Morris to draw bills of exchange.

To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, March
2d, 1781, 454

The French squadron sails from the Chesapeake.

M. Destouches to M. de la Luzerne. On Board
the Duc de Bourgogne, March 19th, 1781, 455

Engagement between a French and English squadron.

To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, March
24th, 1781, 457

Supplies granted by France.--Proposes Congress should
furnish the French forces with provisions, receiving in
payment bills on the Treasury of France.

To George Washington. Philadelphia, March 27th,
1781, 460

Failure of the expedition of M. Destouches.

George Washington to M. de la Luzerne. Head
Quarters, New Windsor, March 31st, 1781, 461

Return of M. Destouches to Newport.--Good conduct of the
expedition.

To George Washington. Philadelphia, May 7th,
1781, 462

Forwarding proposals of an expedition to M. Destouches.

To M. Destouches. Philadelphia, May 7th, 1781, 463

Dangerous situation of Virginia and Maryland.--Proposes an
expedition into the Chesapeake for their relief.

To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, May
9th, 1781, 465

Abuse of intercepted ships' papers by the
English.--Proposes the adoption of measures of prevention.

To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, May
22d, 1781, 466

Transmitting the King's letter.

The King of France to Congress, 466

Granting further assistance.

George Washington to M. de la Luzerne. Weathersfield,
May 23d, 1781, 467

Intended attack on New York.--Urges the presence of the
French West India fleet in the American seas.

To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, May
25th, 1781, 469

The expected reinforcements of the French forces have not
been despatched.--Pecuniary grant of the French
government.

To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, May
26th, 1781, 472

Offered mediation of Austria and Russia between the
belligerents.--France declines accepting the offer without
the consent of the United States.--Urges the appointment
of Plenipotentiaries to take part in the proposed
negotiations.

Report of a Conference with the French Minister.
In Congress, May 28th, 1781, 475

The French Ministry considers the mission of Mr Dana to St
Petersburg premature.--Desires that Mr Adams may be
restricted by instructions.--English agent at
Madrid.--Spain and France decline the mediation, but will
accept it finally.--Desires to know the sentiments of
America.--Advises moderation in the demands of the United
States.

Congress to the King of France, 483

Returning thanks for supplies.--Their opinion as to the
mediation will be communicated through their Minister.

To George Washington. Philadelphia, June 1st,
1781, 484

Regrets the delay of the reinforcements from
France.--Promises to propose his plan of operations to the
Count de Grasse.

George Washington to M. de la Luzerne. Head
Quarters, New Windsor, June 13th, 1781, 486

Desires that a body of land forces may accompany the Count
de Grasse's squadron.

Report of a Conference with the French Minister.
In Congress, June 18th, 1781, 487

Communications of the Minister relative to losses of
French subjects in America.--Proceedings of the armed
neutrality.--Violation of its principles by American
privateers.--Mr Cumberland's negotiations in
Spain.--Supplies.--Mediation of the Imperial
powers.--Situation of affairs in Europe obliges France to
maintain a considerable force.--State of affairs in
Holland.--Amount of the pecuniary aid granted by France.

To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, July
1st, 1781, 493

Leaves M. de Marbois _Charge d'Affaires_ during his visit
to the American army.

M. de Marbois to the President of Congress. Philadelphia,
July 9th, 1781, 494

The French naval commander desires permission to recruit
his forces by the impressment of French seamen.

M. de Marbois to the Secretary of Congress. Philadelphia,
July 11th, 1781, 495

On the appointment of Mr McKean to the Presidency.

To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, July
20th, 1781, 495

Desires to communicate despatches from his Court to
Congress.

Report of Communications from the French Minister.
In Congress, July 23d, 1781, 496

Causes of the delay of the intended reinforcement of the
French arms in America.--The relations of Holland and
England render a connexion between that country and
America probable.

To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, July
26th, 1781, 498

Communication of a draft of a convention relative to the
establishment of Consuls by France and America.

To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, August
23d, 1781, 499

Desires the recognition of the French Consul for New
England, regularly appointed.

To the President of Congress. Philadelphia, September
6th, 1781, 500

Desires the passing of acts authorising the French Consul
for New England to exercise his official functions.

THE

CORRESPONDENCE

OF

GEN. LAFAYETTE;

ON THE FOREIGN AFFAIRS OF THE UNITED STATES.

Although the services of GENERAL LAFAYETTE to the United States were rendered chiefly in the military line, yet he contributed very essentially by his efforts, and the weight of his personal character, to promote the interests of our foreign relations. When he left the United States at the close of the year 1781, Congress instructed the American Ministers abroad to consult him on the public affairs of the United States. His correspondence with Congress, now to be published, will show how effectually he executed his trust in this respect, and how deeply and constantly he watched over the interests of his adopted country, long after his return to Europe. These letters are a testimony not more of his patriotism, love of liberty, the warmth of his affections, and the fulness of his gratitude, than of his close observation, correct opinions, and enlarged views on political affairs.

THE CORRESPONDENCE OF GENERAL LAFAYETTE.

* * * * *

RESOLVE OF CONGRESS RESPECTING GENERAL LAFAYETTE.

In Congress, November 23d, 1781.

On the report of a Committee, consisting of Mr Carroll, Mr Madison, and Mr Cornell, to whom was referred a letter of the 22d, from Major-General the Marquis de Lafayette,

_Resolved_, That Major-General the Marquis de Lafayette, have permission to go to France; and that he return at such time as shall be most convenient to him.

That he be informed, that on a review of his conduct throughout the past campaign, and particularly during the period in which he had the chief command in Virginia, the many new proofs, which present themselves of his zealous attachment to the cause he has espoused, and of his judgment, vigilance, gallantry, and address in its defence, have greatly added to the high opinion entertained by Congress of his merits and military talents.

That he make known to the officers and troops whom he commanded during that period, that the brave and enterprising services with which they seconded his zeal and efforts, and which enabled him to defeat the attempts of an enemy far superior in numbers, have been beheld by Congress with particular satisfaction and approbation.

That the Secretary of Foreign Affairs acquaint the Ministers Plenipotentiary of the United States, that it is the desire of Congress that they should confer with the Marquis de Lafayette, and avail themselves of his information relative to the situation of public affairs in the United States.

That the Secretary of Foreign Affairs further acquaint the Minister Plenipotentiary at the Court of Versailles, that he will conform to the intention of Congress by consulting with, and employing the assistance of the Marquis de Lafayette, in accelerating the supplies, which may be afforded by his Most Christian Majesty for the use of the United States.

That the Superintendent of Finance, the Secretary for Foreign Affairs, and the Board of War, make such communication to the Marquis de Lafayette, touching the affairs of their respective departments, as will best enable him to fulfil the purpose of the two resolutions immediately preceding.

That the Superintendent of Finance take order for discharging the engagement entered into by the Marquis de Lafayette with the merchants of Baltimore referred to in the act of the 24th of May last.

That the Superintendent of Finance furnish the Marquis de Lafayette with a proper conveyance to France.

That the Secretary of Foreign Affairs report a letter to his Most Christian Majesty, to be sent by the Marquis de Lafayette.[1]

FOOTNOTE:

[1] Extract of a letter from Congress to the King of France, dated November 29th, 1781.

* * * * *

TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

Antony, near Paris, March 30th, 1782.

Dear Sir,

I have been honored with your letter by the Hermione, and have made the best use I could of the intelligence you were pleased to communicate. The sailing of the Alliance was unexpected, and I could not improve that opportunity. This letter will be carried by a vessel that is immediately despatched. I shall soon have an opportunity to write by a frigate. Dr Franklin, whom I have acquainted with the departure of this vessel, has no doubt communicated very important intelligence. Mahon has been taken rather sooner than was expected; the siege of Gibraltar is going on, and some do not consider it impossible that it should fall into the hands of the Spaniards. The taking of St Kitts was felt in England; the more so, as Sir Samuel Hood had given great expectations of preserving the Island. "Major-General the Marquis de Lafayette, has in this campaign so greatly added to the reputation he had before acquired, that we are desirous to obtain for him, on our behalf even, notice, in addition to that favorable reception, which his merits cannot fail to meet with from a generous and enlightened Sovereign; and, in that view, we have directed our Minister Plenipotentiary to present the Marquis to your Majesty."

There is a great deal of confusion in England, which their late resolutions clearly prove; many think the loss of the majority is a _finesse_ of Lord North; but from later advices it appears there will be a change of Ministers. The opposition members do not agree together, and none of them are true friends to America; none of them are wishing for independence; they want to make the best bargain they can, either with France, at the expense of America, or by satisfying America at the cheapest rate. By Mr Adams's letters I find Holland is about acknowledging American independence, as far as it will neither cost them blood nor money; but at this period I think it important to obtain such a political advantage.

I beg you will please to communicate the contents of my letter to Congress; as I do not enter into any particulars with the President. Accept the assurance of the high esteem and most affectionate sentiments with which I am, &c.

LAFAYETTE.

_P. S._ Since writing the above, we have just got certain intelligence that Lord North has left his place. It is generally believed he will be replaced by Lord Rockingham.

* * * * *

TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

St Germain, June 25th, 1782.

Dear Sir,

It is needless for me to enter into such details as will of course be communicated to Congress by the Minister. Dr Franklin will doubtless be very particular. But as Congress have been pleased to order that I should give my opinion, I now have the honor to tell you what I think upon the several transactions that have lately taken place.

Before the change of Ministry, the old Administration had sent people to feel the pulse of the French Court and of the American Ministers. They had reasons to be convinced that neither of the two could be deceived into separate arrangements, that would break the union and make both their enemies weaker. In the meanwhile, a cabal was going on against the old Ministry. New appointments took place, and it is not known how far Lord North would have gone towards a general negotiation.

It had ever been the plan of the opposition to become masters of the Cabinet. But while every one of them united against the Ministry, they committed this strange blunder, never to think what would become of them after their views had been fulfilled. They even made Ministers, and upon the same day they did not know how to divide the prey; upon the second they perceived that they had different interests and different principles to support; upon the third they were intriguing against each other. And now the British Ministry are so much divided, that nothing but their disputes can account for their indecision in public affairs.

The Marquis of Rockingham has nothing of a Minister, but the parade of levees, and a busy appearance. He is led by Mr Burke. He is also upon the best terms with Charles Fox. The principles of the latter everybody knows. That party it appears is on one side of the Administration.

The Duke of Grafton and Lord Camden think it their interest to support Lord Shelburne, whom, however, they inwardly dislike. The Earl of Shelburne seems to have by far the greater share in the King's confidence. He is intriguing, and, upon a pretence to follow Lord Chatham's opinions, he makes himself agreeable to the King by opposing American independence. He is, they say, a faithless man, wishing for a continuation of the war, by which he hopes to raise his own importance; and, should the Rockingham party fall, should Lord Shelburne be found to divide power with another party, he is not far, it is said, from uniting with Lord North and many others in the old Administration.

The King stands alone, hating every one of his Ministers, grieving at every measure that combats his dispositions, and wishing for the moment when the present Ministry, having lost their popularity, will give way to those whom he has been obliged to abandon for a time.

Such is the position in which they stand, and I am going to relate the measures they have taken towards negotiation.

It appears Lord Shelburne, on the one hand, and Charles Fox on the other, went upon the plan which Lord North had adopted, to make some private advances, but they neither communicated their measures to each other, nor said at first anything of it in the Cabinet. Count de Vergennes said that France could never think to enter into a treaty, but in concurrence with her allies, and upon being told that America herself did not so much insist upon asking for independence, he answered, "people need not ask for what they have got." Mr Adams in Holland, and Dr Franklin in Paris, made such answers as were consistent with the dignity of the United States. But they as well as Count de Vergennes, expressed a sincere desire for peace, upon liberal and generous terms.

From the very beginning Mr Adams has been persuaded, that the British Ministry were not sincere--that the greater part of them were equally against America as any in the old Administration, and that all those negotiations were not much to be depended upon. His judgment of this affair has been confirmed by the events; though at present the negotiation has put on a better outward appearance.

Dr Franklin's pen is better able than mine can be, to give you all the particulars through which Mr Grenville, a young man of some rank, is now remaining in Paris, with powers to treat with his Most Christian Majesty, and all other Princes or States now at war with Great Britain.

I shall only remark, that in late conversations with Count de Vergennes, Mr Grenville has considered the acknowledgment of independence as a matter not to be made a question of, but to be at once and previously declared. But upon Count de Vergennes's writing down Mr Grenville's words to have them signed by him, the gentleman, instead of this expression, "the King of England has _resolved_ at once to acknowledge," &c., insisted to have the words _is disposed_ made use of in what he intended to be considered as his official communication. He has also evinced a backwardness in giving Dr Franklin a copy of his powers; and their Ministry are so backward also in bringing before Parliament a bill respecting American independence, that it does not show a great disposition towards a peace, the preliminaries of which must be an acknowledgment of America as a separate and independent nation.

It is probable that within these two days, Dr Franklin had some communication with Mr Grenville, which may throw some light upon the late points I have just now mentioned.

Mr Jay is arrived from Madrid. Mr Laurens, it seems, intends to return home. Mr Adams's presence in Holland is for the moment necessary. A few days will make us better acquainted with the views of Great Britain; and since the Ministers from Congress have thought that I ought for the service of America to remain here some time longer, I shall, under their direction devote myself to promote the interests of the United States. The footing I am upon at this Court enables me sometimes to go greater lengths than could be done by a foreigner. But unless an immediate earnest negotiation, which I am far from hoping, renders my services very useful, I will beg leave to return to my labors, and be employed in a shorter way to ensure the end of this business, than can be found in political dissertation.

I have communicated the opinion of Mr Adams, such as I found it in his letter. Dr Franklin's ideas will be presented by himself, and also those of Mr Jay, both of which must be preferable to mine, though I do not believe they much differ. But from what I have collected by communications with your Ministers, with those of the French, and by private intelligence, I conclude;

1st. That the British Ministry are at variance between themselves, embarrassed upon the conduct they ought to hold, and not firm in their principles and their places.

2dly. That negotiations will go on shortly, establish principles, and facilitate a treaty; but that the King of England and some of the Ministers, have not lost the idea of breaking the union between France and the United States.

3dly. That the situation of England, want of men and money, and the efforts France is about to make, will reduce the former to a necessity for making peace before the end of next spring.

America will no doubt exert herself, and send back every emissary to her Plenipotentiaries here; for the Ministry in England are now deceiving the people with the hope that ---- is going to operate a reconciliation, and with many his ---- of the same nature.